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In the new normal period, the trend changes and adjustments of the environment such as international trade, production capacity, labor supply and resource constraints have put forward new requirements for China's industrial development, which have brought new challenges and given new opportunities. In the new normal stage where economic growth continues to decline, industrial growth is still an important support for economic growth. The advancement of industrial technology is the main driving force for improving the total factor productivity of the industrial industry. Therefore, the most important thing to promote industrial growth is to upgrade the level of industrial technology. In response to the above-mentioned problems, this paper analyzed the relationship between industrial technology and industrial output in the new normal environment by using the BP neural network (BPNN) algorithm. The connection between the two has been found, which provided a clear direction for the functional adjustment of economic law. Experimental studies have shown that there is a positive relationship between industrial technological progress and industrial output. When other conditions are the same, and when the non-new normal is selected, industrial output increases by about 0.36% for every 1% increase in industrial technological progress. When choosing to be in the new normal, industrial technological progress has a higher impact on industrial output. For every 1% increase in technological progress, industrial output increases by about 0.39%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the emergence of China's workers' villages, and their changes over time in the 1950s in terms of residential planning and housing design characteristics. The new socialist regime realized in the 1950s numerous workers' villages around China. Along with the fluctuant Soviet impact and China's domestic realities, workers' villages built in different phases during this decade show diverse features in their plans and styles. In this article, the characteristics are analysed by selecting typical cases in each phase. The findings show the workers' village in early New China was driven mainly by triple reason: realistic demand, political commitment, and ideological instruction. In the first years, before the design and construction were Sovietized, the neighbourhoods were realized by following a western way. Since 1952, Soviet models were applied in China's workers' villages. But quite rapidly Chinese architects nationalized the Soviet prototype. From the mid-1950s, workers' neighbourhoods were gradually simplified due to political and economic policy adjustment. By analysing the evolution of worker villages impacted by multiple factors, this article sheds lights on China's socialist architectural discourse and supplements the existing scholarship on the transnational socialist architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article addresses the question “What are the impacts of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on the economy of Pakistan”. Here a matter of concern is whether the IMF program has an overall positive impact on the growth of the economy of Pakistan or has just increased the debt burden. Positive impacts include solving the issue of balance of payment, stabilizing the foreign exchange reservoirs, bringing improvement in its exports, and providing money for imports. The negative impacts included the devaluation of Pakistani currency, increased burden of foreign debt, increased excise duties, discouraged investment, and dictate Pakistan in controlling the stock exchange. A qualitative research approach is utilized to examine the impacts of the IMF on the economy of Pakistan. It has been observed from the study that IMF has both positive and negative impacts on the economy of Pakistan. This study explores and analyses in detail the impacts of IMF loans on economic stabilization processes in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay studies an emerging discourse on forms of exchange in mid- to late nineteenth-century Iran, both in national economic practices and international concessions. As the system of economic exchange is transforming in conversation with "foreign" forms and terms of exchange, the signifiers used to arrange those forms of exchange are also reshuffled in this context. Evoking different imperial powers and different languages—rather than one particular power or one particular language—this comparative discourse on economic modernity is marked by a palpable sense of ambiguity caused by the semicolonial condition of nineteenth-century Iran, which in turn complicates notions of "translatability" and "untranslatability," introducing what the author calls a speculative category of "would-be translations." Speculative translations in this semicolonial context uniquely reveal how miscategorization and misnaming are part of the structure of modern codification of exchange with universal ambitions. The essay thus argues that the two main avenues of colonial encounter—namely, economic exchange and translation—are necessarily ambiguous. Always suspicious and speculative, economic exchange and translation circularly feed into each other's ambiguities in this semicolonial context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 2010 and 2019, five Eurozone governments in economic difficulty received assistance from international lenders on condition that certain policies specified in the Memoranda of Understanding (MoU) were implemented. To what extent were those conditions implemented? After conditionality, to what extent have governments rolled back changes pursued under external constraint? Do we find variation across governments regarding implementation and reversals, and if so, why?. This paper presents a database allowing the answers to those questions, the Data Base on EcoNomic Adjustment Policies (ENAP) database. We codified all policies and reforms included in the MoU's, and whether those were subsequently fully or partially implemented. We also codified all decisions taken by bailed out countries since the beginning of the financial crisis and verified whether those had been kept or fully or partially reversed until December 2019. For each condition or policy, a series of explanatory variables were coded: policy sector, type of reform, timing and type of reversal, origin of reversal and number of veto players. The ENAP shows that in all countries, MoU's were largely implemented and are resilient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the subjective experience of capitalism, the need for stabilization of 20th century business cycles, and the causes of capitalism's contradictory political condition including the near-zero interest rate policies, assets and value, sovereign debt, tax states and liquid money markets, and stagnation of commercial society.

