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The present research describes the implementation of a methodological evaluation strategy designed to enhance meaningful learning in fifth-year students of Basic General Education (BGE). The research focuses on the development and implementation of this strategy, with the aim of promoting deeper and more meaningful learning in students, beyond mere memorization of information. It examines how this methodological evaluation strategy can facilitate the connection of curricular content with students’ prior experiences, individual interests, and learning needs, thereby creating a more stimulating and motivating educational environment. Additionally, the effects of this strategy on critical thinking, problem-solving, and the ability to transfer knowledge to new situations are analyzed. The research is conducted through a mixedmethods approach, utilizing methods such as participant observation, teacher interviews, and analysis of curricular and evaluation documents. A pre-experimental design is employed to demonstrate the correlation between the development of the methodological evaluation strategy and its impact on meaningful learning in fifth-year BGE students through an interdisciplinary project. The results show increased motivation and engagement among students, as well as a deeper and more lasting understanding of the concepts learned. This study has significant implications for teaching practice and the design of formative evaluation strategies that promote more meaningful and relevant learning for fifth-year BGE students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teachers play a fundamental role in the educational training of students, but collaboration between teachers and families is crucial for children's academic success. When families actively participate in their children's learning process, a valuable support system is created that promotes academic progress and promotes interest in learning. Just as students need guidance in the classroom, it is beneficial to guide families on how they can better support their children, especially for those with low school education. The objective of this research is to develop a strategy to guide pedagogical support for families with low school education to attend to the school life of their children. The research was part of the qualitative-quantitative research model with a type of phenomenological research. As a technique, the interview was used and as an instrument, the questionnaire was applied to the population under study, consisting of parents of two groups of fourth year Basic General Education in Ecuador (EGB) in an educational unit in Ecuador. Posttest results indicate widespread progress in multiple areas of students' academic, social, and personal development, suggesting that the pedagogical accompaniment program has been effective in its goal of promoting students' overall success and well-being. . The proposed strategy was evaluated by expert criteria as Very relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease. Numerous investigations have demonstrated that medications that regulate the "brain–gut" axis can ameliorate disease symptoms of AD. Studies have shown that Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) is involved in intestinal metabolism to meet the goal of illness treatment. EGb is currently utilized extensively in the clinical prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, the regulatory effect of EGb on intestinal flora and its metabolites in AD pathology remains largely speculative. In this study, the Morris water maze test showed a significant improvement of spatial memory in the AD mouse model (APP/PS1 mice) after EGb treatment. We next confirmed the positive effects of EGb on the gut flora and metabolites of APP/PS1 mice and further showed that EGb treatment reshaped the disturbed gut microbiome, in particular by reducing the Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio and increasing the abundance of Bacteroidetes, Uroviricota, Streptophyta, and Spirochaetes. Meanwhile, a non-targeted metabolomics analysis showed that EGb treatment significantly reversed the dysfunction of the microbial metabolic phenotype by altering Limosilactobacillus and Parvibacte, with 300 differential metabolites modulated (131 up-regulated, 169 down-regulated). Our findings highlight the significant regulatory impact of EGb on intestinal microflora and microbial metabolism in AD mice models and provide a potential therapeutic strategy for AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding annual extraction volumes and fluctuations in groundwater depth is essential in water resource management. This study applied various machine learning methods to predict the spatial variability of groundwater depletion (GWD) in an alluvial aquifer located along the southern coasts of the Caspian Sea (Mazandaran Plain). Initially, mean GWD values were measured from 250 piezometric wells across the plain. Subsequently, the factors controlling GWD were identified and provided. These factors encompass natural elements, including precipitation, evaporation, topography, groundwater depth, aquifer transmissivity, and proximity to water bodies. They also include anthropogenic factors such as extraction rates and proximity to industrial centres. Three machine learning models – Random Forest (RF), Deep Learning (DL), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (EGB) – were employed to model GWD using consistent training and test data. In this context, GWD was used as the output, and its controlling factors were incorporated as input variables. Correlation coefficients between GWD and its controlling factors revealed that the transmissivity of aquifer formations (R = 0.81), groundwater withdrawal within well radii (R = 0.69), and groundwater depth (R = 0.6) were the most significant