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This investigation explores the significance of the role played by education in the economic development of Saudi Arabia, particularly at this juncture in pursuit of Vision 2030. The study explores the complex relationship between investments in education and economic growth in the global economy through examinations of education spending versus GDP from 2020 to 2024. A lot of government spending on education has helped many economic indicators but the results also point towards some areas where they can improve, more specifically in terms of resource efficiency and labour market need. The importance of curricula modernization, ongoing professional development for teachers, and stronger links with industry are highlighted in the report to ensure the significance and effectiveness of education. But to be effective, these policies must be accompanied by increased investments in STEM and vocational training, robust monitoring, and evaluation (M&E) systems, and the expansion of private-public partnerships. At the same time, the study reinforces the need for targeted educational programs specifically aimed at AI, career navigators to guide young people, and investments in R&D and innovation. Working on these areas can help Saudi Arabia to make the best of its educational investments and maintain economic growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the relationship between social safety net (SSN) spending and high school graduation rates for all students, as well as students belonging to minoritized groups. Also, to determine whether public SSN investments and PK-12 education are independent. Using Common Core Data and the State-by-State Spending on Kids data, we estimated the effects of per-child SSN spending on graduation rates over time (2010–2016) using two-way fixed effects. SSN spending positively impacts high school graduation rates, with slightly larger magnitudes for students belonging to minoritized groups. The effects of public investments in SSN health, and PK-12 education on high school graduation rates are independent. Our results indicate that the positive effects of SSN spending on high school graduation rates are independent of any impacts associated with education spending, suggesting that these two types of public investments affect high school graduation through different pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Educational Research (22196064) is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There have been significant increases in the number of children sent to non‐maintained special schools in recent years. To assess the extent of this trend and its probable consequences, Freedom of Information requests about spending on private special schools were sent to a stratified sample of 24 local authorities in England. The responses indicated substantial rises in spending recently, with very substantial spending on certain kinds of provision in the private sector—spending of up to £0.3 million per child per annum. We argue that the increasing reliance on private special school placement carries not only potential risks for the education, care and wellbeing of the students placed in often distant schools, with recent evidence of cases of serious neglect and abuse in such schools, but also threats to the development of inclusive practice. Current policy and its associated funding mechanisms incentivise separation and are inimical to the development of inclusive solutions to children's and young people's problems at school. We argue that systems need to be developed which enable the substantial sums currently spent on private special schools to be re‐deployed to cultivate imaginative inclusive responses to the difficulties experienced by some children at school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the military outlays effects on human capital development in sub-Saharan Africa. By using panel data covering 44 countries from 1995 to 2020, a system Generalized Method of Moments is adopted as the estimation technique of a dynamic panel model. Findings show that military outlays have a significant positive effect on education spending in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the sensitivity analysis reports a mitigated result, highlighting the diversity of evidence on the 'guns better than butter' literature. While military outlays positively affect education expenditures in central and southern African sub-regions, they crowd-out the public spending allocated to education development in Sahel & Lake Chad area, western and eastern sub-regions. These results, therefore, suggest that policy makers should promote the approach which considers defense as a component of socioeconomic development by regulating the perfect ratio of military spending that meets their needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the association between economic development and two measures of public spending on education: the “national effort” (public spending on education as a proportion of GDP) and “budget share” (public spending on education as a proportion of total government spending). Using panel data for a large sample of countries from 1989 to 2015, we compare mean levels of national effort and budget share measures for economically and politically distinct groups of countries. We find that economically more developed (richer) countries are characterised by a higher national effort and a lower budget share than less economically developed countries. This implies that richer countries, on average, have larger public sectors than poorer countries, consistent with Wagner’s law and Baumol’s “cost disease” hypothesis.

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the military outlays effects on human capital development in sub-Saharan Africa. By using panel data covering 44 countries from 1995 to 2020, a system Generalized Method of Moments is adopted as the estimation technique of a dynamic panel model. Findings show that military outlays have a significant positive effect on education spending in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the sensitivity analysis reports a mitigated result, highlighting the diversity of evidence on the ‘guns better than butter’ literature. While military outlays positively affect education expenditures in central and southern African sub-regions, they crowd-out the public spending allocated to education development in Sahel & Lake Chad area, western and eastern sub-regions. These results, therefore, suggest that policy makers should promote the approach which considers defense as a component of socioeconomic development by regulating the perfect ratio of military spending that meets their needs.

