Search

Summary The initiation of procedures for the establishment of legal protection measures in electronic format implies the initiation of those procedures through the application of modern information and communication technologies. This method of initiation these procedures contains specific features such as: how to sign the application, how to certify the annexes to the application, how to submit the application in the court, etc., {"references":["1.\tBelei E., Borș A. ș.a. Drept procesual civil. Partea specială. Chișinău: Ti-pografia \"Lexon-Prim\", 2016.","2.\tCăpățînă M. Rezumatele tezelor de master anii de studii 2018-2020. Chișinău: CEP USM, 2020.","3. Codul de procedură civilă, nr.225 din 30.05.2003. În: Monitorul Oficial al Republicii Moldova, nr. 285-294, din 03-08-2018."]}

Стаття розкриває основні принципи конструювання лінгвістичного корпусу як спрощеної моделі комунікації. Наголошується, що витримка таких правил є корінним критерієм для розмежування істинного корпусу та випадкового набору текстів. Для правильного відбору ресурсів і укладання корпусів автор рекомендує дослідникам дотримуватися чотирьох правил – репрезентативності, електронного формату, анотування, програмної підтримки. Статья раскрывает основные принципы конструирования лингвистического корпуса как упрощенной модели коммуникации. Акцентируется внимание на том, что выдержка таких правил является ведущим критерием для разграничения истинного корпуса от случайного набора текстов. Чтобы правильно отобрать ресурсы и составить корпусы, автор рекомендует исследователям всегда придерживаться четырех правил – репрезентативности, электронного формата, аннотирования, программной поддержки. The article reveals key principles to construct a linguistic corpus as a simplified model of communication. It is focused on them to distinguish between a true corpus and a random set of resources that is not a corpus itself. To instruct researchers in compiling corpora properly, such principles (representativeness, electronic format, annotation, software processing) are explained by the author.

В статье обоснованы и представлены основные характеристики электронного ресурса, который поможет школьникам осваивать терминологию разных предметных областей как обозначение специальных понятий и как слов русского языка в целом. Автором сделан обзор изданных терминологических словарей для школьников. Обосновывается утверждение, что комплексный школьный терминологический словарь, который может помочь школьникам усваивать терминологию разных предметов, осознавать соотношение значений термина в разных областях обучения и специфику бытового употребления того же слова, должен содержать не только энциклопедическую, но и лингвистическую информацию: справку о происхождении термина и сведения о том, как слово-термин, если оно используется в другом значении как общеупотребительное слово, ведёт себя в литературном русском языке. Целью статьи является описание начального этапа создания терминологического ресурса, соответствующего таким требованиям и получившего рабочее название Единая электронная терминологическая база школьных предметов. Теоретической базой для её разработки стала концепция метапредметного обучения русскому языку в школе. Был также учтён опыт создания метапредметного толкового словаря русского языка для школьников. Описаны проблемы, выявленные на первом этапе разработки нового терминологического ресурса. Главным продуктом начального этапа работы стали практические рекомендации по формированию структуры и отбору содержания «большой словарной статьи». Отдельно даны рекомендации по описанию предметного понятия и общенаучного (межпредметного) понятия. На основании проведённого исследования сделаны выводы о том, что учёт методических принципов, положенный в основу разработки Единой электронной терминологической базы школьных предметов, позволит использовать её в качестве инструмента как школьниками, так и учителями разных предметов. Для учителей Единая электронная терминологическая база школьных предметов станет источником материала для разных форм работы с учебником, составления различного рода заданий (объяснения нового материала и его закрепления, проведения олимпиад и т. д.) Терминологический ресурс, построенный на основе указанных принципов, может быть полезен также авторам учебников разных предметов., The article substantiates and presents the main characteristics of an electronic resource that could help high school students master the terminology of various subject areas as a designation of special concepts and as words of the Russian language as a whole. The author gives a review of published terminological dictionaries for high school students, and argues that a comprehensive school terminological dictionary, which can help high school students to learn the terminology of diff erent school subjects and to understand the correlation term’s meanings in diff erent areas of study and the specifi cs of everyday use of the same word, should contain not only encyclopedic, but also linguistic information, concerning the term’s origins and its “behavior” in literary Russian when used in a diff erent sense comparing to common word. Th e purpose of the article is to describe the initial stage of creating a terminological resource that meets such requirements and has received the working title of the “Unifi ed Electronic Terminological Database of School Subjects”. Th e theoretical basis for its development was the concept of metasubject teaching of the Russian language at school. Th e experience of creating a meta�subject explanatory dictionary of the Russian language for high school students was also taken into account. Th e problems identifi ed at the fi rst stage of the development of a new terminological resource are described in the article. Th e main product of the initial stage of the work was practical recommendations on the formation of the structure and selection of the content of the “large dictionary entry”. Separately, the author gives recommendations on the description of the subject concept and the general scholarly (intersubject) concept. Based on this research, the author concludes that taking into account the methodological principles underlying the development of the “Unifi ed Electronic Terminology Database of School Subjects” may be used as a tool by both high school students and teachers of various subjects. For teachers, a “Unifi ed Electronic Terminology Database of School Subjects” will become a source of materials for various forms of working with textbooks, compiling various kinds of tasks, such as explaining new material and consolidating it, preparing Olympiads, etc. A terminological resource built on the basis of these principles can also be useful to authors of textbooks on various subjects.