factors. All three models demonstrated high efficacy during the training and testing stages. However, during testing, EGB offered the highest performance in modelling GWD due to extraction (R2 = 0.8, NSE = 0.82). The verified model was then used to predict annual drawdown or extraction across the plain. The predicted results were visually represented as an annual GWD or extraction map within a GIS framework. A comparison between observed GWD values in piezometric wells and the predicted values confirmed the robust performance of the proposed methodology (R2 = 0.8). This methodology can be employed effectively to predict spatial changes in GWD or annual extraction in other plains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lately, there has been a rising awareness of the significance of becoming green and applying different environmental management strategies within the corporate community. This paper endeavours to explore the adoption of Green HRM practices by managers in Patan Industrial Estate. This study addresses the importance of knowledge development in relation to HRM practices and employee behavior. The goal is to see how Green HRM influences EGB in Patan Industrial Estate through mediation of managers' environmental knowledge. Exploratory research design was chosen as the primary study paradigm to determine the truth. The data was evaluated quantitatively by using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The associations between the 113 replies were analyzed using SEM. According to the findings of the study, environmental knowledge does not operate as a facilitator between Green HRM and EGB. This result is also theoretically significant in terms of the AMO theory. However, Green HRM is an emerging concept that deserves more attention. Employees and organizations must make even more changes to ensure that greening processes are implemented in all of their activities. General recommendations for successful implementation of Green HRM practices include revising the vision, mission and organization policies of an organization, ensuring its ISO certification, advancement of technologies, and enhancing GHRM practices by providing training and empowering employees, as well as participating in proactive government initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excess surface water after heavy rainfalls leads to soil erosion and flash floods, resulting in human and financial losses. Reducing runoff is an essential management tool to protect water and soil resources. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of vegetation and land management methods on runoff control and to provide a model to predict runoff values. Filed plot data and three machine learning (ML) methods, including artificial neural network (ANN), coactive neuro-fuzzy inference system (CANFIS), and extreme gradient boosting (EGB), were used in a test site in the north of Iran. In this regard, plots with various vegetation and land management treatments including bare soil treatment, rangeland cover treatment, forest litter treatment, rangeland litter treatment, tillage treatment in the direction of slope, tillage treatment perpendicular to the slope, and repetition of treatments under forest canopy were constructed on a hillslope. After each rainfall event, the amount of rainfall and corresponding runoff generated in each plot was recorded. Three ML models (ANN, CANFIS, and EGB) were used to establish relationships between amounts of recorded runoff and its controlling factors (rainfall, antecedent soil moisture (A.M.C), shrub canopy percentage and height, tree canopy percentage and height, soil texture (clay, silt, and sand percent), slope degree, leaf litter percentage of soil, and tillage interval). These data were normalized, randomized, and divided into training and testing subsets. Results showed that the ANN performed better than the other two models in predicting runoff in training (R2 = 0.98; MSE = 0.004) and the test stages (R2 = 0.90; MSE = 0.95). Statistical analysis and sensitivity analysis of inputs factors showed that rainfall, rangeland cover, and A.M.C are the three most important factors controlling runoff generation. The adopted method can be used to predict the effect of different vegetation and land management scenarios on runoff generation in the study area and the areas with similar settings elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease. Numerous investigations have demonstrated that medications that regulate the “brain–gut” axis can ameliorate disease symptoms of AD. Studies have shown that Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) is involved in intestinal metabolism to meet the goal of illness treatment. EGb is currently utilized extensively in the clinical prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, the regulatory effect of EGb on intestinal flora and its metabolites in AD pathology remains largely speculative. In this study, the Morris water maze test showed a significant improvement of spatial memory in the AD mouse model (APP/PS1 mice) after EGb treatment. We next confirmed the positive effects of EGb on the gut flora and metabolites of APP/PS1 mice and further showed that EGb treatment reshaped the disturbed gut microbiome, in particular by reducing the Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio and increasing the abundance of Bacteroidetes, Uroviricota, Streptophyta, and Spirochaetes. Meanwhile, a non-targeted metabolomics analysis showed that EGb treatment significantly reversed the dysfunction of the microbial metabolic phenotype by altering Limosilactobacillus and Parvibacte, with 300 differential metabolites modulated (131 up-regulated, 169 down-regulated). Our findings highlight the significant regulatory impact of EGb on intestinal microflora and microbial metabolism in AD mice models and provide a potential therapeutic strategy for AD.

