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This article presents an innovative approach for real‐time allocation of weighting factor values in model predictive control of electrical drive systems. In the proposed dynamic weighting factor assignment method, the cost associated with a specific variable is determined based on its corresponding set of predictions. This approach can be employed to optimize weighting factor values for a given system or even enhance performance metrics in comparison to conventional approaches that employ fixed weighting factors. Furthermore, the method determines the optimal value of weighting factors in real‐time with low added calculation complexity. The proposed method is able to provide reliable constant weighting factors for a given working point as well. The practical application of this method is demonstrated through a case study of an LC filter equipped PMSM drive; the system encompasses six independent variables that require regulation. Experimental results utilizing both two and three level voltage source inverters and using various transient and steady‐state situations prove the feasibility of the proposed dynamic weighting factor assignment method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The torque ripples resulting from external electromagnetic excitation and mechanical internal excitation contribute to significant torsional vibration issues within electromechanical coupling systems. To mitigate these fluctuations, a passive control strategy centered around a multi-stable nonlinear energy sink (MNES) is proposed. First, models for electromagnetic torque, gear nonlinear meshing torque, and misalignment torque are established. Building upon this foundation, an electromechanical coupling dynamic model of the electric drive system is formulated. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine the sensitive nodes of each mode and to provide guidance for the installation of the MNES. The structure of the MNES is introduced, and an electromechanical coupling dynamic model with the MNES is established. Based on this model, the influence of the misaligned angle on the electromechanical coupling characteristics is analyzed. In addition, the vibration suppression performance of the MNES is studied under both speed and uniform speed conditions. Finally, experimental testing is conducted to verify the vibration suppression performance of the MNES. The results indicate that misalignment triggers the emergence of its characteristic frequencies and associated sidebands. Meanwhile, the MNES effectively mitigates the torsional vibrations in the coupled system, demonstrating suppression rates of 52.69% in simulations and 63.3% in experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cybernetics & Systems Analysis / Kibernetiki i Sistemnyj Analiz is the property of V.M. Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics of NAS of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To improve energy conservation and reduce emissions of an engine, this study applies intelligent thermal management to a cooling system. With a marine high-speed diesel engine as the research object, an intelligent cooling system based on controllable cooling components was developed. A variable-universe fuzzy control algorithm is designed to control an electronic thermostat, and a 'T–S fuzzy control + BP-PID' control algorithm is proposed to control standard electric drive pumps. The experimental results indicate that the intelligent cooling system considerably reduces the warm-up time, achieves accurate cooling, and effectively inhibits the hot immersion phenomenon. The intelligent control algorithm has control characteristics such as rapid response, strong adaptive ability, small overshoot, smooth transition, and high precision. The intelligent cooling system reduced the cooling-system power consumption by 5.52%–57.93%, fuel consumption rate by 1.43%–5.15%, smoke emission by 1.40%–4.69%, CO emission by 2.14%–6.03%, and HC emission by 7.41%–12.26%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The presence of broad-spectrum and high-amplitude electromagnetic interference (EMI) within a single-phase induction motor (SPIM) drive poses a significant threat to both the system and other electronic equipment. High-frequency (HF) models of electrical motors play a critical role in overcoming these challenges, as they are essential for characterizing electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in drives and designing effective EMI filters. The novelty of this study proposes an enhanced HF motor model based on transfer functions (TFs) to accurately represent the motor’s behavior at HFs for frequency-domain analyses in the range of 100 Hz to 30 MHz. Purpose. The equivalent HF model for a SPIM is discussed in this paper. The suggested equivalent circuit describes a motor’s common-mode (CM) properties. Methodology. HF model was developed by a frequency-domain analysis utilizing an experimental setup and MATLAB software. The motor impedance analysis is based on the measurement of variations in motor characteristics as a function of frequency in the CM setup. Originality. TF has been tuned using an asymptotic identification method of Bode to match the behavior of the real impedances of the motor parameters as a function of the frequency in the CM configuration. This tuned TFs are then synthesized into a comprehensive wideband EMC equivalent circuit model using the Foster network technique, which can be then simulated in any Spice-based simulator tools. Results. The proposed mathematical model was employed to conduct simulations, and the resulting predictions were validated against experimental data. CM response of the EMC equivalent circuit at low, medium, and HFs were compared between simulations and experimental measurements using Lt-Spice simulator software. Practical value. It is observed that results show satisfactory agreement with the measurements over a large frequency bandwidth [100 Hz–30 MHz], and the equivalent model of SPIM can be cascaded with other electronic and electrical modules to form a complete single-phase electric drive system model for fast analysis and prediction of system level EMI and electromagnetic sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the development platform CleanEngine, focusing on optimizing fuel cell electric drives for commercial vehicles. It highlights the importance of parameters like fuel cell output, hydrogen tank mass, battery capacity, and drive machine output for optimization. The project aims to achieve performance requirements of real driving situations through simulations and test bench measurements, emphasizing the need for dynamic-energetic optimization of hydrogen-electric drives. The research facility at Hochschule Kempten plays a crucial role in testing and validating model-based fuel cell drives, with a focus on improving control and monitoring systems for fuel cell systems. [Extracted from the article]

