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Latinos are underrepresented in brain autopsy research on Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). The study's purpose is to identify Latinos' attitudes about brain donation (BD) to inform methods by which researchers can increase autopsy consent.Forty Latinos (mean age: 59.4 years) completed a semi-structured interview and were presented with educational information about BD. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their understanding of BD and willingness to donate their brain for research.Among participants, there was near unanimous support for BD to study ADRD after hearing educational information. However, prior to the information presented, participants reported a lack of knowledge about BD and demonstrated a possibility that misunderstandings about BD may affect participation.While nearly all study participants agree that donating is beneficial for research and for future generations, the lack of BD information must be addressed to help support positive attitudes and willingness for participation.

Compassion in interactions between physicians and patients can have a therapeutic effect independent of the technical medical treatment provided. However, training physicians to effectively communicate compassion is challenging. This study explores how medical students experienced training focused on interacting with patients by examining students’ reports of particularly memorable lessons. Six focus groups were conducted with medical students (total n = 48) in their fourth year of training. We report on responses from students to the question, “What was the most memorable lesson you have learned about interacting with patients?” Students discussed lessons aimed at patient-centered physical navigation, interpersonal navigation, and perspective taking. Concerns were raised that navigation techniques felt inauthentic and that perspective taking was too time consuming to be sustainable in actual practice. While perspective-taking exercises should motivate medical students to treat every patient with dignity by demonstrating the complexity of others’ lives, if students assume that full understanding is a prerequisite to delivery of compassionate care, they may dismiss explicit techniques of patient-centered care as inauthentic and perceive compassion and efficiency as mutually exclusive.

In response to growing concerns regarding mosquito-borne diseases, scientists are developing novel systems of vector control. Early examples include Oxitec’s OX513A genetically-engineered mosquito and MosquitoMate’s Wolbachia-infected mosquito, and systems using ‘gene-drive’ are in development. Systems based on genetic engineering are controversial and institutions around the world are grappling with the question of who should have a say in how such technologies are field-tested and used. Based on media coverage and public records, we created comparative timelines of the efforts of Oxitec and MosquitoMate to navigate federal and local governance and bring their products to market in the United States. We analyze these timelines with particular attention to the role of public input in technology governance. These cases illustrate how governance of technology in the US is diverse, complex, and opaque. Further, the public response to proposed field trials of the Oxitec product highlights inconsistencies between public expectations for governance and actual practice. As gene-drive mosquito control products develop, both federal and local agencies will find their legitimacy tested without a better procedure for transparently integrating public input.

Background While there is wide consensus that the public should be consulted about emerging technology early in development, it is difficult to elicit public opinion about innovations unfamiliar to lay audiences. We sought public input on a program of research on genetic engineering to control mosquito vectors of disease that is led by scientists at the University of California and funded by the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). In preparation for this effort, we developed a series of narrated slideshows to prompt responses to the development of gene drive mosquito control strategies among lay people. We describe the development and content of these slideshows and evaluate their ability to elicit discussions among focus group participants. Methods In developing these materials, we used an iterative process involving input from experts in molecular genetics and vector control. Topics were chosen for their relevance to the goals of the scientists leading the program of research. Significant time was devoted to crafting explanations that would be accessible to uninitiated members of the public but still represent the science accurately. Through qualitative analysis of focus group discussions prompted by the slideshows, we evaluated the success of these slideshows in imparting clear technical information sufficient to inform lay discussion. Results The collaboration resulted in a series of four narrated slideshows that were used to anchor discussions in online focus groups. Many participants described the slideshows as interesting and informative, while also raising concerns and possible risks that were not directly addressed in the material presented. Open-ended comments from participants suggest that the slideshows inspired critical questions, reflection, and conversation about genetically engineered and gene drive mosquitoes. After the final and most technically complex slideshow, however, some respondents made comments suggestive of overwhelm or confusion. Conclusion Our narrated slideshows prompted engaged conversations about genetically engineered mosquitoes among members of the public who were generally naïve to this technology. Narrated slideshows may serve as viable and useful tools for future public engagement on other controversial emerging medical and public health technologies.