Wadi El-Matulla, located in the eastern desert of Egypt, is the most important water basin. The Qift–Qusayr highway (west–east direction) and the Cairo–Aswan eastern desert highway (north–south direction) pass through the watershed. Many urban areas (villages and industrial areas) and agricultural lands are located at the outlet of these basins. In addition, the basin has promising potential for future economic and urban development as it is located within the Golden Triangle (governmental megaproject). The current study investigates flood hazard modeling and its impact on the area. To determine the optimal flood susceptibility mapping algorithm, performance comparisons of three techniques were conducted: logistic regression (LR), extreme gradient boosting (EGB), and random forest (RF). Remote sensing, topographic, geologic, and meteorological data were used with the help of field visits to provide the spatial and inventory database required by the models. The performance and reliability of the predictions of the proposed models were evaluated using five statistical indices: receiver operating characteristic–area under the curve, overall accuracy (OAC), kappa index, root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). The performance of the models showed that the values of ROC (93, 86 and 80%), OAC (88, 82 and 76%), kappa index (0.85, 0.75 and 0.51), RMSE (0.34, 0.42 and 0.49) and MAE (0.12, 0.18 and 0.24) for RF, EGB, and LR, respectively. Based on AUC values, RF and EGB models provide excellent and very good prediction for flood susceptibility. Our results show that RF is the optimal algorithm for flood susceptibility mapping, followed by EGB and LR. Consequently, the predictive power of RF model is quite good and the flood susceptibility map was classified into five classes, namely very low (51.7%), low (23.7%), moderate (16.2%), high (7.1%), and very high (1.3%). Ultimately, the RF model was verified using sentinel-1 imagery for real floods in 2016 and 2021, and it provides good agreement. The optimal model could be useful for decision makers and planners to protect existing facilities and plan future projects in non-flood-prone areas. Accordingly, the most suitable areas for future development need to be distributed mainly in the low and very low flood hazard areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Os cadernos de aritmética Rubio são cadernos impressos que são usados ​​na Espanha desde 1959 como material escolar complementar para aprender operações aritméticas. Em 1970, foi promulgada na Espanha uma Lei Geral de Educação que alterou a estrutura do sistema educacional espanhol e definiu um novo nível escolar: o Ensino Geral Básico (EGB), comum a todos os alunos de 6 a 14 anos. As diretrizes que o Ministério publicou para a implantação do EGB alteraram conteúdos, métodos e materiais didáticos para o ensino de matemática. Os cadernos de aritmética de Rubio mudaram para se adaptar à nova situação escolar. O objetivo do trabalho é identificar as mudanças ocorridas nos cadernos de aritmética Rubio para adequá-los às orientações elaboradas pelo Ministério da Educação e Ciência em 1970 e verificar quais aspectos dessas novas orientações foram priorizados.

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Abstract Background Metastasis refers to the spread of a primary tumor cell from the primary site to other locations in the body and it is generally associated with the severity of a tumor. Extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) contains various bioactive compounds and it exerts beneficial effects including improvements in brain function and reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases. On the other hand, increased risk of thyroid and liver cancers by EGb have been reported in animals. Methods A colon cancer metastasis model was established using intrasplenic injection of a human colon cancer cell line, SW620-luc in athymic mice to investigate the potential impact of EGb on colon cancer progression. After tumor establishment, EGb was intraperitonically injected daily for 5 wks. Results EGb significantly increased the rate of metastasis in mouse liver and decreased the number of necrotic and apoptotic cells in the metastatic liver when compared to the control. Meanwhile, EGb significantly induced proliferation of tumor cells in the metastatic liver, indicated by increased staining of Ki67 and H3S10p. mRNA expression of genes involved in cell cycle, metastasis, apoptosis, and oxidative stress were altered by EGb treatment in livers with tumors. Moreover, EGb activated the stress-responsive MAPK pathways in the liver with metastatic tumors. Conclusions EGb exacerbated liver metastasis in a mouse colon cancer metastasis model. This is potentially due to the increased tumor cell proliferation involving stimulated MAPK pathways.