We examine the association between economic development and two measures of public spending on education: the "national effort" (public spending on education as a proportion of GDP) and "budget share" (public spending on education as a proportion of total government spending). Using panel data for a large sample of countries from 1989 to 2015, we compare mean levels of national effort and budget share measures for economically and politically distinct groups of countries. We find that economically more developed (richer) countries are characterised by a higher national effort and a lower budget share than less economically developed countries. This implies that richer countries, on average, have larger public sectors than poorer countries, consistent with Wagner's law and Baumol's "cost disease" hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the influence of human capital formation (HCF) on economic growth in Bangladesh based on an ARDL approach The outlay on health and government education spending each as a fraction of gross domestic product (GDP) is used as a proxy for HCF, while the growth rate of GDP is used to measure economic growth. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and the Toda-Yamamoto (T-Y) Granger causality test are applied using time-series yearly data for the period 1990–2019 to accomplish the study. The ARDL estimation reveals that the variables are cointegrated. Expenditure on health influences economic growth rate positively in the long run, but not in the short-run, while government spending on education affects economic growth rate in the long run negatively, and in the short-run positively. The T-Y Granger causality test results reveal two unidirectional causalities: from health outlay to economic growth rate, and from education spending to economic growth rate, and hence, confirm the ARDL estimation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Umm Al-Qura University Journal of Educational & Psychological Sciences is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to the adaptation of Engel's curve tools for evaluating the wellbeing of Ukrainian households. In particular, the assessment of the welfare inequality, observed between households with the lowest equivalent per capita income and the most affluent households, as well as the main trends in the change of the consumption structure for the period 2014-2020. The research is based on the concept that overcoming the concentration of consumer spending around the purchase of food is a necessary condition for the launch of microeconomic mechanisms of socio-economic development because it allows households to actively invest in the accumulation of human capital and thus overcomes the monopoly of budget financing of social sphere industries. To assess the level of satisfaction with food needs, the Engel line "income - food consumption" was constructed and the coefficient of elasticity of food consumption from income was determined. Similar calculations were made concerning the consumption of goods created by the educational sector. According to the results of the Engel function development, the income elasticity of the absolute amount of food consumption is equal to 0.47: an additional percentage of income encourages households to increase the amount of food consumption by 0.47%. According to our calculations, the income elasticity of educational goods consumption is equal to 0.928 (an additional percentage of real income encourages Ukrainian households to increase the amount of educational goods consumption by 0.93%). Therefore, Ukrainian households value education enough and tend to use economic opportunities (income released from priority needs satisfaction) for expanding education consumption. Both assessments of elasticity coefficients indicate that the achieved level of meeting food needs for the vast majority of Ukrainian households does not allow them to count on the release of their funds from meeting basic current needs and the expansion of those expenses that have the character of investing in human capital and have a pronounced positive impact on the qualification level of labor resources and the productivity of their use in the national economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the adaptation of Engel's curve tools for evaluating the well-being of Ukrainian households. In particular, the assessment of the welfare inequality, observed between households with the lowest equivalent per capita income and the most affluent households, as well as the main trends in the change of the consumption structure for the period 2014-2020. The research is based on the concept that overcoming the concentration of consumer spending around the purchase of food is a necessary condition for the launch of microeconomic mechanisms of socio-economic development because it allows households to actively invest in the accumulation of human capital and thus overcomes the monopoly of budget financing of social sphere industries. To assess the level of satisfaction with food needs, the Engel line "income - food consumption" was constructed and the coefficient of elasticity of food consumption from income was determined. Similar calculations were made concerning the consumption of goods created by the educational sector. According to the results of the Engel function development, the income elasticity of the absolute amount of food consumption is equal to 0.47: an additional percentage of income encourages households to increase the amount of food consumption by 0.47%. According to our calculations, the income elasticity of educational goods consumption is equal to 0.928 (an additional percentage of real income encourages Ukrainian households to increase the amount of educational goods consumption by 0.93%). Therefore, Ukrainian households value education enough and tend to use economic opportunities (income released from priority needs satisfaction) for expanding education consumption. Both assessments of elasticity coefficients indicate that the achieved level of meeting food needs for the vast majority of Ukrainian households does not allow them to count on the release of their funds from meeting basic current needs and the expansion of those expenses that have the character of investing in human capital and have a pronounced positive impact on the qualification level of labor resources and the productivity of their use in the national economy.

