Search

Three dimensional-printing construction is an emerging technology with significant potential for faster building execution and more precise, controllable designs. This technology utilizes material deposition managed by computer data, enabling additive construction of shapes. This research aims to develop a generative design system for 3D-printed houses in Chile, addressing the country’s growing demand for housing across diverse geographical locations and social groups, also present in other parts of the world. The development process involves synthesizing the external form features of existing Chilean houses and analyzing prototypes of 3D-printed houses worldwide to establish a set of geometric characteristics suitable for 3D-printed homes in Chile. A procedure is then outlined to create design alternatives using parametric programming on a BIM platform, followed by toolpath development for printing the building components. Various models are generated to demonstrate housing shapes’ versatility and adaptability to Chilean contexts and 3D-printed construction methods. Finally, a detailed design is created and printed to construct a housing prototype, testing the entire digital workflow. This experience highlights the variety of 3D-printed housing shapes that can be developed while assessing their feasibility for the Chilean context. This research complements the flexible design capabilities of 3D printing construction, resulting in buildings better suited to various locations and occupancy needs.

La tasa de encarcelamiento ha aumentado significativamente en Chile en las últimas décadas, siendo este aumento particularmente pronunciado en el caso de la población penal femenina. En una sociedad patriarcal donde la crianza recae principalmente en las mujeres, esto genera consecuencias para ellas y sus hijos/as. Este artículo explora en qué medida las características de los/as niños/as, del contexto donde quedan y de la condena de la madre se relacionan con más conductas problemáticas. Con una muestra representativa de mujeres privadas de libertad de Santiago de Chile, y a través de regresiones logísticas, se evidencia que los/as niños/as de mayor edad, que vivían con su madre antes del encarcelamiento y reportan problemas con la persona que queda a cargo de cuidarles fuera de la cárcel tienen mayores probabilidades de presentar conductas problemáticas. Estos resultados son robustos incluso cuando se controla por el consumo de sustancias y la reincidencia previa de la madre.

In the field of construction, human-robot collaboration and mixed reality (MR) open new possibilities. However, safety and reliability issues persist. The lack of flexibility and adaptability in current preprogrammed systems hampers real-time human-robot collaboration. A key gap in this area lies in the ability of the robot to interpret and accurately execute operations based on the real-time visual instructions and restrictions provided by the human collaborator and the working environment. This paper focuses on an MR-based human-robot collaboration method through visual feedback from a vision-based collaborative industrial robot system for use in wood stereotomy which we are developing. This method is applied to an alternating workflow in which a skilled carpenter lays out the joinery on the workpiece, and the robot cuts it. Cutting operations are instructed to the robot only through lines and conventional “carpenter’s marks”, which are drawn on the timbers by the carpenter. The robot system’s accuracy in locating and interpreting marks as cutting operations is evaluated by automatically constructing a 3D model of the cut shape from the vision system data. A digital twin of the robot allows the carpenter to previsualize all motions that are required by the robot for task validation and to know when to enter the collaborative workspace. Our experimental results offer some insights into human-robot communication requirements for collaborative robot system applications in timber frame construction.

Este ensayo tiene como propósito problematizar la presencia de los medios digitales en la catequesis. Aunque son varias las implicaciones en este tema, uno llama la atención: la validez en los procesos de educación de la fe en ambientes virtuales. La pregunta es: el espacio catequístico virtual, ¿es un genuino espacio de encuentro con Dios y la comunidad? La respuesta es: Sí, se puede dar una catequesis válida en estas condiciones, aunque han de respetarse ciertas condiciones. Esto abre grandes posibilidades para evangelizar efectivamente en el mundo digital.

