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Localized management based on multipoint measurements of crops and soil is expected to improve agricultural productivity. The difficulties with this process are as follows: it is time-consuming due to the many measurement points; it requires various sensors for various measurements; it can lead to unstable measurements due to sunlight and wind. To solve the above issues, the system we propose has the advantages of efficient measurements performed by a robot, various measurements performed through exchangeable sensor units, and stable measurements through protecting the crop from sunlight and wind. As a pilot study for the system, we conducted an experiment to simultaneously measure the crops and soil in a cabbage field. The robot achieved mobility in the field, >4 h of operation time, and the ability to obtain soil electrical conductivity measurements and crop imaging at 100 points. Furthermore, the stability of the measurement conditions within the sensor unit during the experiment was evaluated. Compared to the case without the covering, the illuminance became 280-fold stabler (standard deviation = 0.4 lx), and the wind-induced crop shaking became 20-fold lower (root mean square error of the image pixels = 0.5%). The potential impacts of this research include high reproducibility because of the shareable sensor unit and the expectation of new discoveries using precise indoor sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene (GR) has engrossed immense research attention as an emerging carbon material owing to its enthralling electrochemical (EC) and physical properties. Herein, we debate the role of GR-based nanomaterials (NMs) in refining EC sensing performance toward bioanalytes detection. Following the introduction, we briefly discuss the GR fabrication, properties, application as electrode materials, the principle of EC sensing system, and the importance of bioanalytes detection in early disease diagnosis. Along with the brief description of GR-derivatives, simulation, and doping, classification of GR-based EC sensors such as cancer biomarkers, neurotransmitters, DNA sensors, immunosensors, and various other bioanalytes detection is provided. The working mechanism of topical GR-based EC sensors, advantages, and real-time analysis of these along with details of analytical merit of figures for EC sensors are discussed. Last, we have concluded the review by providing some suggestions to overcome the existing downsides of GR-based sensors and future outlook. The advancement of electrochemistry, nanotechnology, and point-of-care (POC) devices could offer the next generation of precise, sensitive, and reliable EC sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Localized management based on multipoint measurements of crops and soil is expected to improve agricultural productivity. The difficulties with this process are as follows: it is time-consuming due to the many measurement points; it requires various sensors for various measurements; it can lead to unstable measurements due to sunlight and wind. To solve the above issues, the system we propose has the advantages of efficient measurements performed by a robot, various measurements performed through exchangeable sensor units, and stable measurements through protecting the crop from sunlight and wind. As a pilot study for the system, we conducted an experiment to simultaneously measure the crops and soil in a cabbage field. The robot achieved mobility in the field, >4 h of operation time, and the ability to obtain soil electrical conductivity measurements and crop imaging at 100 points. Furthermore, the stability of the measurement conditions within the sensor unit during the experiment was evaluated. Compared to the case without the covering, the illuminance became 280-fold stabler (standard deviation = 0.4 lx), and the wind-induced crop shaking became 20-fold lower (root mean square error of the image pixels = 0.5%). The potential impacts of this research include high reproducibility because of the shareable sensor unit and the expectation of new discoveries using precise indoor sensors.

Graphene (GR) has engrossed immense research attention as an emerging carbon material owing to its enthralling electrochemical (EC) and physical properties. Herein, we debate the role of GR-based nanomaterials (NMs) in refining EC sensing performance toward bioanalytes detection. Following the introduction, we briefly discuss the GR fabrication, properties, application as electrode materials, the principle of EC sensing system, and the importance of bioanalytes detection in early disease diagnosis. Along with the brief description of GR-derivatives, simulation, and doping, classification of GR-based EC sensors such as cancer biomarkers, neurotransmitters, DNA sensors, immunosensors, and various other bioanalytes detection is provided. The working mechanism of topical GR-based EC sensors, advantages, and real-time analysis of these along with details of analytical merit of figures for EC sensors are discussed. Last, we have concluded the review by providing some suggestions to overcome the existing downsides of GR-based sensors and future outlook. The advancement of electrochemistry, nanotechnology, and point-of-care (POC) devices could offer the next generation of precise, sensitive, and reliable EC sensors.

Looking to the toxicity quotient of lithium for human well being, a simple electrochemical sensor based on self assembled monolayer with physically adsorbed 6,6'‐dibenzyl‐14‐crown‐4 ether onto a screen printed gold sensor electrode is proposed, where changein voltammetric current signal of redox probe as a mediator, is the basis of transducer. The sensor is responsive to 0.1 mM to 2.5 mM lithium and selective over potassium, calcium and large excess of sodium in solution. The system is promising for real‐time selective recognition of lithium in a label free assay and for point‐of‐care lithium level monitoring in clinical and biomedical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart sensing is a prerequisite to information sharing in intelligent manufacturing where online measurements of multiple parameters are essential to infer system properties for process analysis and product-quality control. This paper presents methods to develop a novel eddy-current (EC) sensor capable of simultaneously measuring multiple parameters of a nonferrous electrically conductive workpiece (WP). Unlike traditional EC-sensors that base principles on lumped-parameter impedance or voltage change, the proposed method (referred to here as a multiparameter EC-sensor) directly measures the EC-generated magnetic flux density (MFD) to determine the displacement, thickness, and electrical conductivity of the WP. Specifically, an analytical model that characterizes the impedance and MFD field generated by the induced EC is presented, from which the design criteria for developing a multiparameter EC-sensor are established. The proposed methods, along with a prototype MFD-based EC sensor, have been validated and evaluated experimentally for simultaneous distance and thickness measurements and conductivity estimation of a titanium thin-walled WP in a lathe-turning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As continues attacks in the world from terrorists countries warning us to be aware of those such attacks like Explosive attacks, hijacks etc., which will cause huge damage to the life and property in all over the world. Among these explosive attacks is most effective to life and wealth of a country. To overcome such attacks and to save the life intense researches has done to know the characterization of the explosives, Detection Methods are also improvised. To save our next generation and escape from threats a new detection methodology has been implemented to detect the explosives at all places and the proposed system is called "Wireless Explosive detection Land Rover using ECS". In this system chemical sensors, Quartz sensors etc., are used on the motes. By using the RF Camera a continuous surveillance can be done throughout the places like malls, rooms, houses, streets, etc., if any explosive is detected then without any delay the explosive location and timeout to explode and area that effect if explode details will be sent to the Police control room to diffuse the explode device with in time. A message will also be sent to the nearby hospitals to rescue the people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Following the development of a dual-sensor horizontal penetrometer for the simultaneous measurements of soil water content and strength, an electrical conductivity (EC) sensor with a 4-ring Wenner-array was incorporated into the cone of the horizontal penetrometer. In order to overcome the cross-modulation of signals from water content and EC sensors, two filters with specific pass-bands were connected in each circuitry. Both laboratory calibration and field test were conducted, and the experimental results showed that the improved technique could provide more informative data to interpret soil physical conditions at field-scale. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The authors consider the detection of cracks appearing close to the rivets in ageing riveted lap joints of aircraft structures, using the eddy current (EC) technique. As the presence of the rivets perturbs the interpretability of the defect EC signatures, the authors propose to fuse the data provided by oriented field EC sensors used in different operating modes. Different fusion rules are considered and the performances of defect detection are then characterized with receiver operating characteristic curves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]