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The crisis that the Greek economy went through during the decade 2010-2020 had certain characteristics, which are worth studying, since they can be exploited in the future. The structural characteristics and weaknesses of the Greek economy are mentioned in the literature among the main factors that caused the economic crisis or did not allow a quick "exit" from it. The effectiveness of the interventions that seek to stimulate economic development depends to a large extent on the understanding of the general characteristics of the economy and mainly of the interconnections of the productive sectors. The study of some of the structural characteristics of the Greek economy during the 2nd period of the crisis, i.e. the period 2015-2020, is the aim of this article. Initially, the evolution of some basic macroeconomic features of the Greek economy is analyzed. Then, occurred structural changes during the above period are calculated using the Input-Output (I-O) Tables of the years 2015 and 2020, which provide a satisfactory framework for describing the interconnections between productive sectors of an economy. The analysis of the structural elements of the Greek economy during the period of the economic crisis can provide important information to be used for a successful future implementation of economic development policies. In particular, the information provided by the I-O Analysis is particularly important, since it satisfactorily describes the interconnection and operation of the productive sectors of the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study highlights Algeria's social security system and the challenges it faces in light of economic changes. Through this paper, we will attempt to diagnose the various factors that disrupt the social protection system in general, with a focus on the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study's findings reveal that Algeria's social protection system relies on funding from workers' contributions and state contributions. However, the latter is impacted by various economic changes, particularly since the state heavily depends on revenue from oil exports. This necessitates the exploration of new funding sources to mitigate the impact of volatile oil prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural policy is one of the key public policies and has a significant impact on farmers as well as on the population living in rural areas. The policy comprises various development goals and represent the starting point for the adoption of regulations that have a direct impact on agricultural producers and their lives. The paper first analyzes the current agricultural policy in Serbia. The second part of the paper is dedicated to the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union, followed by an analysis of the level of harmonisation of the agricultural policy and regulations of the Republic of Serbia with the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union. Bearing in mind that the Common Agricultural Policy is currently undergoing transformation and that the implementation of new measures is expected from 2023, it is analysed how this change will affect Serbia in the coming years, given that the new Agriculture Strategy is to be adopted as the current one expires in 2024. The paper specifically analyzes how measures for environmental protection and climate change will affect the lives of the rural population. Introduction and implementation of new and increasingly complex measures, such as new ways of agricultural production, soil cultivation, reduced use of pesticides and artificial fertilizers, as well as greater representation of organic production bring significant benefits to the environment and contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and to climate change mitigation. Until now, farmers have been expected to change their former traditional approaches to agricultural production, among which the burning crop residues stands out as important for the environment, and in the future the greater demands will be placed on farmers, especially having in mind climate change mitigation and adaptation measures. As the paper concludes, the key role in this process must be played by the farmers themselves, who are expected to change, often traditional patterns of production and living in rural areas.

