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4. Risk Factors for Persistent Ebola Virus Infection in Semen Among Survivors From Liberia

Author

Rafi Ahmed, Maria Morales-Betoulle, Mary Jawara, Christi Phillips, Pierre E. Rollin, Robert Mushi, Moses J Soka, Steven H. Hinrichs, Mateusz M. Plucinski, Mohammed Kromah, Moses Massaquoi, Stuart T. Nichol, Dana L. Haberling, Mary J. Choi, David E. Chiriboga, John D. Klena, Richard S. Bradbury, Henry D. Tony, Benjamin T. Vonhm, James Graziano, Kaihong Su, Lawrence J Purpura, John Fankhauser, Romeo Orone, Mylene Faikai, Mary Carrington, Jonathan W Dyal, Aaron Kofman, Jomah Kollie, William E. Secor, Elizabeth Ervin, Desmond E. Williams, Maureen P. Martin, Eric Rogier, Yeon-Hwa Park, Rodel Desamu-Thorpe, Deborah Cannon, Susanne L. Linderman, Katherine E. Bowden, Tolbert Nyenswah, Edna Freeman, Maria del Pilar Aguinaga, and Shelley Brown

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Ebola virus, business.industry, Convalescence, media_common.quotation_subject, Outbreak, Semen, Disease, medicine.disease_cause, medicine.disease, Persistence (computer science), Hemoglobinopathy, Internal medicine, Cohort, medicine, business, media_common
Abstract

Background: Long-term persistence of Ebola virus (EBOV) in immunologically privileged sites has been implicated in recent outbreaks of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in Guinea and the Democratic Republic of Congo. This study was designed to better understand how the acute course of EVD, convalescence, and host immune and genetic factors may play a role in prolonged viral persistence in semen. Methods: In 2017, a cohort of 131 male survivors of the 2014-2016 outbreak of EVD in Liberia were recruited from a national semen testing program into this case-case study. “Early clearers” were defined as those with two consecutive negative EBOV semen tests by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) at least two weeks apart within 1 year after discharge from the Ebola Treatment Unit (ETU). “Late clearers” had detectable EBOV RNA by rRT-PCR more than one year after ETU discharge. Retrospective histories of their EVD clinical course were collected by questionnaire, followed by complete physical exams and blood work including chemistries, blood counts, hemoglobinopathies, human leukocyte antigen typing, and immunologic/inflammatory markers. Findings: Among 131 participants, 30 demonstrated long-term detection of EBOV RNA in semen by rRT-PCR, up to 852 days after ETU discharge. Compared to early clearers, late clearers were more likely to be older (median 42.5 years, p=0.0001) and reported having experienced fewer severe clinical symptoms (median 2, p=0.006). Late clearers were found to more frequently have lens opacifications (OR 3.9, 95%CI 1.1-13.3, p=0.03), after accounting for age. Finally, late clearers also exhibited elevated total serum IgG3 titers (p=0.007) and increased expression of the HLA-C*03:04 allele (OR 0.14, 95% CI 0.02-0.70, p=0.007). Interpretation: Older age and decreased illness severity may play a significant role in determining the clearance of EBOV from the semen of survivors. Immune and host genetic factors including total serum IgG3 and HLA-C*03:04 may mediate that interaction. In addition, our finding that late clearers were more likely to have lens opacifications after accounting for age suggests that individuals with EBOV persistence in semen may also have EBOV persistence in other immunologically protected sites, such as the eye. Identifying risk factors for viral persistence in semen among male survivors is critical to inform screening efforts and prevent recurrent outbreaks of EBOV. Funding Information: This was work was supported by funds from the CDC Foundation and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This project has also been funded in whole or in part with federal funds from the Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, under Contract No. HHSN261200800001E. Declaration of Interests: The authors report no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: The study protocol was approved by the CDC and Liberia MoH Institutional Review Boards and Meharry Medical College (for hemoglobinopathy testing).

Published
2021
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5. Survey of Obstetrician-gynecologists in the United States About Trichomoniasis, 2016

Author

Kimberly A. Workowski, Eugene W Liu, Jay Schulkin, Jeffrey L. Jones, William E. Secor, and Laura H. Taouk

Subjects
Male, Microbiology (medical), Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, medicine.medical_specialty, Population, Antiprotozoal Agents, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Trichomonas Infections, Dermatology, Asymptomatic, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Metronidazole, Physicians, Surveys and Questionnaires, Pelvic inflammatory disease, medicine, Humans, Urethritis, 030212 general & internal medicine, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Vaginitis, education, education.field_of_study, 030505 public health, Trichomoniasis, business.industry, Obstetrics, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, United States, Infectious Diseases, Gynecology, Education, Medical, Continuing, Female, medicine.symptom, 0305 other medical science, business, medicine.drug
Abstract

Purpose Trichomoniasis is the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection in the United States. It can present with vaginitis in women and urethritis in men, but is most often asymptomatic or occurs with minimal symptoms. It is associated with other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), adverse pregnancy outcomes and pelvic inflammatory disease. For these reasons, healthcare provider awareness of trichomoniasis is of public health importance. Methods To assess practitioner knowledge, attitudes, and practices concerning trichomoniasis management, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) conducted an online survey in 2016 of its members, and we analyzed results from 230 respondents. Results We note discrepancies between practice and recommendations amongst surveyed providers: a minority of respondents routinely screen HIV positive patients for trichomoniasis (10.7% “most of the time” 95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.7-15.8, 33.0% “always” 95% CI: 26.5%-40.0%), treat trichomoniasis in HIV positive patients with the recommended dose of metronidazole 500 mg twice a day for 7 days (25.8% 95% CI: 20.0%-32.3%), or retest patients diagnosed with trichomoniasis 3 months after treatment (9.6% 95% CI: 6.1%-14.3R). Only 29.0% (95% CI: 23.0%-35.5%) retreat with metronidazole 500 mg twice a day for 7 days in patients who have failed prior treatment. Conclusions Screening for and treatment of trichomoniasis in HIV positive patients, as well as retesting and retreatment for trichomoniasis in the general population appear to be suboptimal. Continuing education for providers is needed for this common but “neglected” STI.

Published
2019
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6. Extensive genetic diversity, unique population structure and evidence of genetic exchange in the sexually transmitted parasite Trichomonas vaginalis.

Author

Melissa D Conrad, Andrew W Gorman, Julia A Schillinger, Pier Luigi Fiori, Rossana Arroyo, Nancy Malla, Mohan Lal Dubey, Jorge Gonzalez, Susan Blank, William E Secor, and Jane M Carlton

Subjects
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of human trichomoniasis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection world-wide. Despite its prevalence, little is known about the genetic diversity and population structure of this haploid parasite due to the lack of appropriate tools. The development of a panel of microsatellite makers and SNPs from mining the parasite's genome sequence has paved the way to a global analysis of the genetic structure of the pathogen and association with clinical phenotypes.Here we utilize a panel of T. vaginalis-specific genetic markers to genotype 235 isolates from Mexico, Chile, India, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Italy, Africa and the United States, including 19 clinical isolates recently collected from 270 women attending New York City sexually transmitted disease clinics. Using population genetic analysis, we show that T. vaginalis is a genetically diverse parasite with a unique population structure consisting of two types present in equal proportions world-wide. Parasites belonging to the two types (type 1 and type 2) differ significantly in the rate at which they harbor the T. vaginalis virus, a dsRNA virus implicated in parasite pathogenesis, and in their sensitivity to the widely-used drug, metronidazole. We also uncover evidence of genetic exchange, indicating a sexual life-cycle of the parasite despite an absence of morphologically-distinct sexual stages.Our study represents the first robust and comprehensive evaluation of global T. vaginalis genetic diversity and population structure. Our identification of a unique two-type structure, and the clinically relevant phenotypes associated with them, provides a new dimension for understanding T. vaginalis pathogenesis. In addition, our demonstration of the possibility of genetic exchange in the parasite has important implications for genetic research and control of the disease.

Published
2012
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10. REVEALING BIOTIC DIVERSITY: HOW DO COMPLEX ENVIRONMENTS INFLUENCE HUMAN SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN A HYPERENDEMIC AREA

Author

Dr. Eric S. Loker, Dr. Jennifer A. Rudgers, Dr. Stephen A. Stricker, Dr. William E. Secor, Laidemitt, Martina R, Dr. Eric S. Loker, Dr. Jennifer A. Rudgers, Dr. Stephen A. Stricker, Dr. William E. Secor, and Laidemitt, Martina R

Subjects
Schistosomiasis
Abstract

Human schistosomiasis is one of the great neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) of our time with more than 206 million individuals infected and more than 90% of those infected reside in Sub-Saharan Africa (WHO 2017). Chemotherapy based control programs play an essential role in contributing to the elimination of human schistosomiasis; however, there is an increasing consensus that chemotherapy needs to be supplemented by other means if interruption of transmission and elimination are to be achieved. Given this situation, the focus of this dissertation was to better understand transmission dynamics in a hyperendemic setting in western Kenya and to find alternative measures to supplement ongoing mass drug administration (MDA) using indigenous resources that disrupt the development of Schistosoma mansoni (the causative agent of intestinal schistosomiasis in Africa) within its obligatory aquatic snail intermediate host, Biomphalaria. The discipline of disease ecology emphasizes understanding the biotic context in which disease transmission occurs. S. mansoni and Biomphalaria exist within a complex ecological milieu in streams, ponds and lakes in Kenya. The research in this dissertation combined DNA barcodes, phylogenetics, host use patterns and morphology to determine the diversity of trematodes that use Kenyan Biomphalaria as an intermediate host. Along with S. mansoni, we found 21 additional digenetic trematodes that also use Biomphalaria species in Kenya as an intermediate host. The presence of other trematode species in Biomphalaria affects S. mansoni by causing competition for access to snail resources. Furthermore, we used experimental approaches to understand the competitive dynamics among these trematodes and to generate a dominance hierarchy among them. We found that several trematode species are dominant to S. mansoni and long-term agricultural practices have created a si

Published
2018

11. METHODOLOGY FOR DIRECT CONTACT FREEZING OF VEGETABLES IN AQUEOUS FREEZING MEDIA

Author

G. E. Secor, J. C. Cipolletti, George H. Robertson, and D. F. Farkas

Subjects
Aqueous solution, Surface heat, Aqueous medium, Chemistry, Cost analysis, food and beverages, Food science, Freezing methods, Food Science
Abstract

This work treats the freezing of foodstuffs in aqueous media with the intention of reducing the pickup of solute on the solid. Product frozen in 23% NaCl solution (AF 23-0) was centrifuged, washed, and/or blotted to remove surface adhering freezant. Freezing times of less than 1 min were obtained for peas, diced carrots, snow peas and cut green beans. This corresponded to an estimated surface heat transfer coefficient in the range 50-150 BTU/hr ft2°F. Salt residuals ranged from 0.48% (peas) to 2.2% (carrots) and compared favorably to the values reported for canned and remanufactured products. Preliminary cost analysis indicated competitiveness of the method to air-blast freezing methods.