This article aims to investigate different dc‐bus voltage balancing control modes for a modular HVDC drive train applied to offshore wind energy. The modular structure discussed consists of a stacked polyphase bridge converter connected to the modules of a segmented generator. Three voltage control modes are analysed: non‐voltage balancing, voltage balancing allowing overcurrent, and voltage balancing with power derating. Assembly imperfections and operation differences can cause parametric deviations across modules leading to generation unbalance. When operating with voltage balancing with power derating, none has ac overcurrent or dc overvoltage. However, when the turbine is already operating at nominal power, a reduction in total power is required for this to occur. On the other hand, non‐voltage balancing or voltage balancing allowing overcurrent could bring more generated power to the system as the optimal output power allows dc overvoltage or ac overcurrent in some of the modules, respectively. Therefore, there is a trade‐off between efficiency and oversizing the system's components. A sensitivity analysis is performed to identify the expected dc‐bus voltage deviation. Experimental results in a low‐power prototype validate the voltage balancing control modes and a case study demonstrates the impact on energy yield in an offshore wind turbine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Switched reluctance machines (SRMs) are widely used in electric drive areas. However, due to the machine structure, the large stride angle makes it hard to achieve accurate position control for SRMs. In this paper, a position control scheme based on motion trajectory is proposed for SRM position control. In the proposed position control scheme, the SRM control is divided into the accelerating process, the steady operating process and the regenerating process. Development of the proposed position control strategy contains two parts. First, a Fuzzy logic controller is designed for rotor speed control in the accelerating process and steady operating process. Then, an aim speed regulator is proposed for the regenerating process, in which the aim speed is regulated according to the difference between aim position and real‐time rotor position. In the end, both simulation and experimental results are given to show the effectiveness of proposed motion trajectory based position control scheme. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a five-level inverter-fed Model Predictive Current Control (MPCC) of Five-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) Drive is proposed to enhance the performance of the drive by reducing the torque ripples. The MPCC method provides a good steady-state performance and also this method does not require a weighting factor. Among the various torque ripple minimization techniques, the multilevel inverters attracted more attention in electric drives due to rapid development in semiconductor technology. The performance analysis of a five-level (5L) inverter-fed five-phase PMSM drive is compared with two-level (2L) and three-level (3L) inverter drives under various operational conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed method is analyzed using MATLAB/SIMULINK software and also implemented using a real-time simulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focusses on detecting the unbalance of a mechanical component in the electric drive system of a two-mass servomechanism with a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), which is connected to the load via a long, flexible shaft. In the example analysed, the degree of unbalance was determined using the reference current signal from the speed controller of the field-orientated control (FOC) system. The authors presented a two-mass model with an unbalanced mechanical system. The short-time Fourier transform (STFT) transform was used to analyse the symptoms of unbalance, and an artificial neural network multi-layer perceptron (MLP) was used for system state inference. The effectiveness of the presented analysis, based on the reference current signal from the sensor embedded in the control system, was experimentally confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a cooperative controller that is specifically designed to enhance the stability of a distributed-drive vehicle during steering. The controller focuses on improving lateral stability during steering and achieving optimal torque allocation to meet numerous objectives. The article proposes a novel approach to improve the performance of the sliding mode controller for transverse stability control during steering. This is achieved by designing a fractional-order non-singular fast terminal sliding mode surface function, a fractional-order double-power exponential convergence law, and introducing a weighted integration term. Furthermore, the vehicle's torque was fine-tuned by employing an ant colony optimization (ACO) technique within the acceptable range defined by the lateral and longitudinal control requirements. To prevent the ACO algorithm from being stuck in local optima, a pseudo-random rule was implemented based on the original state transfer probability. This rule helps accelerate the convergence of the algorithm. Additionally, an elite approach and a dynamic change strategy for pheromone concentration were devised. Ultimately, the performance of the co-controller that was built is evaluated by simulation experiments conducted under both accelerated and decelerated driving situations. The test findings indicate that the technique effectively improves the lateral stability, tracking control, and energy economy of electric cars, with promising potential for practical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) continue to evolve, and sales continue to increase as the world pushes toward improved sustainability. This drives the need for research to understand the unique environments in which fluids operate within the