В настоящее время человек не представляет свою жизнь без интернет-ресурсов и правомерно считает себя частью уникального виртуального пространства. Внедрение Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñ‹Ñ Ñ‚ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ð¹ в деятельность органов государственной власти и органов местного самоуправления является предпосылкой и незаменимым ресурсом повышения эффективности государственного управления. Цифровая трансформация органов власти и внедрение ÑÐ¾Ð²Ñ€ÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ñ‚ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ð¹ в сферу предоставления госуслуг является важным аспектом развития общества, поскольку качество и доступность Ð³Ð¾ÑÑƒÐ´Ð°Ñ€ÑÑ‚Ð²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Â Ð¸ Ð¼ÑƒÐ½Ð¸Ñ†Ð¸Ð¿Ð°Ð»ÑŒÐ½Ñ‹Ñ ÑƒÑÐ»ÑƒÐ³ являются очень важным показателем эффективности деятельности органов государственного и муниципального управления. Предоставление Ð³Ð¾ÑÑƒÐ´Ð°Ñ€ÑÑ‚Ð²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ ÑƒÑÐ»ÑƒÐ³ в электронной форме имеет ряд Ð½ÐµÑ€Ð°Ð·Ñ€ÐµÑˆÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¿Ñ€Ð¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼ и нуждается в оптимизации. Неурегулированные вопросы предоставления ÑÐ»ÐµÐºÑ‚Ñ€Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð³Ð¾ÑÑƒÐ´Ð°Ñ€ÑÑ‚Ð²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ ÑƒÑÐ»ÑƒÐ³ отражаются в негативном ключе на процессе внедрения Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ¹ÑˆÐ¸Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð² и Ñ‚ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ð¹ в сферу взаимодействия населения с органами государственной власти., Currently, a person cannot imagine his life without Internet resources and legitimately considers himself a part of a unique virtual space. The introduction of new technologies into the activities of public authorities and local self-government bodies is a prerequisite and an indispensable resource for improving the efficiency of public administration. The digital transformation of government authorities and the introduction of modern technologies in the provision of public services is an important aspect of the development of society, since the quality and accessibility of public and municipal services are a very important indicator of the effectiveness of public and municipal administration. The provision of public services in electronic form has a number of unresolved problems and needs to be optimized. Unresolved issues of the provision of electronic public services are reflected in a negative way on the process of introducing the latest mechanisms and technologies in the sphere of interaction of the population with public authorities.

