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The explicit solution of the initial value problem is obtained for a SASE FEL (self-amplified spontaneous emission free electron laser) operating with a large ratio of electron beam emittance to the reduced wavelength, ϵ ˆ = 2 π ϵ / λ ≫ 1 . The output power and the degree of transverse coherence are explicitly calculated for a high-gain linear regime. The degree of coherence is shown to be dependent on the ratio of the number of FEL gain lengths to the parameter ϵ ˆ . In particular, in the multi-mode limit the radiation from a SASE FEL has by the squared number of gain lengths higher degree of transverse coherence than a synchrotron radiation generated by a beam with the same emittance. An estimate for the degree of coherence of the radiation from X-ray SASE FEL at saturation is presented.

Present bunch compression scheme at the VUV FEL at DESY is essentially nonlinear and naturally results in the formation of a short, high-current leading peak (spike) in the density distribution that produces FEL radiation. The main feature of the considered mode of operation is the production of short, down to 20 fs radiation pulses with GW-level peak power and contrast of 80%.

Phase 1 of the vacuum ultra-violet (VUV) free-electron laser (FEL) at the TESLA Test Facility (TTF) recently concluded operation. It successfully demonstrated the saturation of a SASE FEL in the in the wavelength range of 80-120 nm. We present a posteriori start-to-end numerical simulations of this FEL. These simulations are based on the programs Astra and elegant for the generation and transport of the electron distribution. An independent simulation of the intricate beam dynamics in the magnetic bunch compressor is performed with the program CSRtrack. The SASE FEL process is simulated with the code FAST. From our detailed simulations and the resulting phase space distribution at the undulator entrance, we found that the FEL was driven only by a small fraction (slice) of the electron bunch. This "lasing slice" is located in the head of the bunch, and has a peak current of approximately 3 kA. A strong energy chirp (due to the space charge field after compression) within this slice had a significant influence on the FEL operation. Our study shows that the radiation pulse duration is about 40 fs (FWHM) with a corresponding peak power of 1.5 GW. The simulated FEL properties are compared with various experimental data and found to be in excellent agreement., Comment: 25 pages, 19 figures

The aim of the present work is to investigate the influence of a tapered undulator on the main parameters of an free electron laser (FEL). The experiments were carried out at the Darmstadt FEL at an electron beam energy of 31 MeV and a wavelength of 7 μm . The effect of tapering depth on various important free electron laser characteristics such as the wavelength corresponding to the peak of the spectral distribution, the spectral width, the small signal gain and the electron energy extraction efficiency has been experimentally observed and quantitatively understood. It is shown for example that the wavelength shift is well described taking into account short pulse effects. Furthermore, for the first time, it has been found that for some values of the tapering depth the FEL efficiency exceeds that of the uniform undulator by more than 35% and 18% for negative and positive tapering, respectively. The experimental data of the spectral distributions for different tapering values are compared with predictions based on simulations for the interaction processes in the tapered undulator and with the experimental results recently obtained at the IR DEMO FEL at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility.

Re-examination of dogmatic “truths” can sometimes yield surprises. For years we were led to believe that famous Schwinger's formulas are directly applicable to describe synchrotron radiation from dipole magnet and even now no attention is usually paid to the region of applicability of these expressions. While such formulas are valid in order to describe radiation from a dipole in the X-ray range, their long-wavelength asymptote are not valid, in general. In the long-wavelength region, Schwinger's formulas must be analyzed from a critical viewpoint, and corrections must be discussed when one is looking for an application to CSR-based diagnostics. In this paper, we perform such a task by means of a consistent use of similarity techniques, discussing the limits of validity of Schwinger's formulas which arise from a finite magnet length, from a finite distance of the detector to the sources and from diffraction effects (due to the presence of vacuum pipe and aperture limitations).

VUV SASE FEL at the TESLA Test Facility (Phase 1) was successfully running and reached saturation in the wavelength range 80– 120 nm . We present a posteriori start-to-end simulations of this machine. The codes Astra and elegant are used to track particle distribution from the cathode to the undulator entrance. An independent simulation of the beam dynamics in the bunch compressor is performed with the code CSRtrack. SASE FEL process is simulated with the code FAST. Simulation results are in a good agreement with the measured properties of SASE FEL radiation.