Electric Drive Units (EDUs) of EVs in order to improve durability and reduce frictional losses. However, for this to happen, test rigs are required to operate with an electric current passing across the test parts and through the lubricant. Very few electrified test rigs currently exist, with most being adaptations of rigs undertaken by academia and independent and national research labs. In this work, the PCS Mini Traction Machine (MTM) was modified to supply a voltage across a tribological contact. New parts for the MTM were designed in collaboration with the instrument manufacturer. Work was undertaken in both the author's labs and the manufacturer's labs with the aim of bringing a commercially available unit to market as quickly as possible. A test matrix was completed on the MTM utilizing a range of temperatures, loads, and voltage inputs for three different lubricants commonly used in EDUs. The test matrix consisted of 36 test conditions, with some runs performed in triplicate, resulting in 81 tests for each oil and a total matrix of 243 tests. The test matrix was run to obtain the results and to test the robustness of the rig design. After testing was completed, the MTM disc wear scars were measured. The results from these measurements indicate that the application of alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) causes a significant increase in the wear scar compared to non-electrified test conditions. This, in turn, results in increased traction values under non-electrified conditions. It was also noted that the repeatability of the traction curves and end-of-test wear was reduced under both AC and DC electrified conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Automobile Technology & Material is the property of Automobile Technology & Material Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To improve the expandability, seeding accuracy, and operating speed range of the electric drive system (EDS) of precision seeders, this study constructed an EDS based on a controller area network (CAN) bus and designed a motor controller based on a field-orientated control (FOC) algorithm. Full-factorial bench and field tests based on seed spacing (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 m) and operating speed (3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 km/h) were carried out to evaluate the performance of the EDS. The results of bench tests showed that seeding quality varied inversely with operating speed and positively with seed spacing. The average quality of feed index (QFI) at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 m seed spacing in bench tests was 88.38%, 96.67%, and 97.36%, with the average coefficient of variation (CV) being 20.13%, 16.27%, and 13.20%. Analysis of variance confirmed that both operating speed and seed spacing had a significant effect on QFI and CV (p < 0.001). The analysis of motor rotational speed accuracy showed that the relative error of motor rotational speed above 410 rpm did not exceed 2.24%, and the relative error had less influence on the seeding quality. The average QFI was 85.93%, 95.91%, and 96.24%, with the average CV being 21.12%, 15.50%, and 16.49% at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 m seed spacing in field tests. The methods and results of this study can provide a reference for the design and optimization of the EDS in a maize precision seeder and provide an effective solution for the improvement of maize yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-speed dual-motor electric drive tracked vehicles (DDTVs) have emerged as a research hotspot in the field of tracked vehicles in recent years due to their advantages in fuel economy and the scalability of electrical equipment. The emergency braking of a DDTV at high speed can lead to slipping or even yawing (which is caused by a large deviation of forces at each track directly), posing significant challenges to the vehicle's stability and safety. Therefore, the accurate real-time acquisition of critical driving parameters, such as the longitudinal force and vehicle speed, is crucial for the stability control of a DDTV. This paper developed a novel estimating algorithm of critical driving parameters for DDTVs equipped with conventional sensors such as rotary transformers at PMSMs and onboard accelerometers on the basis of their dynamics models. The algorithm includes a sensor signal preprocessing module, a longitudinal force estimation method based on a nonlinear observer, and a speed estimation method based on an adaptive Kalman filter. Through hardware-in-loop experiments based on a Speedgoat real-time target machine, the proposed algorithm is proven to estimate the longitudinal force of the track and vehicle speed accurately, whether the vehicle has stability control functions or not, providing a foundation for the further development of vehicle stability control algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript presents a novel control approach for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) by integrating the widely used Direct Torque Control (DTC) method with Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), specifically the Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (TD3) algorithm. The TD3 algorithm is well-suited to address the challenges posed by high-dimensional state and action spaces in PMSM drives. The conventional Proportional–Integral (PI) controller in the outer loop of DTC is replaced with the DRL based TD3 agent to overcome the limitations of traditional PI controllers, such as model dependency and complex parameter tuning. The DRL technique allows the agent to learn optimal control policies from experience, making it suitable for complex and nonlinear control problems. Extensive simulation studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the TD3-based control in achieving accurate speed tracking under varying operating conditions. Real-time experimental validation using a TMS320F28379D digital signal processor confirms the feasibility of the proposed DRL based approach. The research offers new insights into improving the performance of PMSM drives and paves the way for future advancements in electric drive control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare earth elements (REEs) are fundamental for various modern technologies and industrial applications. One significant application of REEs is in the production of neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets, which