El presente estudio tiene como propósito reflexionar en torno a los potenciales polémicos asociados al traslado de las Escrituras hebreas al griego –la llamada Septuaginta (S. III a.C.)–, y el impacto que tendrán en la misión cristiana. Se propone, como hipótesis primaria, que las voces griegas eídolon (εἴδωλον) y daímon (δαίμων) no ingresan a la Septuaginta por criterios de pertinencia traductológica, como alternativas más o menos precisas a ciertas voces hebreas, sino como recursos heurísticos llamados a contestar a la pregunta por la naturaleza de los dioses ajenos. Ambos conceptos –εἴδωλον y δαίμων– serán utilizados para traducir no una sino numerosas voces hebreas. Se sostiene, en segundo término, que la amplitud y diversidad de voces hebreas sustituidas por εἴδωλον y δαίμων trajo consigo la acumulación de diversas retóricas polémicas sobre los dioses ajenos, que otorgarán los fundamentos hermenéuticos y el sustento canónico para la construcción de las futuras voces ídolo y demonio.

This article aims to develop a theoretical reflection on the nature of the first announcement of Christianity in America, based on an analysis of the cycles of early evangelization in the Antilles and New Spain. For this purpose, it proposes the use of the theological concept kerygma in order to highlight a phase of the missionary project that would constitute the cutting edge of the struggle between the new faith and the old local cults. Taking kerygma as its starting point, this study deals with Pedro de Córdoba’s Christian Doctrine for the Instruction and Information of the Indians (1510-1521) and the Colloquia of the Twelve Apostles (1524) recorded by Bernardo de Sahagún, as foundational works in the cycles of evangelization in the Antilles and New Spain, and simultaneously, the transformation of the first forms of preaching in each territory into texts. It concludes that the characteristics of the missionary challenge in the Americas involved the need to establish a pre-catechetical and pre-Christological basis, as the cutting edge of evangelization in each missionary experience analyzed.

Being involved in bullying as a victim or perpetrator could have deleterious health consequences. Even though there is some evidence that bullies and victims of bullying have a higher risk for drug use, less is known about bystanders. The aim of this research was to study the association between bullying experience (as victims, bullies, or bystanders) and substance use. We gathered complete information from a nationally representative sample of 36,687 students (51.4% female) attending 756 schools in Chile. We used a self-reported questionnaire which was developed based on similar instruments used elsewhere. This questionnaire was piloted and presented to an expert panel for approval. We used multilevel multivariate logistic regression analyses, controlling for several variables at the individual (e.g., school membership, parental monitoring) and school levels (e.g., school type, school denomination). This study shows that bullies and bully-victims have a high risk for cigarette, alcohol, and cannabis use than bystanders. This is one of the few studies exploring the association between witnessing bullying and substance use. These findings add new insights to the study of the co-occurrence of bullying and substance use. Other factors, such as higher academic performance, stronger school membership, and better parental monitoring reduced the risk of any substance use, while the experience of domestic violence and the perception of social disorganization in the neighborhood, increased the risk. These findings may help the design of preventive interventions.

Sin resumen disponible

Este estudio pretende establecer los niveles de homogeneidad de pares -a veces llamada homofilia en la literatura especializada- que se encuentra en el uso de tabaco, alcohol y marihuana en relaciones de amistad en la adolescencia temprana. Se utilizan datos longitudinales que identifican diadas de amistad entre alumnos de 7° y 8° grado provenientes de una muestra representativa de población escolarizada de la Región Metropolitana de Chile. También se ofrecen estimaciones sobre el origen de la homofilia observada, sea como resultado de procesos de selección, en los que la similitud precede a la amistad, o de influencia, en la que, por el contrario, la amistad conduce a la concordancia de pares. Los resultados muestran que la iniciación en el uso de drogas se realiza en ambientes moderadamente concordantes y que los efectos de influencia predominan sobre los de selección.This study seeks to establish levels of peer homogeneity -sometimes called homophily in the literature- in the use of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana in friendship relations in early adolescence. Longitudinal data from a representative sample of school population of the Metropolitan Region of Chile was used to identify friendship dyads between students in 7th and 8th grades. Additionally, some estimates about the origin of the observed homophily are provided, as a result of selection processes in which similarity precedes friendship or, alternatively, as a result of influence processes where friendship leads to matching pairs. The results show that initiation into drugs takes place in environments that are moderately homogeneous and that influence effects are more important than selection effects.