With the advancement of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, microgrid clusters have attracted widespread attention due to their high stability and energy efficiency. This article proposes a scheduling architecture for microgrid clusters that integrates blockchain smart contracts, consensus mechanisms, and encryption technologies to address the issues of data trust, privacy protection, and security reliability in microgrid clusters. An economic adjustment model for microgrid clusters is constructed that combines economic and environmental objectives. Finally, based on the RPBFT (Rotating Proof of Believability) algorithm and group architecture of FISCO BCOS blockchain technology, an economic scheduling method for microgrid clusters is designed. The authors built a microgrid cluster model on the FISCO BCOS blockchain platform and conducted experiments on the effectiveness, economy, fault tolerance, and scalability of economic scheduling methods. The experimental results showed that the economic scheduling method proposed in this paper can effectively reduce the risk of nodes tampering with data in a microgrid cluster system, ensure the privacy of submicrogrids, and support the deployment of large‐scale microgrid clusters, the realization of multiparty collaborative autonomy and the stable, low‐carbon, economic operation of microgrid clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health in All Policies approaches support the integration of health considerations into the policies of traditionally siloed governance systems. These siloed systems are often ignorant of the fact that health is created outside of the health system and starts long before you see a health professional. Thus, the purpose of Health in All Policies approaches is to raise the importance of the broad‐based impacts on health from these public policies and to implement healthy public policy that delivers human rights for all. This approach requires significant adjustments to current economic and social policy settings. A well‐being economy similarly aspires to create policy incentives that increase the importance of social and non‐monetized outcomes, such as increased social cohesion environmental sustainability and health. These outcomes can evolve deliberately alongside economic benefits and are impacted by economic and market activities. The principles and functions underpinning Health in All Policies approaches, such as joined‐up policy making can be helpful to transition towards a well‐being economy. Governments will need to move beyond the currently held principle of "economic growth and profit above all else" if countries are to tackle growing societal inequity and catastrophic climate changes. Rapid digitization and globalization have further entrenched the focus on monetary economic outcomes rather than other aspects of human welfare. This has created an increasingly difficult context within which to prioritize social policies and efforts aimed to achieve primarily social and not profit‐oriented goals. In the face of this larger context, alone, Health in All Policies approaches will not bring about the needed transformation to achieve healthy populations and economic transition. However, Health in All Policies approaches do offer lessons and a rationale that is aligned with, and can support the transition to, a well‐being economy. Transforming current economic approaches to a well‐being economy is imperative to achieve equitable population health, social security and climate sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism is the leading industry of Huangshan. Whether tourism development is conducive to promoting the sustainable development of Huangshan is a theoretical and practical question that needs to be answered urgently. Based on the relevant data of Huangshan from 2000 to 2019, this paper calculated the equivalence factor and yield factor under the “area hectare” year by year, and analyzed the changes of three-dimensional ecological footprint and tourism impact of Huangshan by using the three-dimensional ecological footprint correction model and partial least squares method. The results showed that: (1) The equivalence factor and yield factor under “area hectare” in Huangshan City were quite different from those under “global hectare”, which could reflect the ecological environment of Huangshan more accurately. (2) From 2000 to 2019, the ecological deficit and per capita ecological footprint of Huangshan showed a fluctuating downward trend, while the per capita ecological carrying capacity remained stable at about 0.79 ha·cap-1. (3) The change of the footprint size was gentle, and the natural capital flow occupied by the residents of Huangshan mainly came from cultivated land and forest land. (4) The footprint depth was greater than 1, and it needed about 1.53 times land area in Huangshan in 2019 to meet the needs of residents, showing a fluctuating downward trend as a whole. The footprint depth of cultivated land and grassland was large, and the overdraft of resource stock was serious. (5) Tourism development could alleviate the ecological pressure of Huangshan. The development of tertiary industry, tourism urbanization, the transformation and upgrading of residents' consumption and the adjustment of economic structure were the factors that reduced the ecological footprint of Huangshan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several emerging economies have embarked on structural adjustment reform programs that focused more on short-run-oriented stabilization reforms. Yet, longer-term structural policies that can shift their potential GDP were not fully taken into consideration. Thus, this paper contributes to the literature in three ways. First, we contrast the effects of stabilization and allocation policies in order to examine to what extent they complement or substitute each other. Second, we analyze how the effects of such policies can differ in the short and long term and with different market structures (perfect vs. imperfect competition). Third, we develop a CGE model for Egypt that was subject to a recent reform program developed with the IMF. Our main findings show that stabilization reforms reduce economic growth by 2.5% in the short run. Yet, they positively affect it over time especially if they are accompanied by structural reforms. Indeed, the latter increase economic growth (of 8.6% in the long run). Furthermore, from a social perspective, stabilization reform deteriorates households' welfare in the short run. Finally, we find that negative effects of stabilization and structural reforms are more pronounced under imperfect competition pointing out the importance of an effective competition policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Data on real-world healthcare costs for ixekizumab (IXE) and secukinumab (SEC) in biologic-experienced patients with psoriasis are limited. This study compared real-world costs and healthcare resource utilization between IXE and SEC in biologic-experienced patients with psoriasis over an 18-month follow-up period in the USA. Methods: Adult patients with a diagnosis of psoriasis between 1 March, 2015 and 31 October, 2019 were identified using health insurance claims data from IBM Watson Health MarketScan®. The index date was the date of the first IXE or SEC claim. Biologic-experienced patients with one or more pre-period claims for biologic drugs were identified. Inverse probability of treatment weighting was used to reduce cohort imbalances. All-cause and psoriasis-related direct healthcare costs along with index drug costs were estimated during the follow-up and reported as per patient per month. Discount factors published by the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review were applied to psoriasis-related biologics to adjust pharmacy costs. Results: A total of 411 IXE and 780 SEC users were included. After weighting, all-cause inpatient admissions were similar between IXE (9.5%) and SEC users (10.3%). Weighted, mean ± standard deviation per patient per month all-cause healthcare costs were higher in IXE users ($6670 ± $2910) than in SEC users ($6239 ± $3903; p = 0.049). Psoriasis-related and monthly index drug costs were higher in IXE users ($5609 ± $2009; p < 0.001 and $4688 ± $1994; p < 0.001, respectively) than in SEC users ($5095 ± $2291 and $3853 ± $1977, respectively). After Institute for Clinical and Economic Review adjustment, mean per patient per month all-cause ($4363 ± $2576 vs $4398 ± $3517) and psoriasis-related costs ($3302 ± $1264 vs $3253 ± $1504) were similar between the groups. Institute for Clinical and Economic Review- and adherence-adjusted mean per patient per month index drug costs were similar between IXE and SEC users (p = 0.339). Conclusions: Institute for Clinical and Economic Review-adjusted all-cause and psoriasis-related costs were comparable between IXE and SEC users among biologic-experienced patients over an 18-month follow-up period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Points: Question: Is a history of sustained low-wage earning during peak midlife earning years associated with elevated mortality risk and excess mortality? Findings: In a longitudinal study of 4002 workers with biennially reported hourly wage, a sustained history of low-wage earning in midlife was associated with significantly earlier and excess mortality, especially for workers whose low-wage earning was experienced in the context of employment instability. Meaning: Social and economic policies that increase hourly wage or improve the financial standing of low-wage workers would likely have beneficial impacts on survival outcomes. Importance: Earning a low wage is an increasingly recognized public health concern, yet little research exists on the long-term health consequences of sustained low-wage earning. Objective: To examine the association of sustained low-wage earning and mortality in a sample of workers with hourly wage reported biennially during peak midlife earning years. Design, Setting, and Participants: This longitudinal study included 4002 US participants, aged 50 years or older, from 2 subcohorts of the Health and Retirement Study (1992-2018) who worked for pay and reported earning hourly wages at 3 or more time points during a 12-year period during their midlife (1992-2004 or 1998-2010). Outcome follow-up occurred from the end of the respective exposure periods until 2018. Exposures: Low-wage—less than the hourly wage for full-time, full-year work at the federal poverty line—earning history was categorized as never earning a low wage, intermittently earning a low wage, and sustained earning a low wage. Main Outcomes and Measures: Cox proportional hazards and additive hazards regression models sequentially adjusted for sociodemographics, and economic and health covariates were used to estimate associations between low-wage history and all-cause mortality. We examined interaction with sex or employment stability on multiplicative and additive scales. Results: Of the 4002 workers (aged 50-57 years at the beginning of exposure period and 61-69 years at the end), 1854 (46.3%) were female; 718 (17.9%) experienced employment instability; 366 (9.1%) had a history of sustained low-wage earning; 1288 (32.2%) had intermittent low-wage earning periods; and 2348 (58.7%) had never earned a low wage. In unadjusted analyses, those who had never earned low wages experienced 199 deaths per 10 000 person-years, those with intermittent low wages, 208 deaths per 10 000 person-years, and those with sustained low wages, 275 deaths per 10 000 person-years. In models adjusted for key sociodemographic variables, sustained low-wage earning was associated with mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.35; 95% CI, 1.07-1.71) and excess deaths (66; 95% CI, 6.6-125); these findings were attenuated with additional adjustments for economic and health covariates. Significant excess death and elevated mortality risk were observed for workers with sustained low-wage exposure and employment fluctuations (eg, for sustained low-wage × employment fluctuated, HR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.35-3.53; for sustained low-wage × stable employment, HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.89,-1.54; P for interaction =.003). Conclusions and Relevance: Sustained low-wage earning may be associated with elevated mortality risk and excess deaths, especially when experienced alongside unstable employment. If causal, our findings suggest that social and economic policies that improve the financial standing of low-wage workers (eg, minimum wage laws) could improve mortality outcomes. This longitudinal study involving US workers collected wage information during a portion of peak earning years and examined whether a history of low-wage earning was associated with mortality risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the beginning of the 2000s, Caribbean states have been experiencing several challenges to economic growth and development, such as the loss of preferential market access and reduction in US aid. As a result, they have been trying to reposition themselves in the changing international relations sphere by reorienting their foreign policy strategies. This article posits that Caribbean states have been placing more emphasis on diversifying their relationships with non-Western powers, such as Japan, as an economic adjustment strategy. In particular, the article examines how Caribbean states have been pursuing “unorthodox” foreign policies due to their limited resource base. As a result, they have been creatively using their value-based resources such as votes and quality advocacy in international fora, in exchange for economic assistance from Japan. In the context of small states in the international system, the article argues that having acknowledged their vulnerabilities due to their smallness, Caribbean states have shown resilience and resourcefulness in crafting these strategies as they seek to reposition themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The methodological aspects of providing financial and economic stabilization in Ukraine are examined through cooperation with international financial organizations. The evolution of crucial market transformations from the list of editions of the Washington Consensus, aimed at overcoming the backlog of a cohort of economies with a low level of development, is outlined. A comparative analysis of the relationship between the Washington Consensus key components and the program goals of implementing economic and financial policies within the framework of Ukraine's cooperation with the IMF is carried out. The target parameters of the list of quantitative criteria of technical memorandums of cooperation between Ukraine and the IMF are verified in the chronological sequence of their implementation. Proposals for solving the issues of structural imbalances and building a technological vector for the development of domestic production are submitted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In "Prestige, Manipulation, and Coercion: Elite Power Struggles in the Soviet Union and China after Stalin and Mao," Joseph Torigian examines the dynamics of power struggles in authoritarian regimes. Through case studies of the Soviet Union and China, Torigian argues that leadership prestige and the ability to mobilize coercive agencies were key factors in determining the outcome of power struggles. The book challenges the prevailing focus on formal institutions and coalition formation in the literature on authoritarian politics. While Torigian's analysis is persuasive, some scholars argue that institutions still played a role in these power struggles. The book provides valuable insights but leaves some questions unanswered, such as the role of the police and secret police in post-Mao China. Overall, it is an important work of scholarship for researchers interested in China and the Soviet Union. [Extracted from the article]