Published
2008
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12. Cover Image

Author

C. B. Mathias, C. M. Schramm, L. A. Guernsey, C. A. Wu, S. H. Polukort, J. Rovatti, J. Ser-Dolansky, E. Secor, S. S. Schneider, R. S. Thrall, and H. L. Aguila

Subjects
Immunology, Immunology and Allergy
Published
2017
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13. Molecular Epidemiology of Metronidazole Resistance in a Population of Trichomonas vaginalis Clinical Isolates

Author

C. B. Beard, L. J. Snipes, E. M. Narcisi, P. M. Gamard, Tovi Lehmann, and W. E. Secor

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), Sexually transmitted disease, Population, Drug Resistance, Antitrichomonal Agents, Drug resistance, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Metronidazole, Genotype, Prevalence, Trichomonas vaginalis, medicine, Animals, Humans, RNA Viruses, Genetic variability, education, Genetics, Molecular Epidemiology, education.field_of_study, Polymorphism, Genetic, Trichomoniasis, Sequence Analysis, DNA, medicine.disease, Virology, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique, Phenotype, RNA, Ribosomal, Genetic marker, Female, Parasitology, Trichomonas Vaginitis
Abstract

Trichomonas vaginalis , the causative agent for human trichomoniasis, is a problematic sexually transmitted disease mainly in women, where it may be asymptomatic or cause severe vaginitis and cervicitis. Despite its high prevalence, the genetic variability and drug resistance characteristics of this organism are poorly understood. To address these issues, genetic analyses were performed on 109 clinical isolates using three approaches. First, two internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions flanking the 5.8S subunit of the ribosomal DNA gene were sequenced. The only variation was a point mutation at nucleotide position 66 of the ITS1 region found in 16 isolates (14.7%). Second, the presence of a 5.5-kb double-stranded RNA T. vaginalis virus (TVV) was assessed. TVV was detected in 55 isolates (50%). Finally, a phylogenetic analysis was performed based on random amplified polymorphic DNA data. The resulting phylogeny indicated at least two distinct lineages that correlate with the presence of TVV. A band-sharing index indicating relatedness was created for different groups of isolates. It demonstrated that isolates harboring the virus are significantly more closely related to each other than to the rest of the population, and it indicated a high level of relatedness among isolates with in vitro metronidazole resistance. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that drug resistance to T. vaginalis resulted from a single or very few mutational events. Permutation tests and nonparametric analyses showed associations between metronidazole resistance and phylogeny, the ITS mutation, and TVV presence. These results suggest the existence of genetic markers with clinical implications for T. vaginalis infections.

Published
2000
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14. Infection-stimulated or perinatally initiated idiotypic interactions can direct differential morbidity and mortality in schistosomiasis

Author

Daniel G. Colley, W. E. Secor, M. A. Montesano, and George L. Freeman

Subjects
Male, Cellular immunity, Immunology, Antibodies, Helminth, Helminthiasis, Schistosomiasis, Cross Reactions, Microbiology, Mice, Immune system, Immunoglobulin Idiotypes, medicine, Animals, Humans, biology, Schistosoma mansoni, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Schistosomiasis mansoni, Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic, Infectious Diseases, Animals, Newborn, Humoral immunity, Mice, Inbred CBA, biology.protein, Female, Antibody
Abstract

In this and previous publications, we have described two areas of study that now converge, and that we propose provide insights into immunoregulatory processes that may develop during chronic endemic diseases and contribute to the balance and chronicity of the essential host/parasite relationship. The first area of study is that of idiotypic/antiidiotypic interactions within human and experimental immune systems during Schistosoma mansoni infections. The companion study concerns a naturally developing differential development of morbidily and mortality during chronic experimental schistosomiasis mansoni. Based on the data presented and reviewed, we propose that either by six weeks of infection, or through perinatal idiotypic manipulation, the immune system of the infected host is 'programmed' into responding either with regulatory cross-reactive idiotypes or not, and that this commitment differentially controls multiple subsequent immune responses and can determine the degree of consequent morbidity and mortality due to schistosomiasis.

Published
1999
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15. Immunoregulatory idiotypes stimulate T helper 1 cytokine responses in experimental Schistosoma mansoni infections

Author

M A Montesano, G L Freeman, W E Secor, and D G Colley

Subjects
Immunology, Immunology and Allergy
Abstract

Inbred male CBA/J mice with chronic Schistosoma mansoni infections develop two distinct syndromes. Hypersplenomegaly syndrome (HSS) demonstrates pathologic similarities to the hepatosplenic form of chronic human schistosomiasis, and moderate splenomegaly syndrome (MSS) resembles the asymptomatic intestinal form. Immunoaffinity-purified Abs against S. mansoni soluble egg Ags (SEA) from infected patients' sera differ idiotypically according to the donor's clinical form of the disease. We now show that immunoaffinity-purified anti-SEA Abs (Id) from MSS or HSS mice parallel idiotypic preparations of the analogous human clinical form by their differential ability to stimulate the proliferation of anti-Id T cells. MSS Id preparations stimulate spleen cells from either MSS or HSS animals. In contrast, HSS Id does not stimulate spleen cells from either group. In an anti-SEA ELISA, MSS and HSS Id preparations contained comparable levels of IgM and IgG1. However, the MSS Id preparation had higher levels of SEA-specific IgG2a and IgG2b than did HSS Id. The Ig isotypes of these Id preparations suggested differences in cytokine expression patterns. Studies of the cytokine profiles of the spleen cells responding to anti-SEA Id preparations demonstrated that while Id preparations from acutely infected mice stimulate IL-4 and IL-10 production, Id preparations from chronic MSS mice stimulate IFN-gamma production. HSS Id did not stimulate the production of any of these cytokines. The possibility that distinct immunoregulatory environments may contribute to the development of MSS and HSS correlates with earlier hypotheses that hepatosplenic pathology results at least in part from a lack of development or expression of appropriate regulatory Ids.

Published
1997
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16. B-1 cell (CD5+B220+) outgrowth in murine schistosomiasis is genetically restricted and is largely due to activation by polylactosamine sugars

Author

P Velupillai, W E Secor, A M Horauf, and D A Harn

Subjects
Immunology, Immunology and Allergy
Abstract

Previously, we demonstrated that lacto-N-fucopentaose III, a sugar found on egg Ags of Schistosoma mansoni, stimulated splenic B cells from parasite-infected mice to proliferate and produce IL-10 and PGE2. The major source of B cell IL-10 is the B-1 subset (CD5+B220+). Thus we examined whether levels of peritoneal exudate B-1 cells changed as a consequence of infection. In CBA/J, BALB/c, and C3H/HeJ mice, we observed significant increases in B-1 cells at 2 to 4 wk postinfection, declining to baseline by 6 to 8 wk. In contrast, the percentage of B-1 cells remained unchanged in C57BL/6 and BALB/c X.id mice after infection. B-1 cells were not observed in the spleens of infected mice; however, coincident with peritoneal B-1 cell decline, splenic CD23+B220+ cells increased from 11% to 30%. Peritoneal B-1 cells could also be expanded by injection of soluble egg Ag, but not by its deglycosylated form, suggesting a role for carbohydrates in B-1 recruitment. In addition, these cells secreted in vitro large amounts of IL-10 in response to lacto-N-fucopentaose III. Further, this sugar induced B-1 cell outgrowth in CBA/J and C3H/HeJ mice, but not in C57BL/6 mice. Thus, early activation of polylactosamine-reactive, IL-10-producing peritoneal B-1 and splenic B cells may be related to early dominance of the Th2-type CD4+ T cell subset. The degree to which this occurs may in part explain differences in the degree of granulomatous pathology reported among various strains of mouse.

Published
1997
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17. Fourth meeting of the European Neurological Society 25–29 June 1994 Barcelona, Spain