In the limit for a large distance between bunch and detector and under the assumption that the entire process, i.e. radiation and detection, happens in vacuum, one can use the well-known Schwinger formulas in order to describe the single-particle radiation in the case of circular motion. Nevertheless, these formulas cannot be applied for particles moving in an arc of a circle. In this paper, we present a characterization of coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) pulses in the time-domain as they are emitted by an electron bunch moving in an arc of a circle. This can be used in order to give a quantitative estimation of the effects of a finite bending magnet extension on the characteristics of the CSR pulse.

In this paper, we discuss a method for non-destructive measurements of the longitudinal profile of sub-picosecond electron bunches for X-ray free electron lasers. The method is based on the detection of the coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) produced by a bunch passing through an undulator. Coherent radiation energy within a central cone turns out to be proportional, per pulse, to the square modulus of the bunch form-factor at the resonant frequency of the fundamental harmonic. An attractive feature of the proposed technique is the absence of any apparent limitation which would distort measurements. Indeed, the radiation process takes place in vacuum and is described by analytical formulae. CSR propagates to the detector placed in vacuum. Since CSR energy is in the range up to a fraction of mJ, a simple bolometer is used to measure the energy with a high accuracy. The proposed technique is very sensitive and it is capable of probing the electron bunches with a resolution down to a few microns.

An effective and practical technique based on the detection of the coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) spectrum can be used to characterize the profile function of ultra-short bunches. The CSR spectrum measurement has an important limitation: no spectral phase information is available, and the complete profile function cannot be obtained in general. In this paper we propose to use constrained deconvolution method for bunch profile reconstruction based on a priori-known information about formation of the electron bunch. Application of the method is illustrated with practically important example of a bunch formed in a single bunch-compressor. Downstream of the bunch compressor the bunch charge distribution is strongly non-Gaussian with a narrow leading peak and a long tail. The longitudinal bunch distribution is derived by measuring the bunch tail constant with a streak camera and by using a priory available information about profile function.

A nondestructive radiation detector unit is under construction at the TESLA Test Facility at DESY providing monitoring of the radiation (pulse energy, transverse intensity distribution, and statistical properties). The concept of the detector design is based on experience obtained during operation of TTF FEL, Phase 1. Key element of the detector is a wide dynamic range micro-channel plate (MCP) which detects scattered radiation from a thin gold wire crossing photon beam. Operating wavelength range of the detector is from 6 to 100 nm . An important feature of the MCP-based detector is that it is capable to cover all dynamic range of the radiation intensity, from the level of spontaneous emission up to the saturation level of SASE FEL.

In this paper, we study a possible microbunching instability in the TESLA Test Facility linac. A longitudinal space charge is found to be the main effect driving the instability. Analytical estimates show that initial perturbations of beam current in the range 0.5– 1 mm are amplified by a factor of a few hundred when the beam passes two bunch compressors. A method to suppress the instability is discussed.

It is shown that although the soft X-ray SASE FEL photon beam from undulator is in principle a single user tool, just like an optical laser, the optical distribution system based on multifacet reflectors provide efficient ways to generate a multi-user facility—very similar to present-day synchrotron radiation facilities. Multifacet reflectors involve multiple reflections from a series of plane mirrors. These make use of the principle of total external reflectance. The candidate mirror materials include C, Mo, and Si which should yield a reflectance of 40–80% for an arc angle of 90° in the wavelength range 6– 100 nm . Multifacet reflector arcs can be repeated a number of times to form a complete ring. In order to make efficient use of the new SASE FEL source, it is proposed to install this photon ring distribution system in the experimental hall of soft X-ray FEL laboratory. A few tens beam lines with different experiments can be served by a single FEL source. Using movable mirrors in each photon ring cell, it is possible to quickly switch the FEL photon beam from one experiment to the other, thus providing simultaneous multi-user capability.

A closer inspection of the statistical properties of the third-harmonic radiation from the SASE FEL reveals that it is possible to select single, temporary coherent radiation spikes by using a simple intensity trigger. A carefully designed optical system for splitting, delaying, filtering, and recombining the radiation would then allow time-resolved measurements with resolution down to the coherence time of the FEL, i.e. a few femtoseconds in the case of the TTF FEL.