Copyright of Issues in Ethnology Anthropology is the property of Issues in Ethnology Anthropology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Spatial restructuring and regional economic development are closely associated with sustainability. Despite the considerable literature on urbanization's impact on sustainable economic development and urban expansion, few studies have explored how FDI-led spatial restructuring affects the sustainability from a local people perspective. To fill this gap, in-depth interviews were conducted with 516 residents of Aras special economic zones in Iran to assess the impacts and responses to economic shifts and spatial restructuring resulting from the Belt and Road Initiative since 2013. Using the DPSIR framework and sustainability index as an evaluation tool, we assessed the degree of sustainability and viable uplift at the regional level. The Genetic Algorithm (GA) was also utilized to determine optimal values based on local approaches. Results indicate that regional heterogeneity, excessive state pressure, and development imbalances impact the study area. The findings enrich the theory of sustainability and can guide the formulation of spatial restructuring, decision-making, and policies at different stages of regional development. In addition to financial progress, people-centered development planning using local approaches should be a component of the development of special economic zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Families in Indonesia experienced changes and economic pressures in the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic. This research is very important to know the full picture of family resilience in Indonesia, especially in the economic aspect. This study analyzes economic changes, coping strategies, and their effects on subjective family welfare at the pandemic's start. Data were collected through a Family Condition Survey, carried out specifically through online media, for 14 days in 34 provinces. The unit of analysis in this study is the family, that is married couples who have or do not have children, with a total sample of 20,680 respondents. This study conducted univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses using Cross Tabulation, Chi-Square Test and Binary Logistic Regression with Odds Ratio. The results of the study show that there are worsening economic changes, such as working conditions, finances and food adequacy. In this case, environmental factors are the family's socioeconomic and financial conditions (education, income, employment), which are still the main factors and significantly influence the subjective well-being of the family. However, the subjective welfare of families in Indonesia is still quite good; most families are still happy, remain grateful, and communicate well. Coping strategies in managing family finances, such as saving and using savings, are the most widely used. However, these efforts are constrained by low family income and increased additional needs during the pandemic. There is a need for further research that can fully describe post-pandemic family economic coping strategies in the last 12 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the developments in Boglárlelle from 1978 to 1991, contextualised within the economic development of present-day Balatonboglár and Balatonlelle. It describes the economic changes of the towns over the centuries, the circumstances and the process of their union and separation. Last but not least, it briefly exploresthe developmentsthat followed their independence in 1991, in an attempt to create a tourist industry that was adapted to the conditions of a modern market economy. In my research,I used literature, contemporary press materials, archival and museum sources, and statistics to learn about the major developments and economic changes of the period of nearly 13 years of Boglárlelle. As a result of the research, I put into context the 13-year common period of Balatonlelle and Balatonboglár and the developments of this period. I found that in 1978, the year of their union, Balatonboglár and Balatonlelle had different economic roles in the region apart from tourism, so the idea of their symbiotic development was well founded. However, while the aggregate figures for the common period (population growth, significant public utility development, etc.) showed progress, the figuresfor the individual areas of Lelle and Boglárshow significant inequalities. The study has demonstrated the relevance of the concept of forced marriage as a characteristic of Boglárlelle, which is also confirmed by the new developments in the independent towns after the separation in 1991. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Impact of Global Economic Changes on Lithuanian Business Services Sector" published in the Vilnius University Proceedings explores the influence of global economic changes on business service centers in Lithuania. The study aims to analyze the business model of service centers, reasons for their popularity, and the impact of global economic changes on their operational efficiency. The research involves analyzing trends in business service centers, identifying global factors affecting companies, and conducting an expert survey to evaluate financial and macroeconomic indicators. Key indicators for assessing performance include profitability ratios, equity-to-capital ratio, and factors like IT development conditions and foreign investments. [Extracted from the article]

The author writes about political and socio-economic changes in Bijeljina from 1945 to 1953. After the Second World War, the area of Bijeljina was part of the Tuzla District. Since 1949, Bijeljina has been an integral part of the Tuzla region, and since 1952, it has been one of the 66 districts of the People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The area of Bijeljina consisted of the District of Bijeljina and the City of Bijeljina. After the Second World War, the new government faced many problems: lack of adequate communication between lower and higher authorities, organization and accommodation of counties, feeding the population, buying grain, sowing, repatriation of refugees, assistance to the disabled, health problems, education, etc. In the 1945 election campaign, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ) prevented the participation of civic parties in various ways. The regime spied on its political and ideological opponents. Citizens were afraid that they would be arrested as "enemies of the people" and punished. Numerous opponents of the Popular Front were removed from the voter lists. The first elections in the socialist of Yugoslavia were held on November 11, 1945. In the elections, they voted for the list of the Popular Front and the box without the list ("blank box"). The list of the Popular Front, which also included "verified" members of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, won convincingly. In the Bijeljina district, 27,018 voters were registered to vote. 25,188 or 93.23% of the total number of registered voters voted. Candidate of the People's Front for the Federal Assembly of the Yugoslavia from the Bijeljina District, dr. Vojislav Kecmanović received 24,419 votes (96.95%), while the box without a list won 769 votes (3.05%). The list of the Popular Front for the Assembly of Peoples of the Yugoslavia was also "convincing" in these elections. The list won 24,457 votes or 97.10% of the total number of voters who went to the polls, while the box without the list won 731 votes or 2.90%. In the total population of Bijeljina, women were more numerous than men and made up 52.24% of the population of the District and 52.29% of the population of the City. Women played an important role in the socio-economic, cultural and educational life of Bijeljina. Bosniaks, Serbs, Croats and members of other nations lived together in the area of Bijeljina, and the number of inhabitants was continuously increasing. In 1948 there were 77,482 inhabitants and in 1953, 86,865 inhabitants which was an increase of 9,383 persons or 11.49%. Serbs made up the majority in Bijeljina County (80%) and Bosniaks in Grad (52%). He is in Bijeljina, in 1948, there were 51,031 persons or 65.86% of the population without education, 24,160 persons or 31.18% with completed primary school, and 1,649 persons or 2.13% of the population with lower secondary school. 565 persons or 0.73% had completed secondary school, and 73 persons or 0.09% of the population of Bijeljina had completed college and university. There were 32,522 women or 63.73% of the total number of persons without education and 18,509 men or 36.27% without education. In addition, the literacy of the population was at a very low level. As many as 22,139 or 37.76% of people over the age of nine were illiterate. In the area of Bijeljina, in the period 1945-1953. year, the number of primary schools increased from 34, 1946, to 53, 1953. In addition to primary schools, there were other schools: Teacher's, Gymnasium, Agricultural High School. With such a population structure in Bijeljina, the reconstruction and the first five-year plan were carried out very ambitiously. Significant economic changes were made in this period (1945-1953). These changes are visible in the field of crafts, trade, catering, agriculture.