Si la "la historia es maestra de la vida", en expresión de los clásicos, este artículo es una parte de la historia de un maestro, que comenzó - por los años 70- a dar clases "en una escuela privada" y hoy realiza idéntica tarea en "una escuela pública". Maestro que, en virtud de la Reforma educativa que conllevó la E.G.B. se encontró transformado de pronto de "maestro" en "profesor", y que, siguiendo los principios y métodos así como "enseñando" en todos los ciclos de dicha E.G.B., desembocó un día, como tantos colegas, y por imperativo legal de otra reforma, en la L.O.G.S.E. Hoy, profesor de E.S.O. se hace una serie preguntas claves; pero que deja ABIERTAS a los lectores, sobre todo si son maestros o profesores.

To know the situation of the students in the basic instrumental learning when finishing what the LOGSE calls Primary School (1st to 6th grade) and to adjust from it two hypotheses that are confirmed in the controls of the initial and middle cycle.

Cultural importance and school tradition of the vocabulary. The vocabulary in the curricular designs of the elementary school. The vocabulary in the Spanish legislative order. The vocabulary in textbooks. The situation of schoolchildren in our vocabulary control at the end of 60 E.G.B .: Design and results obtained. Analysis of the possible causes of the results obtained and suggestions derived from said results.

Introduction. Reading in the current world. Reading in the Spanish legal regulations for primary school. The textbooks. The reading situation of the students at the end of 6th E.G.B .: design of the research and results obtained. The reading situation of the students at the end of 6 ° E.G.B .: design of the research and results obtained. Suggestions for an efficient programming of reading learning in the Primary School.

Copyright of Revista Española de Quimioterapia is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Este proyecto tuvo como fin reconocer, describir, sistematizar e interpretar los problemas que manifiestan los alumnos de tercer año de EGB de Caleta Olivia y de Comodoro Rivadavia en el dominio de la escritura en el ámbito escolar. El enfoque teórico combinó aportes de la psicopedagogía, la psicolingüística y la sociolingüística. Se seleccionaron 4 escuelas públicas: 2 de cada ciudad. A la vez, en cada ciudad, se escogió 1 escuela de clase media y 1 de clase baja. Los datos fueron recolectados mediante un test suministrado por los docentes a cargo de cada grupo de alumnos, el que consistió en tres tareas: dictado, copia de texto y escritura espontánea a partir de un disparador (viñeta). Los resultados alcanzados son satisfactorios para una investigación exploratoria como esta y para un equipo de investigación conformado en su mayoría por investigadores noveles.

IMO Tier III, applied on 1 January 2016, forced that NOx emissions must not exceed 3.4 g/kWh for low-speed marine diesel engines (engine speed lower than 130 rpm) in NOx ECAs. And the best answer for propulsion of nautical ships presently and for the near decades is the low-speed two-stroke diesel engines. Any abatement technology that reduces NOx emissions to the expected point can be allowed. EGR is an effective technology that has been verified on automotive applications and marine diesel engines (high speed and medium speed). This paper provides an internal measure: EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) combined with CB (cylinder bypass) and EGB (exhaust gas bypass) to reduce NOx emissions. Combined with CB and EGB, the EGR system applied on the engine can reduce the NOx emissions under 3.4 g/kWh. To test the effects of the EGR system, three modes were set: non-EGR mode, low-EGR mode and ECA-EGR mode. The effects of different modes on NOx emissions, fuel consumption, engine power and emissions are investigated. As a result, it can be concluded when the engine run in the ECA-EGR mode, NOx emissions can meet the requirements of IMO Tier III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC) for the electronic gearboxes (EGB) is proposed to solve the problem of gear deviation caused by the change of cutting force. Firstly, we analyzed the principle of the CNC hobbing process and established the machine tool kinematic model and EGB control precision model. Then, to achieve self-compensation for the system disturbance, the ADRC is utilized. In addition, an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is introduced to address the issue of the ADRC's parameters being hard to select. Finally, the EGB is designed using a composite structure and combined with the ADRC. We compare master–slave and composite EGB for experimental verification using a CNC hobbing machine as an example. The proposed composite EGB method is obtained through numerical simulation and experiments to effectively verify the EGB control precision of the CNC hobbing machine. Meanwhile, the tracking precision of each motion axis is improved obviously. The proposed composite EGB method solves the issue of self-compensating disturbances in CNC hobbing machine tools from the controller design. It provides