The article discusses the issues of creating conditions for the parties to receive court decisions online, strengthening measures to ensure information and cybersecurity of information systems. It is concluded that special legislative regulation of judicial acts will provide an opportunity for effective legal protection of the rights and interests of subjects of digital civil circulation.

Sodobni svet postaja elektronski in obseg dokumentov v elektronski obliki narašča. Za elektronski nastanek, uporabo in hrambo dokumentov je potrebna ustrezna tehnologija, ki ni vedno na voljo ali pri roki. Papirni dokumenti še ostajajo realnost in ne bodo še kmalu izginili. Stroka in zakonodaja na področju elektronskega upravljanja dokumentov podajata potrebne zahteve za tehnologijo, praksa pa ponuja realne rešitve. V nalogi so kot uvodna raziskava predstavljene podlage za elektronsko upravljanje dokumentov, splošne usmeritve in standardi, slovenska zakonodaja na tem področju in posebej zakonodaje v javni upravi, saj se naloga nanaša na organ javne uprave. Predstavljene so skupne tehnološke osnove, ki jih organi državne uprave uporabljajo na področju informacijske tehnologije, in posebej nov sistem za podporo upravljanju dokumentarnega gradiva (KRPAN), ki je bil razvit za organe javne uprave na Ministrstvu za javno upravo. V nadaljevanju je podrobno popisano stanje na področju upravljanja z dokumentarnim gradivom na Upravi Republike Slovenije za varno hrano, veterinarstvo in varstvo rastlin (UVHVVR). V analizi, ki sledi popisu, so navedene ugotovitve glede razkorakov med obstoječim stanjem in zakonskimi zahtevami za elektronsko hrambo. Nato je pripravljena SWOT analiza obstoječega sistema in uvedbe novega sistema KRPAN. Glede na ugotovljene razkorake so kot zaključek predlagani ukrepi za ureditev stanja, ki bi jih bilo treba izvesti v najkrajšem možnem času in pred vpeljavo novega sistema. The modern world is becoming electronic and the volume of documents in electronic form is rising. The electronic creation, use and storage of documents requires appropriate technology, which is still not always available or at hand. Paper documents remain a reality and will not disappear soon. The expertise and legislation in the field of electronic document management provide the necessary requirements for technology, and practice offers realistic solutions. As an introductory study, the paper presents the basis for electronic document management, general guidelines and standards, Slovenian legislation in this field, and especially the legislation in public administration, because the task relates to the public administration body. The common technological bases presented by the state administration bodies in the field of IT and especially the new system for supporting the management of documentary material (KRPAN), which was developed for public administration bodies at the Ministry of Public Administration, are presented. The following is a detailed description of the situation in the field of documentary material management at the Food Safety, Veterinary and Plant Protection Administration of the Republic of Slovenia (UVHVVR). The analysis following the census provides findings on the differences between the existing situation and legal requirements for electronic storage. A SWOT analysis of the existing system and the introduction of the new KRPAN system is then prepared. In view of the identified discrepancies, the proposed measures for the regulation of the situation, which would be necessary or useful to be implemented as soon as possible and before the introduction of the new system, are proposed as a conclusion.

Purpose This research is a part of an international study about the academic reading format preferences among students. The study aims to determine the preferred format among students considering the study materials used for different academic activities. Design/methodology/approach An online questionnaire was used to collect data from the students of the University of Zagreb. The students were approached through official library websites and were asked to answer 24 questions, out of which 16 were Likert-style statements. Findings The research presumes that students still prefer the print format to electronic, but with a slight variation in their choice when it comes to the purposes of reading and length of text. The results are discussed across various variables, e.g. language, number of pages and studying techniques. The variable of academic major was analysed using a chi-square test to check for possible associations with the students’ responses. Conclusions are made about the students’ general format preferences. Research limitations/implications Not all university libraries agreed to participate in the research. Therefore, the student population sample is not evenly distributed across all academic fields. Future research should aim for a more evenly distributed sample. Originality/value As part of an extensive international study, this research gives comparative results across multi-national student populations. The findings can also be used as the basis for further research on academic reading preferences in and outside Croatia.

