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Copyright of Journal of Veterinary Medical Research is the property of Beni Suef University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aims This study aims to identify and address significant limitations in current culture-based regulatory methods used for monitoring microbiological water quality. Specifically, these methods' inability to distinguish between planktonic forms and aggregates containing higher bacterial loads and associated pathogens may lead to a severe underestimation of exposure risks, with critical public health implications. Methods and results We employed a novel methodology combining size fractionation with ALERT (Automatic Lab-in-a-vial E.coli Remote Tracking), an automated rapid method for comprehensive quantification of culturable fecal indicator bacteria (FIB). Our findings reveal a substantial and widespread presence of aggregate-bound indicator bacteria across various water matrices and geographical locations. Comprehensive bacterial counts consistently exceeded those obtained by traditional methods by significant multiples, such as an average of 3.4× at the Seine River 2024 Olympic venue, and occasionally up to 100× in irrigation canals and wastewater plant effluent. These results, supported by microscopic and molecular analyses, underscore a systematic bias in global water safety regulatory frameworks. Conclusions Our research demonstrates the inadequacy of traditional culture-based techniques in assessing microbiological risks posed by aggregate-bound FIB and associated pathogens, particularly in water matrices affected by FIB-rich fecal particles from recent sewer overflows or sediment, which can carry higher infectious risks. Incorporating comprehensive FIB analysis techniques, including molecular methods and rapid culture-based approaches as shown in this study, offers a promising and effective solution to these risk assessment limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: About 150 million people worldwide are diagnosed with urinary tract infection every year and more than half of women will get at least one in their lifetimes. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics have contributed to the growing problem of resistance amongst uropathogenic bacteria making it hard to treat UTIs. There is an increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance and that's why area-specific monitoring studies to document the microorganisms causing UTIs and their antimicrobial susceptibility is mandatory for helping the selection of an effective empirical treatment. Aim: The present study aimed to determine bacteria causing UTIs and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns among patients attending Rwanda military hospital. Methodology: The study was a cross-sectional study and a total number of 118 patient's urine samples were tested in microbiology Lab. Results: Most frequently isolated bacteria to cause UTIs in this study was E. coli (59%) followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (16%), S. aureus (6%), Citrobacter freundii (5%), Proteus spp. (3%), S. Saprophyticus (3%), Streptococcus spp. (3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2%), Klebsiella oxytosa (2%) and Acinetobacter baumanii (2%). Meropem, imipem, gentamicin and cefotaxime were the most effective antibiotics in susceptibility testing. Thus, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole and norfloxacin were mostly developed resistance to isolated bacteria. Conclusion: The study recommended that the ministry of health in Rwanda should establish the commission or government body which will be in charge of controlling use of antibiotics properly and fighting against drugs resistance in Rwanda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escherichia coli of different pathotypes are frequently involved in morbidity and mortality in animals and humans. The study aimed to identify E. coli pathotypes and determine antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles in Ethiopian smallholder livestock households. The pathotyping included 198 E. coli isolates identified from human and environmental samples collected from 98 households. AMR profiling was conducted on selected E. coli pathotypes from 89 households, along with known isolates from calf samples obtained from the same households. Morphological and biochemical tests were used to identify presumptive E. coli isolates. DNA was extracted and then singleplex PCR was used to amplify virulence genes. A disc diffusion test was applied for AMR profilings in E. coli pathotypes. Data were evaluated using chi-square tests and logistic regression. Calf (79.8 %) and human (73.7 %) samples were more likely to contain pathotypes (OR 3.2; 95 % CI: 1.7, 5.9; p = 0.001 and OR 2.3; 95 % CI: 1.2, 4.1; p = 0.008, respectively) than the environmental samples (55.6 %). ETEC (32.3 %) and STEC (15.2 %) were the most common pathotypes detected in the study samples. Out of the 176 isolates selected for AMR profiling, 85 % were resistant to at least one drug and 36 % were multi-drug resistant (MDR). The MDR isolates were found in 44 households, with 11 sharing identical pathotypes and resistance profiles among the different samples. Thus, E. coli strains were likely circulated among humans, animals, and the environment. This in turn calls for a One-health approach to improve antimicrobial usage standards and promote proper waste disposal practices.