Author

H. Hattig, C. Delli Pizzi, M. C. Addonizio, Michelle Davis, A. R. Giovagnoli, L. Florensa, M. Roth, J. de Kruijk, Francisco Lacruz, Ph. Dewailly, A. Toygar, C. Avendano, P.P. De Deyn, J. F. Hurtevent, F. Lomeila, T. W. Wong, Gordon T. Plant, M. Bud, H. J. Willison, DH Miller, D. W. Langdon, R. Cioni, J. Servan, A. Kaygisiz, E. Racadot, D. B. Schens, E. Picciola, L. Falip, C. Bouchard, J. Jotova, A. Jorge-Santamaria, P. Misra, A. Dufour, C. P. Panagopoulos, A. Venneri, B. Sredni, B. Angelard, M. Janelidze, M. Carreno, J. Obenberger, J. Pouget, H. W. Moser, R. Kaufmann, J. A. Molina, D. Linden, A. Martin Urda, E. Uvestad, A. Krone, J. P. Cochin, J. Mallecourt, A. Cambon-Thomsen, K. Violleau, P. Osschmann, A. M. Durocher, E. Bussaglia, D. M. Danielle, H. Efendi, C. Van Broeckhoven, K. G. Jordan, W. Rautenberg, C. Iniguez, J. M. Delgado, Graham Watson, M. Lawden, Gareth J. Barker, K. Stiasny, James T. Becker, G. Campanella, E. Peghi, A. Poli, A. Haddad, T. Yamawaki, Giacomo P. Comi, S. Sotgiu, B. Ersmark, A. Pomes, M. Ziegler, P. Ferrante, P. Ruppi, H. KuÇukoglu, R. Bouton, U. K. Rinne, P. Vieregge, M. Dary, P. Giunti, Peter J. Goadsby, S. Jung, E. Secor, A. Steinberg, N. Vila, M. A. Hernandez, M. Cursi, A. Enqelhardt, A. Engelhardt, J. Veitch, F. Di Silverio, F. Arnaud, B. Neundörfer, R. Brucher, Dominique Caparros-Lefebvre, B. Meyer, Marianne Dieterich, M. H. Snidaro, R. Gomez, R. Cerbo, M. Ragno, J. M. Vance, S. Nemni, A. Caliskan, F. Barros, I. Velcheva, D. Ceballos-Baumann, V. Barak, A. Avila, N. Antonova, F. Resche, S. Pappata, L. Varela, S. R. Silveira Santos, A. Cammarota, L. Naccache, Y. Nara, E. Tournier-Lasserves, R. Mobner, T. Chase, A. Ensenyat, J. Ulrich, G. Giegerich, M. Rother, M. Revilla, N. Nitschke, K. Honczarenko, E. Basart Tarrats, J. Blin, B. Jacob, J. Santamaria, S. Knezevic, J. L. Castillo, M. Antem, J. Colomer, O. Busse, Didier Hannequin, S. Carrier, J. B. Ruidavets, C. Rozman, J. Bogoussslavsky, J. Pascual Calvet, E. Monros, J. M. Polo, M. Zucconl, Javier Muruzabal, R. R. Allen, R. Rivolta, K. Haugaard, A. Nespolo, K. Hoang-Xuang, G. Bussone, T. Avramidis, E. Corsini, Christiana Franke, T. Vinogradova, H. Boot, K. Vestergaard, G. H. Jansen, N. Argentino, M. Raltzig, W. Linssen, Mark B. Pepys, P. Roblot, L. Lauritzen, E. Fainardi, D. Morin, T. X. Arbizu Urdiain, J. Wollenhaupt, S. Bostantjopoulou, G. Pavesi, A. D. Forman, Giovanni Fabbrini, D. Jean, J. J. Archelos, M. I. Blanchs, M. Del Gobbo, Anna Carla Turconi, Ch. Derouesné, Elio Scarpini, A. Visbeck, P. Castejon, J. P. Renou, F. Mounier-Vehier, G. Potagas, Ch. Duyckaerts, A. Filla, R. Schneider, G. Ronen, K. Nagata, J. P. Vedel, A. Henneberg, G. van Melle, C. Baratti, H. Knott, M. C. Prevett, A. Bes, B. Metin, Jos V. Reempts, L. Martorell, Mefkure Eraksoy, H. O. Handwerker, D. S. Younger, O. Oktem, D. Frongillo, C. Soriano-Soriano, L. Niehaus, F. Zipp, A. Tartaro, S Newman, R. H. Browne, P. Davous, R. Sanchez, M. Muros, M. E. Kornhuber, A. Lavarone, M. Mohr, M. R. Garcia, S. Russell, H. Kellar-Wood, M. R. Tola, B. Ostermeyer, Ch. Tzekov, K. Sartor, E. B. Ringelstein, P. P. Gazzaniga, Paul Krack, H. Fidaner, H. Rico, T. Dbaiss, F. Alameda, E. Torchiana, L. Rumbach, I. Charques, J. M. Bogaard, C. D. Frith, L. J. Rappelle, R. Brenner, A. Joutel, K. Fuxe, G. HÄcker, M. J. Blaser, J. Valls-SolÇ, G. Ulm, M. Alberdi, A. Bock, F. W. Bertelsmann, U. Wieshmann, J. Visa, J. R. Lupski, D. D'Amico, L. M. P. Ramos, A. A. Vanderbark, R. Horn, M. Warmuth, Dietmar Kühne, Mark S. Palmer, C. Ehrenheim, E. Canga, S. Viola, O. Scarpino, P. Naldi, R. Almeida, A. A. Raymond, J. Gamez, Stephan Arnold, A. DiGiovanni, J. Dalmau, C. C. Chari, H. F. Beer, J. C. Koetsier, J. Iriarte, E. Yunis, J. Casadevall, E. Le Guern, E. Stenager, S. R. Benbadis, J. M. Warter, F. Burklin, I. Theodorou, L. Johannesen, G. A. Graveland, X. Leclerc, I. Vecchio, L. Ozelius, G. Nicoletti, R. K. Gherardi, E. Esperet, M. L. Delodovici, F. Cattin, F. Paiau, Giorgio Sacilotto, C. A. J. Broere, D. Chavdarov, J. P. Willmer, C. H. Hawkes, Th. Naegele, E. Ellie, E. Dartigues, M. J. Guardiola, S. Hesse, Z. Levic, Marco Rovaris, P. Saugeir-Veber, B. A. Yaqub, H. F. Durwen, R. Larumbe, J. Ballabrina, M. Sendtner, J. Röther, M. Horstink, C. Kluglein, M.P. Montesi, H. Apaydin, J. Montoya, E. Waubant, Ch. Verellen-Dunoulin, A. Nicolai, J. Lopez-Delval, R. Lemon, G. Cantinho, E. Granieri, A. Zeviani, Wolfgang H. Oertel, U. Ficola, V. Di Piero, V. Fragola, K. Sabev, M. V. Guitera, I. Turki, F. Bolgert, P. Ingrand, J. M. Gobernado, L. M. E. Grimaldi, S. Baybas, B. Eymard, Y. Rolland, Y. Robitaille, Ta. Pampols, P. J. Koehler, A. Carroacedo, J. Vilchez, S. Di Vittorio, I. R. Rise, T. Nagy, M. Kuffner, E. Palazzini, A. Ott, J. Pruim, T. X. Arbizu, E. Manetti, C. Cervera, S. Felber, G. Gursoy, J. Scholz, G. A. Buscaino, M. S. Chen, A. Pascual, J. Hazan, J. U. Gajda, J. G. Cea, G. Bottini, G. Damalik, F. Le Doze, G. Bonaldi, J. M. Hew, C. Messina, A. M. Kennedy, J. M. Carney, N. M. F. Murray, M. Parent, M. Koepp, V. Dimova, D. De Leo, K. Jellinger, G. Salemi, S. Mientus, M. L. Hansen, F. Mazzucchelli, J. Vieth, M. Mauri, E. Bartels, L. Johannsen, C. Humphreys, J. Emile, D. N. Landon, E. Kansu, R. Sanchez-Pernaute, Rsj Frackowiak, M. Gonzalez Torres, L. Oller, C. Machedo, J. Kother, M. Billiard, H. Durak, T. Schindler, A. Frank, A. Uncini, A. Sbriccoli, C. Farinas, D. W. Paty, N. Fast, A. T. Zangaladze, A. Kerkhofs, J. M. Pino Garcia, I. De la Fuente, B. Marini, L. Gomez, I. Rubio, Alessandra Bardoni, C. Brodie, P. Acin, U. Sliwka, S. A. Hawkins, S. Tardieu, F. Vitullo, J. M. Pereira Monteino, R. Gagliardi, T. Jezewski, A. Cano, T. Lempert, F. Abad Alegria, G. Rotondo, D. Ince, C. Martinez Parra, Y. Huang, H. Luders, Y. Steinvil, F. G. A. Van Der Meche, R. Bianchi, A. Sanchez, T. Sevilla, J. M. Ketelslegers, A. Domzal-Stryga, M. Pandolfo, M. O. Josse, K. W. Neff, I. Blanco, G. W. Bruyn, O. W. Witte, J. L. Thibault, G. Andersen, J. Pariset, A. Marcone, R. J. M. 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Garcia de Yebenes, N. K. Olsen, P. Hitzenberger, S. Einius, Aj Thompson, Ch. J. Vecht, T. Crepin-Leblond, Klaus L. Leenders, A. Di Muzio, L. Georgieva, René Spiegel, K. Sabey, D. Ménégalli, J. Meulstee, U. Liszka, P. Giral, C. Sunol, J. M. Espadaler, A. D. Crockar, K. Varli, G. Giraud, P. J. Hülser, A. Benazzouz, A. Reggio, M. Salvatore, K. Genc, M. Kushnir, S. Barbieri, J. Ph. Azulay, M. Gianelli, N. Bathien, A. AlMemar, F. Hentati, I. Ragueneau, F. Chiarotti, R. C. F. Smits, A. K. Asbury, F. Lacruz, B. Muller, Alan J. Thompson, Gordon Smith, K. Schmidt, C. Daems Monpeun, Juergen Weber, A. Arboix, G. R. Fink, A. M. Cobo, M. Ait Kaci Ahmed, E. Gencheva, Israel-Biet, G. Schlaug, P. De Jonghe, Philip Scheltens, K. Toyka, P. Gonzalez-Porque, A. Cila, J. M. Fernandez, P. Augustin, J. Siclia, S. Medaglini, D. E. Ziogas, A. Feve, L. Kater, G. J. E. Rinkel, D. Leppert, Rüdiger J. Seitz, S. Ried, C. Turc-Carel, G. Smeyers, F. Godinho, M. Czygan, M. Rijntjes, E. Aversa, M. Frigo, Leif Østergaard, J. L. Munoz Blanco, A. Cruz-Matinez, J. De Reuck, C. Theillet, T. Barroso, V. Oikonen, Florence Lebert, M. Kilinc, C. Cordon-Cardon, G. Stoll, E. Thiery, F. Pulcinelli, J. Solski, M. Schmiegelow, L. J. Polman, P. Fernandez-Calle, C. Wikkelso, M. Ben