This paper examines the evolution of Michael Polanyi's critique of economic planning. It portrays how the focal point of his critique shifted from addressing the 'spirit,' 'social consciousness,' and 'public emotion' of the people supporting planned economies to addressing the administrative 'unmanageability' and the logical impossibility of economic planning. Polanyi developed thought experiments of imaginary economies, contrasted the 'pyramid of authority' with the polygons of liberty, and explained organic (spontaneous order) and inorganic (corporate order) ways of adjusting economic relations. He attempted to relax the Leviathan of Soviet economics, and drew the conclusion that mathematics is not sufficient in itself to properly address the economy. Eventually, Polanyi developed an institutionalist approach in order to be able to address both the variability of market economies and the failures of socialist 'super-planners' who claimed to eliminate the drift of individual economic adjustments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a panel of administrative data of contributors to the Argentine pension system, a survival analysis was carried out to compare the time in months until contributor status is lost for individuals who reach the minimum retirement age. The analysis involves two periods: one where the fully funded scheme was in force and the other with the pure pay‐as‐you‐go scheme in effect. It is observed that the survival curve of the contributor status during the second period is always above that in the first one, indicating that the probability of maintaining this status was always higher during the second period. Likewise, it was found that belonging to the cohort/group of the first period is significant in explaining the risk of losing contributor status, even controlling for other relevant variables. This result contrasts with the predictions of the World Bank about the best incentives that the fully funded scheme would generate for the supply of formal labor. Related Articles: Angelaki, Marina, and Leandro N. Carrera. 2015. "Radical Pension Reforms after the Crisis: A Comparative Analysis of Argentina and Greece." Politics & Policy 43(3): 378–400. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12117. Hazakis, Konstantinos J. 2015. "The Political Economy of Economic Adjustment Programs in the Eurozone: A Detailed Policy Analysis." Politics & Policy 43(6): 822–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12141. Jakee, Keith, and Keith Stacy. 2021. "Revisiting Pension Reform in Sweden: The Role of Corporatism (and Why it Matters)." Politics & Policy 49(3): 651–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12405. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adjustment of China’ s fertility policy has brought about changes in the temporal dimension of population trends, while the cross-regional population flow has changed the spatial distribution of the population. The temporal and spatial changes of the population will have a more complex impact on China’ s macro-economy. Therefore, a simulation analysis of the impact of the fertility policy and population mobility on economic growth and financial risks has important theoretical and practical significance. Based on this, this study incorporated the generational overlap model into the analysis paradigm of dynamic general equilibrium and constructed a theoretical model fitting the domestic reality. This model simulated the heterogeneous effects of fertility policy adjustment and population mobility in the long and short terms, combined with empirical data to make preliminary predictions and judgments on national and regional economic growth and risk shocks. The research results showed that, from the perspective of the temporal dimension of the fertility policy adjustment, the growth effect of a high fertility rate was more obvious, but there was also a certain lag period. At the same time, the debt level of young residents rebounded significantly in the short term, and the steady increase in savings led to a rise in corporate debt. The resulting increase in leverage would cause short-term risk shocks. From the perspective of the spatial dimension of population flow, the output effect of population flow was direct and significant, and it did not bring about the risk of huge fluctuations in the leverage ratio. Therefore, compared with the adjustment of the fertility rate, it could save the time cost of waiting for the growth of offspring and avoid the financial risks caused by the substantial increase in leverage. But the inflow and outflow are in opposite directions, which may widen the regional economic gap. Furthermore, based on the national population growth data, it can be preliminary judged that the value of the fertility rate is closer to the middle fertility rate scenario. Therefore, the stimulus effect of the fertility policy adjustment on national economic growth is weak, there is a long lag period, and the risk of the short-term leverage ratio also requires special attention. At the same time, according to the two dimensions of population birth rate and mobility level, four types can be identified among all regions. The temporal and spatial changes of the population in different types would bring significant differences in output effects and risk shocks to the local area. Based on the above research conclusions and combined with China’ s domestic reality, this article points out some policy suggestions to deal with the challenges of the temporal and spatial changes of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper investigates the joint relationship between economic growth, income inequality and fiscal adjustments using a panel of 47 Japanese prefectures from 1998 to 2017. Design/methodology/approach: To assess jointly fiscal adjustment impacts on growth and inequality and to take into account the interdependence between these variables, the authors use a simultaneous equation model and estimate it by using the three-stage least squares estimation method. Findings: The results show evidence of a trade-off between growth and inequality through fiscal adjustments. They reveal that first, fiscal adjustments have contractionary effects on growth. Second, they highlight the disparity between urban and rural taxpayers. Third, they provide evidence of a trade-off between fiscal adjustments and inequality through the labor market. Research limitations/implications: Based on the literature, the composition of fiscal adjustments is a crucial factor in analyzing fiscal adjustment impacts on economic growth and income inequality. The authors do not consider this aspect in the analysis; however, fiscal policy outcomes variables are included as a workaround for this. Practical implications: These results suggest that authorities favor expenditure-based adjustments as they are less contractionary on the economy. Moreover, they should finance public expenditures through a tax on capital in order to mitigate fiscal adjustment impacts on inequality while promoting growth. Originality/value: The paper is novel in testing the existence of a trade-off between economic growth and income inequality through fiscal adjustments at a sub-national level with an additional focus on urban and rural regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The material technology industrialization model is in promoting the adjustment of the financial market industrial economic structure. The experiment realized the