Information about genetic engineering (GE) for vector control in the United States is disseminated primarily in English, though non-English speakers are equally, and in some geographic regions even more affected by such technologies. Non-English-speaking publics should have equal access to such information, which is especially critical when the technology in question may impact whole communities. We convened an interdisciplinary workgroup to translate previously developed narrated slideshows on gene drive mosquitoes from English into Spanish, reviewing each iteration for scientific accuracy and accessibility to laypeople. Using the finalised stimuli, we conducted five online, chat-based focus groups with Spanish-speaking adults from California. Overall, participants expressed interest in the topic and were able to summarise the information presented in their own words. Importantly, participants asked for clarification and expressed scepticism about the information presented, indicating critical engagement with the material. Through collaboration with Spanish-speaking scientists engaged in the development of GE methods of vector control, we translated highly technical scientific information into Spanish that successfully engaged Spanish-speaking participants in conversations about this topic. In this manuscript, we document the feasibility of consulting Spanish-speaking publics about a complex emerging technology by drawing on the linguistic diversity of the scientific teams developing the technology.

Granular personal data generated by mobile health (mHealth) technologies coupled with the complexity of mHealth systems creates risks to privacy that are difficult to foresee, understand, and communicate, especially for purposes of informed consent. Moreover, commercial terms of use, to which users are almost always required to agree, depart significantly from standards of informed consent. As data use scandals increasingly surface in the news, the field of mHealth must advocate for user-centered privacy and informed consent practices that motivate patients' and research participants' trust. We review the challenges and relevance of informed consent and discuss opportunities for creating new standards for user-centered informed consent processes in the age of mHealth.

A goal of the Precision Medicine Initiative All of Us Research Program (AoURP) is recruitment of participants who reflect the diversity of the US. Recruitment from among blood bank donors, which may better reflect the demographic makeup of local communities, is one proposed strategy. We evaluated this strategy by analyzing the results of a survey of San Diego Blood Bank donors conducted in November 2015. Whites were more likely than nonwhites to respond to the survey (7.1 percent versus 3.9 percent). However, race was not a significant predictor of interest in participating in precision medicine research. Using census data linked to donors' ZIP codes, we also found that people who indicated interest in research participation were more likely to come from regions with higher educational attainment. Although blood banks represent a viable recruitment strategy for AoURP, our findings indicate that bias toward inclusion of whites and more highly educated people persists.

Rapid, if not same-day, start of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is quickly becoming a best practice around the world. In the US, multiple programs exist to facilitate rapid start of ART, but little is known about the experiences of newly diagnosed individuals receiving these recommendations and services. Twenty participants (19 men who have sex with men and 1 transgender woman) from an early ART start program (ART-NET) at the University of California San Diego were interviewed to better understand experiences with access to same-day ART. Interviews were analyzed for main themes emerging in three general areas: reasons to start, reasons to delay, and factors influencing early ART adherence. Participants reported starting anywhere from right away (same visit as diagnosis) to within a few weeks (median 10.5 days). Reasons to start right away included fear of what could happen if not treated, personal health, influence of people/resources at the clinic, and study participation. Most had small delays in ART start because of structural (insurance, costs) and intentional delays (getting additional medical consultations or additional information/resources). Adherence facilitators included desires to improve CD4/viral load and strong positive beliefs in benefits of suppression. Participants were largely supportive of rapid ART start and appeared to rely on CD4 and viral load data as “proof” of need for ART and its impact. Providing evidence for the impact of HIV on one’s body may be particularly helpful for asymptomatic, newly diagnosed individuals considering immediate ART start.

BACKGROUND: Molecular epidemiology (ME) is a technique used to study the dynamics of pathogen transmission through a population. When used to study HIV infections, ME generates powerful information about how HIV is transmitted, including epidemiologic patterns of linkage and, potentially, transmission direction. Thus, ME raises challenging questions about the most responsible way to protect individual privacy while acquiring and using these data to advance public health and inform HIV intervention strategies. Here, we report on stakeholders’ expectations for how researchers and public health agencies might use HIV ME. METHODS: We conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews with 40 key stakeholders to find out how these individuals respond to the proposed risks and benefits of HIV ME. Transcripts were coded and analyzed using Atlas.ti. Expectations were assessed through analysis of responses to hypothetical scenarios designed to help interviewees think through the implications of this emerging technique in the contexts of research and public health. RESULTS: Our analysis reveals a wide range of imagined responsibilities, capabilities, and trustworthiness of researchers and public health agencies. Specifically, many respondents expect researchers and public health agencies to use HIV ME carefully and maintain transparency about how data will be used. Informed consent was discussed as an important opportunity for notification of privacy risks. Furthermore, some respondents wished that public health agencies were held to the same form of oversight and accountability represented by informed consent in research. CONCLUSIONS: To prevent HIV ME from becoming a barrier to testing or a source of public mistrust, the sense of vulnerability expressed by some respondents must be addressed. In research, informed consent is an obvious opportunity for this. Without giving specimen donors a similar opportunity to opt out, public health agencies may find it difficult to adopt HIV ME without deterring testing and treatment.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV phylogenetic and molecular epidemiology analyses are increasingly being performed with a goal of improving HIV prevention efforts. However, ethical, legal and social issues are associated with these analyses, and should be considered when performed. RECENT FINDINGS Several working groups have recently outlined the major issues surrounding the use of molecular epidemiology for HIV prevention. First, the benefits of HIV molecular epidemiology remain unclear, and further work is needed to quantitatively demonstrate the benefits that can be expected. Second, privacy loss is an important risk, with implications of disclosure varying by the regional legal and social climate. Inferential privacy risks will increase with technological improvements in sequencing and analysis. Third, data sharing, which enhances the utility of the data, may also increase the risk of inferential privacy loss. Mitigation strategies are available to address each of these issues. SUMMARY HIV molecular epidemiology for research and public health pose significant ethical issues that continue to evolve with improving technology, increased sampling and a changing legal and social climate. Guidance surrounding these issues needs to be developed for researchers and public health officials in an iterative and region specific manner that accounts for the potential benefits and risks of this technology.