Hamida, M. Laska, E. Kott, W. Sulkowski, C. Lucas, N. M. Bornstein, D. Schmitz, M. W. Lammers, A. de Louw, R. J. S. Wise, P. A. van Darn, C. Antozzi, P. Villanueva, P. H. E. Hilkens, C. Constantin, W. Ricart, A. Wolf, M. Gamba, P. Maguire, Alessandro Padovani, B. M. Patten, Marie Sarazin, H. Ackermann, L. Durelli, S. Timsit, Sebastian Jander, B. W. Scheithauer, G. Demir, J. P. Neau, P. Barbanti, A. Brand, N. AraÇ, V. Fischer-Gagnepain, R. Marchioli, G. Serratrice, C. Maugard-Louboutin, G. T. Spencer, D. Lücke, G. Mainardi, K. Harmant Van Rijckevorsel, G. B. Creel, R. Manzanares, Francesco Fortunato, A. May, J. Workman, K. Johkura, E. Fernandez, Carlo Colosimo, L. Calliauw, L. Bet, Félix F. Cruz-Sánchez, M. Dhib, H. Meinardi, F. Carrara, J. Kuehnen, C. Peiro, H. Lassmann, K. Skovgaard Olsen, A. McDonald, L. Sciulli, A. Cobo, A. Monticelli, B. Conrad, J. Bagunya, J. Benitez, V. Desnizza, B. Dupont, O. Delrieu, D. Moraes, J. J. Heimans, F. Garcia Rio, M. Matsumto, A. Fernandez, R. Nermni, R. Chalmers, M. J. Marchau, F. Aguado, P. Velupillai, P. J. Martin, P. Tassan, V. Demarin, A. Engelien, T. Gerriets, Comar, J. L. Carrasco, J. P. Pruvo, A. Lopez de Munain, D. Pavitt, J. Alarcon, Chris H. Polman, B. Guldin, N. Yeni, Hartmut Brückmann, N. Wilczak, H. Szwed, R. Causaran, G. Kyriazis, M. E. Westarp, M. Gasparini, N. Pecora, J. M. Roda, E. Lang, V. Scaioli, David R. Fish, D. Caputo, O. Gratzl, R. Mercelis, A. Perretti, G. Steimetz, I. Link, C. Rigoletto, A. Catafau, G. Lucotte, M. Buti, G. Fagiolari, A. Piqueras, C. Godinot, J. C. Meurice, Erodriguez J. Dominigo, F. Lionnet, H. Grzelec, David J. Brooks, P. M. G. Munro, F. X. Weilbach, M. Maiwald, W. Split, B. Widjaja-Cramer, V. Ozturk, J. Colas, E. Brizioli, J. Calleja, L. Publio, M. Desi, R. Soffietti, P. Cortinovis-Tourniaire, E. F. Gonano, G. Cavaletti, S. Uselli, K. Westerlind, H. Betuel, C. O. Dhiver, H. Guggenheim, M. Hamon, R. Fazio, P. Lehikoinen, A. Esser, B. Sadzot, G. Fink, Angelo Antonini, D. Bendahan, V. Di Carlo, G. Galardi, A. F. Boller, M. Aksenova, Del Fiore, V. de la Sayette, H. Chabriat, A. Nicoletti, A. Dilouya, M. L. Harpin, E. Rouillet, J. Stam, A. Wolters, M. R. Delgado, Eduardo Tolosa, G. Said, A. J. Lees, L. Rinaldi, A. Schulze-Bonhage, MA Ron, C. Lefebvre, E. W. Radü, R. Alvarez, M. L. Bots, P. Reganati, S. Palazzi, A. Poggi, N. J. Scolding, V. Sazdovitch, T. Moreau, E. Maes, M. A. Estelies, P. Petkova, Jose-Felix Marti-Masso, G De La Meilleure, N. Mullatti, M. Rodegher, N. C. Notermans, T. A. T. Warner, S. Aktan, J. P. Louboutin, L. Volpe, C. Scheidt, W. Aust, C. M. Wiles, U. Schneider, S. K. Braekken, W. R. Willems, K. Usuku, Peter M. Rothwell, C. Talamon, M. L. Sacchetti, A. Codina, M. H. Marion, A. Santoro, J. Roda, A. Bordoni, D. J. Taylor, S. Ertas, H. H. Emmen, J. Vichez, V. BesanÇon, R. E. Passingham, M. L. Malosio, A. Vérier, M. Bamberg, A. W. Hansen, E. Mostacero, G. Gaudriault, Marie Vidailhet, B. Birebent, K. Strijckmans, F. Giannini, T. Kammer, I. Araujo, J. Nowicki, E. Nikolov, A. Hutzelmann, R. Gherardi, J. Verroust, L. Austoni, A. Scheller, A. Vazquez, S. Matheron, H. Holthausen, J. M. Gerard, M. Bataillard, S. Dethy, V. H. Patterson, V. Ivanez, N. P. Hirsch, F. Ozer, M. Sutter, C. Jacomet, M. Mora, Bruno Colombo, A. Sarropoulos, T. H. Papapetropoulos, M. Schwarz, D. S. Dinner, N. Acarin, B. Iandolo, J. O. Riis, P. R. J. Barnes, F. Taroni, J. Kazenwadel, L. Torre, A. Lugaresi, I. L. Henriques, S. Pauli, S. Alfonso, Pedro Quesada, A. S. T. Planting, J. M. Castilla, Thomas Gasser, M. Van der Linden, A. Alfaro, E. Nobile-Orazio, G. Popova, W. Vaalburg, F. G. A. van der Mech, L. Williams, F. Medina, J. P. Vernant, J. Yaouanq, B. Storch-Hagenlocher, A. Potemkowski, R. Riva, M. H. Mahagne, M. Ozturk, Ve. Drory, N. Konic, C. Jungreis, A. Pou Serradell, J. L. Gauvrit, G. J. Chelune, S. Hermandez, T. Dingus, L. Hewer, Ch. Koch, M. N. Metz-Lutz, G. Parlato, M. Sinaki, Charles Pierrot-Deseilligny, H. C. Diener, J. Broeckx, J. Weill-Fulazza, M. L. Villar, M. Rizzo, O. Ganslandt, C. Duran, N. A. Fletcher, G. Di Giovacchino, Susan T. Iannaccone, C. Kolig, N. Fabre, H. A. Crockard, Rita Bella, M. Tazir, E. Papagiannuli, K. Overgaard, Emma Ciafaloni, I. Lorenzetti, F. Viader, P. A. H. Millac, I. Montiel, L. H. Visser, M. Palomar, P. L. Murgia, H. Pedersen, Rafael Blesa, S. Seddigh, W. O. Renier, I. Lemahieu, H. M. L. Jansen, L. Rosin, J. Galofre, K. Mattos, M. Pondal, G. M. Hadjigeorgiou, D. Francis, L. Cantin, D. Stegeman, M. Rango, A. B. M. F. Karim, S. Schraff, B. Castellotti, I. Iriarte, E. Laborde, T. J. Tjan, R. Mutani, D. Toni, B. Bergaasco, J. G. Young, C. Klotzsch, A. Zincone, X. Ducrocq, M. Uchuya, O. J. Kolar, A. Quattrone, T. Bauermann, Nereo Bresolin, J. Vallée, B. C. Jacobs, A. Campos, Werner Poewe, J. A. Villanueva, A. W. Kornhuber, A. Malafosse, E. Diez-Tejedor, G. Jungreia, M. J. A. Puchner, A. Komiyama, O. Saribas, V. Volpini, L. Geremia, S. Bressi, A. Nibbio, Timothy E. Bates, T. z. Tzonev, E. Ideman, G. A. Damlacik, G. Martino, G. Crepaldi, T. Martino, Kjell Någren, E. Idiman, D. Samuel, J. M. Perez Trullen, Y. van der Graaf, J. O. Thorell, M. J. M. Dupuis, E. Sieber, R. D'Alessandro, C. Cazzaniga, J. Faiss, A. Tanguy, A. Schick, I. Hoksergen, A. Cardozo, R. Shakarishvili, G. K. Wennlng, J. L. Marti-Vilalta, J. Weissenbach, I. L. Simone, Amalia C. Bruni, Darius J. Adams, C. Weiller, A. Pietrangeli, F. Croria, C. Vigo-Pelfrey, Patricia Limousin, A. Ducros, G. Conti, O. Lindvall, E. Richter, M. Zuffi, A. Nappo, T. Riise, J. Wijdenes, M. J. Fernandez, J. Rosell, P. Vermersh, S. Servidei, M. S. C. Verdugo, F. Gouttiere, W. Solbach, M. Malbezin, I. S. Watanabe, A. Tumac, W. I. McDonald, D. A. Butterfield, P. P. Costa, F. deRino, F. Bamonti, J. M. Cesar, C. H. Lahoz, I. Mosely, M. Starck, M. H. Lemaitre, K. M. Stephan, S. Tex, R. Bokonjic, I. Mollee, L. Pastena, M. Gutierrez, F. Boiler, M. C. Martinez-Para, M. Velicogna, O. Obuz, A. Grinspan, M. Guarino, L. M. Cartier, E. Ruiz, D. Gambi, S. Messina, M. Villa, Michael G. Hanna, J. Valk, Leone Pascual, M. Clanet, Z. Argov, B. Ryniewicz, E. Magni, B. Berlanga, K. S. Wong, C. Gellera, C. Prevost, F. Gonzalez-Huix, R. Petraroli, J. E. G. Benedikz, I. Kojder, C. Bommelaer, L. Perusse, M. R. Bangioanni, Guy M. McKhann, A. Molina, C. Fresquet, E. Sindern, Florence Pasquier, M. J. Rosas, M. Altieri, O. Simoncini, M. Koutroumanidis, C. A. F. Tulleken, M. Dary-Auriol, S. Oueslati, H. Kruyer, I. Nishisho, C. R. Horning, A. Vital, G. V. Czettritz, J. Ph. Neau, B. Mihout, A. Ameri, M. Francis, S. Quasthoff, D. Taussig, S. Blunt, P. Valentin, C. Y. Gao, O. Heinzlef, H. d'Allens, C. Coudero, M. Erfas, G. Borghero, P. J. Modrego Pardo, M. C. Patrosso, N. L. Gershfeld, P. A. J. M. Boon, O. Sabouraud, M. Lara, J. Svennevig, G. L. Lenzi, A. Barrio, H. Villaroya, JosÇ M. Manubens, O. Boespflug-Tanguy, M. Carreras, D. A. Costiga, J. P. Breux, S. Lynn, C. Oliveras Ley, A. G. Herbaut, J. Nos, C. Tornali, Y. A. Hekster, J. L. Chopard, J. M. Manubens, P. Chemouilli, A. Jovicic, F. Dworzak, S. Smirne, S. E. Soudain, B. Gallano, D. Lubach, G. Masullo, G. Izquierdo, A. Pascual Leone Pascual, A. Sessa, V. Freitas, O. Crambes, L. Ouss, G. W. Van Dijk, P. Marchettini, P. Confalonieri, M. Donaghy, A. Munnich, M. Corbo, and M. E. L. van der Burg