adjustment of industrial economic structure by the adsorption of nano materials. TiO2-rGO was prepared firstly, and then Mn dioxide nanoparticles (HM NPs) were synthesized. The specific surface area and pore volume were determined by N2 adsorption BET method. The infrared spectrum was obtained by infrared spectrometer (MA). The sample was heated to 900°C at 10°C to determine TGA. In order to explore the surface composition and chemical element state of the material, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used with monochromatic al Ka ray. The structure and composition of the substance can be deduced by characterization. The Zr metal organic framework was applied to the adsorption of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) in water. he experimental data show that the degradation efficiency of metronidazole is the best in the presence of visible light and hydrogen peroxide, which can reach about 80% in 60 minutes. The results show that nano materials and nanotechnology can promote the adjustment of economic structure of financial market industry, and have a great impetus to the entire financial industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to intuitively analyze and clearly understand the effect of industrial structure adjustment of the marine economy in recent years in China, modeling and empirical research on industrial structure adjustment of the marine economy are carried out. Three comparisons of marine economic industrial structure and per capita output value coefficient of the marine industry are selected as scientific measurement indexes, the ratio of regional entropy to the output value of marine scientific research management service industry is selected as the height analysis index, and the econometric model is constructed according to the influence of the scientificity and advancement of marine economic industrial structure on marine economic GDP. Based on the empirical analysis of the relevant economic data of China's marine industry from 2008 to 2018, the model variable stationarity test and least squares regression analysis showed that the fitting degree of the model was good and significant; with every 1% increase in the scientificity and height of marine economic industrial structure adjustment, the marine economy increased by 1.88% and 2.80%, respectively. The development of marine science and technology can promote the rise of the marine economy. According to the model, the adjustment strategy of the marine economy industrial structure is made to further promote the development of the marine economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the state of the economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina shows the need for continuous adjustment to economic trends of European Union members. According to these processes, an important step is the need for restructuring of companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina in line with the practice of companies in the European Union. The research analysis included 18,260 companies from the European Union, based on the type of restructuring and 1,270 companies from Bosnia and Herzegovina, whose types of restructuring were investigated. The macroeconomic approach and economic research of Bosnia and Herzegovina show the necessity and the need to restructure companies and align with the trend of changes which are an inevitable part of transition countries. The aim of the study is to research companies from Bosnia and Herzegovina, their most important problems, directions and tendencies in restructuring of domestic companies and give recommendations for a new model, strategic approach and economic policies for improving the results of the restructuring process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under a post‐structuralist lens, the policy change through which Britain left the European Union in January 2020 is not only about the success of the Euroskeptic policy position at the 2016 referendum, but also about the failure of pro‐European agency in major British political parties like the Conservative and Unionist Party (CP). This article applies critical logics analysis—social, political, and fantasmatic—to deployments of pro‐European agency within the CP across three historical periods: (i) a pre‐Maastricht period, (ii) a Maastricht period, and (iii) a pre‐referendum period. I outline reasons for which key conservative agents failed to restore meaning to a policy routine for upholding British membership of European institutions. In doing so, I aim to demonstrate the capacity of post‐structuralist policy analysis to make insightful, rigorous, and useful contributions to political science and its important issue of policy change by way of comparison with more established models. Related Articles: English, Patrick, Maria T. Grasso, Barbara Buraczynska, Sotirios Karampampas, and Luke Temple. 2016. "Convergence on Crisis? Comparing Labour and Conservative Party Framing of the Economic Crisis in Britain, 2008–14." Politics & Policy 44(3): 577–603. http://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12160. Hazakis, Konstantinos J. 2015. "The Political Economy of Economic Adjustment Programs in the Eurozone: A Detailed Policy Analysis." Politics & Policy 43(6): 822–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12141. Temple, Luke, Maria T. Grasso, Barbara Buraczynska, Sotirios Karampampas, and Patrick English. 2016. "Neoliberal Narrative in Times of Economic Crisis: A Political Claims Analysis of the U.K. Press, 2007–14." Politics & Policy 44(3): 553–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12161. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relying on the advantages of its input factors, the resource-based economy has achieved rapid development. However, with the global emphasis on scientific development, various contradictions have sharply reduced the competitiveness of the resource-based economy. In the process of a new round of changes in the world economic pattern and the adjustment of China's development strategy, most resource-based economies have begun to implement transformation actively or passively. Resource-based economy was mostly established and developed in the period of planned economy, which made great contributions to national construction and accomplished brilliant achievements in regional economic and social development. However, the development of natural resources always goes through stages of development, growth, maturity, and decline. Therefore, resource-based cities also have problems of rise, prosperity, and decline. From the perspective of adaptive space division, this paper analyzes and studies the teaching of the coordinated development of resource-based economy in the transformation of the resource-based economy and environment economy and puts forward the panel data model, logistic curve, and other algorithm models. After optimization, the collaborative development model is designed. Based on the analysis of the model, it is found that the error analysis of the model has improved by 77.3% and the average growth rate of transformation benefits is generally 56.