are key components in electric vehicles (EVs), wind turbines, and electronic devices. These applications play a crucial role in driving the ecological and digital transition, highlighting the significance of REEs as strategic materials. With the dominance of very few countries in the REEs global supply and the rising of EVs demand, several concerns regarding resource availability, supply chain security, and price volatility have heightened the importance of efficient NdFeB magnet recycling, especially in Europe. This study assessed the elemental recycling potential of REEs from EV components through collaboration with authorized treatment facilities and metal recyclers in Italy. The study focused on three representative electric vehicles: a compact car, a van, and a hybrid vehicle. NdFeB magnets were found in various components, including the electric drive motor, air conditioning system, electric power steering, alternator, and electric gear box. The content of NdFeB magnets and REEs inside these components has been determined and economic feasibility of their recycling has been estimated by considering the intrinsic value of the raw materials contained. Despite being preliminary results, the economic value of REEs and Cu recoverable attested a promising potential for recycling, while the direct dismantling of magnets from the engine proves economically unviable for the studied components. Therefore, the study emphasizes the need for the development of specific recycling processes such as demagnetization and mechanical processing of the motors. The study also analysed the dismantling times of the target components from the vehicle and their relative economic impact on the potential for recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-speed electric drive units promise improved power density and, theoretically, driving range of battery electric vehicles. An essential step of the development process is extensive testing of the drive unit on a test rig. In particular, at a high rotational speed level, experimental testing can be challenging. This paper describes a test rig for investigating the overall function of a high-speed drive unit and the transmission's efficiency and dynamics. The high-speed drive unit developed in the Speed4E research project was the reference drive unit. The test rig is based on the concept of electrical power circulation. Thus, the test rig can be used universally for different drive unit designs and operating modes. A reaction torque measurement unit was developed to enable measurements at high rotational speeds. Simultaneously, this unit allows robust measurements at low costs. The expected measurement uncertainties of torque, rotational speed, transmission efficiency, and power losses were calculated using the Monte Carlo method. The results demonstrate that the developed torque measurement unit combines precise torque measurement with a robust design and low costs, making it competitive with state-of-the-art solutions for torque measurement at high speeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the use of an electric drive as an acoustic actuator for active noise cancellation (ANC). In the presented application, the idea is to improve the noise, vibration, harshness (NVH) characteristics of passenger cars without using additional active or passive damper systems. Many of the already existing electric drives in cars are equipped with the required hardware components to generate noise and vibration, which can be used as compensation signals in an ANC application. To demonstrate the applicability of the idea, the electrical power steering (EPS) motor is stimulated with a control signal, generated by an adaptive feedforward controller, to reduce harmonic disturbances at the driver's ears. As it turns out, the EPS system generates higher harmonics of the harmonic compensation signal due to nonlinearities in the acoustic transfer path using a harmonic excitation signal. The higher harmonics impair an improvement in the subjective hearing experience, although the airborne noise level of the harmonic disturbance signal can be clearly reduced at the driver's ears. Therefore, two methods are presented to reduce the amplitude of the higher harmonics. The first method is to limit the filter weights of the algorithm to reduce the amplitude of the harmonic compensation signal. The filter amplitude limitation also leads to a lower amplitude of the higher harmonics, generated by the permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). The second method uses a parallel structure of adaptive filters to actively reduce the amplitude of the higher harmonics. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed ANC system is demonstrated in two real driving situations, where in one case a synthetic noise/vibration induced by a shaker on the front axle carrier is considered to be the disturbance, and in the other case, the disturbance is a harmonic vibration generated by the combustion engine. In both cases, the subjective hearing experience of the driver could be clearly improved using the EPS motor as ANC actuator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of South China University of Technology (Natural Science Edition) is the property of South China University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract This article presents an innovative approach for real‐time allocation of weighting factor values in model predictive control of electrical drive systems. In the proposed dynamic weighting factor assignment method, the cost associated with a specific variable is determined based on its corresponding set of predictions. This approach can be employed to optimize weighting factor values for a given system or even enhance performance metrics in comparison to conventional approaches that employ fixed weighting factors. Furthermore, the method determines the optimal value of weighting factors in real‐time with low added calculation complexity. The proposed method is able to provide reliable constant weighting factors for a given working point as well. The practical application of this method is demonstrated through a case study of an LC filter equipped PMSM drive; the system encompasses six independent variables that require regulation. Experimental results utilizing both two and three level voltage source inverters and using various transient and steady‐state situations prove the feasibility of the proposed dynamic weighting factor assignment method.