Беляева Ирина Михайловна – кандидат юридических наук, доцент, заведующий кафедрой уголовного и уголовно-исполнительного права, криминологии, Южно-Уральский государственный университет, г. Челябинск. E-mail: beliaevaim@susu.ru. Кусаинова Айман Кудайбергеновна – кандидат юридических наук, младший научный сотрудник кафедры уголовного и уголовно-исполнительного права, криминологии, Южно-Уральский государственный университет, г. Челябинск. E-mail: kusainovaak@susu.ru. Нургалиев Бахыт Молдатьяевич – доктор юридических наук, профессор, научный центр правовых и экономических исследований, Академия «Болашак», г. Караганда. E-mail:aiman_kusainova@mail.ru. Irina Mihailovna Beliaeva – Candidate of Sciences (Law), associate, Head Professor of Criminal Law, Criminology and Penal Law Department, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation. E-mail: beliaevaim@susu.ru. Ayman Kudaybergenovna Kusainova – Candidate of Sciences (Law), Junior Researcher of the Department of Criminal and Penal Executive Law, Criminology, South Ural state University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation. E-mail: kusainovaak@susu.ru. Bakhyt Moldatyaevich Nurgaliyev – Doctor of Sciences (Law), professor of Scientific Center of Legal and Economic Researches, Academy “Bolashak”, Karaganda, Kazakhstan. E-mail: aiman_kusainova@mail.ru. В статье рассматриваются законодательные основы и организационные проблемы внедрения в Казахстане уголовного судопроизводства в электронном формате. Закрепление в уголовно-процессуальном законе возможности осуществления уголовного судопроизводства в электронном формате на основании мотивированного постановления позволит, по мне мнению авторов законопроекта, сократить сроки предварительного расследования, повысить качество уголовного процесса. Как показывает опыт государств, использующих систему электронных дел в уголовном процессе (Саудовская Аравия, Грузия, Южная Корея, Сингапур), такой формат также повышает уровень ответственности участников уголовного судопроизводства, делает сам процесс более прозрачным, позволяет исключить возможности для фальсификации доказательств. Для ускорения следствия, а также гармонизации процессуальных документов с нормами УПК необходимо разработать электронные шаблоны основных процессуальных документов, подключить следственные подразделения к электронным ресурсам органов внутренних дел и прокуратуры, чтобы запрашивать в онлайн-режиме необходимые документы и справки. Оцениваются результаты пилотного проекта, отмечаются положительные стороны электронного расследования и возникающие трудности. Акцентируется внимание на информационной безопасности новой системы. The article deals with legislative bases and organizational problems of introducing criminal proceedings in electronic format in Kazakhstan. Fixing the possibility of criminal proceedings in the electronic format in a criminal procedure on the basis of a reasoned decision will, in the view of the authors ofthe bill, will allow to shorten the terms of the preliminary investigation and improve the quality of the criminal process. As the experience of the states using the system of electronic cases in the criminal process (Saudi Arabia, Georgia, South Korea, Singapore) shows, this format also increases the level of responsibility of participants in criminal proceedings, makes the process itself more transparent, and excludes opportunities for falsifying evidence. To speed up the investigation, as well as to harmonize the procedural documents with the CPC norms, it is necessary to develop electronic templates for the main procedural documents, to connect investigative units to the electronic resources of law enforcement bodies and the Prosecutor's Office in order to request documents and references online. The results of the pilot project are evaluated, the positive aspects of the electronic investigation and the difficulties encountered are demonstrated. The attention is focused on the information security of the new system.