ObjectiveWe sought to present a model of privacy disposition and its development based on qualitative research on privacy considerations in the context of emerging health technologies.Materials and MethodsWe spoke to 108 participants across 44 interviews and 9 focus groups to understand the range of ways in which individuals value (or do not value) control over their health information. Transcripts of interviews and focus groups were systematically coded and analyzed in ATLAS.ti for privacy considerations expressed by respondents.ResultsThree key findings from the qualitative data suggest a model of privacy disposition. First, participants described privacy related behavior as both contextual and habitual. Second, there are motivations for and deterrents to sharing personal information that do not fit into the analytical categories of risks and benefits. Third, philosophies of privacy, often described as attitudes toward privacy, should be classified as a subtype of motivation or deterrent.DiscussionThis qualitative analysis suggests a simple but potentially powerful conceptual model of privacy disposition, or what makes a person more or less private. Components of privacy disposition are identifiable and measurable through self-report and therefore amenable to operationalization and further quantitative inquiry.ConclusionsWe propose this model as the basis for a psychometric instrument that can be used to identify types of privacy dispositions, with potential applications in research, clinical practice, system design, and policy.

Concern over stigma as a consequence of genetic testing has grown in response to the recent increase in genetic research and testing resulting from the Human Genome Project. However, whether a genetic or hereditary basis necessarily confers a stigma to a condition remains unexamined.We performed a qualitative interview study with 86 individuals with one of four conditions: deafness or hearing loss, breast cancer, sickle cell disease, and cystic fibrosis. The first two groups were divided approximately between people who ascribed their conditions to a genetic or hereditary cause and those who did not.Respondents interpreted genetic or hereditary causes and nongenetic causes in a variety of ways. Subjects with breast cancer reported the most consistently negative interpretation of genetic cause. This response concerned future ill health, not an enduring sense of stigma. Deaf and hard of hearing subjects provided the most consistently positive comments about a genetic or hereditary basis to their condition, casting familial hearing loss as a vital component of group and individual identity. Respondents with sickle cell disease and cystic fibrosis offered similar and positive interpretations of the genetic cause of their condition insofar as it meant their conditions were not contagious.Although some subjects report feeling stigmatized as a result of their condition, this stigmatization is not uniformly associated with the condition's cause, genetic or otherwise. Instead, stigma emerges from a variety of sources in the context of the lived experience of a particular condition.

Phase 1 of the CDC's Smallpox Vaccination Program has foundered because of a lack of volunteers. However, despite the enrollment of fewer than 10% of the projected number of hospital employees in Phase 1, and recent recommendations of two advisory groups, CDC and DHHS officials recently announced plans to expand this vaccination program. During Phase 2 of the Smallpox Vaccination Program, an additional 10 million health care and emergency workers are scheduled to receive vaccination. This paper reviews reasons why state health departments and hospitals rejected participation in Phase 1. It urges the federal government to take account of these problems before proceeding to Phase 2 and argues that the flaws in this program not only threaten bioterrorism preparedness efforts but, more importantly, might endanger trust in public health initiatives.