Subjects
Neurology, business.industry, Media studies, Library science, Medicine, Neurology (clinical), business
Published
1994
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18. Eosinophils and immune mechanisms. VI. The synergistic combination of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and IL-5 accounts for eosinophil-stimulation promoter activity in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice

Author

W E Secor, S J Stewart, and D G Colley

Subjects
Immunology, Immunology and Allergy
Abstract

Eosinophil stimulation promoter (ESP) is a lymphokine activity that stimulates eosinophil migration and is produced by mitogen or specific Ag stimulation of spleen cells from mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. It is also produced by intact, schistosome egg-induced granulomas isolated from the livers of such mice without additional antigenic exposure. The production of ESP activity is decreased during chronic infection in a time course coordinate with granuloma modulation. Characterization of ESP was pursued to determine its relationship to other cytokines and to identify factors that may play a role in granuloma formation and modulation. Chromatographic separations, assays of recombinant cytokines, and cytokine-specific immunodepletions were used in the characterization. ESP+ supernatant fluids contain both granulocyte-macrophage CSF and IL-5. The removal of both granulocyte-macrophage CSF and IL-5 is required to eliminate ESP activity, and together they act synergistically to constitute ESP.

Published
1990
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19. Early responses associated with chronic pathology in murine schistosomiasis

Author

M. A. Montesano, George L. Freeman, C. B. Cêtre‐Sossah, Daniel G. Colley, M. T. Willard, and W. E. Secor

Subjects
Souris, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Male, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, endocrine system, medicine.medical_treatment, Immunology, Spleen, Schistosomiasis, Cross Reactions, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Nitric Oxide, Nitric oxide, Hydroxyproline, chemistry.chemical_compound, Mice, Immunoglobulin Idiotypes, medicine, Animals, Cytokine, Parasite Egg Count, biology, business.industry, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Schistosoma mansoni, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, medicine.anatomical_structure, chemistry, S50 - Santé humaine, Chronic Disease, Mice, Inbred CBA, Parasitology, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, business, Intracellular, Genre humain
Abstract

Inbred male CBA/J mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni develop either hypersplenomegaly syndrome (HSS) or moderate splenomegaly syndrome (MSS) by 20 weeks of infection. Pathologically and immunologically, MSS and HSS closely parallel the intestinal and hepatosplenic clinical forms of schistosomiasis in humans, respectively. By 6 weeks after infection, mice that eventually will become MSS develop T cell-stimulatory, cross-reactive idiotypes (CRI) while HSS mice never produce CRI. Because presence of CRI is useful to predict degree of chronic pathology, we used this measure to investigate what other early immunological events occurred in animals destined to develop severe morbidity. At 8 weeks of infection, there was a strong inverse correlation between CRI and splenomegaly, egg counts, and liver hydroxyproline. Similarly, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)- and ionomycin-stimulated intracellular cytokine expression of IL-4, IL-5, and GM-CSF in splenic CD4+ T cells was inversely correlated with serum CRI and directly correlated with spleen size. In contrast, spleen cell intracellular TNF-? and peritoneal cell production of nitric oxide demonstrated positive correlations with CRI and inverse correlations with measures of morbidity. Surprisingly, IL-10 and IFN-? were not correlated with CRI levels. These studies link chronic pathology to certain immunological responses during the acute phase of schistosomiasis. (Resume d'auteur)

Published
2007

20. Molecularly cloned SHIV-1157ipd3N4: a highly replication- competent, mucosally transmissible R5 simian-human immunodeficiency virus encoding HIV clade C Env

Author

Helena Ong, C. M. McCann, Elizabeth Strobert, Weidong Xu, James G. Else, Robert A. Rasmussen, E. Shai-Kobiler, L. M. Goins, Ricky D. Grisson, Saied Mirshahidi, W. E. Secor, Harold M. McClure, Charles E. Wood, Claudia R. Ruprecht, Agnès-Laurence Chenine, P.-L. Li, Hong Zhang, James B. Whitney, Chipeppo Kankasa, Ruijiang Song, Tao Wang, and Ruth M. Ruprecht

Subjects
Receptors, CXCR5, viruses, Immunology, Molecular Sequence Data, Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, HIV Infections, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Recombinant virus, Virus Replication, Microbiology, Peripheral blood mononuclear cell, Virus, Serial passage, Administration, Rectal, Virology, medicine, Animals, Humans, Amino Acid Sequence, Cloning, Molecular, Receptors, Cytokine, Chimera, virus diseases, Gene Products, env, Infant, Simian immunodeficiency virus, AIDS Vaccines, biology.organism_classification, Macaca mulatta, Long terminal repeat, Insect Science, Lentivirus, HIV-1, Pathogenesis and Immunity, Receptors, Chemokine, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) clade C causes >50% of all HIV infections worldwide, and an estimated 90% of all transmissions occur mucosally with R5 strains. A pathogenic R5 simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) encoding HIV clade Cenvis highly desirable to evaluate candidate AIDS vaccines in nonhuman primates. To this end, we generated SHIV-1157i, a molecular clone from a Zambian infant isolate that carries HIV clade Cenv. SHIV-1157i was adapted by serial passage in five monkeys, three of which developed peripheral CD4+T-cell depletion. After the first inoculated monkey developed AIDS at week 137 postinoculation, transfer of its infected blood to a naïve animal induced memory T-cell depletion and thrombocytopenia within 3 months in the recipient. In parallel, genomic DNA from the blood donor was amplified to generate the late proviral clone SHIV-1157ipd3. To increase the replicative capacity of SHIV-1157ipd3, an extra NF-κB binding site was engineered into its 3′ long terminal repeat, giving rise to SHIV-1157ipd3N4. This virus was exclusively R5 tropic and replicated more potently in rhesus peripheral blood mononuclear cells than SHIV-1157ipd3 in the presence of tumor necrosis factor alpha. Rhesus macaques of Indian and Chinese origin were next inoculated intrarectally with SHIV-1157ipd3N4; this virus replicated vigorously in both sets of monkeys. We conclude that SHIV-1157ipd3N4 is a highly replication-competent, mucosally transmissible R5 SHIV that represents a valuable tool to test candidate AIDS vaccines targeting HIV-1 clade C Env.

Published
2006

21. Use of Trichomonas vaginalis clinical isolates to evaluate correlation of gene expression and metronidazole resistance

Author

W. E. Secor, M. Fernadez, Jan R. Mead, and Pablo A. Romagnoli

Subjects
Pyruvate Synthase, Statistics as Topic, Malic enzyme, Antiprotozoal Agents, Drug Resistance, Gene Expression, Drug resistance, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Microbiology, Trichomonadida, Hydrogenase, Metronidazole, Gene expression, medicine, Trichomonas vaginalis, Animals, Humans, RNA, Messenger, Gene, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Cells, Cultured, DNA Primers, chemistry.chemical_classification, Genes, rRNA, biology.organism_classification, Molecular biology, Enzyme, chemistry, Parasitology, Female, Trichomonas Vaginitis, medicine.drug
Abstract

We investigated whether variations in gene expression of enzymes associated with anaerobic resistance of laboratory-derived strains of Trichomonas vaginalis could be detected in a group of 28 clinical isolates with variations in metronidazole sensitivity. We compared isolates by real-time PCR because this method allows for highly sensitive quantification of mRNA and for evaluation of several genes simultaneously. We found that PFOR gene A mRNA levels were highly correlated with PFOR gene B levels, as well as the D subunit of malic enzyme and ferrodoxin. Ferrodoxin mRNA expression was also significantly correlated with that of malic enzyme and hydrogenase. However, when we evaluated relationships between these enzymes and resistance to metronidazole, we found no significant correlations between aerobic or anaerobic in vitro sensitivity to drug and mRNA levels of any of the enzymes tested. Similarly, using a Student's t-test, no significant differences in enzyme mRNA levels were observed between isolates separated by metronidazole resistance or susceptibility. The lack of correlation between gene expression and resistance or susceptibility could be the result of differences in expression at the protein level or because other biochemical pathways or genes are involved in the resistance observed in clinical settings.

Published
2006

22. Application of an improved method for the recombinant k 39 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect visceral leishmaniasis disease and infection in Bangladesh

Author

W. E. Secor, Sara Crawford, Louise Vaz, James H. Maguire, Josef Amann, Rajashree Chowdhury, Swapan Kumar Roy, Robert F. Breiman, Rashidul Haque, Frank Steurer, Catherine Cetre-Sossah, Mustakim Ali, Katie M. Kurkjian, John Williamson, S. Akhter, Yukiko Wagatsuma, and Caryn Bern

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology, Protozoan Proteins, Antibodies, Protozoan, Antigens, Protozoan, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Asymptomatic, Sensitivity and Specificity, Serology, Antigen, parasitic diseases, medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Animals, Humans, Bangladesh, biology, Leishmaniasis, medicine.disease, Leishmania, biology.organism_classification, Virology, Recombinant Proteins, Visceral leishmaniasis, biology.protein, Population study, Leishmaniasis, Visceral, Microbial Immunology, Antibody, medicine.symptom, Leishmania donovani
Abstract

Several serology-based immunoassays are used to diagnose visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a chronic protozoan parasitic disease caused by the Leishmania donovani complex. These tests are primarily designed to diagnose the most severe clinical form of VL, known as kala-azar. However, leishmanial infection is frequently asymptomatic and may manifest only as a positive serologic response or positive leishmanin skin test. We modified a previously described enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that detects patient antibodies reactive with the recombinant Leishmania protein K39 (rK39) to confirm suspected kala-azar and to detect asymptomatic infection in a community study in Bangladesh. With the inclusion of a standard curve on each ELISA plate, the rK39 ELISA was more repeatable (kappa coefficient of agreement = 0.970) and more reliable compared to the original method (kappa = 0.587, P < 0.001). The cutoff point for a positive antibody response was chosen based on the 99th percentile of the ELISA distribution for the negative-control sera. However, we found that sera from all patients with active kala-azar yielded values more than twice the magnitude of this cutoff. Using receiver-operator characteristic curves, we determined a second cutoff value predictive of kala-azar. Using these criteria, the sensitivity and specificity of the modified ELISA for kala-azar were 97.0% and 98.9%, respectively, for sera from our study population. We hypothesize that individuals with antibody levels greater than the 99th percentile of the negative controls but less than the cutoff point for kala-azar have asymptomatic leishmanial infections.