The Ethiopia Investment Climate Program, managed by the World Bank Group’s Trade and Competitiveness Global Practice aims at streamlining and simplifying high priority regulatory practices and processes burdensome to the private sector and address investment climate issues that are holding back investment and productivity growth in Ethiopia. This report presents a summary of the major findings about the business registration and licensing regime in Ethiopia and develops recommendations for streamlining and improving it. The report is based on an in-depth review of the country’s more than 1,300 licenses; a detailed analysis at a sector level is presented in Annex three. This report consists of two main parts: in Chapter two, we present an estimate of the costs which the registration and licensing regime in Ethiopia imposes on the business sector in the country. Chapter three then presents the key findings and recommendations based on the detailed analysis of Ethiopia’s licensing regime and implementation practice, the details of which are presented in the Inventory of Business Licenses. A brief concluding chapter summarizes the recommendations and provides an estimate of the positive effects which they could have both for businesses and Government.

Целью исследования является изучение процесса размещения заказов и механизмов государственных закупок, существующих в РФ и выработка рекомендаций для совершенствования процесса государственных закупок. Для достижения цели рассмотрен и проанализирован процесс становления и развития института государственных закупок в России, экономический и юридические аспекты. Определены проблемы и оценены перспективы по развитию системы государственных закупок, а также выявлены и предложены пути решения проблем связанных с проведением и правовым регулированием системы государственных закупок., The aim of the study is the process of placing orders and procurement mechanisms that exist in the Russian Federation and to develop recommendations for improving the public procurement process. To achieve the goal reviewed and analyzed the process of formation and development of the institute of public procurement in Russia, economic and legal aspects. Identify problems and assessed the prospects for the development of public procurement system, as well as identified and suggested ways of solving problems related to the legal regulation and the public procurement system.

This economy profile for Doing Business 2016 presents the 11 Doing Business indicators for Russian Federation. To allow for useful comparison, the profile also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. Doing Business 2016 is the 13th edition in a series of annual reports measuring the regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it. Economies are ranked on their ease of doing business; for 2015 Russian Federation ranks 51. A high ease of doing business ranking means the regulatory environment is more conducive to the starting and operation of a local firm. Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 189 economies from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe and over time. Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 11 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency and labor market regulation. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2015 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period from January to December 2014).

This economy profile for Doing Business 2016 presents the 11 Doing Business indicators for Italy. To allow for useful comparison, the profile also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. Doing Business 2016 is the 13th edition in a series of annual reports measuring the regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it. Economies are ranked on their ease of doing business; for 2015 Italy ranks 45. A high ease of doing business ranking means the regulatory environment is more conducive to the starting and operation of a local firm. Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 189 economies from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe and over time. Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 11 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency and labor market regulation. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2015 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period from January to December 2014).

This economy profile for Doing Business 2016 presents the 11 Doing Business indicators for Romania. To allow for useful comparison, the profile also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. Doing Business 2016 is the 13th edition in a series of annual reports measuring the regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it. Economies are ranked on their ease of doing business; for 2015 Romania ranks 37. A high ease of doing business ranking means the regulatory environment is more conducive to the starting and operation of a local firm. Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 189 economies from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe and over time. Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 11 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency and labor market regulation. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2015 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period from January to December 2014).

This economy profile for Doing Business 2016 presents the 11 Doing Business indicators for Canada. To allow for useful comparison, the profile also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. Doing Business 2016 is the 13th edition in a series of annual reports measuring the regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it. Economies are ranked on their ease of doing business; for 2015 Canada ranks 14. A high ease of doing business ranking means the regulatory environment is more conducive to the starting and operation of a local firm. Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 189 economies from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe and over time. Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 11 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency and labor market regulation. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2015 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period from January to December 2014).