Abstract This article aims to investigate different dc‐bus voltage balancing control modes for a modular HVDC drive train applied to offshore wind energy. The modular structure discussed consists of a stacked polyphase bridge converter connected to the modules of a segmented generator. Three voltage control modes are analysed: non‐voltage balancing, voltage balancing allowing overcurrent, and voltage balancing with power derating. Assembly imperfections and operation differences can cause parametric deviations across modules leading to generation unbalance. When operating with voltage balancing with power derating, none has ac overcurrent or dc overvoltage. However, when the turbine is already operating at nominal power, a reduction in total power is required for this to occur. On the other hand, non‐voltage balancing or voltage balancing allowing overcurrent could bring more generated power to the system as the optimal output power allows dc overvoltage or ac overcurrent in some of the modules, respectively. Therefore, there is a trade‐off between efficiency and oversizing the system's components. A sensitivity analysis is performed to identify the expected dc‐bus voltage deviation. Experimental results in a low‐power prototype validate the voltage balancing control modes and a case study demonstrates the impact on energy yield in an offshore wind turbine.

Abstract In order to address the issues of complexity, high cost, large volume, and low reliability associated with traditional H‐bridge cascaded converters when operating under high voltage, high capacity, and dual electric motor loads, the authors propose the utilisation of a nine‐switch converter as an alternative to the conventional H‐bridge converter for implementing cascaded multilevel converters in dual electric motor drive systems. After conducting an analysis and research on the topology and operational control strategy of cascaded multilevel converters based on the nine‐switch converter, a design is presented using six individual nine‐switch converter units to develop a cascaded multilevel converter capable of driving two 3 MW asynchronous electric motors at a 6 kV voltage level. Simulation verification is performed, and a scaled‐down prototype is built for experimental validation. The results demonstrate that, in comparison to traditional H‐bridge cascaded converters, the proposed cascaded multilevel converter can effectively drive dual electric motors at the same or different frequencies while reducing the number of switches to 1/4, the total transformer windings to 1/2, and Direct Current‐side capacitors to 1/6. This improvement enhances system reliability, portability, and load adaptability, thus offering increased versatility in dual electric motor drive applications.

Abstract Due to high computation complexity, traditional design methods for LLC converter usually consider limited kinds of performance, and the process for searching the optimal parameter scheme is discrete, which might cause the missing of real optimal solution. In order to solve these problems, a multi‐objectives optimization design method for the LLC converter is proposed in this paper. According to the numerical calculation method, a closed parameter space for resonant parameters is established under the constraints of operation mode, switching frequency, zero voltage switching (ZVS), and voltage stress of resonant capacitor. Besides, the root‐mean‐square (RMS) value of resonant current and secondary current, as well as the core loss of the transformer, are selected as the optimization objectives. Non‐dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA‐II) is utilized to deal with these multi‐objective formulations. In order to reduce the computation complexity, a data‐driven method, called adaptive polynomial approximation (APA), is selected to obtain the explicit expressions of the parameter space and the optimization objectives. Then, by substituting this simplified surrogate model into the NSGA‐II algorithm, the optimal parameter scheme is obtained. The comprehensive comparison analysis is performed, and a 400 W/48 V experimental prototype was built to verify the theoretical analysis, which shows that the proposed method features the highest efficiency of 95%.