Stanley Cohen coined the concept of moral panic in order to account for the animosity toward the hooliganism of the “Mods” and “Rockers” in British resort towns in the 1960s and the immoderation of English working-class youth culture in general. His focus was on the social construction of deviance in public and media discourse which, at times, creates analogous panics around threats posed by school bullies, illicit drug abusers, child molesters, welfare mothers and immigrants (Cohen 1992: viii-xxi). In conceptualizing such a situation as a “moral panic,” Cohen sought to highlight processes by which a threat to random innocent individuals assumes a moral dimension by becoming widely interpreted as a threat to the social order itself. Since the majority of threats, regardless of their severity, do not lead to panics and most panics, regardless of the extent of their spread, develop a moral dimension, it is clear that moral panics, as Cohen asserts, are socially constructed. For example, the threat of predictably recurrent massacres of students, coworkers, and other bystanders with firearms widely available in the United States has led neither to panic nor to forceful legislative strategies of gun control and ownership regulation. Conversely, during runs on bank deposits or stock markets, coincidental attempts by individuals to safeguard their own assets by getting ajump on other fearful depositors or investors create the very financial crisis all wish to avoid. In such cases, however, it is not the panic that assumes a moral coloring; on the contrary, a moral dimension enters such panics only when efforts to bring them to an end generate potential “moral hazards.” The focus in studies of specific moral panics, therefore, should be on the moral entrepreneurs who transform threats into moral panics and the interests that benefit from such panics. Cohen’s theory is compelling, but we find it necessary to revise it in two ways to address an internal ambiguity (which we do in this section) and to flesh out its potential as a framework for analyzing the GWOT (the subject of Section B). Though Cohen clearly suggests that moral panics are socially, that is normatively, constructed, he also insists that most claims associated with moral panics can be evaluated objectively with respect to other threats or to basic demographic information. Both older and newer constructivist approaches gladly consent that once a situation is defined as objective or real, that definition will take on a life of its own and have real consequences (Thomas and Znaniecki 1984). We equally recognize that some threats pose greater risks than others – and therefore there is room for the combination of moral panic theory and risk analysis (as we shall see below). Cohen’s aspiration to use an objective scale of threats conceals his recognition that since responses to threats are socially constructed they will both reflect and shape social and political interests. We suggest that conceptualizing a moral panic has to include an allusion to the process of how it is constructed. In fact, Cohen himself does so from time to time. Cohen’s original book does not offer a systematic theory as much as a number of insightful observations on the characteristics of moral panics. In a continuing debate with several waves of supporters and critics, Cohen has since identified several features of moral panics, though only suggestively or with excruciating terseness (see Unger 2001: 272). Of these features, we consider four to be the most significant. Reading Cohen’s original formulation, his revisions, and the criticisms of his approach, we offer a conceptualization that highlights the social and political process by which moral panics are created.

Purpose – This chapter argues that assistive technology itself, rather than a shared disabled identity, can be the basis for peer interaction and therefore serve as the basis for community. Specifically, prosthetic technology serves as a point of connection between amputees of different backgrounds. Methodology – Data are from 20 in-depth qualitative interviews with a diverse group of men and women who lost legs or feet since 2002. The analysis of these interviews is enriched by ethnographic observation of support groups, mobility clinics, and visits to rehabilitation facilities. Findings – Despite misgivings about support groups and socializing with others simply because of shared impairment, respondents reported connecting with peers through trading technical information and insights into prosthesis use. Thus, the notion of community may be most clearly understood in terms of interaction with shared objects and environments rather than shared identity. Limitations – As with most qualitative studies, the findings here cannot be generalized to the greater amputee population in the United States. Practical implications – The findings suggest that groups organized around activities that help people learn prosthetic legs can be the basis for community. Social implications – This example suggests that communities of users can be a unique source of technical information about assistive technology that professionals cannot necessarily provide. Value of paper – The analysis brings a unique perspective to the question of community and disability by drawing on sources from science and technology studies to theorize communities of users of assistive technology.

The paper reviews the main problems encountered during investigations of the oscillating pressure fields by the Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP) technique. Measurement methodology, theoretical and experimental estimations of the PSP response time are presented. It is shown that currently available pressure sensitive paint formulations can be used for oscillation frequencies up to 20–30Hz. The experimental results obtained on the pitching wing models at Mach numbers from 0.45 to 0.9 are presented.

This paper reports an experiment in which pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) was used to measure pressures on simple, flat-plate, clipped delta wings that were undergoing damped aeroelastic oscillations in transonic flow. The experiment was conducted in High Reynolds Number Channel 2 (HRC-2) at Ames Research Center and was designed to explore the potential of PSP to generate unsteady aerodynamic data needed to validate numerical methods for simulating aeroelastic responses. The experiment demonstrated all the procedures needed to use PSP for aeroelastic testing. The semispan models were imaged by three synchronized black and white video cameras. Image transformations were applied to correct for model movement between the wind-on and wind-off conditions. The uncertainty of the measurements was large because of uncertainties in the paint calibration and in the correction for model movement, and because the unsteady component of the PSP signal was highly attenuated due to inadequate frequency response of the paint. (Author)