El caso de Domingo Rojas, mulato, hechicero, se inscribe en un conjunto de causas por heterodoxia llevadas por la Justicia Real durante el s.XVIII, mostrándonos no solo la praxis judicial que sostiene estos procesos sino el conjunto de signos y rasgos que confi guran un lenguaje común a testigos, reos y jueces. El presente artículo expone la transcripción de este proceso inédito de hechicería, y arroja algunas claves de lectura en el contexto general de la fenomenología heterodoxa en Chile colonial.The case of Domingo Rojas, mulato, hechicero, is registered in a set of criminal prosecutions for heterodoxy, followed by the Justicia Real during S.XVIII in Chile, showing not only the legal practices that support these processes but also the set of signs and elements that form a common languague for witnesses, defendants and judges. This paper presents the transcription of a new process of hechicería, and throws some keys to understand the general context of phenomenology heterodox in colonial Chile.

En Chile, el establecimiento de plantaciones comerciales de rápido crecimiento ha sido sostenido en las últimas décadas mediante la sustitución de bosques nativos y conversión de suelos agrícolas. Pinus radiata D. Don es la principal especie productiva, debido a su crecimiento acelerado y adaptabilidad al clima y los suelos. En el presente estudio se plantea que la actividad biológica del suelo es variable a través del año, en respuesta a variaciones de precipitación, temperatura y contenido de humedad de suelo y que el cambio de uso de suelo desde un bosque templado de Nothofagus obliqua (Mirb) Oerst a una plantación con coniferas exóticas, modifica la química del suelo y consecuentemente los procesos de N-min, C-min y la actividad biológica del suelo. Esta hipótesis fue examinada en un bosque de N. obliqua y una plantación de P. radiata del centro-sur de Chile (40°07' S, 72° O). Se evaluó mensualmente la tasa mineralización de nitrógeno (N-min), cabono (C-min) y la actividad enzimática potencial del suelo (ureasa, proteasa e hidrólisis de la fluoresceína diacetato) entre septiembre 2003 y mayo 2005. Los resultados demuestran que los niveles de las variables de actividad biológica del suelo fueron significativamente diferentes entre las parcelas de bosque y plantación (Lambda de Wilk = 0,022; F 5,80 = 733; P < 0,0001) y entre los meses (Lambda de Wilk = 2,01E-6; F 100 ,395 = 84; P < 0,0001), siendo la actividad biológica mayor en el suelo de bosque de N. obliqua que en la plantación de P. radiata. Las tasas de N-min y C-min presentaron un comportamiento estacional, con los mayores montos en los meses de primavera-verano. Sin embargo, las actividades enzimáticas no mostraron una clara variación estacional. Los mayores valores de mineralización y actividad enzimática en el bosque de N. obliqua, se deberían a la composición y características químicas de la hojarasca. Producto del cambio de uso de suelo y manejo silvícola, la plantación de P. radiata cambia la química y la relación C/N del suelo con una menor tasa de descomposición de la materia orgánica, y como consecuencia, los procesos de mineralización (C, N), la actividad biológica y retorno de nutrientes al suelo se reducen en comparación con el bosque de N. obliqua.In Chile, commercial forests plantations have increased during the last decades due in part to replacement of native forests and conversion of agricultural soils. Pinus radiata D. Don has been the main tree planted, due to its rapid growth and adaptability. In the present study we proposed that biological activity varies along the year due to changes of precipitation, temperature and soil water content and mainly because the conversion of native forest to exotic P. radiata plantations alters the soil chemistry, N and C mineralization and the potential enzymatic activity in these soils. This hypothesis was examined in a Nothofagus obliqua (Mirb) Oerst forest and P. radiata plantation in central-southern Chile (40°07' S, 72° W). In this study, the rate of nitrogen mineralization (N-min), carbon mineralization (C-min) and the potential enzymatic activity of soils (urease, protease and fluorecein diacetate hydrolysis) were determined between September 2003 and May 2005. Results showed that soil biological activity was significantly different between forest and plantations (Wilk's Lambda = 0.022; F> 5,80 = 733, P < 0,0001), and among the months (Wilk's Lambda = 0.01 E-6, F100,395 = 84, P < 0,0001), with vaiues for N. obliqua forest significantly higher (Tukey < 0.01) than those for P. radiata plantation. N-min and C-min rates showed seasonal variability with the higher values in spring and summer months. For enzymatic activity there was not a clear seasonal variation. The higher values of C and N-min and enzymatic activity in the N. obliqua forest could be explained by differences in composition and chemistry of litter. Consequently, P. radiata plantation changed soil chemistry and C/N ratio resulting in lower decomposition rates of organic matter and in consequence, reduced mineralization of C and N and soil biological activity compared to the original soil of N. obliqua forest.