The paper presents the application of a new bio-inspired metaheuristic optimization algorithm. The popularity and usability of different swarm-based metaheuristic algorithms are undeniable. The majority of known algorithms mimic the hunting behavior of animals. However, the current approach does not satisfy the full bio-diversity inspiration among different organisms. Thus, the Birch-inspired Optimization Algorithm (BiOA) is proposed as a powerful and efficient tool based on the pioneering behavior of one of the most common tree species. Birch trees are known for their superiority over other species in overgrowing and spreading across unrestricted terrains. The proposed two-step algorithm reproduces both the seed transport and plant development. A detailed description and the mathematical model of the algorithm are given. The discussion and examination of the influence of the parameters on efficiency are also provided in detail. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, its application to selecting the parameters of the control structure of a drive system with an elastic connection is shown. A structure with a PI controller and two additional feedbacks on the torque and speed difference between the drive motor and the working machine was selected. A system with rated and variable parameters is considered. The theoretical considerations and the simulation study were verified on a laboratory stand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implementing the IIoT concept in industry involves the development and implementation of online systems monitoring the technical state of electromechanical equipment. This is achieved through the use of digital twins and digital shadows (object state observers). The tasks of mastering new rolling profiles and optimizing plate mill rolling programs require improved methods for calculating equivalent motor currents and torques. Known methods are generally based on calculations using smoothed load diagrams, which are assumed to be identical for the upper and lower main drive (UMD and LMD) rolls. These methods do not consider the differences in actual loads (currents or torques) in steady rolling states. Experiments performed on the 5000 plate mill have shown that due to speed mismatches, the UMD and LMD torques differ three times or more. This causes overheating of the more heavily loaded motor, insulation life reduction, and premature failure. Therefore, the problem of developing and implementing techniques for monitoring the load and thermal regimes of motors using digital observers is relevant. The paper's contribution is the first justification of the concept of object-oriented digital shadows. They are developed for specific classes of industrial units using open-source software. This research justifies a methodology for assessing motor load and temperature by processing arrays of motor currents or torques generated during rolling. An equivalent load observer and a temperature observer were proposed and implemented using Matlab-Simulink resources. The algorithm was implemented on the mill 5000 and tuned using an earlier-developed virtual commissioning methodology with digital twins. Thermal regimes were studied, proving that torque alignment ensures equal motor temperatures. The proposed considerations contribute to the development of the theory and practice for creating digital systems to monitor the technical condition of electromechanical and mechatronic systems and implementing the Industry 4.0 concept at industrial enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transportation sector is a significant contributor to CO2 emissions, necessitating the adoption of alternative drive technologies to achieve decarbonization. This study investigates public perceptions of fossil fuels, e-fuels, and electric drives, with the aim of identifying factors influencing risk perceptions, perceived efficacy in combating climate change, and readiness to use or purchase cars with these technologies. Therefore, a quantitative study using a questionnaire (N = 141) was conducted. The results indicate that e-fuels and electric drives are perceived more positively than fossil fuels. E-fuels were found to have the lowest risk perceptions. Differences in cognitive and affective risk perceptions, as well as in financial, environmental, and health-related risks, were observed across drive types. Car affinity was found to correlate positively with risk perceptions of e-fuels and fossil fuels, but negatively with electric drives. The risk perception of global warming showed an inverse relationship. Regarding the prediction of readiness, differences were found between e-fuels and electric drives in terms of the influencing factors on readiness. The study contributes to the understanding of public perceptions by providing a comparison between different drive technologies and offers valuable insights for developing targeted communication strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric drive control is an important area of research due to its ubiquity. In particular, multi-phase induction machines are an important field due to their inherent robustness. Tuning of the inner loop (speed) and outer loop (current) is typically tackled separately. The problem of trade-off analysis for the tuning of both loops has never been tackled before, which motivates the present study. This paper examines the complex and non-linear relationships between commonly used performance indicators in variable speed applications. The paper shows that there are links between performance indicators for both loops. This prompts a more detailed study of concurrent tuning. Also, it is shown that said links are, in a variable speed drive, dependent on the operating point. This requires studying more than just one operating point. Experimental results for a five-phase induction motor are used to validate the analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Validation is a critical aspect of product development for meeting design goals and mitigating risk in the face of considerable