Published
2005

23. Comparison of Schistosoma mansoni irradiated cercariae and Sm23 DNA vaccines

Author

L. M. Ganley‐Leal, Akram A. Da’dara, Jeannette Guarner, Donald A. Harn, Anne E. Boyer, G. L. Freeman, W. E. Secor, and C. W. Todd

Subjects
Immunology, Antibodies, Helminth, Helminth genetics, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Vaccines, Attenuated, DNA vaccination, Interferon-gamma, Mice, Immune system, Antigen, parasitic diseases, Vaccines, DNA, Animals, Lung, Skin, biology, Schistosoma mansoni, biology.organism_classification, Virology, Lymphocyte Subsets, Vaccination, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Immunization, Antigens, Helminth, biology.protein, Parasitology, Antibody, Spleen
Abstract

Immunization with defined antigens is generally less effective at inducing host protection against experimental infection with Schistosoma mansoni than vaccination with attenuated infective cercariae. We predicted that quantitative and/or qualitative differences existed between the immune responses generated to attenuated cercariae and those induced by defined antigens. Thus, we compared immune responses typically associated with protection in the murine model between animals vaccinated with attenuated cercariae and mice immunized with DNA encoding Sm23, a schistosome integral membrane protein that has previously been shown to confer protection. Mice vaccinated three times with attenuated cercariae demonstrated higher levels of protection than Sm23-vaccinated animals but spleen cells from Sm23 DNA vaccinated mice produced significantly higher levels of schistosome antigen-specific IFN-gamma. Both vaccines induced similar levels of Sm23-specific antibody and post-challenge dermal inflammation. However, the pulmonary inflammatory responses following challenge were much less pronounced in DNA immunized animals compared to those receiving irradiated cercariae. Thus, although Sm23 DNA vaccination effectively induced parasite-specific IFN-gamma and antibody responses, it failed to evoke other critical responses needed for optimal vaccine efficacy.

Published
2005

24. Mucosal cytokine and antigen-specific responses to Cryptosporidium parvum in IL-12p40 KO mice

Author

Pablo A. Romagnoli, K. Borgelt, Nina McNair, Humphrey N. Ehigiator, Jan R. Mead, Maria E. Fernandez, and W. E. Secor

Subjects
animal diseases, medicine.medical_treatment, Immunology, Cryptosporidiosis, Spleen, Biology, CD19, Microbiology, Mice, Immune system, Immunity, parasitic diseases, medicine, Mesenteric lymph nodes, Animals, Lymph node, Immunity, Mucosal, Cryptosporidium parvum, Mice, Knockout, Immunity, Cellular, Interleukin-12 Subunit p40, Gene Expression Profiling, biology.organism_classification, Interleukin-12, Intestines, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Disease Models, Animal, Protein Subunits, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cytokine, biology.protein, Cytokines, Parasitology, Female, Lymph Nodes
Abstract

Studies of cellular immune responses to Cryptosporidium parvum have been limited in part by lack of suitable animal models. IL-12p40(-/-)mice are susceptible to initial infection with C. parvum but recover within 2 weeks, rendering the animals resistant to reinfection. Because the host responses that determine duration and severity of primary infection are not yet understood, we studied the cellular immune response to primary infection with C. parvum in IL-12p40(-/-)mice and also explored possible mechanisms for this response. Female IL-12p40(-/-)mice were inoculated with 10,000 oocysts. Uninfected age-matched mice served as controls. At different time intervals following exposure to oocysts, mice were sacrificed and their intestine, spleen, and mesenteric lymph node tissues were harvested. Cellular immune responses to C. parvum were characterized. Infection of IL-12p40(-/-)mice induced changes in the gene expression of the cytokines IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-15, IL-18, TNF-alpha and TGF-beta during primary infection. There was also a significant increase in total numbers of lymphocytes and CD19/CD62L-expressing cells in mesenteric lymph nodes. These MLN cells exhibited increased antigen-specific proliferation and cytokine production (IL-6 and IFN-gamma) levels when stimulated in vitro. These observations delineate the cellular immune responses during acute C. parvum infection of the IL-12p40(-/-)mouse model.

Published
2005

25. Prevalence of metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis in a gynecology clinic

Author

G, Schmid, E, Narcisi, D, Mosure, W E, Secor, J, Higgins, and H, Moreno

Subjects
Adult, Epidemiologic Studies, Anti-Infective Agents, Metronidazole, Drug Resistance, Prevalence, Trichomonas vaginalis, Animals, Humans, Female, Trichomonas Vaginitis
Abstract

To determine the prevalence of in vitro resistance to metronidazole among unselected isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis and correlate in vitro findings with response to metronidazole therapy.Vaginal fluid from women attending a gynecology clinic at an urban hospital was cultured, isolates were tested for in vitro resistance to metronidazole, and these results were correlated with therapeutic outcome.Among 911 women, T vaginalis was detected by culture in 82 (9.0%). Of the 82 isolates, 2 (2.4%; 95% CI, 0.3-8.5%) had low-level in vitro resistance (minimum lethal concentration, 50 micrograms/mL). Women with positive wet mount examinations were treated with metronidazole, 2 g, once and asked to return in one week. Of the 42 infected women agreeing to return for a repeat examination and culture, 26 (61.9%) did, and all (including one woman with a resistant isolate) were cured.Isolates of T vaginalis resistant to metronidazole occur widely throughout the United States. Although the in vitro susceptibility of T vaginalis to metronidazole has been very poorly studied, our study is consistent with a decade-old prevalence estimate of in vitro resistance (5%), and suggests that high-level resistance is uncommon. This study confirmed, in the absence of reinfection, the continuing clinical effectiveness of single-dose metronidazole for the large majority of trichomoniasis cases.

Published
2001

26. Molecular characterisation of a NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit 5 from Schistosoma mansoni and inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain function by testosterone

Author

M R, Fantappié, A, Galina, R, Luís de Mendonça, D R, Furtado, W E, Secor, D G, Colley, R, Corrêa-Oliveira, G, Freeman, A J, Tempone, L, Lannes de Camargo, and D F, Rumjanek

Subjects
DNA, Complementary, Electron Transport Complex I, Base Sequence, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Molecular Sequence Data, Submitochondrial Particles, Schistosoma mansoni, Bees, Mitochondria, Heart, Recombinant Proteins, Oxygen Consumption, Receptors, Androgen, Consensus Sequence, Animals, Humans, Cattle, NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases, Testosterone, Amino Acid Sequence, Cloning, Molecular, Caenorhabditis elegans, Sequence Alignment, Gene Library
Abstract

Complementary DNA, encoding the mitochondrial enzyme NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit 5 (SmND5) of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni was isolated by screening a S. mansoni cDNA library with a human androgen receptor (hAR) cDNA probe. The complete nucleotide and deduced aminoacid sequences of SmND5 were determined. Southern blot analysis revealed the occurrence of a single copy gene for SmND5 and by means of RT-PCR, it was shown that sex- and stage-specific expression of SmND5 occurred. In order to establish a functional relationship between the mitochondrial enzyme and the androgen receptor, the effects of testosterone were compared to those of classical respiratory chain inhibitors, using adult schistosome and beef heart submitochondrial particles. Physiological concentrations of testosterone were able to inhibit the maintenance of proton gradient across the mitochondrial membranes, as well as ATP synthesis. The steroid was found to be cytotoxic to the larvae, but not to adult schistosomes. A model is proposed to explain the observed in vivo testosterone-related differences in worm burdens, in experimental chronic infections.

Published
2000

27. Neonatal exposure to idiotype induces Schistosoma mansoni egg antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune responses

Author

M A, Montesano, D G, Colley, G L, Freeman, and W E, Secor

Subjects
Immunity, Cellular, CD3 Complex, Immune Sera, Antibodies, Helminth, Immunization, Passive, Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, Schistosoma mansoni, Cross Reactions, Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic, Mice, Animals, Newborn, Immunoglobulin Idiotypes, Antigens, Helminth, Mice, Inbred CBA, Animals, Female, Rabbits, Injections, Intraperitoneal, Spleen, Ovum
Abstract

Exposure of neonatal mice to appropriate, cross-reactive Id (CRI) preparations alters immune responsiveness, ameliorates pathology, and prolongs survival of animals upon subsequent Schistosoma mansoni infection. However, because schistosome infections profoundly affect host immunobiology, which responses are effected by neonatal Id exposure alone and which responses are influenced by infection is unclear. To directly examine the schistosome soluble egg Ag (SEA)-specific immune responses altered by CRI exposure, neonatal mice were injected with CRI-expressing (CRI+) SEA-specific Ab preparations, SEA-specific Abs that did not express CRI (CRI-), or normal mouse Ig. At 9 wk of age, only mice that were neonatally exposed to CRI+ anti-SEA Abs displayed significant SEA-specific IgG serum levels and spleen cell proliferative responses. SEA-stimulated spleen cells from these CRI+-exposed mice also produced IFN-gamma, although not at significantly higher levels than mice receiving CRI- Id or normal mouse Ig. If CRI+-exposed mice were also injected with SEA at 8 wk of age, the 9-wk IFN-gamma responses were significantly higher than those of the other neonatal injection groups. The presence of both CRI and anti-CRI in the sera of animals neonatally injected with CRI, but receiving no exposure to S. mansoni Ags or infection, suggested a functional idiotypic network led to these responses. These data demonstrate that appropriate idiotypic exposure induces B and T cell responsiveness to the Ag recognized by the Id and support the hypothesis that neonatal idiotypic exposure can be an important immunoregulatory factor in schistosomiasis.