The influence of the specific Descolea antárctica {Da) and the non-specific Pisolithus tinctorious {Pt) ectomycorrhizal fungi on some physiological leaf parameters of the Chilean evergreen Nothofagus dombeyi subjected to a low soil water potential (-1.6 to -1.9 MPa in a growth chamber for 35 days) and a high water potential (-0.07 to -0.09 MPa, control) was studied. Drought decreased the water status and increased carbohydrates in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants, appearing Z)a-mycorrhizal and non mycorrhizal plants better osmotically adjusted (OA= 0.60 MPa and 0.52 MPa, respectively) than ft-mycorrhizal (0.39 MPa). Proline is not involved in the O A of mycorrhizal plants. The inoculation of N. dombeyi with both ectomycorrhizal fungi favored a better maintenance of the functionality of the photosynthetic apparatus under drought as indicated by the effective quantum yield (cPPSII). It is concluded that both ectomycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal N. dombeyi plants responded to water deficit with O A adjustment, having Z)a-mycorrhizal plants a greater O A than Pt- mycorrhizal plantsSe estudió la influencia de la micorrización con un hongo ectomicorrícico específico Descolea antárctica [Da) y uno no específico Pisolithus tinctorious {Pt), de la siempreverde arbórea Nothofagus dombeyi, sobre algunos parámetros fisiológicos foliares, en plántulas sometidas a déficit hídrico (potencial hídrico del suelo entre -1,6 a -1,9 MPa) y en plantas bien irrigadas (potencial hídrico del suelo entre -0,07 a -0,09 MPa), por 35 días en una cámara de crecimiento. La sequía disminuyó el estado hídrico e incrementó los carbohidratos de las plantas micorrizadas y no micorrizadas. Plantas micorrizadas con Da y no micorrizadas presentaron un mejor ajuste osmótico (AO = 0,60 y MPa) y 0,52 MPa, respectivamente) que las micorrizadas con Pt (0,39 MPa). Prolina no estuvo involucrada en el AO de las plantas micorrizadas. La inoculación de N. dombeyi con los dos hongos ectomicorrícicos favoreció una mejor mantención de la funcionalidad del aparato fotosintético ante el déficit hídrico, como lo demostró el rendimiento cuántico efectivo (PSII). Se concluye que tanto las plantas ectomicorrizadas como las no micorrizadas responden al déficit hídrico con ajuste osmótico, siendo este mayor en las plantas micorrizadas con Da que en las micorrizadas con Pt