Introduction: Acute appendicitis, a prevalent surgical emergency that frequently necessitates an appendectomy. It underscores the critical complication of postoperative wound infections, which can result in heightened morbidity and increased healthcare expenditures. The objective of this investigation is to analyze the predominant organisms identified in appendectomy specimens, along with their antibiotic resistance patterns, particularly in cases of complicated appendicitis, in order to assess their correlation with postoperative wound infections. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study conducted over a 12-month period, focusing on patients undergoing appendectomy for suspected acute appendicitis. The study excluded individuals who had recently received antibiotics or who had immunocompromised conditions. Microbiological profiles of appendectomy specimens and postoperative wound infections were collected and analysed. Data were analyzed using SPSS, employing statistical methods to determine significant associations, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: The study found that Escherichia coli was the most common aerobic bacterium isolated in appendicectomy specimens and postoperative postoperative wound infection. Aminopenicillins and ceftriaxone showed the highest antibiotic resistance rates. Staphylococcus aureus was strongly associated with wound infections, while Escherichia coli showed a moderately positive association. Bacteroides species showed a negative association. This study confirms Escherichia coli as the primary pathogen in appendectomy-related wound infections, with significant implications for postoperative care. Despite its lower prevalence, Staphylococcus aureus shows a strong association with wound infections, emphasizing the need for vigilant screening and targeted prophylaxis. The observed resistance to Ampicillin, Amoxicillin and Ceftriaxone underscores the necessity for localized antimicrobial strategies. The potential protective role of Bacteroides species invites further exploration into microbial dynamics in surgical wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) are frequent cause of urinary tract infections including catheter-associated, soft tissue infections and sepsis. The growing antibiotic resistance in E. coli is a major health concern. Bacteriophages are specific for their bacterial host, thus providing a novel and effective alternatives. This study focuses on isolation of bacteriophages from urban sewage treatment plants. Initially 50 different bacteriophages have been isolated against non-resistant reference E. coli strain and fifty multidrug resistant clinical isolates of extraintestinal infections. Out of which only thirty-one lytic phages which gave clear plaques were further analysed for different physico-chemical aspects such as thermal inactivation, pH, effect of organic solvents and detergents. Two bacteriophages, ASEC2201 and ASEC2202, were selected for their ability to withstand temperature fluctuation from −20 to 62 °C and a pH range from 4 to 10. They also showed good survival (40–94%) in the presence of organic solvents like ethanol, acetone, DMSO and chloroform or ability to form plaques even after the treatment with detergents like SDS, CTAB and sarkosyl. Both efficiently killed reference strain and 40–44% of multidrug resistant clinical isolates of E. coli. Later ASEC2201 and ASEC2202 were subjected to morphological characterisation through transmission electron microscopy, which revealed them to be tailed phages. The genomic analysis confirmed them to be Escherichia phages which belonged to family Drexlerviridae of Caudovirales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient stereoselective synthesis of tetrahydro‐1H‐isobenzofuro[4,5‐c]chromene‐1,3(3aH)‐dione derivatives were achieved through a novel [4+2] cycloaddition reaction of 4‐styryl‐2H‐chromenes with cheaply available maleic anhydride. A series of new tetrahydro‐1H‐isobenzofuro[4,5‐c]chromene‐1,3(3aH)‐dione derivatives 21(a–p) were synthesized in good to excellent yield under mild reaction condition with no chromatographic purification. In this reaction, the generation of four new consecutive stereogenic centers were determined by single crystal X‐ray analysis. All the synthesized compounds were investigated further in silico and in vitro for antibacterial activities using two bacterial strain of DNA gyrase. Compounds 21 b and 21 j showed excellent docking score −9.3 kCal/mol and −8.6 kCal/mol with gram negative bacterial strain Escherichia coli (E. coli) with protein data bank (PDB ID) 3G7E. Out of all the tested molecules, 21 b and 21 j displayed good results with minimum inhibitory concentration 10 μg/ml, 10 μg/ml against the bacterial strain Escherichia coli(E. coli) and 10 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of various disinfectants against locally isolated pathogens using the Kirby-Bauer Method with disc diffusion. Indigenous strains of Salmonella typhimurium, E. coli, Campylobacter, Citrobacter freundii, and Staphylococcus aureus were obtained from the bacterial depository bank and sub-cultured on their respective selective media. A 0.5 McFarland Turbidity Standard was prepared, and eight commercially available disinfectants were tested for efficacy. The results of this study will inform the selection of appropriate disinfectants for use in preventing the spread of disease in various settings, including home sanitation, healthcare, and industrial manufacturing processes. The disinfectants used in this study produced different results against the targeted pathogens. Hydrogen peroxide and Formalin produced larger zones of inhibition, while Povidone Iodine and Hydrochloric acid produced intermediate zones. Ethanol, Methanol, and Dettol produced smaller, zones of inhibition. Benzalkonium Chloride was effective only against S. aureus, while all other indigenous isolates resisted it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractRecombinant fabs dominate the pharmaceutical pipelines today with microbial host systems continuing to be a major contributor toward their production. Escherichia coli is a versatile host for recombinant protein expression due to its simplicity, affordability, and ability to be cultivated at high cell density. It is particularly suitable for non-glycosylated proteins and small proteins. Despite the aforementioned benefits, the use of E. coli as the host for the synthesis of recombinant antibody fragments often suffers from low yield and reduced activity. In most cases, proteins are expressed as inclusion bodies and need to undergo refolding to achieve their active forms and this refolding step is generally low-yielding. In this article, we review the various approaches that researchers have taken to enhance the production of recombinant antibody fragments in E. coli. Molecular biology-oriented approaches such as cloning, chaperone-mediated folding, and host cell screening as well as process optimization involving examination of process parameters, media, and feeding have been addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: Evaluating the efficacy of two Immunoglobulin Y-rich products using a murine model of Escherichia coli urinary tract infection. BACKGROUND: Uropathogenic Escherichia coli is responsible for the majority of urinary tract infections (UTIs), with a recurrence rate of 25% within 6 months of treatment. METHOD: Thirty female C57BL/6 mice susceptible to uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) DSM 103538 strain were equally divided into three groups: Control (C), ImunoinstantG (IG), and Imunoinstant Anti-Escherichia coli (IE). A 30 μL inoculum of UPEC containing 5 × 10⁷ CFU was administered intravesical to induce infection. Each experimental group received a dose/kg equivalent to an adult human weighing 70 kg (0.9 mg IgY/mouse in 0.35 mL) administered via gavage. The control group received the same volume of drinking water. The products were administered daily for 22 days, starting 7 days before infection. Bacterial load in urine was evaluated on days 7, 10, and 15. RESULTS: The results showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the number of CFUs of UPEC in the treated groups compared to the control group. On day 7, the bacterial load was 1.8 × 10⁶ CFU/mL in group C, 1.9 × 10⁵ CFU/mL in group IG, and 1.6 × 10⁵ CFU/mL in group IA, while on day 15 the bacterial load was 3.2 × 10⁴ CFU/mL, 6.0 × 10³ CFU/mL, and 4.2 × 10³ CFU/mL respectively. CONCLUSION: The tested products significantly reduced bacterial load with no notable differences between them, suggesting both could be effective alternatives for preventing and treating UTIs.

