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Fifty years ago, in 1970, open ocean eddies of the synoptic scale were experimentally found during the expedition within the Soviet Oceanographic Program Polygon–70 carried out in the subtropical zone of the North Atlantic. This turned out to be one of the most significant events in oceanology of the twentieth century. Unlike the previously known similar circulation structures that usually separated from large-scale jet streams, the newly discovered eddies were free, that is, they had essential inertial wave character. The velocities in such eddies often exceeded the mean mesoscale ocean current velocity. By analogy with cyclones and anticyclones in the atmosphere, free eddies of the open ocean, which have spatial and temporal scales similar to the atmospheric eddy formations, were called SYNOPTIC eddies. This term is used in the Russian literature. The history of the Polygon–70 experiment and its main results are described. Brief information is given about other major international and that of Shirshov Institute of Oceanology “polygon” programs for the study of mesoscale eddies.

We analyze internal tides over the Santos Plateau in the South Atlantic. The study is based on the measurements of temperature and currents on the line of moorings normal to the South America coast in the latitudinal band between 28°S and 31°S. The moorings were deployed at distances between 25 and 888 km (from the 500 m isobath) southeast of the continental slope. The instruments were set at 900 m. Numerical modeling revealed the properties of internal tides (amplitudes, wavelength, and decay of amplitudes) along the line of their propagation from the continental slope. The amplitudes of internal tide decrease from the continental slope in the direction to the Vema Channel from 36 m to 15 m. The densities of the energy of tidal internal waves were calculated from the semidiurnal tidal components of current and temperature time series taking into account the vertical gradients of temperature and the Brunt-Vaisala frequency. Decay of the energy of internal tide occurs according to an inverse power law. Numerical modeling of the generation and propagation of internal tides reveals that beams of internal tides are formed near the continental slope. The energy decay based on modeling is similar to the measured data.

The history of the Journal started from the organization of the National Geophysical Committee during the International Geophysical Year in 1957-1958 (IGY). The IGY continued the researches started during the two International Polar Years in 1882-1883 and 1932-1933. The idea of the International Geophysical Year was suggested by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. The issues of the terminated in 1993 by the last number 44. In 2017, the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology decided to continue this series and organized its electronic journal. According to the agreement with the National Geophysical Committee it was decided to continue the issues of the Journal of Oceanological Research, thus publish a new journal continuing the series of the previous publications.

Tidal internal wave generation over the Mascarene underwater ridge was studied by means of three models and observations; wave parameters and energy fluxes were obtained. It is shown that if non-linear terms are introduced the trailing edge of the wave becomes steeper and the leading edge flatter. Trains of short period waves are generated on the trailing edge. Good agreement was found between the modeling results and the measurements made near the Mascarene ridge.

The main reason for high concentration of nitrite ions in water is the existence of sources of industrial and agricultural pollution. Contamination of drinking water, juices, wine and other liquids of nitrite ions as a result of improper use of nitrogen fertilizers has an adverse effect on living organism, because under the influence of enzymes nitrite ions in living organisms form high carcinogenic nitrosamines, and the interaction of nitrite ions from blood hemoglobin causes such toxicity that leads to disease cyanosis [1]. Therefore removal of nitrite ions from water has received increased attention. The paper discusses an innovative wastewater treatment technology from the nitrite ion with hypochlorite produced during electrolysis.

Tidal internal wave generation over the Mascarene underwater ridge was studied by means of moored current and temperature meters measurements and tested by three mathematical models. The wave parameters amplitudes and energy fluxes were obtained. The measurements were compared with model results. The accordance was satisfactory.

In 1987 the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology conducted a large scale experiment "MEGAPOLYGON" in the North Pacific, north of the Kuroshio. A cluster of 177 moored buoys was set for two months in the region between 38/spl deg/-42/spl deg/ N and 152/spl deg/-158/spl deg/ E. The moorings were set at a distance of 24 miles. The current meters were set at 120 m and 1200 m levels. The time sampling was 30 minutes. The period of the measurements in August September, 1987 is characterized by the influence of powerful meteorological typhoons which strongly affected the surface floats of the moorings. This led to the displacement and drift of several moorings and to the failure of the records in the instruments. This region is also an area of intensive fishery, and unfortunately some of the moorings were entangled in the fishing nets, which caused displacement and losses of the moorings. The main objective of the experiment was to study synoptic and mesoscale eddies and rings of the Kuroshio. At the same time, the cluster provides good opportunities to study tidal internal waves with a spatial scale of the order of hundred kilometers. The spatial location of moorings with current meters in the cluster forms a good antenna to study tidal internal waves and their variability. The main source for the generation of tidal internal waves in the North Pacific is the Emperor Ridge. Tidal internal waves are generated due to the interaction of the barotropic tide with the bottom topography over the slopes of the ridge d.

Strong semidiurnal internal waves are generated over the Emperor Ridge in the North Pacific. The waves propagate in both directions east and west of the ridge. The propagation and dissipation of the waves west of the ridge is studied on the basis of data obtained during a Russian large scale moored experiment "MEGAPOLYGON". The current meter measurements were performed from 170 moored buoys set for two months in the northwest Pacific. Amplitudes, wavelengths, direction and variability of tidal internal waves, and their variability were studied on the basis of these data. The cluster of moorings serves as an antenna to measure the wave length and the directions of the waves. The amplitudes of the waves are calculated from the temperature oscillations registered at the moored stations divided by the mean vertical temperature gradient. East of the ridge the same parameters were studied using the data of the US moorings.