Los bosques templados prístinos del sur de Chile tienen un bajo ingreso de nitrógeno (N) vía depositación atmosférica, por lo que la productividad del ecosistema depende principalmente del reciclaje interno de nutrientes, contenido en la materia orgánica del suelo (MOS). Se postula que existen diferencias en la actividad biológica del suelo entre un bosque secundario de Nothofagus obliqua de la Depresión Intermedia en Chile, influenciado por la actividad agrícola-ganadera y condiciones microclimáticas templadas favorables para la descomposición de la MOS, al comparar con un bosque prístino de Nothofagus betuloides de la Cordillera de los Andes, con microclima extremo. El presente estudio compara la tasa de mineralización de carbono (C-min), N (N-min) y las actividades enzimáticas del suelo (deshidrogenasas y fosfatasa ácida), entre ambos bosques templados y su correlación con la temperatura del suelo. Las mediciones bimensuales se realizaron durante un ciclo estacional. MANOVA mostró que las variables estudiadas fueron significativamente diferentes entre los bosques (Wilk's Lambda, F 4; 55 = 20,2, p = 0,000) y durante los meses a través del período de estudio (Wilk's Lambda, F 76; 148 = 118,9, p = 0,000), siendo los menores valores para el bosque de N. betuloides. El comportamiento de las variables de actividad biológica con la temperatura del suelo fue diferente entre ambos ecosistemas. Los menores valores observados en el bosque de N. betuloides, se deberían a: las condiciones rigurosas del clima de montaña, características cuali - cuantitativas de la hojarasca y su velocidad de descomposición, que pueden restringir la actividad de la biota y en especial, los microorganismos del suelo. Sin embargo, la temperatura del suelo, única variable microclimática considerada, no puede predecir ó explicar toda la variación de las actividades biológicas del suelo en los bosques estudiadosPristine temperate forests in southern Chile receive low inputs of nitrogen (N) via atmospheric deposition, so tree growth and microbiological activity depend primarily on the internal recycling of nutrients present in the soil organic matter (SOM). Differences are expected in the biological activity of the soil between a secondary forest of Nothofagus obliqua of the Intermediate Depression in Chile, influenced by the activity agricultural-livestock production and microclimatic favorable conditions for the decomposition of the SOM, when comparing it with a pristine forest of Nothofagus betuloides of the Andes Mountain, with microclimate extreme. This study contrasts carbon mineralization (min-C) rates, nitrogen mineralization (min-N) rate and soil enzymatic activities (dehydrogenases and acid phosphatase) and the correlation between soil temperatures in both temperate forests. Measurements were carried out every two months during a seasonal cycle. MANOVA showed that levels of min-C, min-N, and enzymatic activities differed significantly between forests (Wilk's Lambda, F 4; 55 = 20.2, p = 0.000) values for the N. betuloides forest being significantly lower. There was also significant variation between months during the study period (Wilk's Lambda, F 76; 148 = 118.9, p = 0.000), the seasonal patterns of variation, with respect to soil temperature were different between the two ecosystems. The low values observed in the N. betuloides forest probably: reflect the rigorous climatic conditions, and low litter inputs dominated by species of low decomposability. However, soil temperatures were not a good predictor of temporal variation of mineralization or enzymatic activity

Cuando la inversión en reputación individual no puede resolver los vacíos contractuales, la reputación del grupo adquiere un rol central en la consecución de la cooperación social. En este trabajo se estudia en un modelo formal, el vínculo entre la presión social, la formación de la reputación del grupo y la emergencia intergrupal de la confianza. Específicamente, en el marco de una relación de confianza modelada como un juego asimétrico, se considera la existencia de mecanismos de sanción comunitarios en el grupo cuya confiabilidad es requerida. Se demuestra que para una proporción lo suficientemente alta de agentes cooperadores dispuestos a invertir recursos en la sanción de pares no cooperadores, la estrategia óptima de un agente racional de preferencias egoístas será responder con honor a la confianza depositada y, por ende, el equilibrio bayesiano perfecto del juego es uno en el que emerge la confianza intergrupal. El tamaño de dicha proporción crítica depende negativamente de la eficiencia del mecanismo de sanción y positivamente del tamaño de los incentivos perversos que enfrenta el agente cuya confianza es requerida. Aún cuando el poder disuasivo de la presión social no sea suficiente, la confianza intergrupal puede emerger si los beneficios potenciales de la cooperación compensan el daño eventual asociado a la traición de la confianza.