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is an edited transcript of a conversation held to introduce the Symposium that this special issue now publishes. The editing aims to promote clarity without abandoning the informal, free-flowing, and speculative quality of the original conversation. The published re-creation also seeks to preserve the full set of observations made in the original conversation rather than to filter or shape them to accommodate all the authors' views. We aspire, throughout our remarks, to raise questions and identify possibilities for further research rather than to report confident conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking the cross-border mergers and acquisitions ( M &As) implemented by China' s A-share listed companies from 2008 to 2018 as a sample, the ensemble empirical mode decomposition ( EEMD) model is used to examine the relationship between the macroeconomic environment and cross-border M &As from two time scales: short-term and long-term. The results show that in recent years, the sustained and high-speed development of China' s macro-economy is the main reason for the long-term fluctuations in cross-border M &As, and the rising uncertainty of domestic economic policies will also promote it. Short-term fluctuations in the stock market and economic policy adjustments are important factors driving short-term fluctuations in cross-border M &As. Regardless of the long-term and short-term scales, economic expectations have a negative inhibitory effect on the fluctuation of cross-border M &As. When the domestic stock market index is at a high level and future economic expectations deteriorate or economic policy uncertainty rises, it is more likely for Chinese companies to conduct cross-border M &As. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important problems facing Greece is the long-term and high-level unemployment rate. The Economic Adjustment Programmes (EAPs) focused on the supply side of the economy, aiming at the adjustment of prices and wages, draw on the classical economic model, as it is widely accepted that internal devaluation policies keep inflation low. This article attempts to examine whether the Keynesian theory and the Phillips Curve, which shows the relationship between unemployment and inflation, apply in the case of the Greek economy. We use descriptive statistics, ordinary least squares (OLS) and VAR Analysis to examine the relationship between the variables. According to the results, there is a negative correlation between unemployment and inflation in Greece, thus confirming the Phillips Curve hypothesis. Finally, results show that unemployment is less dependent on inflation compared with the past, and there are numerous other decisive factors affecting unemployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using high‐frequency identification, I show that the Federal Reserve significantly influences its political environment. A 50‐bp exogenous contractionary monetary shock is associated with a decline in the U.S. president's job approval by up to five percentage points in the subsequent 12 to 24 months. This loss exceeds the victory margin in six out of the eight latest elections. My findings also suggest that presidents who are in the second half of their terms are particularly vulnerable to monetary shocks. Such vulnerability is largely explained by the evolving attitudes toward key macroeconomic factors like unemployment and inflation over the presidential life cycle. Related Articles: Cho, Sungdai, and Garry Young. 2008. "The Asymmetric Impact of Inflation on Presidential Approval." Politics & Policy 30(3): 401–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2002.tb00128.x Hazakis, Konstantinos J. 2015. "The Political Economy of Economic Adjustment Programs in the Eurozone: A Detailed Policy Analysis." Politics & Policy 43(6): 822–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12141 Pulatov, Abdullo, and Ahmad Hassan Ahmad. 2021. "Political Business Cycles in Post‐Communist European Countries." Politics & Policy 49(5): 1248–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12427 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decades before 1990 were dramatic for Latin American economies. However, from 1990 onwards, a set of policies followed by the various states in the region acheived economic stabilization with real income recovery. The attribution of this success has been disputed by politicians, economists and officials from international economic support institutions. This work will analyze the responsibility for this success in 4 economies in the region (Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru). Through the combined analysis of ARDL, Markov states and structural breaks, we highlight different sources of responsibility in different periods. Additionally, detailing the states of each regime, we verify the duration of the regimes related to inflation rates and to interest rates in the region. We identify specific governments as associated with moments of economic stabilization in the region, so the hypothesis of the political cycle cannot be rejected for the set of results achieved. As policy implication, we claim that Taylor rules are endogenous to Political Budget Cycles and so stabilization plans are restricted to political tenures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted social and economic activities across the world, resulting in the contraction of national economies and the global economy, causing an unprecedented loss of employment. The pandemic's detrimental impact has meant that governments have to play an interventionist role to mitigate the staggering social and economic effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on sustainable development. In light of the damaging impact of the pandemic on the economy, employment and poverty, this article assesses the socio-economic contribution and effectiveness of the counter-cyclical policies in mitigating the socio-economic impact of COVID-19 in South Africa. Methodologically, the article used secondary qualitative and quantitative data to assess the government's fiscal and monetary measures. The findings suggest that South Africa adopted extensive counter-cyclical fiscal and monetary policies, such as increased government spending on social and economic public goods, tax relief, interest rate cuts and job protection measures. While these counter-cyclical measures had some degree of effectiveness, they were undermined by the lack of comprehensively targeted measures for low-income households. This article argues that the country needs to find proactive ways of managing its counter-cyclical fiscal measures to ensure a higher degree of effectiveness and economic stabilization to reach those in greatest need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of bank erosion is very severe in the lower stretch of Bhagirathi River in West Bengal, India. During 1984–2012 the average annual rate of bank line shifting at the selected cross sections was computed to be oscillating around 10 m year−1. Micro-level socio-economic survey portrayed that greater than 45 per cent farmers lost about 90 per cent landed property in some villages during 1970–2012 transforming large as well as marginal farmers into landless refugees. The immediate shock of land loss is reflected through decrease in per capita income. Head count ratio, poverty gap index, and poverty severity index showed an increase of poverty by 10–15 per cent. Inverse Herfindahl-Hirschman index depicted a gradual rise in occupational diversification during 1970–2012 (e.g. 1970:1.47, 1990:1.85 and 2012:2.66 for Rukunpur). To reduce the disaster risk of bank erosion, various structural measures (e.g. dyking with geotextile) that were undertaken proved futile subsequently. Therefore, the present enquiry attempts to propose some social engineering methods as shock absorbing mechanism against the threats of land-based agrarian economy. These are the three in situ modes of economic adjustment using local available resources (non-land-based household manufacturing, common property resource management, development of indigenous small scale and cottage industry) and one ex situ economic adjustment by developing labour migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Between 2010 and 2018, Greece implemented an Economic Adjustment Programme and underwent a series of extensive reforms, including in the health sector. We conducted a scoping review to examine whether the Primary Health Care reforms during that period assisted the country in moving towards Universal Health Coverage. Methods: We performed a review of the literature on the following databases: Scopus, PubMed, Epistemonikos, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, including published research articles and grey literature. Findings were synthesised thematically, using the World Health Organization Universal Health Coverage dimensions: population coverage, service coverage, and financial protection. Results: Forty-four documents were included in this review. Out of these, thirty-eight were research-based (thirty-three qualitative, two quantitative, and three mixed design studies), two grey literature, and four legislative bills. The evidence suggests that despite the systemic interventions addressing longstanding distortions, population coverage, service coverage and financial protection have not significantly improved. Conclusions: This review suggests that Primary Health Care reforms in Greece have not managed to substantially improve Universal Health Coverage, although some positive steps towards that direction have taken place with the establishment of community-based multidisciplinary health teams. Before further interventions are implemented, an evidence-based monitoring and evaluation mechanism is necessary in order to clearly evaluate their effectiveness and progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to the declining birthrate and aging population in Japan, there has been a recent decrease in its total population. This threatens to exacerbate a shortage in labor force, which could trigger an increase in the luggage transport costs of transportation companies or the service industry. The demand for inverted two-wheeled luggage transport vehicles has been increasing steadily owing to their high mobility, compactness, affordability, and pivotal turnability. However, owing to their statical instability, these vehicles are limited. Accordingly, stability can be improved in these systems by configuring a spreading system and applying a disturbance observer based on a Kalman filter. The application of a Kalman filter enables us to estimate the disturbance in which the error between the true and estimated values is the least mean square. Furthermore, we validated the efficiency of the proposed method via its translational movement, turning angle control, and load-loading/unloading experiments using various loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The land quality geochemical evaluation database was mainly based on soil geochemical surveys. During its construction process, geochemical survey data involving atmospheric dry (wet) sediments, irrigation water, fertilizers and crops was simultaneously collected, analyzed and compiled into result maps using MAPGIS. ACCESS was used to manage standardized result data to establish an evaluation database. The database included a basic spatial database involving regional geography, topography, soil type and land use, a spatial evaluation database centered on the sampling layout of the work areas of soil, irrigation water, crops and other media, the distribution and changes of soil chemical elements, the classification of soil pollution and the classification of soil element environment and nutrients, and an evaluation database of various result maps such as land planning map, characteristic agricultural product planting plan suggestion map and fertilization suggestion map. The database realized the scientific and effective management of the samples and corresponding numerous laboratory analysis data, and provides basic information for the geochemical survey and evaluation of the land quality in the evaluation areas and the overall comprehensive research, and an important basis for promoting the adjustment of agricultural economic planning, the development of modern green agriculture and the development and utilization of high-quality characteristic land resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extensive use of information and communication technologies (ICT) has facilitated people's lives and promoted the improvement of productivity. In the meantime, ICT has a profound effect on the efficiency of electricity utilization and the demand for electricity. The existing studies consider the direct effect of ICT on electricity consumption (EC) but neglect the spillover effect of ICT on EC and their action channels. Under the assumption of cross-section dependence, this paper introduces spatial modeling techniques to confirm the positive direct effect and negative spillover effect of ICT on EC. The positive direct effects and negative spillover effects of information technology on EC are similar to those of the communication technology, and the absolute value of the former is also greater than the latter. Additionally, the results of meditation effect modeling also confirm that there exists an incomplete mediating effect in the process of the ICT affecting EC through the channels of economic growth and the adjustment of the industrial structure. This study provides freshly empirical evidence for people to better understand the role of ICT in EC and opens fresh insights for policymakers to make corresponding policy adjustments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper employs the threshold cointegration methodology to assess the long- and short-run dynamics of asymmetric adjustment between economic policy uncertainty (EPU) of China-India, China-Japan, China-Korea, India-Japan, India-Korea, and Japan-Korea pairs using monthly EPU data ranging from January 1997 to April 2020. The relationship between the EPU pairs is examined in terms of Engle-Granger and threshold cointegrations. The findings provide evidence of long-run threshold cointegration and that the adjustments towards the long-run equilibrium position are asymmetric in the short run for the China-India and India-Japan EPU pairs in M-TAR specification with nonzero threshold values. Also, the results suggest a unidirectional causal relationship between China-India, China-Japan, and India-Korea EPU pairs in the long and short run using the spectral frequency domain causality approach. However, a bidirectional causal relationship between China-Korea, India-Japan, and Japan-Korea pairs exists in the long and short run. Therefore, the findings provide some clues to economic policymakers within the Asian subregion for possible policy uncertainty synergies and spillovers among the Asian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the impact of cyclical activity of GDP on employment in the Republic of Croatia in the period from 2000 to 2020. According to the prevailing economic paradigm, employment growth follows GDP growth in the long run, but cyclical changes in GDP are also an important factor in monitoring economic developments and require adjustments by economic policy makers in the short term. Okun's law, based on the natural unemployment rate, is often used as a guide for the purpose of determining corrective economic policy measures. In practice, the unemployment rate is not a particularly reliable labour market