Bulgaria under the guidance of the Minister of Health is undertaking a major reform of its health system. One input to the reform is a joint study with the World Bank on health financing in Bulgaria (The World Bank Diagnostic Report). The report evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of Bulgaria’s health financing system in terms of the three health financing functions of revenue raising, risk pooling, and purchasing of services. It assesses each of these financing functions in terms of the health financing goals of improving health outcomes, financial protection, and consumer responsiveness in an efficient, equitable, and sustainable manner. The assessment of the health financing system documented significant strengths in the system, but also major challenges in terms of the purchasing function and current hospital payment practices. These challenges included unsustainable growth in hospital spending; lack of incentives for efficiency, quality, or cost control, and strong incentives for hospitalization over treatment in less expensive outpatient settings. Fundamental problems with the current hospital payment system using Clinical Care Pathways (CCPs) were highlighted. The purpose of this report is to provide information to Bulgarian decision-makers on how Bulgaria can move towards implementing a DRG-based hospital budgeting and payment system. The report was prepared by a team of Bulgarian and international DRG experts who have been involved in the country’s DRG assessment and planning since its inception. The report is intended for a wide-ranging audience that includes high-level policy-makers who are weighting the benefits of implementing DRGs, technical staff who may be tasked with implementing the Action Plan, and other key stakeholders who may be less familiar with the use of case-mix as a mechanism to provide payment to hospitals.

This tenth edition of Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting eleven areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency and employing workers. Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 185 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. The indicators are used to analyze economic outcomes and identify what reforms have worked, where and why. This economy profile presents the Doing Business indicators for Italy. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2012 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January - December 2011).

Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation This report shows how business registers employ information and communication technology (ICT) to perform their functions more efficiently while at the same time providing businesses with more user-friendly services. Particular attention is paid to achieving innovative solutions, that is, solutions using ICT as a catalyst for re-engineering the registration process to improve users experiences and to provide useful services and high-quality information for both the private and the public sectors. In addition, this analysis demonstrates that business registers play an increasingly important part in e-Government solutions. Aimed at integrating services, e-Government solutions build on information sharing. This underscores the importance of business registers as master data sources. This analysis is based on data from the following sources: a 2011 survey of 41 business registers conducted by the Bronnoysund register centre in cooperation with the World Bank Group; case studies undertaken in 2011 in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Italy, Vietnam, and Norway; the 2011 World Bank and International Finance Corporation (IFC) doing business report; the 2011 World Bank Group study of ICT solutions in 34 company registers; the 2011 European commerce registers forum report; and the International Council On Archives (CIA) factbook.

A study was conducted and literature about the scale digitization of books in the world and inUkrainewas reviewed. Various technologies and software for recovering printed reference books to electronic formats were examined and compared.A decision of creating electronic edition in both format PDF and DjVu was taken.An analytical review of equipment, software and technology for creating the electronic version of dictionary with introducing searching system (navigation) were conducted.Information about existing software and hardware for creating a facsimile copy of a printed publication in electronic form was analyzed and systematized.The optimal technology for the electronic version of books including availability, time, convenience and simplicity were developed., Были рассмотрены и сопоставлены различные технологии и программное обеспечение для восстановления в электронных форматах печатного издания справочного типа., Було розглянуто і порівняно різні технології та програмне забезпечення для відновлення в електронних форматах друкованого видання довідкового типу.

Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 10 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. In a series of annual reports Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 183 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. This economy profile presents the Doing Business indicators for Canada. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2011 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January- December 2010). The data not only highlight the extent of obstacles to doing business; they also help identify the source of those obstacles, supporting policy makers in designing regulatory reform.