The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized mesoporous materials was presented. The antibacterial activity was conducted against E.Coli and S. Aureus bacteria, whereas the antifungal activity was examined against Candida albicans, and Candida rugosa. In these studies, the antimicrobial activity of the phosphotungstic acid functionalized MCM-41 material was found to be the highest among all the materials. The antimicrobial activity studies of the synthesized mesoprous MCM-41, metal incorporated MCM-41 (Mn/Al-MCM-41) and there was a discussion of the acid functionalized MCM-41 (SA/PA-MCM-41) materials. After conducting the literature review, the aim of the work was designed and it was conducted with the experimentation and the results were presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild birds as source of pathogenic microorganisms infecting livestock and humans are an interesting topic that has received increased attention in recent years. Here we study occurrence of pathogenic bacteria in birds in north-east Iran with focus on to identifying virulence gene in wild and domestic birds. Wild birds were trapped and sampled in different localities in northeast Iran from April to September in 2018 and 2019. From 184 birds representing 32 species of wild passerine birds, potentially pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 171 samples (92.9). Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated bacterium with a prevalence of 70.1%, followed by Enterobacter spp. (53.8%) and Salmonella spp (3.2%) isolated from 129, 99 and 6 wild birds, respectively. In total 79.6% of the isolates carried virulence factors. A higher frequency of virulence genes was detected in domestic birds (88.6%) than in wild birds (76%). The results showed that birds in north-east Iran can serve as a potential source of bacterial pathogens and virulence factors that may cause disease in both humans and birds. Furthermore, our results introduce new host birds as source of pathogenic microorganisms that can carry and disseminate them in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the explosive wire method is used to prepare silver nanoparticles and study their effect on two types of bacteria, E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The X-ray diffraction pattern of silver nanoparticles after deposition on glass pieces shows a peak of silver and silver oxide. The FE-SEM morphology of silver oxide particles shows small spherical-like clusters of irregular flower-shaped particles. Meanwhile, the AFM analysis of the silver nanoparticles shows that the average roughness of the aggregates is 57 nm and the average size of the nanoparticles is 20.92 nm. The study of the effect of silver nanoparticles on two types of bacteria, namely E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, has shown that these nanoparticles have achieved a killing rate of 99% for both types of bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of University of Anbar for Pure Science is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

امروزه بیشتر ضدعفونی‌کننده‌هایی که در صنایع‌غذایی استفاده می‌شوند، برای بهداشت و سلامتی انسان خطرناک و مضر هستند. در سال‌های اخیر، به‌منظور غلبه بر این محدودیت‌ها، محققان کار روی روش‌های جایگزین را در دستور کار خود قرار داده‌اند. روش های رایج حذف انواع آلودگی دارای معایب بسیاری برای سلامتی انسان و محیط می‌باشند. می‌توان با جایگزین‌کردن این روش‌ها با روش‌هایی نوین همچون فراصوت به حفظ محیط زیست و سلامت انسان‌ها کمک کرد. در این مقاله، تاثیر امواج فراصوت پرقدرت بر فعالیت میکروارگانیسم‌های بیماری-زای آب پس‌شستشوی گوجه‌فرنگی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. بدبن منظور متغیرهای مستقل شامل توان فراصوت (100، 300، 500 وات)، زمان موج‌دهی (300‌، 750، 1200 ثانیه) و دما (0، 30، 60 درجه سانتی‌گراد) انتخاب گردید. پس از انجام آزمایشات، تحلیل داده‌ها به روش سطح پاسخ نشان داد که مدل درجه دوم با ضریب تبیین 97% و92% به ترتیب بهترین مدل برای برآورد تعداد میکروارگانیسم‌های استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس و اشرشیاکلی در تیمارهای مختلف بوده است. همچنین نتایج نشان دادند که با افزایش توان و زمان امواج‌دهی اثر کشندگی امواج فراصوت افزایش می‌یابد و همینطور مشخص شد که افزایش دما ابتدا موجب افزایش و سپس کاهش اثرگذاری امواج فراصوت در غیرفعال-سازی میکروارگانیسم‌ها بوده است. در انتها متغیرهای مورد آزمایش با روش سطح پاسخ برای کاهش همزمان جمعیت میکروارگانیسم‌های استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس و اشرشیاکلی بهینه شد و به ترتیب مقادیر به دست آمده برای توان، زمان و دمای اعمال امواج فراصوت به آب، 300 وات، 1200 ثانیه و 0 درجه سانتی‌گراد به دست آمدند.