variable, so this study sought to empirically examine how cyclical GDP activity affects a much more reliable labour market variable - the number of employed. Empirical studies of the impact of the income gap on employment are very rare compared to those dealing with the impact of GDP growth on employment, so this study on the example of the Republic of Croatia aimed to show that employment elasticity with respect to income gap can serve as a measure of the impact of cyclical economic activity on the number of employees. Empirical analysis of the impact of the income gap on employment was conducted using the vector error correction model (VEC). The results of the analysis indicate a statistically significant impact of the cyclical component of GDP on cyclical employment in the Croatian economy and therefore the authors suggest that this approach should be used as a complementary to Okun's law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'We have kicked the can down the road once again – but we are running out of road.' – Rachel Kyte, Dean of Fletcher School at Tufts University. We, in our capacities as scientists, economists, governance and policy specialists, are shifting from warnings to guidance for action before there is no more 'road.' The science is clear and irrefutable; humanity is in advanced ecological overshoot. Our overexploitation of resources exceeds ecosystems' capacity to provide them or to absorb our waste. Society has failed to meet clearly stated goals of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Civilization faces an epochal crossroads, but with potentially much better, wiser outcomes if we act now. What are the concrete and transformative actions by which we can turn away from the abyss? In this paper we forcefully recommend priority actions and resource allocation to avert the worst of the climate and nature emergencies, two of the most pressing symptoms of overshoot, and lead society into a future of greater wellbeing and wisdom. Humanity has begun the social, economic, political and technological initiatives needed for this transformation. Now, massive upscaling and acceleration of these actions and collaborations are essential before irreversible tipping points are crossed in the coming decade. We still can overcome significant societal, political and economic barriers of our own making. Previously, we identified six core areas for urgent global action – energy, pollutants, nature, food systems, population stabilization and economic goals. Here we identify an indicative, systemic and time-limited framework for priority actions for policy, planning and management at multiple scales from household to global. We broadly follow the 'Reduce-Remove-Repair' approach to rapid action. To guide decision makers, planners, managers, and budgeters, we cite some of the many experiments, mechanisms and resources in order to facilitate rapid global adoption of effective solutions. Our biggest challenges are not technical, but social, economic, political and behavioral. To have hope of success, we must accelerate collaborative actions across scales, in different cultures and governance systems, while maintaining adequate social, economic and political stability. Effective and timely actions are still achievable on many, though not all fronts. Such change will mean the difference for billions of children and adults, hundreds of thousands of species, health of many ecosystems, and will determine our common future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a study of the history of the transplant of mathematical tools using negative feedback for macroeconomic stabilisation policy from 1948 to 1975 and the subsequent break of the use of control for stabilisation policy which occurred from 1975 to 1993. New-classical macroeconomists selected a subset of the tools of control that favoured their support of rules against discretionary stabilisation policy. The Lucas critique and Kydland and Prescott's time-inconsistency were over-statements that led to the "dark ages" of the prevalence of the stabilisation-policy-ineffectiveness idea. These over-statements were later revised following the success of the Taylor rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the spillovers from changes in public sector wages and employment on private sector wages. Using a panel VAR model, we show that changes in public sector wages have a greater effect on private sector wages than changes in public sector employment. We motivate our analysis using the Economic Adjustment Program for Greece, and a simple theoretical model. The empirical validity of these effects is verified through a series of robustness tests. These results have important implications on the evaluation of the recent EU Economic Adjustment Programs and the future design of Internal Devaluation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological civilisation construction is a strategy for regional sustainable development based on a regional system of human-land relations. The comprehensive measurement and regional differentiation in construction levels are the key issues of ecological civilisation construction. This study aims to build 35 index systems that coalesce on four aspects: ecological economic adjustment and operation, ecological and social development and progress, ecological resources and environmental security, and ecological institutional and cultural awareness. We measured and evaluated the level of ecological civilisation construction of 329 cities (prefecture-level cities, autonomous prefectures and leagues) in 2018 using a comprehensive evaluation system and a spatial autocorrelation method to assess spatial differences in the level of ecological civilisation construction across China. This approach takes 'the humanities-economic geography' comprehensive perspective and uses a GWR (geographically weighted regression) model to analyse 10 influencing factors. Results show that: 1) the level of ecological construction can be divided into five types: higher, high, medium, low, and lower levels, according to the evaluation score. The five types are spindle-shaped in quantity and there is a significant imbalance in their spatial distribution, mainly trending from the southeast coast to the northwest. The land is decreasing, and the southern region is higher in level than the northern region. 2) The results of the spatial autocorrelation method show obvious spatial differences in ecological civilisation construction across China and that the level of ecological civilisation construction is positively autocorrelated. From east to west, the hot zone gradually transitions to a cold zone. A high-high type is mainly distributed in eastern coastal cities of China, and the number of high-low and low-high types are small. The low-low type is mainly distributed in the northwestern and northeastern regions. 3) The effect of influencing factors is heterogeneous in their spatial distribution, and the abundance of ecological resources is the most influential factor. According to the main influencing factors, each region should adhere to the principle of differentiation according to local conditions when choosing its ecological civilisation construction path and establishing an assessment mechanism. This study provides a scientific basis for enriching the regional level measurement of ecological civilisation construction, clarifying the current level of ecological civilisation construction in China, and implementing the regional differentiation path of ecological civilisation construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]