cost and time commitments. In this research article, uncertainty quantification (UQ) for efficiency testing of an Electric Drive Unit (EDU) is demonstrated, considering confidence in simulations with respect to the validation campaign. The methodology used for UQ is consistent with the framework mentioned in the guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM). An analytical evaluation of the measurement chain involved in EDU efficiency testing was performed and elemental uncertainties were derived, later to be propagated to the derived quantity of efficiency. When uncertainties were associated with measurements, the erroneous measurements made through sensors in the measurement chain were highlighted. These results were used for the assessment of requirement coverage and the validation of test results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to address the issues of complexity, high cost, large volume, and low reliability associated with traditional H‐bridge cascaded converters when operating under high voltage, high capacity, and dual electric motor loads, the authors propose the utilisation of a nine‐switch converter as an alternative to the conventional H‐bridge converter for implementing cascaded multilevel converters in dual electric motor drive systems. After conducting an analysis and research on the topology and operational control strategy of cascaded multilevel converters based on the nine‐switch converter, a design is presented using six individual nine‐switch converter units to develop a cascaded multilevel converter capable of driving two 3 MW asynchronous electric motors at a 6 kV voltage level. Simulation verification is performed, and a scaled‐down prototype is built for experimental validation. The results demonstrate that, in comparison to traditional H‐bridge cascaded converters, the proposed cascaded multilevel converter can effectively drive dual electric motors at the same or different frequencies while reducing the number of switches to 1/4, the total transformer windings to 1/2, and Direct Current‐side capacitors to 1/6. This improvement enhances system reliability, portability, and load adaptability, thus offering increased versatility in dual electric motor drive applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Traditional electric drive control methodologies, such as field oriented control (FOC) and direct torque and flux control (DTFC), predominantly rely on multiple proportional‐integral (PI) controllers that demand complex tuning. While model predictive current control (MPCC) omits PI controllers, it has inherent challenges including high computational burden and tempered dynamics. Although two‐level inverters (2LI) are prevalent in many applications, their performance wanes in high‐power applications like high performance industrial drives and marine propulsions. Multilevel inverters (MLIs) are more efficient, but combined with space vector modulation (SVM), they add computational complexity, particularly at higher levels, limiting drive sampling frequencies and causing torque ripples and harmonics, affecting performance. To address the above drawbacks, this manuscript presents a deadbeat predictive current control of five‐level inverter fed permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive with a novel generalized SVM algorithm with reduced computational burden and improved performance. The proposed method is validated through MATLAB/Simulink‐based simulation study and experimental implementation. The results are presented and discussed. The results are compared with DTFC and MPCC where it is observed that the proposed method offers superior performance with reduced computational burden and streamlined implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a surface mounted-permanent magnet synchronous motor (SPMSM) with outer rotor configuration applied to the fields of industry and electric drive is proposed by an association between the analytical model and finite element technique. Firstly, the methodology involves a detailed development of the analytical calculation to compute crucial parameters for the SPMSM. Next, a finite element technique is proposed to validate the analytical parameters and simulate various aspects such as the magnetic flux density, output torque, cogging torque, torque ripple, back electromotive force, flux linkage and temperature rise. The developed methods are tested and validated on a practical problem involving a 7.5kW SPMSM with outer rotor type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles have seen substantial growth in recent years in the emerging economies of the world. The current market scenario of E-vehicles is dominated by PMSM or BLDC motors due to their higher torque-to-power density, and efficiency with added performance metrics of the motor. However, the higher capital cost of permanent magnets makes the motor designers to consider an alternative to magnetic motors, the so-called Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM). With proper FEM analysis and controller design, if SRMs can able to achieve the performance metrics of a PMSM/BLDC, it will be a breakthrough in the automotive sector with affordable prices. Based on the aforementioned facts, this research work focuses on SRM as a viable alternative to the existing PMSM/BLDC motor. The work concentrates on the design and development of an 8/6 SRM for a Tri-wheeler E-vehicle application. The designed motor is fabricated, tested and controlled by WAVECT, an FPGA-based real-time digital controller which is used to control the commutation of the 8/6 SRM. The yielded response satisfactorily proves that the designed 8/6 SRM can be effectively used for the Tri-wheeler E-vehicle application, thereby paving the way for sustainable energy conservation in the automotive sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to high computation complexity, traditional design methods for LLC converter usually consider limited kinds of performance, and the process for searching the optimal parameter scheme is discrete, which