Background and Aim: Understanding the antibiotic resistance profile of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in urinary tract infections (UTIs) across different populations and regions is crucial for appropriate antibiotic prescribing practices. This study aimed to assess the antibiotic resistance pattern of uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from UTIs in outpatients, focusing on gender and age demographics. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed 7365 urine culture samples obtained from patients consecutively referred to the Kashan Reference Laboratory between April 2021 and March 2022. Following sterile urine collection, bacterial cultures were grown on McConkey agar, blood agar, and specific media. Escherichia coli isolates were identified, and antibiotic resistance was determined using the disk diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar, following National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards guidelines. Results: Among 401 positive urine cultures, 251 (62.5%) were attributed to E. coli, while 150 (37.4%) were related to other organisms. Of the E. coli cases, 226 isolates (90%) were from women and 25 (10%) from men. The E. coli strains exhibited the highest resistance (54.7%) to cefazolin and the lowest resistance (4.4%) to imipenem and nitrofurantoin. Antibiotic resistance in E. coli from men exceeded that of women across all antibiotics tested, with statistically significant differences observed in ceftriaxone, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin (P

Colibacillosis is the localized or systemic infection caused entirely or partly by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) and is manifested as a wide range of disease conditions in poultry including colisepticema, coligranulomatosis (Hjarre's disease) and air sac disease (chronic respiratory disease -CRD). The present study was undertaken to investigate the clinico-pathological changes associated with pigeon colibacillosis. The cause was identified following isolation, biochemical tests and histopathological examination. The organism was identified as Escherichia coli and the treatment was suggested based on the antibiotic sensitivity test. A small step of prompt disease diagnosis and treatment can bring about a major leap in controlling the multiple drug resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karst groundwater is raw water used by Spamdus Genjahan to fulfill domestic water needs. Considering the vulnerability of karst groundwater to pollution and its distribution process, the research aimed to describe the suitability of water in the network as well as the spatial distribution of E.coli and the relationship between distance and it's concentration. The concentration of E.coli was tested from water samples taken from 20 outlets as representatives of the close, medium and farthest distances from the source. The feasibility of water is carried out by comparing the results of laboratory tests with the water quality threshold value for clean water and domestic purposes. Spatial distribution was analyzed through spatial analysis using Geographic Information Systems, while the relationship between distance and E.coli concentration was carried out using the scatterplot method in GIS. The results showed that the concentration of E.coli in most of the samples was above the allowable threshold for sanitation hygiene purposes. Meanwhile, the distance from the outlet to the source did not show a strong correlation with the level of E.coli concentration. However, there are weak indications that lead to an increase in concentration with the E.coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to establish a dynamical model for the spread of Escherichia coli within a community, while also identifying the key parameters influencing its propagation. Through an in-depth analysis of the dynamical system, two equilibrium points were discerned. Furthermore, the numerical solution of the system revealed the significant impact of various parameters on bacterial dissemination. These parameters encompassed the contact rates among healthy individuals, infected persons, and the bacteria itself. Additionally, the level of compliance with sanitation practices among infected individuals played a pivotal role. Gaining insights into the influence of these parameters holds substantial promise for effectively managing both bacterial spread and associated diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of sixty random samples of marine fish, including sardine, seabream, and seabass (20 of each), were chosen from the commercially significant species of harvested marine fish from retail markets in Alexandria province for chemical and microbiological assessment. The study revealed that the average values of histamine, Trimethylamine (TMA), and total volatile nitrogen (TVN) in the analyzed samples of sardine, seabream, and seabass were as follows: for sardine, the values were (0.41 ± 0.002, 0.44 ± 0.02, and 0.19 ± 0.01mg/100g); for seabream, the values were (8.53 ± 0.033, 18.03 ± 0.27, and 12.92 ± 0.45 mg/100g); and for seabass, the values were (18.52 ± 0.62, 19.61 ± 0.29, and 17.64 ± 0.13 mg/100g). The average total bacterial count in the analyzed samples of sardine, seabream, and seabass were 17.8×105 ± 2.6×105, 3.2×105 ± 0.61×105, and 1.95×105 ± 0.49×105 Cfu/g, respectively. The Enterobacteriaceae count in the same examined samples were 5.8×104 ± 3.6×104, 3.1×10³ ± 0.63×10³, and 2.3×10³ ± 0.54×10³ cfu/g, respectively. Additionally, the mean values of coliforms were 2.2×10³ ± 0.51×10³, 8.1×10² ± 1.02×10², and 7.4×10² ± 0.8×10² Cfu/g, respectively. E.coli and salmonella were detected in 20 and 10% of examined sardine sample, and both organisms failed to be detected in seabream and seabass, respectively, While Vibrio parahaemolyticus were detected in only one sample of examined sardine, seabream, and seabass with an incidence level (5% of each type). In conclusion, Sardine had the highest level of contamination with pathogenic organisms such as E. coli, V. parahaemolyticus and salmonella, therefore, conduct regular audits and inspections of fish processing facilities, fishing vessels, and storage areas to ensure compliance with hygiene and safety standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Magyar Nőorvosok Lapja is the property of Hungarian Society of Obsterics & Gynaecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have garnered considerable interest in biomedical research primarily owing to their prospective therapeutic implications in combatting pathogenic diseases and microbial infections. The primary objective of this study was to examine the biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanowhiskers (ZnO-NWs) using chicken egg white (albumin) as a bio-template. Furthermore, this study aimed to explore the potential biomedical applications of ZnO NWs in the context of infectious diseases. Methods: The NWs synthesized through biological processes were observed using electron microscopy, which allowed for detailed examination of their characteristics. The results of these investigations indicated that the NWs exhibited a size distribution ranging from approximately 10 to 100 nm. Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopyenergy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) mapping analyses successfully corroborated the size, dimensions, and presence of biological constituents during their formation. In this study, XTT assay and confocal imaging were employed to provide evidence of the efficacy of ZnO-NWs in the eradication of bacterial biofilms. The target bacterial strains were Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, we sought to address pertinent concerns regarding the biocompatibility of the ZnO-NWs. This was achieved through comprehensive evaluation of the absence of cytotoxicity in normal HEK-293T and erythrocytes. Results: The findings of this investigation unequivocally confirmed the biocompatibility of the ZnO-NWs. The biosynthesized ZnO-NWs demonstrated a noteworthy capacity to mitigate the dermatitis-induced consequences induced by Staphylococcus aureus in murine models after a therapeutic intervention lasting for one week. Discussion: This study presents a comprehensive examination of the biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanowhiskers (ZnO-NWs) derived from chicken egg whites. These findings highlight the considerable potential of biosynthesized ZnO-NWs as a viable option for the development of therapeutic agents targeting infectious diseases. The antibacterial efficacy of ZnO-NWs against both susceptible and antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, as well as their ability to eradicate biofilms, suggests their promising role in combating infectious diseases. Furthermore, the confirmed biocompatibility of ZnO-NWs opens avenues for their safe use in biomedical applications. Overall, this research underscores the therapeutic promise of ZnO-NWs and their potential significance in future biomedical advancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escherichia coli is gram negative bacteria and represents a typical resident of the digestive systems of both humans and animals. The stability and equilibrium of the luminal microbial flora are significantly influenced by E. coli. The Escherichia coli uropathogenic-specific protein (Usp) represents type of genotoxins produced by uropathogenic E. coli rather than fecal E. coli isolates. In the current study E. coli was isolated from urine and stool and usp gene was detected in it. Sensitivity test was evaluated by using different types of antibiotics and the usp gene was detected by PCR in all bacterial isolates. Antibiotics sensitivity test showed variable degrees of sensitivity and resistance. High percentage of sensitivity was achieved against amikacin (86%) and that for ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, gentamicin and tobramycin it was 80%. Whereas trimethoprim and aztreonam showed 64% and 60% sensitivity respectively. In this study, most isolates were resistant to amoxicillin 92%; while they showed different degrees of resistance against other types of antibiotics (from tetracycline 62% to amikacin 4%). The frequency of multi drug resistant (MDR) bacteria was about 64 % (32 isolates), 30 from urine and 2 from the stool. The results showed that usp gene was found in 26 bacterial isolates (52%), whereas other 24 (48%) isolates didn’t have this gene. It was concluded that source of bacterial isolates carry usp gene was urine, with the exception of one isolate from f stool, and E. coli recorded as multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using the extract of Cuminum seeds (S1) and dried lemon peels (S2), iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared using green synthesis. After converting the extract to powder using the sol-gel method, the nanoparticles of iron oxide were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emotion-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The XRD results confirmed the formation of the face-centered cubic phase of iron oxide (α-Fe2O3) with high purity and strong diffraction peaks for both S1 and S2. The FE-SEM image reveals aggregated particles resembling nanoparticle clusters of polyhedral, oval, and irregular semispherical shapes for S1 samples, whereas S2 samples exhibited spherical and oval shapes. Both samples' magnetic characteristics revealed mild ferromagnetism and intermediate magnetization saturation, confirming the existence of non-magnetic surface layers derived from the phytomolecules found in the leaf extract. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria were used to examine the inhibition of each plant using the diffusion-drilling agar method, as it is known that these plants possess therapeutic efficacy for numerous diseases. Both dried cumin seed extract and dried lemon peel extract were more efficient against Staphylococcus aureus than they were against E. coli. Highlights: Iron oxide nanoparticles successfully were prepared using green synthesis. High diffraction peaks are observed in α-Fe2O3 polycrystalline face-centered cubic phase. The α-Fe2O3 oxide nanoparticles exhibit moderate ferromagnetism at 500 °C calcinations. The extract of iron oxide was more efficient in killing Staphylococcus aureus than E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Control of a bioprocess is a challenging task mainly due to the nonlinearity of the process, the complex nature of microorganisms, and variations in critical parameters such as temperature, pH, and agitator speed. Generally, the optimum values chosen for critical parameters during Escherichia coli (E.coli) K-12fed-batch fermentation are37 ᵒC for temperature, 7 for pH, and 35 % for Dissolved Oxygen (DO). The objective of this research is to enhance biomass concentration while minimizing energy consumption. To achieve this, an Event-Triggered Control (ETC) scheme based on feedback-feed forward control is proposed. The ETC system dynamically adjusts the substrate feed rate in response to variations in critical parameters. We compare the performance of classical Proportional Integral (PI) controllers and advanced Model Predictive Control (MPC) controllers in terms of bioprocess yield. Initially, the data are collected from a laboratory-scaled 3L bioreactor setup under fed-batch operating conditions, and data-driven models are developed using system identification techniques. Then, classical Proportional Integral (PI) and advanced Model Predictive Control (MPC) based feedback controllers are developed for controlling the yield of bioprocess by manipulating substrate flow rate, and their performances are compared. PI and MPC-based Event Triggered Feed Forward Controllers are designed to increase the yield and to suppress the effect of known disturbances due to critical parameters. Whenever there is a variation in the value of a critical parameter, it is considered an event, and ETC initiates a control action by manipulating the substrate feed rate. PI and MPC-based ETC controllers are developed in simulation, and their closed-loop performances are compared. It is observed that the Integral Square Error (ISE) is notably minimized to 4.668 for MPC with disturbance and 4.742 for MPC with Feed Forward Control. Similarly, the Integral Absolute Error (IAE) reduces to 2.453 for MPC with disturbance and 0.8124 for MPC with Feed Forward Control. The simulation results reveal that the MPC-based ETC control scheme enhances the biomass yield by 7 %, and this result is verified experimentally. This system dynamically adjusts the substrate feed rate in response to variations in critical parameters, which is a novel approach in the field of bioprocess control. Also, the proposed control schemes help reduce the frequency of communication between controller and actuator, which reduces power consumption.

