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Copyright of BUGU Journal of Language & Education / BUGU Dil ve Eğitim Dergisi is the property of BUGU Journal of Language & Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Biomarkers allowing characterization of pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) are lacking. Epitope detection in monocytes (EDIM) is a novel method focused on detection of the biomarkers TKTL1 (transketolase-like protein 1) and Apo10 (epitope of DNaseX) in activated monocytes (CD14+/CD16+) from patient's blood. We investigated the expression of these biomarkers in RMS cell lines, tumor material, and peripheral blood from RMS patients. Expression levels of TKTL1 and DNaseX/Apo10 in RMS cell lines (RH30, RD) and tumor samples were analyzed by RT-PCR and flow cytometry. Blood samples of 29 RMS patients were measured and compared to 27 healthy individuals. The percentages of activated CD14+/CD16+ monocytes harboring TKTL1 and Apo10 were determined. EDIM-TKTL1 and EDIM-Apo10 expression scores were calculated. The relationship between TKTL1 expression and DNA-hypomethylation was evaluated. Both RMS cell lines and tumor samples showed significantly higher expression levels of TKTL1 and DNaseX/Apo10 compared to skeletal muscle cells (SkMC). EDIM-TKTL1 and EDIM-Apo10 scores were positive in 96.5% of patients with RMS. All healthy controls had negative corresponding scores. RMS cell lines show increased expression levels of the biomarkers TKTL1 and DNaseX/Apo10. The sensitivity of the EDIM blood test indicates that this assay might serve as an additional tool in pediatric RMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Inonu University Law Review / İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Inonu University Law Review (IULR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Biomarkers allowing characterization of pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) are lacking. Epitope detection in monocytes (EDIM) is a novel method focused on detection of the biomarkers TKTL1 (transketolase-like protein 1) and Apo10 (epitope of DNaseX) in activated monocytes (CD14+/CD16+) from patient’s blood. We investigated the expression of these biomarkers in RMS cell lines, tumor material, and peripheral blood from RMS patients. Expression levels of TKTL1 and DNaseX/Apo10 in RMS cell lines (RH30, RD) and tumor samples were analyzed by RT-PCR and flow cytometry. Blood samples of 29 RMS patients were measured and compared to 27 healthy individuals. The percentages of activated CD14+/CD16+ monocytes harboring TKTL1 and Apo10 were determined. EDIM-TKTL1 and EDIM-Apo10 expression scores were calculated. The relationship between TKTL1 expression and DNA-hypomethylation was evaluated. Both RMS cell lines and tumor samples showed significantly higher expression levels of TKTL1 and DNaseX/Apo10 compared to skeletal muscle cells (SkMC). EDIM-TKTL1 and EDIM-Apo10 scores were positive in 96.5% of patients with RMS. All healthy controls had negative corresponding scores. RMS cell lines show increased expression levels of the biomarkers TKTL1 and DNaseX/Apo10. The sensitivity of the EDIM blood test indicates that this assay might serve as an additional tool in pediatric RMS.

According to the classification of Continental European law, one of the important branches of private law is the branch of law of obligations that deals with the issues related to the debt relations of the civil law. Debt relation is described as "the legal link between two parties obliging one to the other or both to act towards each other." The elements of the debt relationship are naturally creditor, debtor and debt/act. Actions are also divided into three as giving, doing and not doing. The sources of debt are listed as legal transactions, tort, unjust enrichment and law. Legal transactions, which can be unilateral or bilateral, are established with a declaration of will. In contracts, which are a type of legal transaction established with a double-sided declaration of will, acts are divided into two as immediate and continuous actions in terms of time. While the sudden act expresses the immediate fulfillment of the act, the continuous act means that the act is not instantaneous but continues. Sometimes, war, epidemic, inflation, etc. In cases, the promised acts may become impossible or, although possible, aggravated. In case of impossibility, while the contract is terminated automatically (while being dissolved), demanding the continuation of the debtor in case of heavy disclosure may be contrary to the principle of justice since it will be a destruction or a difficult situation for the debtor. Covid-19 is one of the epidemic diseases that make it impossible to fulfill the debt in long-term contracts that impose debt on both sides, and sometimes make it unbearable. In this article, it has been investigated whether situations similar to the probable disclosure of Covid-19 to be impossible or to force the principle of justice in long-term debt relations were encountered in the period of Prophet Mohammed, what he offered, if so, whether the same problem was envisioned in classical fiqh sources, and if so, what was it? It has been tried to be determined based on the issues that Islamic jurists have resolved in fiqh, that such solutions have come to the agenda. In addition, based on the theoretical bases and principles found by the mujtahids, a number of suggestions were tried to be offered for the solution of the problems