• Inclusive finance is positively related to household education investment. • Access to credit cards and borrowing costs are two mechanisms underlying the relationship. • Our study has significant practical implications for policymakers and households. Based on Chinese evidence, this research explores the relationship between inclusive finance and household education investment. Using China Household Financial Survey Data, we find strong evidence that the level of inclusive finance is positively related to household education spending. Furthermore, we find access to credit cards and borrowing costs are two potential economic mechanisms underlying the positive relationship. Our study contributes to the fast-growing literature on inclusive finance and household finance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that output can respond to public education spending in a delayed and persistent manner through human capital accumulation. We refer to this as a "time-release" response, reflecting that the output response grows as students exposed to increased expenditures sequentially enter the labor market. We first develop and calibrate a stochastic overlapping generations model to formalize the propagation of spending shocks over a long time horizon. We then empirically explore this time-release aspect of shocks to government education expenditures on output using US state-level data for the period 1963–2016 and a panel structural vector autoregression methodology. Consistent with the model, our empirical results show that the dynamic response of output to shocks to government education expenditures is positive, significant, and long-lasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As federal, state and local governments continue to allocate a significant share of their resources to law enforcement and correctional spending, concerns have risen that spending in education and welfare is declining. With fiscal pressure in the United States mounting, it is important to determine the effectiveness of public spending in deterring crime. This paper compares the effectiveness of the impact of government spending on welfare and education with that of law enforcement and correction on crime. Using panel data from 50 U.S. states over a time period of 1994–2014, results of linear regression with panel corrected standard errors as well as GMM estimation reveals that public welfare and education spending can potentially lower violent and property crime rates but law enforcement spending can only deter property crime. However, correctional spending can exacerbate both types of crimes. There is little to no evidence of the presence of crowding out of one category of spending by another. This results in the policy implication that more resources be allocated towards welfare and education programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the effects of giving poor females the right to vote in local elections on education spending and teacher-student ratios. To estimate causal effects, we exploit a national voting reform in Norwegian local elections that removed socioeconomic restrictions on female voting rights. The identification strategy exploits heterogeneous changes in the share of females in the voting franchise from the pre-reform (1907) to the post-reform election (1910) across local governments. While US studies find positive effects on government spending of the introduction of female suffrage, we find no systematic effects on education spending, despite a significant increase in female turnout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between risk aversion and spending in children's education. Spending in children's education can be classified as an investment with uncertain outcomes and the return might yield in a relatively long time. It is predicted in this study that risk aversion will have negative impact on spending in children's education. Methods: This study uses IFLS data and two-period panel regression. Multiple time periods are applied to demonstrate time-varying risk aversion. Results: The results suggest that lower degree of parental risk aversion increases the spending on children's education, which confirms the theory. Conclusion and suggestion: The result showed that risk aversion significantly affects the spending on children's education. As a consequence, the government should provide clear information about how important an education is, especially a higher degree. Providing the information may drive the parent to not view education for children as a risky investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the nexus between education spending and education success measured through attainment rate for 50 US states. Our emphasis is mainly to use state-level data on education spending which occur in general and specific terms. The outcome from our finding can be summarized as follows. One, education spending constitutes a significant factor that motivates people for higher education and it is a motivating factor that ensures completion. Two, we establish further emphasis with the types of spending and its differing stance on education success. While general spending plays important roles in this regard, specific (particularly spending on capital project) is found to reverse the success rate. This suggests that capital spending on education necessarily needs to reach a defined threshold to incite positive check in the current nexus. Three, the magnitude of impact for total spending is lower than when general spending is used, which make the impact of capital spending more conspicuous. Lastly, we also establish asymmetric impact of spending across differing categories between Black Belt and Non-Black Belt states. While the spending pattern is significant for both regions, the magnitude is higher for the Black Belt region indicating the tendency of the region to benefit more when spending improves. We further offer important policy stance., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The policy advocacy of academics and researchers signify the public spending on education and health as the positive externalities and spillover effects in the society. It also promotes that social spending helps reducing income inequality and eventually reduce poverty. This study aims at analyzing the distributional effects of social spending on education and health by examining the pre and post income distribution in Thailand following the quantitative dataset of 2011. It follows calculation of benefit incidences, which is a method of computing distributional effects of public spending, based on different five income groups (poorest, poor, moderate, rich & riches). The study divulges that Thai education system seems to be pro-poor particularly for primary and secondary education whereas healthcare seems pro-rich. It is revealed that benefit of the poorest income group increased from 8.16 per cent to 9.51 per cent while it decreased