a novel design method that can apply to all kinds of CNC machine tools to deal with disturbance problems. • The proposed ADRC controller keeps PID's original quick convergence property and eliminates overshoot. • Select the best parameters, potentially improving the synchronization precision of each motion axis of the CNC machine tool. • In comparison to the master–slave EGB approach, the proposed ADRC-EGB method has a lower synchronization control error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se realizó una investigación descriptiva transversal, con el objetivo de evaluar el nivel de conocimiento sobre implantes dentales de los estomatólogos generales básico e integrales de los municipios, Habana del Este, Centro Habana y Habana Vieja. El Ministerio de Salud Pública tiene especial interés en la implementación y generalización de las técnicas de implantología dental a nivel de los municipios por lo que esta temática se convierte en tema de necesario dominio para los estomatólogos, pues necesitan orientar, tratar y remitir a sus pacientes. Para medir los conocimientos fue aplicada una encuesta que constaba de diez preguntas, y se utilizó los criterios de conocen y desconocen, para evaluar las respuestas según su calidad. El nivel de conocimientos se clasificó en adecuado cuando la encuesta tuvo un 70 % o más de respuestas con el criterio de conocen. El nivel de conocimientos fue no adecuado para los grupos de estudios y para los municipios.A cross-sectional and descriptive research was carried out to assess the knowledge level on dental implants of Basic and Integral General Stomatologists from Habana del Este, Centro Habana and Habana Vieja municipalities and due to its spreading in the different media and the interest of our Public Health Ministry in application of this technique at municipality level it becomes necessary domain of stomatologists because of they need to guide, to treat and to refer the patients. To knowledge measurement we applied a survey including ten questions using to know and not to know criteria to assess the answers according to its quality. The knowledge level was classified as suitable when there was a 70 % or more of answers with the criterion of to know, but this knowledge level was not suitable for study groups and for the municipalities.

Groundwater quality is gaining more importance in groundwater management due to rapid growth in population, agriculture and industrial sectors worldwide. The goal of the present study is to evaluate the groundwater chemistry and to identify the geochemical processes governing the water chemistry in the shallow unconfined and deeper confined aquifers in the Eastern Ganges Basin using geochemical methods. Groundwater samples were analysed for major ions and metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and As). Shallow wells are found to have high pH, EC, TDS, Ca, Mg, Cl and SO4, and low HCO3/Cl ratio compared to the deep wells. However, the average concentration of Na, HCO3, NO3, PO4, F and Mn is not significantly varied with depth which indicates that the variation in the water chemistry between unconfined and confined aquifers is not only due to the natural processes but also indicates that surface contamination sources could have affected the water chemistry in the unconfined aquifer. In the unconfined aquifer, processes like wastewater infiltration, denitrification, reverse ion exchange and mineral weathering govern the water chemistry. The water chemistry in the confined aquifer is regulated by weathering of silicate and carbonate minerals and regional flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGB) on the proliferation and cell cycles of gastric carcinoma SGC7901 cells, and make a preliminary exploration on possible molecular mechanisms associated with its inhibitory effect. Methods: Human gastric carcinoma SGC7901 cells were cultured in vitro, and treated with various concentrations (100, 200, 300, 400 mg/L) of EGB for different incubation periods (24, 48 and 72 h). CCK-8 assay was used to detect cell proliferation and flow cytometry was performed to analyze the effect of EGB on cell cycles. In addition, mRNA and protein level of two cell cycle regulators cyclin D1 and c-myc in SGC7901 cells treated with EGB were determined using PCR and Western blot. And subcutaneous xenograft model of gastric carcinoma in nude mice was established to evaluate the anti-cancer effect of EGB in vivo. Results: The proliferation of gastric carcinoma SGC7901 cells was inhibited by EGB in dose- and time-dependent manner. Flow cytometry showed cell cycle arrest in EGB-treated cells, with increased percentage of cells in G1 phase and decreased percentage in S stage. In addition, the mRNA and protein level of cyclin D1 and c-myc genes were significantly down-regulated in cells with EGB treatment with the concentration increasing. Conclusion: EGB conferred an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of gastric carcinoma SGC7901 cells both in vitro and in vivo. The inhibitory effect was dose dependent and possibly depended on inhibiting cell cycle