Introduction: December 2019 marked the beginning of the outbreak of the coronavirus, a disease that began in China and the city of Wuhan, the capital of Hubei Province, and soon spread rapidly, involving individuals and health organizations. Finally, on March 11, the head of the World Health Organization identified coronavirus as a pandemic disease, and the world entered a new phase in the fight against the disease. In this article, we are going to discuss the changes in health behaviors, demographic and economic changes..

Copyright of Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society / Prace Komisji Geografii Przemyslu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego is the property of Press of Pedagogical University of Cracow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to organizational, technological and other changes occurring in the medium and large production systems in conditions of economic contraction. The article states the limitations of external factors which determine the functioning and development dynamics of industrial enterprises.

Copyright of Croatica et Slavica Iadertina is the property of University of Zadar, Department of Croatian & Slavic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia is the property of Wydawnictwo SGGW and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

After a long period of growth, the Greek economy in 2008 tipped into recession, which lasted at the period 2008-2018 and still affects the economic recovery of the country, which appeared relatively slow due to the magnitude or the characteristics of the economic problem and the unsuccessful strategies adopted and implemented. This paper studies the evolution of the fundamental macroeconomic measures of the Greek economy and detects the key changes that have occurred during that period on data from the Input - Output Tables of the years 2010 and 2015. which provide a satisfactory context for describing the interconnections of productive sectors of an economy. The study aims to provide insights about the structural characteristics of the Greek economy, the profound knowledge of which contributes to the successful implementation of economic development policies and to the interconnection of its productive sectors, given that the intensification of relations between the productive sectors of an economy is a critical factor for a growth prospect and the expansion of productive activity brought about by developmental actions. The overall approach drives to conclusions and strategy proposals aiming at economic growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STUDY OBJECTIVES This report describes an evaluation of the Massachusetts Smoke-Free Workplace Law. The main objectives were to: (1) assess the change in indoor air quality that occurred in a sample of hospitality venues pre and post the law; (2) determine compliance with the law after implementation; and (3) evaluate economic changes pre and post the law, including patronage, sales revenue, and employment rates.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the political role of the state borders in the Balkans has changed. Gradually they began to transform from barriers into zones of bilateral and multilateral cooperation. The common European integration includes the creation and development of Euro-regions. Within the context of reorganization of the new European space, geopolitical importance of South-East Europe has significantly upgraded. This fact reflects on the interests of the international community in security and development of this region. Despite that the Balkans constitute an indispensable part of the European continent, their incorporation into the new European architecture has been particularly difficult and problematic. They emerge as the most volatile and least integrated European region. There are significant variations among the countries concerning their territory, number of population, as well as the rate of the economic changes. The main forms of regional cooperation should be concentrated on the domains of transport, energy and communication infrastructure, trade and economic cooperation, environment and security. From this point of view, the economic growth and increase of living standard are the most important problems for all Balkan countries.