Abstrac In this paper we describe the regeneration of electron bunches from the RF gun by back-reflected radiation from VUV SASE FEL at the TESLA Test Facility (TTF) at DESY. The SASE FEL was running at the wavelength 96 nm with 30-100 fs pulses, SASE pulse energy was up to 20 µJ. “Nominal” electron bunches for lasing were produced by RF gun with Cs2Te photocathode driven by UV quantum laser system. “Parasitic” bunches with a charge up to 1–1.5 nC were extracted from the RF gun due to VUV FEL radiation reflected from the mirror (placed downstream of the undulator) to the cathode. Nontrivial dependence of a charge on a SASE pulse energy was found. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 41.60. Cr; 52.75. M; 42.62. Cf

We analyze statistical properties of the radiation from a SASE FEL driven by short electron bunches. In the linear regime the radiation from a SASE FEL is a Gaussian random process. When approaching saturation point, statistical properties of the radiation change drastically on a scale of one field gain length. Particular attention is devoted to the analysis of fluctuations of total energy in the radiation pulse and after a narrow-band monochromator. It was found that fluctuations at saturation are significantly suppressed when electron pulse length becomes comparable with cooperation length.

We present a comprehensive analysis of coherence properties of radiation from a SASE FEL. The effective transverse correlation function is calculated by means of numerical simulations with the code FAST. This allows us to calculate the area and degree of transverse coherence. Evolution of these parameters is traced from the beginning of the undulator up to the deep nonlinear regime. It is shown that the degree of transverse coherence reaches maximum value at the saturation point. Then, it drops drastically because of poor transverse coherence of the radiation produced in the nonlinear regime.

In this paper, we consider a klystron-like mechanism of amplification of parasitic density modulations in an electron bunch passing a magnetic bunch compressor. Analytical expressions are derived for the small-signal gain. The effect of wakefields in front of the bunch compressor is analyzed by using a model of linear compression which assumes linear correlated energy chirp and linear dependence of a path length on energy deviation. Analysis of the density modulation growth due to coherent synchrotron radiation inside bends of the magnetic bunch compressor is done for the simplified case of no correlated energy chirp (no compression). Analytical results of this paper can be used for benchmarking numerical simulation codes.

New proposal of a fs X-ray facility, which is described in this paper, is based on the use of X-ray SASE FEL combined with a fs quantum laser. An ultrashort laser pulse is used for modulation of the energy and density of the electrons within a slice of the electron bunch at a frequency ωopt. The density modulation exiting the modulator (energy-modulation undulator and dispersion section) is about 10%. Following the modulator the beam enters an X-ray SASE FEL undulator, and is bunched at a frequency ω0. This leads to an amplitude modulation of the beam density at the sidebands ω0±ωopt. The sideband density modulation takes place at the part of the electron pulse defined by the duration of the seed laser pulse that is much shorter than the electron pulse. Following the SASE FEL undulator the beam and SASE radiation enter undulator section (radiator) which is resonant at the frequency ω0−ωopt. Because the beam has a large component of bunching at the sideband, coherent emission is copiously produced within fs slice of the electron bunch. Separation of the sideband frequency from the central frequency by a monochromator is used to distinguish the fs pulses from the sub-ps intense SASE pulses.

In this paper we describe the extension of the soft X-ray SASE FEL at the TESLA Test Facility (TTF) at DESY for generation of femtosecond pulses. The proposed scheme operates as follows. The first stage is a conventional FEL amplifier seeded by 523 nm external laser. A zero area optical pulse (i.e. the pulse with zero value of optical field in the central area of the pulse) is timed to overlap with the electron bunch. Radiation power is amplified up to the saturation level. Following the first stage the electron beam enters the main 6 nm SASE undulator. Large energy spread is induced in the significant fraction of the electron beam due to the FEL interaction process, and only a small part of the electron bunch (near the center of zero area light pulse) is able to produce radiation in the 6 nm SASE FEL. The SASE FEL described in this paper will provide soft X-ray pulses with 30 fs (FWHM) duration. On the basis of the TTF parameters it should be possible to achieve an average brilliance of 10 22 photons / s 1 / mrad 2 / mm 2 / (0.1% BW). The average number of photons can exceed 1012 photon/pulse.