An Ratten im Unterdruckversuch wird wahrend der Akklimatisation und einer darauf folgenden Periode der Reakklimatisation der Eisen-und Hamoglobingehalt mit Berucksichtigung der Hamosiderinablagerung in Milz, Leber und Knochenmark verfolgt. Die Hamosiderose der inneren Organe geht dem Hamoglobinabbau und der dabei freiwerdenden Eisenmenge parallel, allerdings mit einer geringen zeitlichen Verschiebung. Umgekehrt verschwindet das als Hamosiderin abgelagerte Eisen der Milz mehr oder weniger vollstandig beim Blutaufbau wahrend der Akklimatisation.

1. Es wurden Ubertragungen von regionaren Lymphknoten beiJensen-Sarkom der Ratte auf kastrierte und nichtkastrierte Tiere ausgefuhrt. 2. Im grosten Teil der Versuche entwickelte sich kein Tumor aus den Transplantaten, nur in 4 Versuchen kam es zur Tumorbildung. 3. Die Ergebnisse der Versuche sprechen fur einecellulare Ubertragung desJensen-Sarkoms. Einestarke Anfalligkeit frisch kastrierter Ratten fur Tumorubertragung, wie sieAuler undSchilling aus ihren Versuchen gefolgert haben, last sich nicht ableiten.

In Fortsetzung unserer Untersuchungen uber das Eisen in normalen und erkrankten Lungen haben wir denNichthamoglobineisengehalt entzundeter Lungen bestimmt.

1. Zur Nachprufung der Angaben vonWaldschmidt-Leitz uber die Wirkung von racemischen Peptiden auf die Tumorbildung und zur Prufung der Einwirkung saurer und basischer Kost auf die Geschwulstentstehung waren 180 Ratten mit 1 ccm einer 1,5% igen Benzpyrenlosung in Olivenol intramuskular gespritzt worden. 2. Bei 112 Tieren entwickelten sich Sarkome an der Einspritzungsstelle in der Oberschenkelmuskulatur, d. h. in 95% der als abgeschlossen anzusehenden 118 Versuche. 3. Die histologische Untersuchung von 109 Geschwulsten ergab neben einem Rundzellensarkom und 14 Spindelzellsarkomen 94 (86%) Rhabdomyosarkome. Auch in den Tumormetastasen, die in 22,7% der Falle auftraten, waren manchmal Muskelelemente nachweisbar. 4. Die Entwicklung der Geschwulste wurde verfolgt. Auf eine 40 bis 60 Tage wahrende Latenzzeit mit fehlender Gewebsreaktion folgt eine Periode mit Wucherung wahrscheinlich myogener Zellen am Rande der Benzpyrenolcysten, die mit Tumorbildung endet und wahrscheinlich schon ihren Beginn darstellt. Im vorliegenden Versuch scheint die Geschwulstbildung ein rein ortlicher Prozes zu sein. Eine wesentliche Mitwirkung chronisch-regeneratorischer Prozesse bei der Geschwulstentstehung ist unwahrscheinlich. 5. Eine Beeinflussung der Tumorentstehung oder des Tumorwachstums durch d,l-Leucyl-Glycin war nicht nachweisbar. 6. Die Geschwulstentstehung wurde weder durch saure noch durch basische Kost beeinflust. Die Geschwulste wuchsen aber bei der sauren Fleischkost etwas starker als bei normaler Kost, entsprechend dem allgemein besseren Gedeihen der Fleischtiere. Durch basische Kost scheint das Tumorwachstum etwas gehemmt zu werden.

1. Der Eisenvorrat der Fruhgeburten stammt wie bei den rechtzeitig geborenen Kindern zum grosten Teil aus dem Hamoglobin, das nach der Geburt infolge besserer Sauerstoffversorgung abgebaut wird. Ein groser Prozentsatz dieses Eisens wird in den Depotorganen Leber und Milz abgelagert, die zur Zeit der Geburt recht eisenarm sind. 2. Im 2.–3. Monat nach der Geburt erreicht die Ablagerung dieses Depoteisens ihren Hohepunkt, um in den folgenden Monaten wieder weitgehend zu verschwinden. Auch histochemisch (Berlinerblaureaktion) ist diese Bewegung des Eisens zu verfolgen. 3. Die relative, auf das Gewicht des Kindes bezogene Menge, des bei Fruhgeburten vorhandenen Eisens kann diejenige bei rechtzeitig Geborenen erreichen. Die absolute Menge ist jedoch erheblich geringer. Trotz des schnelleren Wachstums der fruhgeborenen Kinder braucht aber im ersten Lebenshalbjahr selbst bei fehlender Eisenresorption kein Eisenmangel aufzutreten. 4. Diese Tatsache spricht ebenso wie der Beginn der Fruhgeborenenanamie schon im 2. Monat, zur Zeit der hochsten Eisenablagerung in den Depotorganen, gegen eine ursachliche Bedeutung des Eisenmangels fur diese Art der Blutarmut, wenigstens in ihrer ersten Phase.