The work deals with the progressive system social and economic changes to be implemented in the given historical period in Georgia, which are based on the fundamentally different approaches to the economic policy. This is to lead an intensive rise in the population’s income and in the national production output, mass employment and will ensure the formation of an environment targeted to a long-term development of entrepreneurship. A special role for the social-economic development of a society is ascribed to the use of inclusive forms of entrepreneurship, which conditions, in turn, the necessity of the cooperation sector development – an important component of the modern economy. The cooperation projects proper have the viability and sustainability basis, which, together with economic selfgovernment, is conditioned by the high level of production concentration. Only by mass production (through reduction of prime cost, generation of added value in the uniform production cycle, constant, effective rather than impulsive operation). It would be possible to ensure competitive production and accumulation of a definite part of revenues from its sales for reproduction, without which the economic system development and the spill–over effects could not be achieved. Therefore, cooperation projects have objective bases of real viability and sustainability. The advantage of the given model consists in a complex nature of the main directions, ensuring thus the best conditions for approaching the optimum functioning of enterprises. The future of the Georgian village depends on the correct analysis and assessment of the key problems, without which the establishment of progressive views concerning its development and the working out of relevant projects would be impossible. The finding out of an organizational and legal form, most complying with the social and economic mission of the State in the village most prioritized in terms of the governmental support is of vital importance in the proper policy establishment. The work deals with the impact of agricultural cooperation and cooperative agro credit system on the entrepreneurial development of the population directly engaged in the agricultural sector and agricultural production. It also considers the major grounds for the development of agricultural cooperation in Georgia, describes the current economic state of the local agricultural production and rural population and makes an analysis of the increased migration causes and the organizational setup of agricultural activity. Thanks to analysis of the current social-economic state in Georgia and the experience of the successful countries, it is proved that the entrepreneurial activation of the population is best achievable by an active support of the cooperative sector, which will be directly reflected in the reforms to be implemented in the country regions and by using diverse forms of cooperation will enable mass employment of the population and intensive raising of national production output. A special and irreplaceable role of agricultural cooperation in overcoming rural poverty, in the stepping up of the entrepreneurial activity of the population and in implementing the complex process of forming a healthy middle class has been justified. The legal regulation of the agricultural cooperation process and the industrial regulations represent the main component identifying the organizational form of an agricultural cooperative, because the introduction of these rules proper creates an economic environment, in which a high degree of return of the labour resources of the population directly engaged in the agricultural production rather than the prospects of gaining dividends from the material resources contributed to the share fund represents the factor determining the rural entrepreneurial activity. The industrial regulations of the cooperative system represent the basis for minimizing the production risks, rising economic efficiency, stability and viability. The Georgian village owing to disregard and improper social-economic policy carried out for years has found itself in a very humble state. Under such conditions, the recovery by the complex and dissimilar system without the respective protective mechanisms and support is impracticable. Therefore, the establishment of a qualitatively new policy of inclusive social economic development in respect to existing circumstances is a must, for which the inside and outside poverty-determining factors should be identified and the mechanisms of overcoming them be worked out. For conducting a viable national policy should be categorically defined that the hard economic standing of the rural population at the current stage is a problem of special urgency and the national policy should be mostly based on the given reality. For this, the special impact of agricultural cooperation and of cooperative agro credit system on the country’s development should be adequately thought out, and the State should, like many developed countries, undertake and fulfil the coordinating, organizing and supporting function of the sustainable and forced development of this system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic changes in the Eastern bloc countries which currently belong to the European Union can be characterized as incredibly strong and important. In the process of catching up with the general development, some problems have been reduced. Unfortunately, other issues are starting to increase. The main aim of the present review is to show changes of the period 2003-2014 in major economic areas of these countries and also to point out potential sources of economic issues in the future.