from 41.48 per cent to 39.86 per cent for the richest group after government expenditure. The increase for poor and decrease for rich in income benefit after public expenditure is treated as positive for the society. The total public expenditure on these two sectors in Thailand denotes the decrease in inequality as the Gini coefficient went down to 0.2818 from 0.3056. The study suggests increasing expenditure for the rural and poor people to minimize the gap. A special stipend is suggested for the rural student to at tertiary level where richest has highest share and there is big gap in at this level. The study also recommends establishing more higher education institutes at the provincial level to benefit the poor and rural people living away from the capital. Study suggests government to impose tax on private healthcare, which is usually availed by affluent people. Likewise, government can spend more money for lower income group. Policy should also formulate to emphasize rural people than urban in order to provide benefit to the poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we start with developing a theoretical framework incorporating theories from the contracting literature and adapt them to the unusual case of nonprofit charter schools, which yields several seemingly novel theoretical insights. In contrast to earlier studies, we use a quasi-experimental research design, the synthetic control group approach, to test the impact of contracting on spending for public schooling in New Orleans. Using detailed information on spending, our empirical analysis shows that contracting increases total operating spending. The additional funds were used to increase administrative spending, including both the number and salaries of administrators. Fewer resources were devoted to instruction. Although the number of teachers was largely unchanged, per-teacher salaries and benefits dropped. We utilize the results to complement the theory of contracting with regard to outsourcing based on funding formulas and the mix of inputs chosen by contractors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a 2007 paper, Blankenau, Simpson, and Tomljanovich (BST) find that public education expenditures have a positive impact on growth only after controlling for the government budget constraint. This note estimates a dynamic panel data model with U.S. state-level data over the period 1963–2015. Similar to BST, we find evidence of a positive relationship between public education expenditures and growth. Unlike BST, this relationship is not sensitive to the imposition of the government budget constraint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to analyze the impact of tax installments granted by the Brazilian government on education spending. Therefore, information on the tax installments of the Federal Government of Brazil and the expenses with the education function between 2008 and 2017 were analyzed. The results show that around 2000 companies joined three or more tax installments. These companies are responsible for approximately 70% of the amount due to the Federal Government. With regard to spending on education, it is observed that during the analysis period, spending on education was less than 2% (different from the goal stipulated by the National Education Plan (PNE)). Evidence points out that the amounts not received and intended for tax installments can contribute to the gain in human capital by the population. In this way, these values can stimulate economic growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Economic Administrative & Legal Sciences is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study aimed to measure the impact of investment in education on economic growth in Algeria through some indicators of the education sector during the period from 1970 to 2016 in the long term, where many studies confirm a strong positive relationship between education and economic growth and that economic growth occurs from During the development of human resources, especially through the provision of some basic needs and effectively such as investment in the education sector through achieving high rates of economic growth, and therefore the study focuses on the estimation using time series of statistical data for Algeria over the period 1970 - 2016 The number of students in primary and secondary education as well as the number of students in universities with the economic growth rates expressed in the GDP, using the ARDL model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proceeding population aging might fuel generational conflicts about the distribution of welfare state resources in the future, but the existing evidence on the extent of generational cleavages in attitudes towards the welfare state is mixed. We argue that these mixed findings are partially related to an underestimation of trade-offs on the level of individual preferences. Using novel data from a survey experiment conducted in eight Western European countries, we show that age-related self-interest is an important determinant of social policy preferences. When elderly respondents are confronted with hypothetical cutbacks in pensions, they are much less likely to support additional education spending. However, we also find evidence for a mediating effect of social trust: high-trusting elderly individuals are more likely to support education spending – contrary to their narrow self-interest – than low-trusting elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing evidence suggests that state policies impact constituents' health, but political determinants of health and health inequities remain understudied. Using state and year fixed-effects models, we determined the extent to which changes in electoral partisan bias in lower chambers of U.S. state legislatures (i.e., discrepancy between statewide vote share and seat share) were followed by changes in five state policies affecting children and families (1980–2019) and a composite of safety net programs (1999–2018). We examined effects on each policy and whether the effect was modified when bias was accompanied by unified party control. Next, we determined whether the effect differed depending on which party it favored. Less bias resulted only in higher AFDC/TANF benefits. Both pro-Democratic and pro-Republican bias was followed by decreased AFDC/TANF benefits and increased Medicaid benefits. AFDC/TANF recipients, unemployment benefits, minimum wage, and pre-K-12 education spending increased following pro-Democratic bias and decreased following pro-Republican bias. Estimated effects on the composite measure of safety net policies were all close to null. Some effects were modulated by unified party control. Results demonstrate that increasing fairness in elections is not a panacea by itself for increasing generosity of programs affecting children's well-being. Indeed, bias can be somewhat beneficial for the expansiveness of some