In this paper, we describe the extention of the soft X-ray SASE FEL facility for two-color time-resolved experiments. A new type of pump–probe technique is proposed which is based on the use of soft X-ray SASE FEL combined with an fs quantum laser. An ultrashort laser pulse is used for modulation of the energy and density of the electrons within a slice of the electron bunch at a frequency ωopt. The density modulation exiting the modulator (energy-modulation undulator and dispersion section) is about 10%. Following the modulator the beam enters an X-ray SASE FEL undulator, and is bunched at a frequency ω0. This leads to an amplitude modulation of the beam density at the sidebands ω0±ωopt. The sideband density modulation takes place at the part of the electron pulse defined by the duration of the seed laser pulse that is much shorter than the electron pulse. Following the SASE FEL undulator the beam and SASE radiation enter undulator section (radiator) which is resonant at the frequency ω0−ωopt. Because the beam has a large component of bunching at the sideband, coherent emission is copiously produced within fs slice of the electron bunch. Separation of the sideband frequency from the central frequency by a time-compensated monochromator is used to distinguish the fs pulses from the sub-ps intense SASE pulses. Finally, the fs soft X-ray pulses are combined with optical pulses generated in the seed laser system. In the proposed scheme for pump–probe experiments, fs soft X-ray pulse is naturally synchronized with his fs optical pulse and cancel jitter.

In this paper we consider a possible mechanism of strong distortions of longitudinal phase space due to collective effects in an electron bunch passing a bunch compressor. Analytical expressions are derived for the case of a linear compression. Estimates for the TESLA Test Facility at DESY are presented.

Recent advances in free-electron laser (FEL) physics and accelerator techniques led to the possibility of generating coherent X-ray radiation with self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) FEL. Despite the fact that the SASE FEL is capable of providing much higher peak brilliance than spontaneous synchrotron radiation sources, there is a great potential for improvements. The brilliance of the output radiation from the SASE FEL is mainly limited by the poor longitudinal coherence of the radiation. One of the approaches to obtain fully coherent X-ray radiation uses frequency multiplication, a scheme known as the high-gain harmonic generation (HGHG) FEL. In the HGHG FEL the radiation output is derived from a coherent subharmonic laser seed pulse. Consequently, the optical properties of the HGHG FEL are expected to reflect the characteristics of the high-quality seed laser. This paper is devoted to the investigation of the physical processes in the HGHG FEL. Our studies have shown that the frequency multiplication process produces noise degradation proportional at least to the square of the frequency multiplication factor. This prevents operation of HGHG FEL at a very short wavelength range.

The exact solution of the eigenvalue equation for a high-gain FEL derived in Xie (Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 445 (2000) 59) is generalized in order to include the space charge effects. This solution is valid not only for natural undulator focusing, but also for alternating-gradient focusing under some condition that is presented. At such, the obtained solution includes all the important effects in the system of axially homogeneous electron beam and undulator: diffraction, betatron motion, energy spread, space charge and frequency detuning. It is valid for ground TEM 00 mode as well as for high-order modes and can be used for calculation of high-gain FEL amplifiers operating in the wavelength regions from far infrared down to X-ray. In addition, a computationally efficient approximate solution for TEM 00 mode is derived providing high accuracy (better than 1% in the whole range of parameters). It can be used for quick optimization of FEL amplifiers.

The semiconductor industry growth is driven to a large extent by steady advancements in microlithography. According to the newly updated industry road map, the 70 nm generation is anticipated to be available in the year 2008. However, the path to get there is not clear. The problem of construction of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) quantum lasers for lithography is still unsolved: progress in this field is rather moderate and we cannot expect a significant breakthrough in the near future. Nevertheless, there is clear path for optical lithography to take us to sub-100 nm dimensions. Theoretical and experimental work in Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) Free Electron Lasers (FEL) physics and the physics of superconducting linear accelerators over the last 10 years has pointed to the possibility of the generation of high-power optical beams with laser-like characteristics in the EUV spectral range. Recently, there have been important advances in demonstrating a high-gain SASE FEL at 100 nm wavelength (J. Andruszkov, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (2000) 3821). The SASE FEL concept eliminates the need for an optical cavity. As a result, there are no apparent limitations which would prevent operating at very short wavelength range and increasing the average output power of this device up to 10-kW level. The use of super conducting energy-recovery linac could produce a major, cost-efficient facility with wall plug power to output optical power efficiency of about 1%. A 10-kW scale transversely coherent radiation source with narrow bandwidth (0.5%) and variable wavelength could be excellent tool for manufacturing computer chips with the minimum feature size below 100 nm. All components of the proposed SASE FEL equipment (injector, driver accelerator structure, energy recovery system, undulator, etc.) have been demonstrated in practice. This is guaranteed success in the time-schedule requirement.