Published
1999

28. Association of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis with HLA-DQB1*0201

Author

W E, Secor, H, del Corral, M G, dos Reis, E A, Ramos, A E, Zimon, E P, Matos, E A, Reis, T M, do Carmo, K, Hirayama, R A, David, J R, David, and D A, Harn

Subjects
Adult, Adolescent, Liver Diseases, Parasitic, Child, Preschool, HLA-DQ Antigens, HLA-DQ beta-Chains, Humans, Infant, Child, Lymphocyte Activation, Alleles, Schistosomiasis mansoni, Splenic Diseases
Abstract

Major histocompatibility class II alleles of 351 persons living in an area endemic for Schistosoma mansoni in northeastern Brazil were characterized at three loci (DRB1, DQA1, and DQB1). Contingency analyses were used to compare allele frequencies with high egg excretion, proliferative response to schistosome soluble egg antigens (SEA), and occurrence of severe, biopsy-confirmed hepatosplenic disease. There were no associations of HLA-DR or DQ with egg excretion. Patients positive for DRB1*01, DQA1*0101, or DQB1*0501 were less likely to respond to SEA than was the overall study population. However, using stringent Bonferroni correction (multiplying P values by the number of alleles tested; P x 35), none of these associations with SEA responsiveness remained significant. Hepatosplenic disease was less likely in patients positive for DRB1*11 and was more likely in patients positive for DRB1*07 or DQB1*0201. However, only the DQB1*0201 association remained significant (odds ratio = 3.72; P.005) following Bonferroni correction.

Published
1996

29. Immunopathogenesis and immunoregulation in schistosomiasis. Distinct chronic pathologic syndromes in CBA/J mice

Author

M. A. Montesano, George L. Freeman, M. J. Howard, Daniel G. Colley, W. E. Secor, and Stephen C. Bosshardt

Subjects
Male, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Anemia, T-Lymphocytes, Antibodies, Helminth, Immunoglobulins, Schistosomiasis, Spleen, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Interferon-gamma, Mice, History and Philosophy of Science, Ascites, Hypertension, Portal, medicine, Animals, IL-2 receptor, B-Lymphocytes, biology, business.industry, General Neuroscience, Interleukins, CD44, CD28, Schistosoma mansoni, medicine.disease, Lymphocyte Subsets, Schistosomiasis mansoni, medicine.anatomical_structure, Immunology, Splenomegaly, biology.protein, Mice, Inbred CBA, Cytokines, medicine.symptom, Antibody, business
Abstract

Inbred CBA/J mice with chronic (20-week) Schistosoma mansoni infections demonstrate two distinct syndromes. Hypersplenomegaly syndrome (HSS), characterized by a massive spleen, liver fibrosis, ascites, and anemia, resembles hepatosplenic human schistosomiasis, complete with portal hypertension and shunting. Moderate splenomegaly (MSS) syndrome, with less severe pathology, parallels most chronic human infections. Phenotypic analyses of spleen cells for CD44, CD62L, CD45RB, Ia, and CD25 indicate that HSS mice have more activated and memory CD4+ T cells than do MSS mice. HSS animals also have more B cells that highly express B7-2. Anti-CD3 stimulated spleen cells from 8-week or chronically infected mice produce IL-4 and IL-10 in a manner that appears not to involve the CD28/B7-2 costimulation pathway. By contrast IFN-gamma production is augmented in the presence of anti-CD28 and decreased in the presence of anti-B7-2. Infected mice make very little IL-2 to anti-CD3, even with added anti-CD28. As cytokines affect resultant B-cell responses and HSS and MSS mice display distinctive isotypes, differential regulatory or anergy hypotheses may best explain MSS/HSS differences.

Published
1996

30. In vitro effect of tinidazole and furazolidone on metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis

Author

W E Secor and E M Narcisi

Subjects
Drug, Time Factors, Furazolidone, medicine.drug_class, media_common.quotation_subject, Antitrichomonal Agents, Biology, In Vitro Techniques, medicine.disease_cause, Tinidazole, Microbiology, Efficacy, Metronidazole, medicine, Trichomonas vaginalis, Animals, Humans, Pharmacology (medical), Nitrofuran, media_common, Pharmacology, Trichomoniasis, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Resistance, Microbial, medicine.disease, Infectious Diseases, medicine.drug, Research Article
Abstract

Trichomonas vaginalis is a common sexually transmitted protozoan parasite. Although often considered simply a nuisance infection, T. vaginalis has been implicated in premature rupture of placental membranes and increases in the risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus. Metronidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole, is currently the drug of choice to treat T. vaginalis infection. Because some patients have severe reactions to metronidazole and others are infected with metronidazole-resistant T. vaginalis, we were prompted to investigate alternative therapies. Tinidazole, another 5-nitroimidazole used in other countries to treat T. vaginalis infections, and furazolidone, a nitrofuran presently used to treat giardiasis and infections with some anaerobic enteric bacteria, were investigated for effectiveness against 9 metronidazole-susceptible and 12 metronidazole-resistant T. vaginalis patient isolates. The in vitro aerobic and anaerobic minimum lethal concentrations (MLC) and the time for drug efficacy were determined. Tinidazole killed the metronidazole-susceptible isolates at a low MLC but was effective against only 4 of the 12 metronidazole-resistant isolates. In contrast, furazolidone was effective at a low MLC for all isolates. When tinidazole was effective, it required > 6 h to kill trichomonads. However, furazolidone killed both metronidazole-susceptible and resistant trichomonads within 2 to 3 h of exposure. These data suggest that furazolidone may be a good candidate for treating metronidazole-resistant trichomoniasis and that further investigation of this drug is warranted.

Published
1996

31. Elevated innate peripheral blood eosinophilia fails to augment irradiated cercarial vaccine-induced resistance to Schistosoma mansoni in IL-5 transgenic mice

Author

G L, Freeman, A, Tominaga, K, Takatsu, W E, Secor, and D G, Colley

Subjects
Protozoan Vaccines, Mice, Mice, Inbred C3H, Vaccines, Inactivated, Gamma Rays, Eosinophilia, Animals, Mice, Transgenic, Schistosoma mansoni, Interleukin-5, Immunity, Innate, Schistosomiasis mansoni
Abstract

Numerous factors contribute to host resistance to infection with Schistosoma mansoni. Although several studies have investigated the eosinophil as an effector cell of protective responses, its true role remains unclear. In vitro, human, but not mouse, eosinophils can kill schistosomula. Studies on schistosome infection susceptibility in naive or vaccinated eosinophil-deficient mice have yielded conflicting results. Using the gamma-irradiated cercariae (irr-cerc) model, we vaccinated interleukin (IL)-5 transgenic mice in parallel with background-matched controls (C3H/HeN) to examine whether innate eosinophilia contributes to increased protection from a challenge infection. In our laboratory, mean peripheral blood eosinophil (PBE) levels in IL-5 transgenic mice were 21,000 mm3, whereas in naive C3H/HeN mice this value was 240 mm3. In 3 separate experiments, both groups of vaccinated mice showed significant resistance to challenge infection. However, there was no significant difference in the percent worm reduction between transgenic IL-5 C3H mice (mean % protection = 44.3; range = 42-45%) and the control C3H/HeN mice (mean % protection = 51.7; range = 41-64%). Our findings indicate that high levels of innate PBE due to constitutive production of IL-5 do not augment irr-cerc-stimulated immunity.

Published
1995

32. Specific antibody patterns of Wistar rats inoculated with third stage larvae of Anisakis simplex

Author

T, Amano, M, Nakazawa, H, Sugiyama, W E, Secor, and T, Oshima

Subjects
Male, Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis, Antibodies, Helminth, Immunoglobulins, Immunoglobulin E, Anisakiasis, Anisakis, Rats, Immunoglobulin M, Recurrence, Immunoglobulin G, Larva, Animals, Rats, Wistar
Abstract

Levels of excretory-secretory (ES)-specific antibody were measured in Wistar rats inoculated with 1, 5, or 20 third stage larvae (L3) of Anisakis simplex. Primary inoculation induced ES-specific IgM and IgG titers, paralleling inoculum size. Secondary inoculations resulted in an IgM and IgG titer augmentation in 1 or 5 larvae-inoculated animals to levels comparable to those of animals inoculated with 20 larvae, but titers in high inoculum animals did not increase upon secondary inoculation. Primary inoculation induced low ES-specific IgE antibody titers. However, secondary inoculation produced a different pattern than with IgM or IgG titers. Instead of titers equivalent to animals receiving more larvae, rats receiving 1 larva developed higher IgE titers than rats receiving larger inoculums. IgE titers of single larvae-inoculated rats peaked at 3-5 days after secondary inoculation but disappeared by day 14. The time course of IgE production is therefore consistent with duration of the infection. As the natural infection typically involves few larvae, monitoring ES-specific IgE may be a useful diagnostic tool for human intestinal anisakiasis.

Published
1995

33. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecules in human schistosomiasis: correlations with disease severity and decreased responsiveness to egg antigens

Author

Eduardo Antônio Gonçalves Ramos, Ernestina Reis, W. E. Secor, M. G. Dos Reis, Donald A. Harn, E. P. Matos, and T. M. A. Do Carmo

Subjects
Adult, Male, Adolescent, Immunology, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1, Egg protein, Schistosomiasis, Lymphocyte Activation, Microbiology, Peripheral blood mononuclear cell, Antigen, Cell–cell interaction, medicine, Animals, Humans, Child, Parasite Egg Count, Granuloma, biology, Cell adhesion molecule, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Egg Proteins, Middle Aged, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Infectious Diseases, Solubility, Antigens, Helminth, Child, Preschool, Schistosoma, Parasitology, Female, Schistosoma mansoni, E-Selectin, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Research Article
Abstract

Granuloma formation, the principal pathologic consequence of infection with Schistosoma mansoni, is a complex process involving intricate cell-cell interactions in which intercellular adhesion molecules are likely to participate. To examine this possibility, sera of schistosomiasis patients in various clinical groups were assayed for the presence of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1) and soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin). Comparisons were made between groups with different infection intensities (as predicted by fecal egg count) as well as between groups with severe (hepatosplenic) or milder (intestinal) pathology. All groups had elevated levels of sICAM-1 compared with controls. Also, patients in the high egg-excreting and hepatosplenic groups had significantly higher levels of serum sICAM-1 than patients in the low-egg-excreting and intestinal groups, respectively. The levels of sE-selectin were significantly elevated in the sera of all patients except those in the hepatosplenic group compared with controls. Patients in the intestinal group had significantly higher levels of sE-selectin in their sera than did hepatosplenic group patients, but serum sE-selectin levels of high- and low-egg-excreting patients were comparable. A striking finding of this study was the inverse correlation observed between sICAM-1 levels and peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses to schistosome soluble egg antigens (SEA) but not with responses to other schistosome antigens, purified protein derivative, or mitogen. Because ICAM-1 can perform a costimulatory function in antigen-presenting cell-T cell interactions, it is possible that shedding of ICAM-1 in the granuloma microenvironment interrupts proper costimulation, leading to unresponsive SEA-specific T cells. In this way, sICAM-1 could be one factor contributing to the observed modulation of cellular responses to SEA in chronic human schistosomiasis.