1. Es werden Ergebnisse, die bei Untersuchungen uber die Resistenz von Organen (Lymphknoten, Lunge, Leber, Niere) gegen das Wachstum von Tumormetastasen erhalten wurden, zusammengestellt. 2. Die Bedeutung dieses Organwiderstandes fur Theorie und Praxis wird kurz besprochen. 3. Weiter werden die Frage der „schlummernden“ Krebszellen, der Spatmetastase und der „unsichtbaren Lungen- und Leberpassage”(Zahn) an Hand von eigenen Untersuchungen behandelt.

Im Anschlus an fruhere mit dem Luminescenzmikroskop am Auge der Albinoratte erhobenen Befunde untersuchten wir die Reaktionen, die bei toten dunkeladaptierten Tieren nach kurzer Belichtung und anschliesendem Aufbewahren in der Dunkelheit sich abspielen. Wahrend beim lebenden Tier sofort nach der Belichtung der Prozes der Regeneration des Schpurpurs eintritt und die bei der Belichtung entstandenen Vorgange ruckgangig macht, gehen beim toten Tier die durch die Belichtung bedingten Prozesse trotz Aufenthalt in der Dunkelheit bis zu einem Endstadium weiter. Dieses wird bei nicht zu kurzer Belichtung in 1–2 Stunden erreicht. Selbst eine Belichtung von 2 Sekunden Dauer, deren unmittelbare Wirkung im Luminescenzmikroskop uberhaupt nicht nachzuweisen ist, fuhrt im Laufe der nachsten Stunden zu einer deutlichen Reaktion, wahrend ein nicht belichtetes, dunkeladaptiertes Auge, wenn es nach Totung des Tiers im Dunkel gehalten wird, viele Stunden lang unverandert bleibt.

1. Wir pruften die Angaben vonBomskov undSpiegel uber die Hemmung der Wirkung des thyreotropen Hormons auf die Schilddruse durch das Thymhormon (Thymusrohol) nach. 2. Es gelang uns nicht, durch Thymusrohol, das wir zum Teil vonBomskov bekommen hatten, zum Teil selbst herstellten, eine Hemmung der Wirkung des thyreotropen Hormons (Pretiron) zu erreichen, obwohl wir uns an die Vorschrift vonBomskov undSpiegel hielten. Sowohl das Schilddrusengewicht wie das histologische Bild der Schilddruse zeigten keine wesentlichen Unterschiede bei nur mit thyreotropem Hormon und bei mit Thymhormon und thyreotropem Hormon behandelten Meerschweinchen. 3. Thymhormon allein bewirkte keine deutliche Veranderung des Schilddrusengewichtes und des histologischen Bildes der Schilddruse gegenuber unbehandelten Kontrolltieren. 4. Eine wesentliche Senkung des Leberglykogens war bei den mit Thymhormon allein behandelten Tieren in Ubereinstimmung mit den Ergebnissen unserer fruheren Arbeit und denen vonAnselmino undLotz nicht nachweisbar. Im Gegensatz dazu kam es nach Pretiron allein und nach Pretiron plus Thymhormon zu einer deutlichen Senkung des Leberglykogengehaltes auf die Halfte. 5. Wir konnen also an unserem Tiermaterial die VersuchsergebnisseBomskovs nicht bestatigen. Wir halten uns daher fur berechtigt, gegenuber den weitgehenden FolgerungenBomskovs fur die menschliche Pathologie zunachst einmal zuruckhaltend zu sein.

1. Es wird eine Beschreibung des Wachstums des ubertragbaren Ascitescarcinoms in den Lungen von Mausen nach intravenoser Einspritzung gegeben mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der Anfangsstadien und einer etwaigen Induktion von korpereigenen Zellen. 2. Die AnsichtKleins, der eine solche Induktion annimmt, last sich fur den vorliegenden Sonderfall nicht beweisen. Im Gegenteil untersuchten wir Mauselungen, in denen ein Weiterwachstum der eingespritzten korperfremden Tumorzellen mit Sicherheit nachzuweisen war. Auch fur die ubrigen Falle lies sich letzteres wahrscheinlich machen. 3. An Hand von Organubertragungsversuchen von tumorinfizierten Tieren wird darauf hingewiesen, das beim Ascitescarcinom der Maus nur aus solchen Organen Tumor gezuchtet werden kann, in denen auch, wenigstens mikroskopisch, Tumorzellen nachzuweisen sind. 4. Beobachtungen uber Tumorriesenzellbildungen bei Wachstumshemmung und uber sehr lange Latenzzeiten des Tumors werden mitgeteilt und Parallelen zu den Verhaltnissen bei menschlichen Tumoren gezogen.