caused by Covid-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food security is a serious issue in developing countries like Pakistan because of ever-increasing population. To feed the hunger population, safe and nutritious vegetables are growing concern as they are being polluted by heavy metals. The present study was conducted to investigate the concentration of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in highly consumed vegetable collected from peri-urban markets of Rawalpindi and Multan region. Health risk associated with the consumption of these vegetables in term of estimated daily intake of metals (EDIM) and health risk index (HRI) was also evaluated among local consumers. Results showed that mean values of cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in all vegetable samples from both region were exceeding the respective MAL set by FAO/WHO. Estimated daily intake of heavy metals was found below than the permissible limit. EDIM showed following decreasing trend Fe > Zn > Mn > Ni > Pb > Cr and Cd, respectively. The health risk index (HRI) for all heavy metals were less than the threshold level (1), indicating no significant threat to the local population through the consumption of these vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the coding-complete genome sequences of three rotavirus A (RVA) reference strains previously adapted in tissue culture: RVA/Mouse-tc/USA/EDIM/XXXX/G16P[16] with a G16-P[16]-I7-R7-C7-M8-A7-N7-T10-E7-H9 genotype constellation, RVA/Human-tc/USA/Ph158/1998/G9P[6] with a G9-P[6]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2 genotype constellation, and RVA/Human-tc/USA/CC425/1998/G3P[9] with a G3-P[9]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A3-N2-T1-E2-H3 genotype constellation., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Epitope detection in monocytes (EDIM) represents a liquid biopsy exploiting the innate immune system. Activated monocytes (macrophages) phagocytose unwanted cells/cell fragments from the whole body including solid tissues. As they return to the blood, macrophages can be used for a non-invasive detection of biomarkers, thereby providing high sensitivity and specificity, because the intracellular presence of biomarkers is due to an innate immune response. Flow cytometry analysis of blood enables the detection of macrophages and phagocytosed intracellular biomarkers. In order to establish a pan-cancer test, biomarkers for two fundamental biophysical mechanisms have been exploited. The DNaseX/Apo10 protein epitope is a characteristic of tumor cells with abnormal apoptosis and proliferation. Transketolase-like 1 (TKTL1) is a marker for an anaerobic glucose metabolism (Warburg effect), which is concomitant with invasive growth/metastasis and resistant to radical and apoptosis inducing therapies. The detection of Apo10 and TKTL1 in blood macrophages allowed a sensitive (95.8%) and specific (97.3%) detection of prostate, breast and oral squamous cell carcinomas. Since TKTL1 represents a drugable target, the EDIM based detection of TKTL1 enables a targeted cancer therapy using the vitamin derivatives oxythiamine or benfo-oxythiamine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mouse is one of the infection animal models for rotavirus. Since the optimal age of mouse sensitive to rotavirus infection thus far has not been unified, we elucidated clinical symptoms, immune responses and pathological changes of mice in different ages after challenged by murine rotavirus wild strain EDIM (Epidemic Diarrhea of Infant Mice) to provide data for the estimation. One-week-old, two-week-old, and three-week-old BALB/c mice were inoculated with EDIM in the challenge dose of 235 ID50, 470 ID50 and 705 ID50 respectively and were compared to mock-infected controls. Diarrhea illness, mobility, bodyweight were recorded, viral shedding and immune responses including serum IgA, fecal sIgA were detected, and small intestine tissue was evaluated for virus distribution and pathological changes. All the mice in one-week-old and two-week-old groups were completely unavoidable to be infected by EDIM and have been found to be malaise, activity reduced and even diarrhea, while three-week-old mice partly resist the challenge with 40% mice free from diarrhea. Meanwhile, EDIM infection has greater impact to the bodyweight of two-week-old group than those of one-week-old, three-week-old (0.9860 vs 1.2340, 1.2375 g/day). One peak of virus shedding in three groups was observed in day 1–2 post infection, but the duration shortened with age increase. Feces sIgA in both two-week-old and three-week-old groups began to increase in day 4, 2–3 days earlier than that in one-week-old group, and grow to the peak in day 8, which is about 2 fold of that in one-week-old group. Stronger serum IgA response was found in two-week-old group, it increased to the peak in day 15 and the level was 2 fold of three-week-old group and 4 fold of one-week-old group. The pathological changes included vacuolar degeneration, edema and congestion of intestinal wall, integrity destruction of enteric epithelium, and the changes relieved with the increase of age. Besides, rotavirus particles were found in small intestine tissues, especially in the surface and crypt of villi. In conclusion, the two-week-old mice were more sensitive to EDIM infection and initiated more effective immune response. In combination with that 14 days old mice equals to 2 months infant when the first dose of