Este artículo presenta la noción de gestión ambiental de tránsito. Su importancia radica en que esta noción es poco conocida en el medio chileno y latinoamericano, pero posee el potencial de mejorar el ambiente urbano. Primero, se precisan los conceptos de sistema de transporte, tráfico, gestión de tránsito, congestión y grado de saturación. Luego, se demuestra cómo impactos urbano-ambientales derivados del tráfico pueden ser cuantificados y predichos en función del grado de saturación. Tomando como ejemplo la ciudad de Santiago de Chile, se ilustran alternativas para reducir el grado de saturación. Se concluye que, de aplicarse ciertas medidas, los impactos derivados del tráfico podrían disminuir, sin necesidad de aumentar la capacidad vial. Es necesario, no obstante, cambiar la visión de los problemas de tráfico: desde reducir la congestión a incrementar la calidad urbanaThis paper introduces the concept of Environmental Traffic Management. The relevance of this paper lies in the fact that this concept is almost unknown in Latin America. However, the Environmental Traffic Management has the potential of improving urban environment. Firstly, the concepts of transport system, traffic, traffic management, congestion and degree of saturation are introduced. Then, the way in which the urban as well as environmental impacts can be predicted by means of the degree of saturation is shown. Considering Santiago de Chile as case study, alternative schemes for reducing the degree of saturation are explored. Finally, the main conclusion is stated: it is not necessary to expand road capacity for reducing traffic impacts. It is necessary, however, to change the scope of traffic problems: from reducing road congestion to increase urban quality

Se estudió la variación estacional y el potencial enzimático de microhongos aislados desde el follaje y hojarasca de Nothofagus pumilio sometida a degradación natural durante 1 año. La investigación se realizó en un bosque de N. pumilio ubicado en una microcuenca del Valle de Antillanca, Parque Nacional Puyehue (40° 47' S, 72° 12' O, 1.120 m de altitud). Hojas senescentes colectadas desde árboles de N. pumilio se depositaron en bolsas de malla de nylon ("litter bags") y se sometieron a degradación natural en el piso del bosque durante 1 año (marzo 1997-marzo 1998), realizando muestreos trimestrales. Para el aislamiento de microhongos desde las hojas se utilizó el método de las diluciones, con agar extracto de malta al 2 % como medio de cultivo. Para determinar los potenciales degradativos de los aislamientos, se analizaron in vitro las actividades de amilasa, celulasa, pectinasa, proteasa, lacasa, oxidasa extracelular, peroxidasa, citocromo oxidasa, fosfatasa, esterasa y tirosinasa. Las principales especies aisladas en las hojas senescentes fueron Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Epicoccum nigrum, Phialophora grupo hoffmannii y Rhodotorula aurantiaca. Las especies dominantes en la hojarasca fueron Hormonema prunorum, Mortierella ramanniana var. angulispora, Penicillium para-herquei y Trichoderma polysporum. El mayor potencial enzimático lo exhibieron Moniliales y micelios estériles, mientras el menor Sphaeropsidales y levaduras. Las especies más activas fueron Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Hormonema prunorum y Phialophora malorum. Las actividades de celulasa y amilasa fueron las más importantes. De las enzimas ligninolíticas, oxidasa extracelular y peroxidasa presentaron los más elevados potenciales enzimáticosThe seasonal variation and enzymatic potential of microfungi isolated from senescent leaves and leaf litter of Nothofagus pumilio was studied. The study was performed in a N. pumilio forest located in a microcatchment of the Antillanca Valley, Puyehue National Park (40º 47' S, 72° 12' W, 1,120 m of altitude). Senescent leaves recently collected from N. pumilio trees were enclosed in litter bags and subjected to natural degradation on the forest leaf litter during 1 year (March 1997-March 1998), with seasonal sampling. The isolation of microfungi was performed through the dilution plate technique using malt extract agar (2 %) as the isolation medium. The enzymatic degradation potential of microfungi was determined in vitro by testing amylase, cellulase, pectinase, protease, laccase, extracellular oxidase, peroxidase, cytochrome oxidase, phosphatase, esterase and tyrosinase activities. The mycoflora of the senescent leaves was dominated by Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Epicoccum nigrum, Phialophora group hoffmanni and Rhodotorula aurantiaca. The most abundant species found in the leaf litter were Hormonema prunorum, Mortierella ramannniana var. angulispora, Penicillium para-herquei and Trichoderma polysporum. The Moniliales and sterile micelia exhibited the highest enzymatic degradation potential, being the lowest Sphaeropsidales and yeasts. Individually, the species with the highest degradative potential were Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Hormonema prunorum and Phialophora malorum. Cellulase and amylase activities were the most important. Extracellular oxidase and peroxidase were the ligninolitic enzymes with the highest enzymatic potentials