The technological and social evolution in the field of electronic information is extremely fast and deep and is going to heavily modifying the way we generate and enjoy information. Moreover Internet is changing its nature from provider of contents to repositories of interactive applications and from the social point of view, the users are no more clearly distinct from producer of information. From a theoretical point of view all these changes can be faced by WAI Guidelines, but the focus is in accomplishing a personalized and optimized experience. For a strong and concrete impact on users new perspectives must be introduced at industrial level. A support in this innovative process can come from standard organizations, such as ISO, which are improving its effort to address at least accessibility in their standards. Lastly the technical evolution can lead to cope with accessibility problem from the wider perspective of Design for All but at present these approaches seem too difficult to be integrated in the mainstream developing process. In the short term different solutions coming from social phenomena can be evaluated. The fast growth of Web 2.0 if correctly used could be an important resource in cooperating a personalized and optimized user experience.

Over the last few years the Standard Cost Model (SCM) has become the regulatory reform tool of choice in European Union (EU) and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries for identifying and reducing regulatory compliance costs. SCM provides a relatively simple methodology to measure and communicate businesses' paperwork obligations arising from compliance with governments' regulations. More recently the SCM has also been adapted and applied in a number of developing countries, including Kenya, Zambia, Vietnam, Burkina Faso, and Rwanda. It is still too early days to conclude much on the SCM model's general applicability in developing countries. However as part of a broader reform package the SCM has proven capable of strengthening momentum by providing new insights into regulatory obligations, by quantifying the costs and time associated with information obligations both at aggregate and at a rule-specific level. It has hence proven useful both as a tool to target specific interventions and to monitor the impact of reform. This document provides a number of lessons from the first few years of using SCM in regulatory reforms, with a focus on business licensing, in developing countries. These lessons are not intended to provide a final account on how SCM is to be carried out in developing countries. Along with its dissemination across the globe, SCM has experienced a constant development. This document aims to point out a number of important issues that have been observed and tested during the initial measurements in World Bank client countries to prevent future practitioners from the need to re-invent the wheel.

One of the problems in discussing one-stop shops is that everyone seems to have a different idea of what one is. There have been one-stop shops since at least the 1920s, mostly in the retail trade, epitomized by the development of supermarkets and, in recent years, internet sales outlets. This book is about one particular type of service, namely, business registration, and the various one-stop shops that exist now and might exist in the future. If there is confusion about what constitutes a one-stop shop, there are also a variety of views about business registration. In some countries all businesses have to be registered, in others, only those companies with a legal existence separate from their owners. In some countries, registration is the responsibility of the courts; in others, it is an administrative function handled by a government ministry, semi-autonomous agency, or chamber of commerce. Registration may be a function of a central institution or may be affected at a local level. In all these areas, there is change when it comes to implementing a one-stop shop. It is hardly surprising therefore that there are many different views about what constitutes, or should constitute, a one-stop shop.

El estudio de las ciencias naturales ha representado siempre una gran dificultad para los estudiantes, el apelativo de “las tres marías” con el que popularmente han sido denominadas (la física, la química y la matemática) y que las ha hecho particularmente conocidas, es indicativo entre otras cosas de lo expresado. Basados en la situación descrita, esta investigación propone como iniciativa de solución la exploración de una herramienta alternativa en formato electrónico para la interpretación de los fenómenos electromagnéticos, teniendo como ejes las nuevas corrientes educativas, considerando los nuevos modelos y herramientas surgidos para la enseñanza, así como también, los avances tecnológicos, la educación asistida por computadora y el desarrollo de páginas Web, en un todo de acuerdo con la realidad del entorno local, para mejorar el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Studying natural sciences has always represented a great difficulty for students, the so-called “three maries”, popular name for three subjects: physics, chemistry and mathematics, are particularly well-known; and are an indication of the aforementioned. Based on this situation, this research suggests as a solution initiative exploring an alternative tool in electronic format, having as axes the new educational currents, considering the new models and tools emerged for teaching, as well as the technological breakthroughs, computer-assisted education, and Web pages development. All of this in order to keep up with the reality of the local surrounding, in order to improve the teaching-learning process. O estudo das ciências naturais tem representado uma grande dificuldade para os estudantes, o nome “as três Maria” é uma referência popular que tem a ver com a física, a química e a matemática, e faz como que elas sejam muito reconhecidas. Com base na situação descrita, esta pesquisa propõe como iniciativa de solução a exploração duma ferramenta alternativa em formato eletrônico para a interpretação dos fenômenos eletromagnéticos, tendo como eixo principal as novas tendências educativas, considerando os novos modelos e ferramentas surgidas para o ensino, bem como os avanços tecnológicos, a educação assistida por computador e o desenvolvimento de sites, de acordo com a realidade do entorno local para melhorar o processo de ensinoaprendizagem. 501-507 jesusb@ula.ve, jesusb@grincef.org.ve jrosario@ula.ve yasmeher@hotmail.com hlobo@ula.ve gladysg@ula.ve mavu@ula.ve juand@ula.ve pfran@ula.ve trimestral