through G1 arrest induction by suppressing cyclin D1 and c-myc expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La epistemología de los docentes está presente en todos los momentos; sus concepciones acerca de la enseñanza, los contenidos, los alumnos, la realidad circundante los hace seleccionar y elaborar recortes de los mismos ligados a los supuestos que tienen sobre ellos. Se analizan planes de clase de docentes de la E.G.B. realizados para la enseñanza de distintos temas de matemática. Entre ellos se seleccionaron cuatro para su estudio, metodología cualitativa y el criterio de ser los más representativos de la muestra considerada. Se discuten la posición que el maestro asigna a cada actor en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje, las relaciones entre las actividades propuestas y el pensamiento del docente acerca de los conocimientos previos de los alumnos, el alcance de los contenidos, la promoción de actividades mentales, la motivación, el incentivo de la autonomía del alumno.

Objective Group B streptococcal (GBS) colonization of pregnant women can lead to subsequent infection of the new-born and potentially fatal invasive disease. Data on GBS colonization prevalence and serotype distribution from Africa are scarce, although GBS-related infections are estimated to contribute substantially to infant mortality. In recent years, GBS vaccine candidates provided promising results in phase I and II clinical trials. We aimed to assess the prevalence and serotype distribution of GBS in Ghana since this knowledge is a prerequisite for future evaluation of vaccine trials. Methods This double-centre study was conducted in one rural and one urban hospital in central Ghana, West Africa. Women in late pregnancy (≥35 weeks of gestation) attending the antenatal care clinic ( ANC) provided recto-vaginal swabs for GBS testing. GBS isolates were analysed for serotype and antibiotic susceptibility. GBS-positive women were treated with intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis ( IAP) according to current guidelines of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC). Results In total, 519 women were recruited at both study sites, recto-vaginal swabs were taken from 509. The overall prevalence of GBS was 19.1% (18.1% in rural Pramso and 23.1% in urban Kumasi, restrospectively). Capsular polysaccharide serotype ( CPS) Ia accounted for the most frequent serotype beyond all isolates (28.1%), followed by serotype V (27.1%) and III (21.9%). No resistance to Penicillin was found, resistances to second line antibiotics clindamycin and erythromycin were 3.1% and 1%, respectively. Discussion Group B Streptococcus serotype distribution in Ghana is similar to that worldwide, but variations in prevalence of certain serotypes between the urban and rural study site were high. Antibiotic resistance of GBS strains was surprisingly low in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracts of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) have many biological activities, but contain a small amount of toxic ginkgolic acids, limiting the use of EGb. Based on the structural characteristics of ortho -hydroxy-carboxyl group on ginkgolic acids, we introduced hydrophilic polyhydroxy structure into hydrophobic polydivinylbenzene (PDVB) frameworks by reinitiation of suspended double bonds. A kind of adsorbent (DVA adsorbent) with hydrophobic - hydrophilic framework, uniform functional group distribution, high specific surface area and high crosslinking structure was synthesized. DVA adsorbent can selectively remove ginkgolic acids based on synergistic effect of multiple weak interactions with ginkgolic acids. DVA-20, which had the highest adsorption capacity and the best adsorption selectivity. After 30 bed volume (BV) adsorption solution was treated with DVA-20, the concentration of ginkgolic acids in the effluent decreased from 1781 ppm to 1.5 ppm, and the recovery of ginkgo flavonoids and lactones was nearly 100%. Moreover, DVA-20 has good repeatability. The EGb production process based on DVA-20 was established. The new process is continuous and can obtain both ginkgolic acids and EGb while meeting international standards, and has a very broad application prospect. [Display omitted] • The polyhydroxyl adsorbent DVA was synthesized by reinitiation of suspended double bonds. • DVA-20 has high adsorption selectivity and capacity for ginkgolic acids. • DVA-20 has little effect on ginkgo flavonoids and lactones. • The continuous process based on DVA-20 was established to remove gingkolic acids and obtain EGb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este Proyecto de Investigación, indagó el perfil del egresado del tercer ciclo de la EGB rural y su inserción en las instituciones de Educación Polimodal urbana. La muestra fueron instituciones correspondientes a la Supervisión de la Región IV de Chubut, del ámbito rural y urbano. Las políticas públicas han determinado qué, para qué, cómo y cuando debe aprender el conjunto de niños agrupados en el ámbito rural. Se han ignorado las diferencias de capital cultural, las trayectorias de vida relacionadas con el lugar que se ocupa en la estructura social, historias vitales particulares, motivaciones, intereses. Las prácticas pedagógicas prosiguen estructuradas bajo las categorías del orden sociocultural pasado y las instituciones con matriz propia de la modernidad. Es necesario dar respuesta a las necesidades educativas de poblaciones rurales, considerando el contexto social particular de cada comunidad para promover el enriquecimiento de su capital cultural y generar espacios de aproximación a la escuela media.

Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 is widely used to treat patients with learning and memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease in China. However, it is not yet clear whether the analog of EGb761 (EGb) has a protective effect on the learning and memory damage induced by chronic fluorosis. In this study, 30 Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: a control group, a sodium fluoride (NaF) + EGb group, and a NaF group. The rats were administered 0.5 ml water containing NaF (100 mg/l) and EGb (120 mg/kg) per day via gavage. After 3 months, the rats' capacity for learning and memory was tested using a Y-maze. Damage to hippocampal neurons was evaluated by histological examination of the CA3 area. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the levels of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. Furthermore, the expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax and the levels of cleaved Caspase3 in the hippocampus were evaluated by RT-PCR and Western blotting. The results showed that EGb could improve learning and memory abilities, enhance the activities of SOD and GSH-Px, attenuate the level of MDA, upregulate the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, and downregulate the level of cleaved Caspase3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to review the roles of antioxidants in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, whether the properties of ginkgo can ameliorate symptoms of this illness, and evaluate available literature to test this assumption. This review is based upon published works on antioxidants and ginkgo. A primary electronic search for meta-analysis on the usage of ginkgo or its derived products in schizophrenia was conducted using Pubmed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO and AMED. Inclusion criteria were: criteria-based diagnosis of schizophrenia, randomized case assignment, use of ginkgo as an add-on therapy, and assessment using standardized rating scales to measure the state of psychopathology for negative and total symptoms of schizophrenia. Additionally, a detailed review was undertaken to investigate if antioxidants are involved in development of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. The six studies that fulfilled the selection criteria were constituted of 466 cases on ginkgo and 362 cases on placebo. They all used the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) to measure negative symptoms, and the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) or the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) to measure total symptoms. Difference between ginkgo and control groups from their pre- and post-trial scores and its pooled standard deviation were used to compute standardized mean difference (SMD). Ginkgo as an add-on therapy to antipsychotic medication produced statistically significant moderate improvement (SMD=-0.50) in total and negative symptoms of chronic schizophrenia. Ginkgo as add-on therapy ameliorates the symptoms of chronic schizophrenia. The role of antioxidants in pathogenesis of schizophrenia has also been explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Doxorubicin evokes oxidative stress and precipitates cell apoptosis in testicular tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the Ginkgo biloba extract 761 (EGb), a widely used herbal medicine with potent anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic properties, could protect testes from such doxorubicin injury.Experimental Approach: Sprague-Dawley male rats (8 weeks old) were given vehicle, doxorubicin alone (3 mg kg(-1) every 2 days for three doses), EGb alone (5 mg kg(-1) every 2 days for three doses), or EGb followed by doxorubicin (each dose administered 1 day after EGb). At 7 days after the first drug treatment oxidative and apoptotic testicular toxicity was evaluated by biochemical, histological and flow cytometric analyses.Key Results: Compared with controls, testes from doxorubicin-treated rats displayed impaired spermatogenesis, depleted haploid germ cell subpopulations, increased lipid peroxidation products (malondialdehyde), depressed antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione), reduced antioxidant enzyme expression (superoxide dismutase) and elevated apoptotic indexes (pro-apoptotic modulation of Bcl-2 family proteins, intensification of p53 and Apaf-1, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, activation of caspase-3 and increase of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick-end