Calf diarrhoea, the eighth most common cause of death in this age group, affects over 75% of newborn calves under three weeks old. Fifty calves with diarrhoea from the nine intensive dairy farms were assessed during the study period. Of these, 72% (n =36) were positive for E. coli There was a strong link between the prevalence of E. coli in calf diarrhoea and the age groups. Therefore, those under the age of one month were 1.3 more likely to be infected with E. coli than those between one and three months of age. The Antibiogram test revealed that E. coli isolated was highly responsive to the antibiotics tetracycline, chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin and doxycycline, but less susceptible to the drugs amoxicillin, ceftazidime, nitrofurantoin, and kanamycin and resistant to the antibiotics cefotaxime and vancomycin. Results from interviews and regular observations in the study area indicate that young calves were more impacted by diarrhoea, which accounted for about half of all health issues in calves. The E. coli recovery rate was significantly higher in calves that were one week old. These findings supported the hypothesis that the level of calf diarrhoea was excessive and would be detrimental to dairy output.

Abstract Background Sepsis in low-birth-weight neonates remains one of the most significant causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Approximately 3 million newborns suffer from sepsis globally every year. The aim of this study was to compare demographic and clinical features, as well as etiology and antibiotic susceptibility, of the main pathogens related to neonatal sepsis in two neonatal intensive units during a two-year period. Methods We observed early-onset (EO-BSI) and late-onset bloodstream infections (LO-BSI) cases in two high-reference neonatal intensive care units (NICU) over a 24-month period (2016–2017). Samples of patients’ blood were tested for the presence of the microorganisms. All bacterial isolates were tested for susceptibility to antibiotics. Results The majority of sepsis cases weighed above 1000 g and were born by cesarean section. About 10% of the EO-BSI group died. There were differences in the EO-BSI /LO-BSI ratio in the compared wards due to differences among the admitted children. The most common pathogens isolated from blood were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were represented by two dominating species: S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus, followed by Klebsiella spp. strains and E.coli, which were mostly found in EO-BSI cases. No single S. agalactiae (GBS) strain was isolated. The majority of CoNS strains were resistant to methicillin, half were resistant to aminoglycosides, and one-third were resistant to macrolides and lincosamides. Half of the Gram-negative rods were resistant to beta-lactams. Conclusions The epidemiology of sepsis in two observed NICUs is comparable to data obtained from other studies with a predominance of methicillin-resistant CoNS in LO-BSI and beta-lactam resistant E. coli in EO-BSI. It is of importance that the campaign for controlling GBS carriage in pregnant women in Poland resulted in the disappearance of GBS as a cause of sepsis. Unfortunately, there are no such measures to control E.coli related sepsis.

Background and purpose: This study examines the ultrasound in diagnosing abnormal urological conditions in AmirKola Children's Hospital. Materials and methods: Children with febrile acute pyelonephritis meeting specific inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study, encompassing those aged 1 month to 18 years during the period 2011-2021. Ultrasound was conducted to diagnose structural abnormalities of the urinary system. Results: Indicate that enlarged kidneys above the normal size (29%) and hydronephrosis (27%) were the most common abnormalities. Among the findings, boys exhibited a higher prevalence of abnormalities compared to girls. Ultrasound was effective in diagnosing anomalies in children below two years (41%) and above two years (47%). E.coli (83%) was the most common microorganism across all age groups and genders. Conclusion: The study suggests that ultrasound, as a non-invasive, accessible, and cost-effective method, is recommended for diagnosing urological abnormalities in children with febrile acute pyelonephritis.

This study explores the compression and antibacterial properties of 10x10 × 10 mm polylactic acid (PLA) cubes manufactured through FDM additive printing for biomedical parts. A 3x3 full factorial DOE with 3 replicates examines the impact of printing parameters (infill %, print speed, and layer height). The highest compression strength and stiffness recorded were 91 MPa and 0.76 GPa, respectively. Despite minor mass variations (1.05 ± 0.09 g) under all the investigated parameters, the mean strength of all printed parts was 67.6 ± 10.6 MPa, highlighting the significant influence of processing parameters on mechanical properties. Heat treatment at 60 °C for 30 min improved stiffness. Investigation of various parameters, including layer height and orientation, revealed that larger layer heights resulted in reduced compression strength. Anisotropic compression properties persisted post-heat treatment due to thermal stresses and interlayer bonding. The flat direction (top view) exhibited higher compression properties due to a homogeneous microstructure, minimized interlayer bonding impact, and increased crystallinity. Antibacterial properties against E.coli were induced via coating with peanut-shaped copper nanoparticles (68–267 nm). Nanoparticles were fabricated via a combination of wet chemistry and laser ablation.