22nd International Free Electron Laser Conference and 7th FEL Users Workshop, Durham, United States, 13 Aug 2000 - 18 Aug 2000; Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research / A 475(1-3), 368 - 372 (2001). doi:10.1016/S0168-9002(01)01541-8, This paper presents the conceptual design of a high power radiation source with laser-like characteristics in the ultraviolet spectral range at the TESLA Test Facility (TTF). The concept is based on the generation of radiation in a regenerative FEL amplifier (RAFEL). The RAFEL described in this paper covers a wavelength range of 200–400 nm and provides 200 fs pulses with 2 mJ of optical energy per pulse. The linac operates at 1% duty factor and the average output radiation power exceeds 100 W. The RAFEL will be driven by the spent electron beam leaving the soft X-ray FEL, thus providing minimal interference between these two devices. The RAFEL output radiation has the same time structure as the X-ray FEL and the UV pulses are naturally synchronized with the soft X-ray pulses from the TTF FEL. Therefore, it should be possible to achieve synchronization close to the duration of the radiation pulses (200 fs) for pump-probe techniques using either an UV pulse as a pump and soft X-ray pulse as a probe, or vice versa., Published by North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam

The TESLA Test Facility (TTF) at DESY is a facility producing sub-picosecond electron pulses for the generation of VUV or soft X-ray radiation in a free electron laser (FEL). The same electron pulses would also allow the direct production of high-power coherent radiation by passing the electron beam through an undulator. Intense, coherent far-infrared (FIR) undulator radiation can be produced from electron bunches at wavelengths longer than or equal to the bunch length. The source described in this paper provides, in the wavelength range 50– 300 μm , a train of about 1– 10 ps long radiation pulses, with about 1 mJ of optical energy per pulse radiated into the central cone. The average output power can exceed 50 W . In this conceptual design, we intend to use a conventional electromagnetic undulator with a 60 cm period length and a maximum field of 1.5 T . The FIR source will use the spent electron beam coming from the VUV FEL which allows one to significantly extend the scientific potential of the TTF without interfering with the main option of the TTF FEL operation. The pulses of the coherent FIR radiation are naturally synchronized with the VUV pulses from the main TTF FEL, enabling pump-probe techniques using either the FEL pulse as a pump or the FIR pulse as a probe, or vice versa.

In this paper we analyze the process of the formation of transverse coherence of radiation from a self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) FEL. It is shown that in the high-gain linear regime the degree of transverse coherence approaches unity asymptotically as z −1 , but not exponentially, as one would expect from a simple physical assumption that the transverse coherence is established due to the transverse mode selection. It has been found that even after finishing the transverse mode selection process the degree of transverse coherence of the radiation from SASE FEL visibly differs from unity. This is a consequence of the interdependence of the longitudinal and transverse coherence. The SASE FEL has poor longitudinal coherence which develops slowly with the undulator length thus preventing a full transverse coherence.

The present paper contains the results of optimization of the free electron laser for the gamma–gamma collider at TESLA. A superconducting linear accelerator, similar to the TTF (TESLA Test Facility) accelerator, produces a driving electron beam for the FEL. The MOPA FEL scheme is studied when the radiation from a master oscillator is amplified in the FEL amplifier with tapered undulator. The FEL produces a radiation of TW level with a wavelength of 1 μm . Optimization of the FEL amplifier is performed with a three-dimensional, time-dependent simulation code FAST.