In this conference, sociologist Hartmut Rosa explains why democracy needs religion. According to Rosa, we live in a world where economic growth has become imperative and unavoidable. Acceleration and sustained economic growth generate overwhelm and fatigue, which Rosa calls "burnout". Rosa argues that democracy needs religion because it offers a promise of vertical resonance, that is, a receptive relationship with a world in which God still resides. Religion provides a listening heart that can transform people's existence. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Pedagogía y Saberes is the property of Universidad Pedaggica Nacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article "God has no candidate" analyzes the growing importance of the religious cleavage in Latin American politics, especially in Brazil. It is mentioned that Bolsonaro would have taken advantage of the evangelical vote in his country, while Lula has highlighted his Catholic condition. It is pointed out that the Catholic population has decreased in recent years, while the evangelical population has increased. The dispute for the evangelical vote has become crucial in elections, and the Brazilian Episcopal Conference's neutrality is highlighted. It is mentioned that the evangelical incursion in politics has also been observed in other Central American countries and is spreading to South America. The article concludes that it is important to preserve the separation between politics and religion, and to take care of the integrity and purity of the religious message. [Extracted from the article]

The magazine 'Humanitas' celebrates its 100th issue by recognizing the founding members and highlighting the importance of the pontifical teaching in the Church. During Pope Francis' pontificate, they have focused on the renewal of the Church, the conciliar ecclesiology of the People of God, synodality, and missionary impulse. The importance of popular devotion and monastic life is also emphasized. The magazine seeks to follow Pope Francis' pontifical teaching, especially on topics such as the environment and social fraternity, and offers information and reflection from a universal perspective of the Catholic Church, with an emphasis on the diversity and spiritual richness of Latin America. Additionally, it focuses on showcasing Christian art and heritage, and promotes a more enlightened faith through dialogue with reason and the current context. [Extracted from the article]

The article is about the concept of post-secularization and mass secularization. It emphasizes that religion continues to exist and that its public contribution can be valued in a rational debate. On the other hand, it is mentioned that mass secularization differs from elite secularization, as it affects a larger number of people and is characterized by religious disaffiliation rather than loss of belief. It is also mentioned that belief without belonging can lead to disbelief, although in a milder form than atheism. The text discusses the secularization and post-secularization of religion. It mentions that religion has transitioned from being a traditional belief to a form of belief without belonging to a religious institution. Religious institutions are criticized for their inability to ignite a religious sentiment and for difficulties in implanting themselves in a particular culture. It is also mentioned that laicism, which used to be anti-clerical, is now considered an outdated ideology. The presence of religion in the public sphere is debated, and it is mentioned that the rules of a constitutional democracy are sufficient to guarantee the ethical universalism of Human Rights. The text addresses the concept of post-secularization and the relationship between religion and society in liberal societies. Habermas defends a constitutional patriotism based on respect for Human Rights and institutional order, while Rousseau advocated for a civil religion that would allow the acceptance of the Constitution in people's hearts. Habermas seeks rational motivations in culture and religion, recognizing that religion can contribute to rationally oriented dialogue. The post-secularization movement acknowledges that religion produces public goods and that society and the State benefit from it. Additionally, it is emphasized that religiosity contributes to civic spirit and civic engagement in society. However, criticism of intolerance and the need to consider different points of view is also mentioned. In liberal societies, believers bear the burden of tolerance, especially on issues such as abortion. It is highlighted that liberal societies have tended towards greater moral relativism and personal autonomy. The article discusses religious and moral tolerance in today's society. It is mentioned that Catholics have proven to be more tolerant than expected, although attitudes of exclusion and disdain towards difference still exist. It is emphasized that religious people are more likely to participate in solidarity activities and help others. Additionally, it is mentioned that religion is not destined to disappear and reappears in the public sphere as a reserve of public responsibility, solidarity, and social generosity. The State also recognizes the value of religion and entrusts certain educational and welfare initiatives to religious institutions. [Extracted from the article]