Biofilm is a common causative factor for urinary tract infections due to catheter usage with a percentage of infection around 70-80%. The Bajakah tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) is one of native plants of Kalimantan which contains phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins which are proven to accelerate wound healing, have antibacterial activity, and have very high and strong antioxidant activity. This study aims to determine the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of bajakah root extract (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) on catheter colonies of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans and to determine their mechanism of action in vitro. This research is carried out with an in vitro experimental study design using a microplate reader. Extraction was carried out by maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. The results showed that the ethanol extract of Bajakah tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) had antibacterial activity against S. aureus with a concentration of 1% w/v of 88.33% ± 0.01 and anti-biofilm activity of 82.21% ± 0.01. E. Coli bacteria had an antibacterial activity of 84.83% and an anti-biofilm activity of 80.11 at a concentration of 1% w/v. C. albicans had an antifungal activity at a concentration of 1% w/v of 82.31% ± 0.01 and anti-biofilm activity of 77.00% ± 0.01. From these results it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of Bajakah tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) has antibacterial and antifungal activities and the potential as a new anti-biofilm agent against S.aureus, E. coli and C. albicans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Karbala Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Water pollution caused by the textile industry, increased antibiotic usage and natural pollutants has been on the rise in the last decades; hence, there is a need to find multifunctional and environmentally safe materials. In this study, we report on the facile and biosafe route for the synthesis of CuO nanoparticles using Monsonia Burkeana plant. This material was characterised using HRTEM, HRSEM, EDS, SAED, XRD, FTIR and UV-vis. The CuO nanoparticles were further tested for their photocatalytic and antibacterial activity against methylene blue (MB), malachite green (MG), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), E.coli and S.aureus, respectively. FTIR and UV-vis confirmed the formation of these materials and the deposition of the plant phytochemicals on the materials. XRD and EDS further corroborated this formation through peak identification. Through HRSEM and HRTEM, a rod-like morphology was identified and from image J measurements, they were found to be between 10 and 50 nm in particle size. Testing their photocatalytic activity against dyes, the highest degradation was achieved against MB at 83%. Reusability and trapping studies were also conducted where it was shown that the electrons were species responsible for the degradation of MB. For SMX, the degradation was pH dependent whereby at pH 7, the highest degradation of 58% was achieved. As an antibacterial agent, the green CuO was more active against E.coli and produced a complete removal (100%) using the highest concentration of 0.05 mg/ml. These results confirm that these green derived materials can be used for the treatment of various pollutants. Furthermore, their recent use in pharmaceutical degradation of antibiotics found in water will greatly assist in curbing the rise in the current emerging pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have garnered considerable interest in biomedical research primarily owing to their prospective therapeutic implications in combatting pathogenic diseases and microbial infections. The primary objective of this study was to examine the biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanowhiskers (ZnO-NWs) using chicken egg white (albumin) as a bio-template. Furthermore, this study aimed to explore the potential biomedical applications of ZnO NWs in the context of infectious diseases. Methods: The NWs synthesized through biological processes were observed using electron microscopy, which allowed for detailed examination of their characteristics. The results of these investigations indicated that the NWs exhibited a size distribution ranging from approximately 10 to 100 nm. Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopyenergy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) mapping analyses successfully corroborated the size, dimensions, and presence of biological constituents during their formation. In this study, XTT assay and confocal imaging were employed to provide evidence of the efficacy of ZnO-NWs in the eradication of bacterial biofilms. The target bacterial strains were Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, we sought to address pertinent concerns regarding the biocompatibility of the ZnO-NWs. This was achieved through comprehensive evaluation of the absence of cytotoxicity in normal HEK-293T and erythrocytes. Results: The findings of this investigation unequivocally confirmed the biocompatibility of the ZnO-NWs. The biosynthesized ZnO-NWs demonstrated a noteworthy capacity to mitigate the dermatitis-induced consequences induced by Staphylococcus aureus in murine models after a therapeutic intervention lasting for one week. Discussion: This study presents a comprehensive examination of the biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanowhiskers (ZnO-NWs) derived from chicken egg whites. These findings highlight the considerable potential of biosynthesized ZnO-NWs as a viable option for the development of therapeutic agents targeting infectious diseases. The antibacterial efficacy of ZnO-NWs against both susceptible and antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, as well as their ability to eradicate biofilms, suggests their promising role in combating infectious diseases. Furthermore, the confirmed biocompatibility of ZnO-NWs opens avenues for their safe use in biomedical applications. Overall, this research underscores the therapeutic promise of ZnO-NWs and their potential significance in future biomedical advancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles of CuO have been synthesized by the sol-gel technique and their structural, optical and chemical properties were studied to assess their antibacterial properties. These nanoparticles were found to be excellent antibiotic against E.coli and cocci gram-positive. Graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles were also synthesized by hummers modified method and their optical, chemical and structural properties were confirmed. A composite of CuO and GO has also been prepared by sonication method. Using laser interferometry its ultraviolet (UV)-visible (VIS) spectrum has been observed to be consistent with its reference UV-VIS spectrum, which verified the formation of nanocomposite. The composites were prepared in suspension form, and were used for antibacterial activity, appeared to be a great antibacterial substance against two different types (E.coli and pseudo) of gram-positive bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been an increase in demand for nanocomposite, which has resulted in large-scale manufacturers employing high-energy processes and harmful solvents. Because of this, the need for environmentally benign "green" synthesis processes has grown. Other methods for making nanocomposite include using plants and plant products, bacteria, fungi, yeast, and algae. Green synthesis has minimal toxicity and is safe for human health and the environment compared to other processes, making it the ideal option for creating nanocomposite materials. This work reveals an environmentally friendly synthesis method for magnetic nanocomposites. In particular, they were using an aqueous extract of Artemisia to obtain ZnO/Fe3O4 using cold plasma technology. The magnetic nanocomposite was prepared with different concentrations (0.01, 0.02, and 0.03) of M and (2:8) of the aqueous extract. The structural properties were studied using X-ray diffraction, where the