Copyright of Iş, Güç: The Journal of Industrial Relations & Human Resources is the property of Is, Guc: The Journal of Industrial Relations & Human Resources and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper performs a comparative investigation of the effects of the Great Recession on the labour market structure and wage inequality in certain countries in Southern Europe (Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain). By exploring the intensity of the decline of middle-skill jobs during the years 2005-2013, which makes it possible to sketch what the labour market structure has set for itself (i.e., job polarisation, upgrading or neither), the objective is to relate these changes to wage inequality and its leading determinants. Through the Recentered Influence Function regression of the Gini index on EU-SILC data, Italy is compared to each selected country in order to evaluate how much of the spatial inequality gap is accounted for by the endowment in employee characteristics (composition effect) rather than the capability of each country’s labour market to reward these characteristics (wage structure) and, second, to identify those factors that are quantitatively more significant in making differentials. In brief, Italy is less unequal than the other Southern European countries. A larger amount of its “inequality advantage” depends on the wage structure. That is, the capacity of the country’s labour market in rewarding individual endowments is more important than the ways in which they are distributed across space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of authors have endorsed the view that community-based tourism (CBT) can improve the well-being of local communities through the generation of economic and social benefits. This study proposes a management model that may be employed to assist local communities develop ventures of this nature. The findings of a study of a relatively successful CBT venture on Marajó Island in the Brazilian Amazon were used in tandem with a review of the literature to build the model based on an action pathway approach. Semi-structured interviews were employed to identify the sequence of actions that occurred commencing when the CBT venture was first suggested to the present. The results indicate that participation, partnerships, encouragement and acquisition of skills are important elements in developing CBT. The study also found that transfer of ownership from an external actor to the community will only be successful if the community has the required management skills necessary to run the project as a commercial business. The model that emerged from this research has the ability to be widely used to assist communities embarking on CBT ventures. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Over the past 20 years, a number of regulatory efforts have been applied to improve air quality in the United States and specifically in New York State. These measures generally focused on mobile emissions through emissions controls and improved fuel quality, and controls on electricity generation to reduce emissions from older, uncontrolled electricity generation units (EGUs). In addition, economic drivers such as the major recession in 2007–2009 and the change in the relative costs of natural gas and coal also drove changes in the mixture of EGU technologies. To assess the effects of these changes and to define the baseline for future changes as the economy further decarbonizes through renewable electricity generation and electric vehicles, the concentrations of all pollutants measured at all regulatory monitoring sites in New York State were assessed for their trends. Trends were examined using seasonal-trend decomposition with local regression smoothing (STL), Mann-Kendall trend analysis with the Theil-Sen nonparametric slope estimation, and piecewise regression analysis to identify breakpoints in the slopes of the time series data. The concentrations of primary gaseous pollutants, CO, NO 2 , and SO 2 have decreased substantially in step with the declining emissions. PM 2.5 has substantially declined largely due to the reductions in particulate sulfate. However, in recent years, the rate of decline has diminished due to relatively constant or increasing particulate nitrate and secondary organic aerosol. O 3 has also generally increased at the urban sites likely as a result of reduced NOx emissions, while it declined or remained constant at the rural sites. Thus, the promulgated regulations assisted by the economic drivers have improved air quality, but additional actions will be needed to further reduce urban O 3 and PM 2.5. [Display omitted] • Concentrations trends of criteria pollutants measured across New York were assessed. • Multiple trend analyses were applied to assess regulatory and economic drivers. • SO 2 declined the most as a result of the closure of coal fired power plants. • NO 2 , CO, and PM 2.5 declined at lower rates. • Ozone increased at most monitoring sites indicating that they are VOC-limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the period after World War I, the state's interference in the relations of Civil Law and economic procedures was extremely limited. The commonly accepted understanding was that the price of the different commodities was regulated by the effect of demand and supply. Any intervening could only be temporary and in cases if a catastrophic circumstance occurred. As opposed to this, if these processes were so severe, that they affected the economic life due to their longitude and magnitude, then the need for regulation arose. The same thing occurred after World War I, which had a long-lasting effect on Civil Law, especially if we take the economic separation and the changes in the production and consumption processes into account. All of these made the appropriate regulation of the matter of prices a necessity. It can be assessed that the state proved to be extremely strict when it came to sharking profiteering cases in the economic life. The war and the following economic relations upstaged the individual needs. To protect the consumers, several actions deemed to be punishable, if certain ploys resulted in unfair profiteering incompatible with contemporary economic morals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the political role of the state borders in the Balkans has changed. Gradually they began to transform from barriers into zones of bilateral and multilateral cooperation. The common European integration includes the creation and development of Euro-regions. Within the context of reorganization of the new European space, geopolitical importance of South-East Europe has significantly upgraded. This fact reflects on the interests of the international community in security and development of this region. Despite that the Balkans constitute an indispensable part of the European continent, their incorporation into the new European architecture has been particularly difficult and problematic. They emerge as the most volatile and least integrated European region. There are significant variations among the countries concerning their territory, number of population, as well as the rate of the economic changes. The main forms of regional cooperation should be concentrated on the domains of transport, energy and communication infrastructure, trade and economic cooperation, environment and security. From this point of view, the economic growth and increase of living standard are the most important problems for all Balkan countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Former industrial suburbs, which are now the object of economic and functional transformations almost everywhere in Europe, are suitable testing grounds for implementing a more sustainable urban development. The case of the northern suburbs of Paris, which we will look at here, shows that there is no lack of political will or regulatory tools for imagining and planning this sustainable city. However, the social problems that affect these suburbs are a definite impediment to its realization.