1. Die Versuche vonJancso undJancso5 am Rattenauge, in denen das Auftreten vonQuernerschem “Leuchtstoff” (Vitamin A) im Pigmentepithel des belichteten Auges bei Beobachtung mit dem Luminescenzmikroskop festgestellt wurde, werden wiederholt, die Ergebnisse bestatigt und erweitert. 2. Im dunkeladaptierten Auge der Albinoratte findet man in der Schicht der Stabchen und Zapfen einen sattbraunrot lumineszierenden Stoff, der mit groser Wahrscheinlichkeit dem Sehpurpur entspricht. Das Pigmentepithel luminesziert leuchtend gelb. Dieser gelb lumineszierende Stoff ist in feinen Kornchen lokalisiert. 3. Nach Belichtung des Auges verschwindet die Luminescenz des Sehpurpurs; im Pigmentepithel tritt sofort, spater auch in der Sinneszellenschicht, eine grune Luminescenz auf, die mit groser Wahrscheinlichkeit durch Vitamin A oder eine Verbindung desselben hervorgerufen wird. 4. Entsprechende Vorgange sind auch im Auge der pigmentierten Ratte, des Meerschweinchens, Kaninchens und Frosches nachweisbar. 5. Auch bei Ratten mit Hyper- und Hypovitaminose A sind die Befunde wie bei normal gefutterten Tieren; es ist bemerkenswert, das selbst im Pigmentepithel von Tieren, deren innere Organe (Leber, Nebenniere) weder histologisch noch chemisch Vitamin A enthalten, der Leucht stoff doch noch auftreten kann. Hier scheint sich also das Vitamin A am langsten zu halten. Immerhin fanden wir auch Falle von Avitaminose A bei Ratten, bei denen der Leuchtstoff auch im Auge fast vollig geschwunden war. 6. Die von uns erhobenen Befunde lassen sich ohne grose Schwierigkeiten mit der vonWald12 aufgestellten Theorie uber den Sehpurpurzerfall uber Sehgelb-Retinin zu Vitamin A vereinbaren. 7. Verschiedene Einzelheiten, wie das Verhalten des Auges im Verlauf der Dunkeladaptation, das Verhalten des belichteten und unbelichteten Auges nach Totung des Tieres, Besonderheiten der Luminescenz an der Ora serrata, werden besprochen.

1. Es wird die pathologisch-anatomische Grundlage der kurzlich vonLommel geschilderten, im Rontgenbild bei Silikose auftretenden eierschalenahnlichen Schatten an Hand von 2 Fallen untersucht. 2. WieLommel schon angenommen hatte, handelt es sich dabei um in Form und Lage eigenartige Verkalkungen in den silikotisch-schwielig umgewandelten Lymphknoten, vor allem in der Gegend des Lungenhilus.

1. Bei einem Fall von Morbus Gaucher beim Saugling werden die histologischen Veranderungen im Gehirn beschrieben. Es werden nebeneinander Speicherungserscheinungen und degenerative Vorgange an den Ganglienzellen gefunden. 2. Es besteht eine grose Wahrscheinlichkeit dafur, das die degenerativen Vorgange an den Ganglienzellen Folge der Speicherung eines Lipoids, wahrscheinlich der Gauchersubstanz, sind. Die Gliawucherungen und der vereinzelt vorkommende Markscheidenzerfall sind Folge der Ganglienzellzerstorung. 3. Die Veranderungen sind am starksten im Nucleus dentatus des Kleinhirns; dann folgen Brucke, Mittel- und Zwischenhirn, Medulla oblongata, Stammknoten, Gros- und Kleinhirnrinde und Ruckenmark. 4. Vergleiche der Speicherungsorte beim Morbus Gaucher des Sauglings und bei derNiemann-Pickschen Krankheit ergeben in den Grundzugen erhebliche Ahnlichkeiten bei beiden Krankheiten, woraus man auch auf Ubereinstimmung in der Pathogenese schliesen mochte.