rotavirus vaccine should be administrated, two-week-old mice is preferred to be used as infection model for the study of pathogenicity and immunogenicity of rotavirus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dinbilimleri Journal is the property of Dinbilimleri Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the question of principal negative performance as a subject of contract is investigated from the islamic law perspective. The performance is a liability obligated by each of two parties in a relation of obligation which is required to be performed for each other. As for the negative performance, it is an 'obligation not to do' or an 'obligation to for- bear'. By the term of principal negative performance, we mean that the negative performance is made the essential obligation in a relation of obligation. The classical doctrine of the islamic law has not developed any technical term to state the concept of performance. Therefore, there is not any term for the concept of negative performance. However, this reality does not mean that the concept of negative performance is not recognized in the islamic law. As a matter of fact, in the classical literature, there are many examples concerned with the principal negative performance in both kinds of not-doing and forbearance. The examples in question are much more in the Mâlikî doctrine in respect to the other law schools. Consequently, principal negative performance's being subject to the contract is also law-fill according to the islamic law within the certain principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Conflicting evidence links malnutrition to the reduced efficacy of rotavirus vaccines in developing countries, where diarrhea and undernutrition remain leading causes of child deaths. Here, we adapted mouse models of rotavirus vaccination (rhesus rotavirus, RRV), rotavirus infection (EDIM), and protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) to test the hypothesis that undernutrition reduces rotavirus vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy., Methods: We randomized wild type Balb/C dams with 3-day-old pups to a control diet (CD) or an isocaloric, multideficient regional basic diet (RBD) that produces PEM. At 3 weeks of age, we weaned CD and RBD pups to their dams' diet and subrandomized weanlings to receive a single dose of either live oral rotavirus vaccine (RRV) or PBS. At 6 weeks of age, we orally challenged all groups with murine rotavirus (EDIM). Serum and stool specimens were collected before and after RRV and EDIM administration to measure viral shedding and antibody responses by ELISA., Results: RBD pups and weanlings exhibited significant failure to thrive compared to age-matched CD mice (P<.0001). RRV vaccination induced higher levels of serum anti-RV IgA responses in RBD vs. CD mice (P<.0001). Vaccination protected CD and RBD mice equally against EDIM infection, as measured by viral shedding. In unvaccinated RBD mice, EDIM shedding peaked 1 day earlier (P<.05), however we detected no effects of undernutrition on viral clearance nor of infection on bodyweight. EDIM infection provoked higher anti-RV serum IgA levels in RBD vs. CD mice, regardless of vaccination (P<.0001). Last, RRV vaccination mitigated stool IgA responses to EDIM more in CD vs. RBD mice (P<.0001)., Conclusions: Despite modulated IgA responses to vaccination and infection, undernutrition does not impair rotavirus vaccine efficacy nor exacerbate infection in this mouse model of protein-energy malnutrition. Alternative models are needed to elucidate host-pathogen factors undermining rotavirus vaccine effectiveness in high-risk global settings., (Copyright © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Mouse parvoviruses (MPVs) are small, single-stranded, 5 kb DNA viruses that are subclinical and endemic in many laboratory mouse colonies. MPVs cause more distinctive deleterious effects in immune-compromised or genetically-engineered mice than immuno-competent mice. At the University of Louisville (U of L), there was an unexpected increase of MPV sero-positivity for MPV infections in mouse colonies between January 2006 and February 2007, resulting in strategic husbandry changes aimed at controlling MPV spread throughout the animal facility. To investigate these MPVs, VP2 genes of seven MPVs were cloned and sequenced from eight documented incidences by PCR technology. The mutations in these VP2 genes were compared to those found at the Genbank database (NCBI; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and an intra-institutional phylogenetic tree for MPV infections at U of L was constructed. We discovered that the seven MPV isolates were different from those in Genbank and were not identical to each other. These MPVs were designated MPV-UL1 to 7; none of them were minute virus of mice (MVMs). Four isolates could be classified as MPV1, one was classified as MPV2, and two were defined as novel types with less than 96% and 94% homology with existing MPV types. Considering that all seven isolates had mutations in their VP2 genes and no mutations were observed in VP2 genes of MPV during a four-month time period of incubation, we concluded that all seven MPVs isolated at U of L between 2006 and 2007 probably originated from different sources. Serological survey for MPV infections verified that each MPV outbreak was controlled without further contamination within the institution., (Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Inc.)