This paper proposes an extension for feasibility assessment of residential energy (heat and electricity) supply solutions in an operational environment undergoing major changes. In order to improve the life cycle economy of the energy supply, the design has to accommodate technological, economic, and regulatory changes in operational environment over the long time. New elements must be included in feasibility assessments of energy supply to ensure consideration of future economic opportunities and risks. The extended feasibility assessment brings up the profitability of “future proofed” more sustainable solutions with lower risks related to utilization costs and with improved resale value preservation. The findings of systematic literature study were structured and clarified into a decision support matrix to guide the assessment process. The procedure was verified by identifying the optimal energy supply solution for a net-zero energy single-family house in Southern Finland. The verification demonstrated that the procedure provides new insights on the economy and the climate implications of the energy solutions.

After five years from the adoption of the Lineamientos, the Cuban model is going through its most profound transformation since the triumph of the Revolution. It is common in the literature to find comparisons using China and Vietnam as benchmarks for obvious reasons. This article tries to summarise the impact of US sanction in the conformation of the Cuban model, analyses the usefulness of the Asian experience and puts the current reform in the context of the restoration of ties with the United States. It concludes that the structural factors behind this unique model are now altered in many important ways and will be more so in the near future. Big implications are expected as a result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the problem of the workers co-operatives, a form of work organization which expanded very quickly in Brazil during the 90s. Its growth is seen in connection with the contemporary changes in technology and production that resulted in increasing rates of unemployment and in worse conditions of work to a large number of workers affected by different sorts of measures seeking for more flexibility and deregulation. The study underlines an interesting controversy about what these co-operatives mean to the workers: on the one side, there is the view according to which workers co-operatives represent real alternative in face of the present adversities; on the other side, there is the position that holds that, in the way they function in many cases, such co-operatives tend to appear as examples of the very deterioration of the conditions of work. Inspired by this debate, and based on interviews, the analysis covers eleven experiences in the cloth production sector of Santa Catarina. Two of those experiences, in the Greater Florianópolis area, are considered in more detail.

Copyright of Revue Française de Sociologie is the property of Presses de Sciences Po and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A política externa brasileira, de 1958 a 1998, atravessa três grandes períodos ou mudanças em suas orientações e formas de atuação. Numa primeira fase, herdada ainda do período anterior do imediato pós-guerra e mesmo anterior a ela, ela vive ainda o "paradigma Rio Branco", isto é, orienta-se basicamente e busca manter relações especiais com a principal potência hemisférica. No período do regime militar, assiste-se a uma ampliação do quadro de relacionamento externo, contemporaneamente a grandes mudanças na estrutura econômica do País. Na fase recente, finalmente, emerge a importância do multilateralismo econômico, no contexto da globalização. Essas inflexões são analisadas colocando-se lado a lado mudanças na conjuntura internacional e nas condições políticas e econômicas do País.Brazilian foreign policy has known three main shifts from 1958 to the present. Initially, confirming a trend confirmed in the aftermath of World War II but that was in place since the beginning of the century, the policy follows what could be called the "Rio Branco paradigm", that is the seach for a special relationship with United States. Afterwards, during the military dictatorship, the foreign policy enters a period of diversification of external relationships, in the framework of big changes in the economic basis of the country. More recently, arises the centrality of economic multilateralism for the continuing international insertion of Brazil, in the context of globalization. These inflexions are described together with discussions of the main changes in the international scenario and in the socioeconomic and political conditions of Brazil.

WORK PROPOSAL TO MAKE TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES COMPATIBLE - In this work the new national classification of economic activity is compared with the previous one, in order to use both of them. When the new and the former classification are compared conceptual and structural differences appear, mainly among the economic activities that have emerged in the last two decades. The new classification is more detailed, specially in the trade, reflecting an adaptation to the new productive system

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)