policies. Furthermore, with the exception of unemployment benefits and AFDC/TANF recipients, Democrats have not been using the additional power that comes with electoral bias to spend more on major programs that benefit children. Finally, after decades in which electoral bias was in Democrats' favor, bias has started to shift toward Republicans in the last decade. This trend forecasts more cuts in almost all the policies in this study, especially education and AFDC/TANF recipients. There is a need for more research and advocacy emphasis on the political determinants of social determinants of health, especially at the state level. • Changes in partisan bias are followed by changes in 5 policies affecting children. • Less electoral bias 1980–2019 resulted only in higher AFDC/TANF benefits. • Changes in other policies depended on which party the bias favored. • More research and advocacy are needed on political determinants of health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of current research on crime and education has focused on the effect of minimum dropout age on rates of crime. Combining the FBI’s uniform crime reporting database and district finance data, we study the longitudinal relationship between crime in every town/city (whose police department has reported crime statistics) and its school district spending in years 2003 to 2018. We combine over 213 datasets to control for population, density, wealth, education, employment, cost-of-living, race, law enforcement, and voting history. Additionally, we also look at teacher salary, teacher engagement, and student chronic absenteeism. Using linear mixed-effect modeling, we find an overall average of 2.35% percent decrease in property crime for every $1000 more a school district spends per pupil on education. Moreover, a $1000 increase in education spending decreased property crime nearly four times as much as a 10 percent increase in per capita income. We also looked at the range in district spending in towns/cities and counties whose students attend multiple districts. We find that for every $1000 difference in district spending within a city, property crime increases by an average of 3%; interestingly, violent crime decreases by 3%. When we lag variables of education quality, allowing these effects to playout, we also find that for every 10 percentage-point increase in chronic absenteeism among students, violent crime increases by 4%. Importantly, we find no such effect for property crime, suggesting a distinct mechanism of education on violent crime. Additionally, both law enforcement and unemployment explain little variance in crime. Our results demonstrate a robust relationship between education funding and reduced crime across America with regard to amount spent per student as well as equity in spending.

The paper examines the effect of population ageing on public education spending. On the one hand, ageing is expected to have a negative effect on education, as an increasing number of retirees results in 'intergenerational conflict' and, hence, the condemnation of education expenditure. On the other hand, ageing, in combination with pay-as-you-go pension systems, offers incentives for the working-age generation to invest in the public education of the young in order to 'reap' the benefits (that is, higher income tax/contributions) of their greater future productivity. Empirical evidence derived from the application of a fixed effects approach to panel data for OECD countries shows that the increasing share of elderly people has a non-linear effect on education spending. This indicates a certain degree of intergenerational conflict. Nevertheless, we find that future population ageing, which reinforces the mechanism linking public education and pensions, reflects positively on education expenditure. Furthermore, by disaggregating total education expenditure by educational levels, we observe that this effect is led by levels of non-compulsory education, probably as a reflection of the direct connection to labor productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay reviews three books and one article about recent debates on public-private cost sharing for higher education in Japan. To mitigate the problems related to low fertility and a rapidly aging population, the Japanese government plans to implement a free tuition policy for higher education for students from less affluent households. These books and the article reveal the historical, political, and economic factors behind why Japan's current level of public spending on higher education is lower than that of other OECD countries. They also reveal that household income remains one of the most important determinants of college advancement, and that a free tuition policy has the potential to increase enrollment in higher education. However, this essay argues that a deeper understanding of the demand for higher education based on empirical studies is needed to make the policy successful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, numerous studies have been conducted on the trade-off between guns and butter, namely defence spending versus social sector expenditure. It is striking that none has examined the situation in Spain. Previous research on other countries has not provided strong and unambiguous evidence of either positive or negative effects for military expenditure on social spending. We test whether government expenditure on defence contributed positively or negatively to education spending in twentieth-century Spain, attempting to identify policy-making processes within a historical framework. The results show both direct and indirect effects and bring to light the negative consequences of military spending on education expenditure, in particular between the second and fifth year after the military expenditure increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of human capital formation on economic growth of Bangladesh. The study uses the current expenditure on health and public expense on education to measure the human capital formation and growth of gross domestic product as an economic growth proxy. The study employs the time-series data for the period 1998-2017 and performs Augmented Dickey Fuller unit root test to determine data stationarity, Johansen cointegration test to examine the long-run relationship among the variables and Granger causality test to explore the direction of causality. The findings reveal that public expenditure on education causes economic growth positively, while current expenditure on health has no impact on economic growth. Similarly, growth in GDP causes expenditure on health to rise, but it has no impact on education spending. Moreover, education spending causes health expenditure to rise as well. Therefore, the policy makers need to focus more on education and find the way out to materialize the outcome of health expenditure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]