labelling/sub-haploid cells), while EGb pretreatment effectively alleviated all of these doxorubicin-induced abnormalities in testes.Conclusions and Implications: These results demonstrate that EGb protected against the oxidative and apoptotic actions of doxorubicin on testes. EGb may be a promising adjuvant therapy medicine, potentially ameliorating testicular toxicity of this anti-neoplastic agent in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Research Project focused on the characteristics of students who had completed their third course of studies in rural BGE and had continued studying in urban Polimodal Education institutions. The samples were institutions belonging to the Supervision of the IV Region in Chubut, both in rural and urban areas. Public policies have decided what, what for, how and when children from rural areas should learn. These policies have ignored cultural differences, social status, way of life, motivation and special interests. Pedagogical practice is still structured according to past socio-cultural categories and institutions have modernity features. It is necessary to give solutions to the educational needs in rural areas, taking into account the special social context of each community so as to foster and enrich their culture and generate an approximation to BGE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) has been therapeutically used for several decades to increase peripheral and cerebral blood flow so as to prevent cardiovascular and neurovascular diseases. However, the role of EGb in neuroprotective effects has received much attention recently. In this study, we investigated the effect of EGb on the development of NOS and AChE positive neurons in the rat embryonic basal forebrain. The results showed that treated with EGb, the OD of MTT staining analysis, and the numbers, the cell sizes and circumferences of NOS and AChE positive neurons were greatly promoted. These data suggest that EGb had similar effects of the neurotrophins such as NGF and BDNF in promoting the development of NOS and AChE positive neurons in the rat embryonic basal forebrain. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A novel design of a slot antenna has been proposed with meandered slots for Bluetooth application. The antenna is designed for higher frequencies in order to reduce its size and, by using meandered slots, frequency shifting is achieved. Using four meandered slots, the frequency is reduced to the desired application range, that is, 2.4–2.48 GHz. It is experimentally verified that the size of the antenna is reduced by 31.5%. The 10-dB return-loss bandwidth is 100 MHz or 4.16% and the gain of the antenna is 4 dB. The 3-dB axial-ratio bandwidth is 3.2%. The antenna performance is further enhanced by introducing an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure. Kaiser-distributed EBGs have a higher return loss as compared to uniformly distributed EBGs. The antenna is tested on a Bluetooth transceiver and the range is increased to 22 m using the ROK1001008 Bluetooth module chip. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 482–487, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21385 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress can be implicated as a cause of liver fibrosis. In this sense, Ginkgo Biloba Extract (EGB), an antioxidant, may be beneficial in restraining liver fibrosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of EGB on experimental liver fibrosis. Rat liver fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) twice a week for 8 weeks. Three groups of rats received EGB (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg, respectively) by stomach everyday. CCl4 administration induced liver fibrosis, which was inhibited by EGB in a dose-dependent manner. The histopathologic score of fibrosis, liver function and the levels of plasma hyaluronic acid (HA) and laminin (LN) were significantly improved in rats treated with CCl4 + EGB, compared with those treated with CCl4 only (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05). The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione pero xidase (GSH-Px) were notably elevated, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content was significantly decreased in the rats treated with CCl4 + EGB (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05). Inhibition of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and nuclear factor kappaBP65 (NF-κBP65) expression was demonstrated in the livers of EGB-treated rats. The activation of NF-κB was significantly suppressed in EGB-treated rats determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Furthermore, EGB reduced expressions of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and collagen I mRNA. In conclusion, EGB is able to ameliorate liver injury and prevent rats from CCl4-induced liver fibrosis by suppressing oxidative stress. This process may be related to inhibiting the induction of NF-κB on HSC activation and the expression of TGF-β1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]