This case study focuses on the attempts of the government of Bulgaria (GoB) to promote and implement reform of the business registration system to better suit the new economic framework that emerged in the country following the collapse of communist rule. The uniqueness of the Bulgarian case is that there were two distinct stages of business registration reforms, which marked two separate periods in the sociopolitical development of Bulgaria: the transformation from planned to market economy and the accession of the country to the European Union (EU). This collection of case studies describes experiences and draws lessons from varied business registration reform programs in economies in vastly different stages of development: Bulgaria, Estonia, Ireland, Madagascar, and Malaysia. The case studies were written based on a desk study of reforms in each country discussed. Then, more detailed information was gathered by field-based researchers. In some cases, detail on the business registration process that was in place prior to implementation of reforms was unavailable. As such, data on the number of businesses registered and the time required to completed registration before and after the reforms cannot be compared and contrasted. The partial success of the reform during the first year was a consequence of problems in four areas: lack of legislative will, insufficient financial support, inappropriate organizational structure of the new business registration agency, and weak human resource management. All of these problems delayed progress and had negative effects on the registration agency and the business community.

A supply chain is a system of resources, organizations, people, technologies, activities and information involved in the act of transporting goods from producer to consumer and user. This (SCS) guide is intended for trade and transport government officials, port authorities and transport, cargo and logistics communities, in particular in developing countries. The purpose of the guide is to make concerned trade and transport-related officials, managers and personnel in developing countries acquainted with, and aware of, the many initiatives mushrooming in the field of supply chain security, what these will mean for their respective organizations, and how to tackle the inlaid challenges. This chapter attempts to clarify the background and current status of the multitude of programs that exist across the world today. This is achieved by, firstly, giving a brief account of the changing security environment (post 9/11) and its resulting implications for SCS programs. This is important as it helps to explain the motivation of the programs which are later expanded upon in more detail within the chapter. Within this section, the motivations for different types of programs, not directly linked to the events of 9/11 but to other reasons, such as combating illegal activities, enhancement of efficiency and standardization are also explained. Secondly, a list of the main programs is present under four main subheadings: compulsory programs, major voluntary programs, regional or national programs, and others. Tables are presented at the end of the section summarizing the main points of each program. Finally, some of the issues surrounding the programs are presented in the concluding section.

The objective of this paper is to share the experiences and good practices of early business registry reformers who implemented web-enabled and automated electronic business registries (e-BRs). These lessons are hoped to be of help to EU New Member countries as they embark on delivering EU-conformant e-BRs. At the same time, policymakers in other developing countries may also find these lessons of use. This paper cites examples of good practices rather than best practices. As elsewhere in the development agenda, solutions that have worked well in some countries may not work in other local circumstances. In the case of e-BRs, success depends on a broader set of reforms; as will be discussed in a subsequent chapter, e-BRs require a supportive legal and regulatory infrastructure, such as electronic signature laws and document authentication. A needs assessment and analysis of the options in the local country context need to be conducted in order to find the most relevant best practice options for a specific country. Nevertheless, a number of practical good practices can be identified and are presented in this paper for consideration.