crystal size ranged from 30 to 40 nm, while the surface morphology was studied through the field emission scanning electron microscope, and it was found that the shape of the particles is semi-spherical and within a particle size range of 30 to 60 nm. "Green" magnetic nanocomposites showed low toxicity and high biocompatibility, allowing their application in biomedicine, where magnetic nanocomposites were employed as antiagents for E. coli and S. aureus using the agar diffusion method. Its high effect on bacterial inhibition was noted when the concentration was increased, as the diameter of inhibition ranged (11-22) mm for E. coli and (15-24) mm for Staphylococcus aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calf diarrhoea, the eighth most common cause of death in this age group, affects over 75% of newborn calves under three weeks old. Fifty calves with diarrhoea from the nine intensive dairy farms were assessed during the study period. Of these, 72% (n =36) were positive for E. coli There was a strong link between the prevalence of E. coli in calf diarrhoea and the age groups. Therefore, those under the age of one month were 1.3 more likely to be infected with E. coli than those between one and three months of age. The Antibiogram test revealed that E. coli isolated was highly responsive to the antibiotics tetracycline, chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin and doxycycline, but less susceptible to the drugs amoxicillin, ceftazidime, nitrofurantoin, and kanamycin and resistant to the antibiotics cefotaxime and vancomycin. Results from interviews and regular observations in the study area indicate that young calves were more impacted by diarrhoea, which accounted for about half of all health issues in calves. The E. coli recovery rate was significantly higher in calves that were one week old. These findings supported the hypothesis that the level of calf diarrhoea was excessive and would be detrimental to dairy output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of membrane technology in wastewater treatment for reuse is one of the alternatives to reduce the demand of water in domestic, agricultural and industrial sectors. This study attempts to improve wastewater quality effluent, prior to disinfection, for re-use. Clarifier effluent from a biological nutrient removal (BNR) treatment plant was diverted to a nonwoven membrane pilot filtration unit. It was thus positioned to further enhance the clarifier effluent as a polishing arrangement. Water Quality Index (WQI), Single Factor Pollution Index (Pi), Water Use License (WUL) and removal efficiency methods were used to interpret the water quality data for BNR clarifier effluent and nonwoven membrane permeate. The results showed that this nonwoven microfilter membrane is able to improve wastewater quality from BNR clarifier effluent. Escherichia coli (E. coli) reduction was the highest with a removal efficiency of 90%, followed by chemical oxygen demand 25%, NH4+ 22%, NO3− 12.6%, PO4 7.8%, suspended solids 6.3%. The lowest reduction was electrical conductivity of 5.2%. Permeate results indicated that physiochemical and microbial parameters were complying with the limits of WUL. Pi has revealed that BNR clarifier effluent water quality is medium polluted versus slightly polluted permeate. WQI results for BNR clarifier effluent showed good water quality and the water can be reused for domestic, irrigation and industrial purposes, while permeate WQI results indicated excellent water quality and the water can be reused for drinking, domestic, irrigation and industrial purposes. Outstanding permeate water quality improvement was observed on E.coli counts improving from 4974.48 to 294.33 counts/L. The standard of E.coli according to the WUL at this wastewater care works is 500 counts/L. Results indicate that nonwoven membrane filtration can improve microbial contamination and decrease the demand of chlorine for disinfection of wastewater final effluent. The nonwoven membrane filtration can decrease the water scarcity gap in South Africa for direct water reclamation by improving effluent wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kocatepe Veterinary Journal / Kocatepe Veteriner Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study aim to detection antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm formation in clinical isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. It was collected 264 different clinical specimens (193 urine,18 stool,10 wound swabs,4 vaginal swabs, 8 abscess,5 bronchial liquid,5 blood and 21 sputum . The results of study appeared 67 isolates (54 E. coli 54 and Klebsiella spp. 22) were isolated from 264 specimens .The result showed antibiotic susceptibility test a high resistance (100%) of enterobacterial isolates (E. coli and Klebsiella spp) were to ampicillin fo followed by amoxicillin/clavalunic acid,it registered 29.59% and 90.91% respectively,while imipenem was most active antibiotic agaist these isolates,the sensitivity of isolates to this antibiotic was recorded 77.78% and 81.82% respectively. The study showed 57(75%) of both isolates were biofilm formation Klebsiella spp. Registered higher percentage (81.81 %) more than E .coli (72.22%),moderate biofilm was more frequently than other type of biofilm,it was recorded 36.84% .we concluded the prevalence of biofilm producing multidrug resistant Enterobacterial isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sepsis in low-birth-weight neonates remains one of the most significant causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Approximately 3 million newborns suffer from sepsis globally every year. The aim of this study was to compare demographic and clinical features, as well as etiology and antibiotic susceptibility, of the main pathogens related to neonatal sepsis in two neonatal intensive units during a two-year period. Methods: We observed early-onset (EO-BSI) and late-onset bloodstream infections (LO-BSI) cases in two high-reference neonatal intensive care units (NICU) over a 24-month period (2016–2017). Samples of patients' blood were tested for the presence of the microorganisms. All bacterial isolates were tested for susceptibility to antibiotics. Results: The majority of sepsis cases weighed above 1000 g and were born by cesarean section. About 10% of the EO-BSI group died. There were differences in the EO-BSI /LO-BSI ratio in the compared wards due to differences among the admitted children. The most common pathogens isolated from blood were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were represented by two dominating species: S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus, followed by Klebsiella spp. strains and E.coli, which were mostly found in EO-BSI cases. No single S. agalactiae (GBS) strain was isolated. The majority of CoNS strains were resistant to methicillin, half were resistant to aminoglycosides, and one-third were resistant to macrolides and lincosamides. Half of the Gram-negative rods were resistant to beta-lactams. Conclusions: The epidemiology of sepsis in two observed NICUs is comparable to data obtained from other studies with a predominance of methicillin-resistant CoNS in LO-BSI and beta-lactam resistant E. coli in EO-BSI. It is of importance that the campaign for controlling GBS carriage in pregnant women in Poland resulted in the disappearance of GBS as a cause of sepsis. Unfortunately, there are no such measures to control E.coli related sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of fungal endophytes and their metabolites isolated from medicinal plants of Withania somnifera reported dominant fungal species Gliocladium deliquescens, Mycelia sterilia, Phoma glomerata, Phoma humicola and Fusarium xylarioides. The fungi Fusarium xylarioides and Phoma humicola were reported to inhibit both gram positive and negative bacteria. The fungus Gliocladium deliquescens showed an inhibition for gram positive bacteria S. aureus. They show an efficacy of antibacterial property on E. coli, K. pneumoniae and S. aureus. These fungal isolates were found to produce metabolites rich in aldehydes, esters and ketones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]