1. Es wurden spektrographische Untersuchungen an 271 Gallensteinen, 30 Harnsteinen und einigen anderen Konkrementen des menschlichen Korpers durchgefuhrt, um den Elementgehalt qualitative zu erfassen. Auch eine quantitative, grosenordnungsmasige Schatzung der Mengen war moglich. 2. Die Gallensteine stammten aus zahlreichen verschiedenen Gegenden und Landern. Trotzdem waren erhebliche Unterschiede im Elementgehalt nicht festzustellen, ebensowenig bei Gallensteinen aus Jena, die in verschiedenen Jahrzehnten zwischen 1870 und 1940 gewonnen waren. 3. Die festgestellten Unterschiede sind vielmehr grostenteils quantitativer Art in dem Sinne, das pigmentreiche Steine auch reich an Elementen sind, und umgekehrt. 4. Auch in den ubrigen Konkrementen (Nierensteine, Speichelsteine, Pankreassteine, Bronchialsteine, Venen- und Kotsteine) ist der Elementgehalt sehr ahnlich. Es wird daher die Meinung vertreten, das es sich um Niederschlage schon physiologischerweise im Korper zirkulierender Elemente handelt, die mindestens zum Teil auch wichtige Aufgaben zu erfullen haben (Spurenelemente). 5. Nebenn den schon lange bekannten Spurenelementen Fe, Mn, Cu und Zn fanden sich haufig Pb, Ag, Al, Sr, Si, B und Cd. Daneben kamen vereinzelt vor Sn, Bi, Cr, Hg, As und Ba.

1. Im Anschlus an fruhere Untersuchungen uber die Resistenz der Rattenlunge gegen dasJensen-Sarkom wurden entsprechende Versuche an der Rattenleber ausgefuhrt. 2. Es ergab sich eine erhebliche Resistenz des Lebergewebes, die im Gegensatz zu den Verhaltnissen an der Lunge schon vom Anfang der Tumorentwicklung in der Haut und Muskulatur an besteht und die anscheinend im Verlaufe der Geschwulstkrankheit nicht groser oder geringer wird, wahrend das Bindegewebe am Leberhilus eine deutliche Herabsetzung der Resistenz im Verlaufe der Tumorerkrankung der Haut zeigt. 3. Die Zellen desJensen-Sarkoms wurden in der Leber schnell abgebaut. In seltenen Fallen entstanden Metastasen, die von Tumorthromben der Pfortader ausgingen und erst sekundar in das eigentliche Lebergewebe eingewuchert waren. 4. Die Entstehungsbedingungen dieser Metastasen werden besprochen.

Durch chemische und histochemische Bestimmungen des Nichthamoglobineisens von Leber und Milz bei akuten und chronischen Infektionskrankheiten (Sepsis, Pneumonie, Diphtherie, Tuberkulose, Rheumatismus) stellten wir fest, das bei keiner der untersuchten Infektionen eine Erhohung oder Erniedrigung des Eisengehaltes der Leber gegenuber gleichalten Normalfallen eintritt. Dagegen kommt es bei manchen Infekten (Sepsis, Pneumonie, Tuberkulose) zu einer erheblichen Steigerung des Milzeisens (auf das 3–fache). Bei der Diphtherie war die Erhohung des Milzeisens nicht sicher nachweisbar, beim Rheumatismus fehlte sie vollig. Die Ursache dieser Steigerung des Milzeisens bei Infekten wird diskutiert. Der wahrscheinlichste Grund ist eine Vermehrung derHamolyse durch die Infektion. Die Zusammenhange mit der Senkung des Serumeisens beim Infekt werden besprochen.

1. Es wurde die Beeinflussung des Asciteskrebses der Maus durch einmalige und zweimalige intraperitoneale Colchicingaben untersucht. 2. In Anlehnung an die Ergebnisse verschiedener Untersucher bei anderen Geschwulsten ergab sich eine erhebliche Beeinflussung vor allem der Mitosen der Tumorzellen. Die Spindelbildung fehlte, die Kernteilungen blieben in den ersten Stadien stehen und es kam zu einer Isolierung der Chromosomen. 3. Im weiteren Verlauf entstanden aus Gruppen von Chromosomen oder sogar aus einzelnen Chromosomen neue Kerne, ein Vorgang, der im Schrifttum als Karyomerie oder Idiomerie bezeichnet wird. Auch Untergang von Tumorzellen war zu verzeichnen. 4. Immerhin konnte eine echte Heilwirkung, ohne dem Versuchstiere gleichzeitig zu schaden, mit den angewandten grosen Colchicingaben nicht erzielt werden. 5. Die Versuche werden fortgesetzt.