might cause the missing of real optimal solution. In order to solve these problems, a multi‐objectives optimization design method for the LLC converter is proposed in this paper. According to the numerical calculation method, a closed parameter space for resonant parameters is established under the constraints of operation mode, switching frequency, zero voltage switching (ZVS), and voltage stress of resonant capacitor. Besides, the root‐mean‐square (RMS) value of resonant current and secondary current, as well as the core loss of the transformer, are selected as the optimization objectives. Non‐dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA‐II) is utilized to deal with these multi‐objective formulations. In order to reduce the computation complexity, a data‐driven method, called adaptive polynomial approximation (APA), is selected to obtain the explicit expressions of the parameter space and the optimization objectives. Then, by substituting this simplified surrogate model into the NSGA‐II algorithm, the optimal parameter scheme is obtained. The comprehensive comparison analysis is performed, and a 400 W/48 V experimental prototype was built to verify the theoretical analysis, which shows that the proposed method features the highest efficiency of 95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electrical motors, together with its appropriate drive system, is one of the most important elements of electromobility. In recent years, there has been a particular interest by academic researchers and engineers in permanent-magnet motors (PMSMs) in various applications, such as electric vehicles, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), elevator systems, etc., as the main source of drive transmission. Nowadays, the elevator industry, with the evolution of magnetic materials, has turned to gearless PMSMs over geared induction motors (IMs). One of the most important elements that is given special emphasis in these applications is proper motor design in consideration of the weight and speed of the chamber to be served during operation. This paper presents a design of a high-efficiency PMSM, in which finite elements analysis (FEA) and the study of the lift operating cycle provided useful conclusions on the magnetic field of the machine in different operating states. In addition, a simulated model was compared with experimental results of test operations. Furthermore, the drive system also required the use of appropriate electrical power and controls to drive the PMSM. Especially in elevator applications, the control of the motor speed by the variable voltage variable frequency technique (VVVF) is the most common technology used to avoid endangering the safety of the passengers. Thus, suitable speed and current controllers were used for this purpose. In our research, we focused on studying different control techniques using a suitable inverter to compare the system operation in each case studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chongqing University of Technology (Natural Science) is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Chongqing University of Technology (Natural Science) is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For the objective of improving the reliability of converters in electric drives, research on a method for early detection of intermittent open-circuit faults of power valves is reported in this article. Intermittent open circuit condition is the incipient form of power valve open-circuit fault in power converters. Prompt detection of this fault allows for timely remediation of permanent open circuit defects that is a commonly subsequent process. This study introduces an investigation of this fault, which occurs in the voltage source inverter of induction motor drives. Intermittent faults are created through interference with the control pulse of the power valve. Wavelet transform with the Mexican hat mother function is utilized for signal processing. Appropriate ranges of the scale are selected to obtain a high magnitude of the wavelet coefficient at faulty instants. The analysis for the direct current recorded at the DC-link in simulation and the electromagnetic signal measured at the DC-bus of the inverter can be effectively used for the fault diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simultaneous regulation of production efficiency and equipment maintenance in intelligent production lines poses a challenging problem. Existing approaches addressing this issue often separate the regulation of equipment maintenance and load balancing, lacking dynamic indicators to characterize the operational status and equipment workload. Inspired by the cardiac electrical activity recorded from human electrocardiogram (ECG), the electric drive signal of the equipment is proposed as an analogous measure to monitor equipment performance and workload variations. Thereby, the implementation mechanism and working characteristics of equipment ECG (EECG) are put forward for reconfigurable mixed-model assembly. Moreover, the monitoring of equipment performance based on deep learning is explored, leveraging the EECG features combined with multi-source heterogeneous data. The variations of equipment workload are tracked through the construction of a population difference hash analysis of the ECG data flow, along with the characterization of equipment power through electric signals. Additionally, an EECG-driven synchronous mapping approach is proposed to address steady disturbance, considering both workload imbalance and the degeneracy effect of the equipment. The reconfigurability of the intelligent production line enables the proposed mechanism of similarity matching of EECG features through the reconfiguration of the software manufacturing system and hardware physical equipment. Finally, the EECG-based solution is validated on a laboratory-level prototype platform, demonstrating that the robust running of the assembly process can be ensured even in the presence of internal and external disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]