The semiconductor industry growth is driven to a large extent by steady advancements in microlithography. According to the newly updated industry road map, the 70 nm generation is anticipated to be available in the year 2008. However, the path to get there is not clear. The problem of construction of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) quantum lasers for lithography is still unsolved: progress in this field is rather moderate and we cannot expect a significant breakthrough in the near future. Nevertheless, there is clear path for optical lithography to take us to sub-100 nm dimensions. Theoretical and experimental work in Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) Free Electron Lasers (FEL) physics and the physics of superconducting linear accelerators over the last 10 years has pointed to the possibility of the generation of high-power optical beams with laser-like characteristics in the EUV spectral range. Recently, there have been important advances in demonstrating a high-gain SASE FEL at 100 nm wavelength (J. Andruszkov, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (2000) 3821). The SASE FEL concept eliminates the need for an optical cavity. As a result, there are no apparent limitations which would prevent operating at very short wavelength range and increasing the average output power of this device up to 10-kW level. The use of super conducting energy-recovery linac could produce a major, cost-efficient facility with wall plug power to output optical power efficiency of about 1%. A 10-kW scale transversely coherent radiation source with narrow bandwidth (0.5%) and variable wavelength could be excellent tool for manufacturing computer chips with the minimum feature size below 100 nm. All components of the proposed SASE FEL equipment (injector, driver accelerator structure, energy recovery system, undulator, etc.) have been demonstrated in practice. This is guaranteed success in the time-schedule requirement.

Theoretical and experimental work in free electron laser (FEL) physics, and the physics of particle accelerators over the last ten years has pointed to the possibility of the generation of MW-level optical beams with laser-like characteristics in the ultraviolet (UV) spectral range. The concept is based on generation of the radiation in the master oscillator – power FEL amplifier (MOPA) configuration. The FEL amplifier concept eliminates the need for an optical cavity. As a result, there are no thermal loading limitations to increase the average output power of this device up to the MW-level. The problem of a tunable master oscillator can be solved with available conventional quantum lasers. The use of a superconducting energy-recovery linac could produce a major, cost-effective facility with wall plug power to output optical power efficiency of about 20 per cent that spans wavelengths from the visible to the deep ultraviolet regime.

We describe an approach for developing the numerical simulation codes for the FEL amplifier with the homogeneous overmode waveguide. The radiation field are calculated using Green's function method. We start with the rigorous solutions for the eigenfunctions of a passive waveguide. Using these eigenfunctions, we find the Green's function. Finally, the Green's function is simplified using paraxial approximation. This algorithm of electromagnetic field calculation can be implemented in linear and nonlinear code for simulation of the waveguide FEL.

In order to get fully coherent radiation from the Free Electron Laser (FEL) amplifier starting from the shot noise, it is foreseen to implement a seeding option into the VUV FEL being under construction at DESY (DESY print TESLA-FEL 95-03, Hamburg, DESY, 1995, Seeding option for the VUV free electron laser at DESY: joint DESY and GKSS proposal; Available at DESY upon request only). It consists of an additional undulator, a bypass for electrons and an X-ray monochromator. This paper presents the results of optimization of the seeding option for the VUV FEL providing maximal spectral brightness at minimal shot-to-shot intensity fluctuations. Calculations are performed with three-dimensional, time-dependent simulation code FAST (Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 429 (1999) 233).

The present paper contains the results of optimization of the free electron laser for the gamma–gamma collider at TESLA. A superconducting linear accelerator, similar to the TESLA test facility (TTF) accelerator, produces a driving electron beam for the FEL. The MOPA FEL scheme is studied when the radiation from a master oscillator is amplified in the FEL amplifier with tapered undulator. The FEL produces the radiation of TW level with a wavelength of 1 μm . Optimization of the FEL amplifier is performed with three-dimensional, time-dependent simulation code FAST.

This report presents a fully three-dimensional study of the amplification process in the self amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) free electron laser. Investigations are based on the data obtained with the three-dimensional, time-dependent FEL simulation code FAST. Analysis of the data shows that the statistical properties of the radiation can be described with Gaussian statistics. In particular, fluctuations of the instantaneous radiation intensity at one space point follow the negative exponential law, while the finite-time integrals of the radiation intensity (both in space and in time) follow a gamma-distribution. Numerical examples presented in the paper correspond to the 70 nm SASE FEL under construction at the TESLA test facility at DESY.

This paper presents investigations of the longitudinal radiative force in an electron bunch moving in an undulator (wiggler). An analytical solution is obtained for a Gaussian longitudinal bunch profile. Radiative interaction of the particles in an intense microbunch induces a correlated energy spread in the electron beam. Numerical estimates presented in this paper show that this effect can be important for free electron lasers.