Published
1994

34. Developmental analysis of ocular morphogenesis in alpha A-crystallin/diphtheria toxin transgenic mice undergoing ablation of the lens

Author

Gordon K. Klintworth, Martin L. Breitman, Lea Harrington, and Thomas E. Secor

Subjects
genetic structures, Gene Expression, Mice, Transgenic, Biology, Eye, Mice, Ciliary body, Crystallin, Cornea, Lens, Crystalline, medicine, Morphogenesis, Animals, Microphthalmos, Diphtheria Toxin, RNA, Messenger, Iris (anatomy), Promoter Regions, Genetic, Molecular Biology, Homozygote, Cell Biology, Anatomy, Blotting, Northern, Crystallins, eye diseases, Sclera, Cell biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Lens (anatomy), Optic cup (embryology), Eye development, sense organs, Developmental Biology
Abstract

The role of the lens in early eye development was examined in transgenic mice carrying the cytotoxic diphtheria toxin A gene driven by hamster alpha A-crystallin promoter sequences. Mice hemizygous for this construct are microphthalmic and contain a vacuolated and highly disorganized lens, whereas adult homozygous mice are completely ablated of the lens and lack a pupil, aqueous and posterior chamber, vitreous humor, iris, and ciliary body and show extensive convolution of the sensory retina. Developmental analysis of animals homozygous for the transgene revealed that the optic cup and lens vesicle form normally and that ablation of the lens occurs as a gradual degenerative process beginning between Days 12 and 13 of gestation. Degeneration of the lens vesicle coincides with retarded growth and development of the neuroretina, sclera, and cornea. The anterior lip of the optic cup fails to differentiate into the normal epithelium of the iris and ciliary body and the vitreous body does not develop. Although the retinal layers apparently form normally, retinal folding becomes prominent following lens degeneration. These results suggest that development of a functional lens from Embryonic Day 12.5 onward is critical for formation of the ciliary epithelium, iris, and vitreous body, as well as for appropriate growth, development, and maintenance of morphology of the retina, cornea, sclera, and optic nerve. Our results also provide information on the time course of DT-A-mediated cell destruction in vivo and are discussed in context with previous lens ablation studies and the importance of developmental analysis for interpretation of the extent to which morphogenetic aberrations are concurrent with or secondary to genetic ablation of the target tissue.

Published
1991

35. Alkaline Thermochemical Degradation of Rice Straw to Oxychemicals

Author

G. E. Secor, J. M. Krochta, J. S. Hudson, and R. N. Young

Subjects
Insoluble residue, chemistry.chemical_compound, Waste management, Chemistry, Acetone, food and beverages, Degradation (geology), Rice straw, Cellulose, Alkali metal, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Nuclear chemistry
Abstract

THERMAL degradation of rice straw in water produces more water solubles and acetone solubles and less insoluble residue than from pure cellulose. Addition of alkali can be adjusted to optimize acetone soluble oil or to produce only water-soluble products. Water solubles include alcohols, ketones and carboxylic acids.

Published
1984
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36. Determination of Sodium in Alkali-Treated Cereal Straws, Lye-Peel Wastes, and Brine-Frozen Foods with an Ion Selective Electrode Compared with Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Author

Geraldine E. Secor, R. M. McCready, and Gary M. McDonald

Subjects
Brine, law, Chemistry, Sodium, food and beverages, chemistry.chemical_element, General Chemistry, Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Alkali metal, law.invention, Ion selective electrode, Nuclear chemistry
Abstract

A simple procedure is described for determining sodium in sodium hydroxide-treated rice straw and rye grass, lye-peeled potato wastes, and brine-frozen vegetables. Samples containing ≤4% sodium were extracted with 0.05M ammonium carbonate and the extracts were analyzed directly by using a sodium ion selective electrode over the range 10−4 to 10−2M sodium ion. Comparable analyses of the same extracts by atomic absorption spectrometry agreed to within 10%. Recovery of sodium added to control rice straw was 102%.

Published
1976
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39. A LABORATORY STUDY ON COUNTERCURRENT DESALTING OF PICKLES

Author

J. L. Bomben, E. Lowe, G. E. Secor, and E. L. Ourkee

Subjects
Chromatography, Brining, Chemistry, Countercurrent exchange, Leaching (agriculture), Pulp and paper industry, Effluent, Food Science
Abstract

The technique of countercurrent leaching was applied to the desalting of salt stock pickles. Experiments and calculations showed that a spent brine of 13–14% salt can be produced in 4–6 stages and that pickles can be desalted in 48 hr. The volume of waste effluent from countercurrent leaching is considerably less than the amount from conventional leaching, and the higher concentration of salt in the effluent makes salt recovery much more practical from a cost standpoint.

Published
1974
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40. Analysis and Interrelation of Stress‐Strain‐Time Data for Asphalt Concrete

Author

Carl L. Monismith and Kenneth E. Secor

Subjects
Asphalt concrete, Superposition principle, Materials science, General Computer Science, Creep, business.industry, Stress–strain curve, Relaxation (physics), Mechanics, Function (mathematics), Compression (physics), business, Test data
Abstract

Test data are presented for an asphalt concrete subjected to creep and stress‐relaxation in compression at 40°F. Because of the large initial stresses developed in the relaxation tests, perfect step‐function inputs of strain as a function of time were not obtained, and it was thus necessary to utilize data exhibiting some variation of strain with time. The relaxation modulus‐time relationship was obtained from these results by means of a numerical application of the superposition principle. The mathematical development of the numerical solution from the superposition equation is included. Another numerical procedure was utilized to interconvert test values for creep compliance vs. time to a second relaxation modulus‐time relationship. Both solutions were accomplished with the aid of an IBM 7090 computer. Comparison of the results for the relaxation modulus vs. time derived from the two tests showed a comparison sufficiently satisfying to warrant further study along such lines.

Published
1964
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41. Reversed-phase chromatography of some substituted hydrazine derivatives of monosaccharides and related compounds

Author

Geraldine E. Secor and Lawrence M. White

Subjects
Arabinose, Chromatography, Paper, Rhamnose, Ribose, Pentoses, Glucuronates, Fructose, Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Organic chemistry, Monosaccharide, Phenylhydrazine, Fucose, Hexoses, chemistry.chemical_classification, Chromatography, Research, Monosaccharides, Organic Chemistry, Galactose, General Medicine, Reversed-phase chromatography, Sorbose, Phenylhydrazines, Glucose, Hydrazines, Uronic Acids, chemistry, Mannose
Published
1964
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42. Newborn Screening Saves Lives but Cannot Replace the Need for Clinical Vigilance

Author

F. Neemuchwala, M. Taki, E. Secord, and S. Z. Nasr

Subjects
Pediatrics, RJ1-570
Abstract

Newborn screening for cystic fibrosis (CF) enables early diagnosis and treatment leading to improved health outcomes for patients with CF. Although the sensitivity of newborn screening is high, false-negative results can still occur which can be misleading if clinicians are not aware of the clinical presentation of CF. We present a case of a young male with negative newborn screen diagnosed for CF. He was diagnosed at 3 years of age despite having symptoms indicative of CF since infancy. The delayed diagnosis resulted in diffuse lung damage and poor growth.

Published
2018
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43. X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF SULFUR AND PHOSPHORUS WITH A FUNDAMENTAL MATRIX CORRECTION CALCULATION

Author

G. E. Secor, R. N. Young, and F. W. Reuter

Subjects
Matrix (chemical analysis), chemistry, Fundamental matrix (linear differential equation), Phosphorus, Inorganic chemistry, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Correction technique, X-ray fluorescence, Particle size, Sulfur, Food Science
Abstract

A comparison of X-ray and chemical analyses of phosphorus and sulfur standards of KH2PO4- and (NH4)2SO4-cellulose was performed to determine the range of applicability of a numerical matrix correction technique. Over the range 0.1 — 1.0%, the X-ray technique was accurate to within 8% for phosphorus and 17% for sulfur. At 0.03%, the X-ray values are low by 17% or more. At 3.0% and 10.0%, particle size effects caused the values to be low by more than 17%. X-ray analysis of pure sulfur and (NH4)2SO4 was accurate to within 13% and indicates the validity of the mathematical technique. Application was made to the analysis of wheat and standard reference plant materials.

Published
1979
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44. A Method for Bromine Determination in Wool Fabric by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

Author

F. William Reuter, Mendel Friedman, and Geraldine E. Secor

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Bromine, Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, Inorganic chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, X-ray fluorescence, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, chemistry, Wool, 0103 physical sciences, Polymer chemistry, Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous), 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

Bromine is measured in flame-resistant wool fabric by x-ray fluorescence spectrometry with a relative precision of 3 to 8% and relative accuracy of better than 10%. The method computes the bromine concentration from fluorescence measurements of the sample, and a thin film standard, and two measurements of attenuation by the sample. Deviations of 10 to 20% from a straight-line relationship of x-ray counts to bromine concentration are accounted for. X-ray fluorescence is generally useful for routine analyses of bromine in textiles and has advantages over wet chemical analysis.

Published
1976
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47. Occurrence of two similar homologous series of oligosaccharides in wheat flour and wheat

Author

Geraldine E. Secor and Lawrence M. White

Subjects
Chromatography, biology, Chemistry, Flour, Biophysics, Wheat flour, Carbohydrates, food and beverages, Oligosaccharides, Biochemistry, Enzyme assay, Homologous series, chemistry.chemical_compound, Molecular size, Proximate analysis, biology.protein, Tetrasaccharide, Molecular Biology, Triticum
Abstract

1. 1. A plot of the logarithm of the mobility on paper chromatograms vs. the molecular size of the oligosaccharides extracted from wheat flour suggests the presence of two similar homologous series of oligosaccharides in this product. 2. 2. Chromatographic examination of the ethanolic extracts of wheat flour and wheat and the proximate analysis of the components show that the same oligosaccharides are present in each and that they occur naturally, not by artifact. 3. 3. The two trisaccharides and the tetrasaccharide synthesized during the sucrose-invertase reaction are chromatographically identical to certain of the oligosaccharides found in wheat flour and wheat.

Published
1953

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