One possible extension of the FEL activity at DESY is connected with the installation of an additional FEL beamline providing tunable UV radiation with peak and average power of 220 GW and 7 kW, respectively. This report presents the feasibility study of a high-intensity, polarized, monochromatic gamma source at the TESLA Test Facility. Gamma quanta are produced in the process of Compton backscattering of the UV FEL radiation on 1 GeV electrons of the TTF accelerator. The ultimate intensity of the gamma source can reach a value up to 10 12 gamma quanta per second with a maximum energy of about 100 MeV. The energy resolution of the gamma source can be reduced down to a value of about 0.2%. Potential applications of the intense gamma source at the TESLA Test Facility are discussed as well.

In this report we briefly describe the three-dimensional, time-dependent FEL simulation code FAST. The equations of motion of the particles and Maxwell's equations are solved simultaneously taking into account the slippage effect. Radiation fields are calculated using an integral solution of Maxwell's equations. A special technique has been developed for fast calculations of the radiation field, drastically reducing the required CPU time. As a result, the developed code allows one to use a personal computer for time-dependent simulations. The code allows one to simulate the radiation from the electron bunch of any transverse and longitudinal bunch shape; to simulate simultaneously an external seed with superimposed noise in the electron beam; to take into account energy spread in the electron beam and the space charge fields; and to simulate a high-gain, high-efficiency FEL amplifier with a tapered undulator. It is important to note that there are no significant memory limitations in the developed code and an electron bunch of any length can be simulated.

In this paper we present a theoretical analysis of a recent SASE FEL experiment performed by a UCLA/LANL/RRCKI/SLAC team reporting on a high power gain of about 10 5 at the wavelength of 12 μ m. The region of physical parameters of this experiment (as well as of future X-ray FELs) does not allow one to apply available analytical techniques for a quantitative description of the results obtained. The analysis presented in this paper is based on the results produced by the three-dimensional, time-dependent FEL simulation code FAST. It is shown that, within the limit of accuracy of the experiment, the data obtained agree fully with the results of numerical simulations.

This paper presents a conceptual design of a regenerative FEL amplifier (RAFEL) as an extension of the single-pass free electron laser project at the TESLA test facility (TTF) at DESY. The proposed scheme requires the additional installation of only two optical components for a narrow-band feedback system and is fully compatible with the present design and the infrastructure developed for the TTF FEL project. It would allow to construct a tunable VUV laser with a minimum wavelength around 60 nm, a pulse duration of about 1 ps, a peak power of about 300 MW and an average power of about 25 W. The output radiation of the regenerative FEL amplifier would possess all the features which are usually associated with laser radiation: full transverse and longitudinal coherence and shot-to-shot stability of the output power. The degeneracy parameter of the output radiation would be about 10 14 and thus have the same order of magnitude as that of a quantum laser operating in the visible.

This paper presents the further development of the concept of an FEL-based driver for a commercial inertial confinement fusion reactor. We have shown that it is technically feasible to construct a laser system with the following parameters: laser light wavelength 0.5 μm, flash energy 4 MJ, repetition rate 10 pps and net efficiency 10%. It becomes possible due to the use of a novel scheme of optical power summation.

A possibility of constructing a high power ultraviolet free electron laser at the TESLA test facility at DESY is discussed. The proposed facility consists of a tunable master oscillator (P av ∼10 mW , P peak ∼10 kW , λ≃200–350 nm ) and an FEL amplifier with a tapered undulator. The average and peak radiation power at the exit of the FEL amplifier is about 7 kW and 220 GW, respectively. Installation of such a facility can significantly extend scientific potential of the TESLA test facility. The UV free electron laser can be used to construct a polarized, monochromatic gamma-source with the ultimate yield up to 10 12 gamma-quanta per second and the maximal energy of about 100 MeV. An intensive gamma-source can also form the base for constructing the test facility for the TESLA positron generation system. Another accelerator application of the proposed facility is verification of the main technical solutions for the laser and the optical system to be used in the gamma–gamma option of the TESLA collider. A high average power UV laser is also promising for industrial applications.

At the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) free electron laser in Hamburg (FLASH) an infrared (IR) beamline is being built to allow novel pump-and-probe experiments combining coherent IR pulses with the FEL radiation in the VUV spectral range. It will provide useful IR radiation generated by a purpose built undulator over the wavelength range from 200 μm to 10 μm and possibly even shorter. The commissioning of the beamline has started this summer and first light will be delivered to the experimental hall by autumn 2007. Another important application of the beamline will be electron diagnostics of the longitudinal charge distribution of the electron bunches.

This paper presents investigations of the longitudinal radiative force in an electron bunch. The model of the electron bunch assumes line density distribution. General formulae are obtained for the calculation of the radiative force in the bunch moving along an arbitrary small-angle trajectory. The case of a motion in an undulator (wiggler) has been studied in detail. Analytical solutions are obtained for a rectangular and for a Gaussian bunch shape. It is shown that the rate of the bunch energy loss due to the radiative interaction is equal to the power of the coherent radiation in the far zone. Numerical estimations presented in the paper show that the effects of induced energy spread due to the radiative interaction can be important for free electron lasers operating in the infrared wavelength range.

The paper presents analysis of statistical properties of the radiation from self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) free-electron laser operating in nonlinear mode. The present approach allows one to calculate the following statistical properties of the SASE FEL radiation: time and spectral field correlation functions, distribution of the fluctuations of the instantaneous radiation power, distribution of the energy in the electron bunch, distribution of the radiation energy after monochromator installed at the FEL amplifier exit and the radiation spectrum. It has been observed that the statistics of the instantaneous radiation power from SASE FEL operating in the nonlinear regime changes significantly with respect to the linear regime. All numerical results presented in the paper have been calculated for the 70 nm SASE FEL at the TESLA Test Facility under construction at DESY.

The paper presents comprehensive analysis of statistical properties of the radiation from self amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) free electron laser operating in linear mode. The investigation has been performed in a one-dimensional approximation, assuming the electron pulse length to be much larger than a coherence length of the radiation. The following statistical properties of the SASE FEL radiation have been studied: field correlations, distribution of the radiation energy after monochromator installed at the FEL amplifier exit and photoelectric counting statistics of SASE FEL radiation. It is shown that the radiation from SASE FEL operating in linear regime possesses all the features corresponding to completely chaotic polarized radiation.

The paper presents some analytical results of the theory of coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) describing the case of finite curved track length.

The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the statistical properties of the radiation from a self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) free electron laser operating in linear and nonlinear mode. The investigation has been performed in a one-dimensional approximation assuming the electron pulse length to be much larger than a coherence length of the radiation. The following statistical properties of the SASE FEL radiation have been studied in detail: time and spectral field correlations, distribution of the fluctuations of the instantaneous radiation power, distribution of the energy in the electron bunch, distribution of the radiation energy after the monochromator installed at the FEL amplifier exit and radiation spectrum. The linear high gain limit is studied analytically. It is shown that the radiation from a SASE FEL operating in the linear regime possesses all the features corresponding to completely chaotic polarized radiation. A detailed study of statistical properties of the radiation from a SASE FEL operating in linear and nonlinear regime has been performed by means of time-dependent simulation codes. All numerical results presented in the paper have been calculated for the 70 nm SASE FEL at the TESLA Test Facility being under construction at DESY.

A new nondestructive method for measurement of the longitudinal profile of subpicosecond electron bunches is proposed. The method is based on measurement of spectral intensity correlations in synchrotron radiation. Statistical properties of synchrotron radiation produced by a bunch passing the bending magnet are considered. The signal-to-noise ratio is analyzed in terms of the degeneracy parameter. The degeneracy parameter increases approximately as a third power of the wavelength which makes the visible range of synchrotron radiation to be a natural choice for the spectral intensity correlation measurement. An example of the experimental set-up is also described.

Existing theories of coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) are developed for the motion of an electron bunch on a circular orbit and do not describe the case of finite magnet length. In this paper we present the CSR theory for a bunch of any length moving in an arc of a finite angle. The radiative interaction of the electrons in the bunch is analyzed for a line charge distribution using an ultrarelativistic approximation. It is shown in particular that this interaction is important not only inside the magnet but also on the straight part of the trajectory after the magnet. Detailed analytical study of the CSR effects in the electron bunch with a stepped distribution of the charge density has been performed. The simple analytical technique of the radiative force calculation has been developed. The analytical solutions in the form of elementary functions are obtained for the radiative interaction force, for the energy loss distribution along the bunch and for the total energy loss of the bunch. The latter result is confirmed with calculation of the energy of coherent radiation in the far zone. The criterium for the applicable region of the existing theories to the case of a finite magnet length is obtained.