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Introduction. In recent decades, there has been a decrease in the prevalence of peptic ulcer (PU), but this trend does not correlate with the frequency of bleeding and mortality from PU: the disease remains the main cause of bleeding with a high mortality rate. Aim. To study the predictors of urgent complications of PU, using endoscopic, laboratory and clinical signs of gastric bleeding. Materials and methods. Observational cross-sectional (one-stage) study of 181 hospital patients diagnosed with ulcerative disease (84 men, 97 women), mean age 53 ± 27.6 (18–89) years. The stratification of endoscopic characteristics of ulcerative defects of the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum (DU) was carried out according to the Clinical guidelines “Diagnosis and treatment of PU in adults (2020)”, bleeding assessment – according to the Forrest classification (1974), selection of patients’ age by periods: 18–35 years (young age); 36–59 years (average age); 60–74 years old (old age); 75–89 years old (old age). Results. The results of studies have shown that the potential for ulcer bleeding is increased in the presence of the following factors. An increase in the patient’s age (the proportion of middle age is 44.2%, the elderly – 35.4%) and male gender. Duration of ulcer history (46.9%), H. pylori-positivity (74.6%); comorbidities requiring anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (70.1%), the presence of two or more risk factors (20.4%). Conclusion. Not only predictors of urgent complications of PU have been established, but also a dissonance indicating a high frequency of occult bleeding in the disease. The frequency of laboratory symptoms of anemia – 55.8%; endoscopic signs – 19.3%, including stigmata of a high risk of rebleeding – 14.3%; clinical symptoms of gastric blood loss – 14.4%. The risk of complications and mortality is associated with both frequent latent course and escalation of NSAID consumption.

Highlights. The article presents a review of literature data on the diagnostic role of endothelial dysfunction biomarkers. The review provides an overview of the main indicators, their significance in various pathologies, and presents possible therapeutic strategies for preventing endothelial dysfunction.Abstract. Endothelial dysfunction is a characteristic feature of each stage of the cardiovascular continuum – a series of events from hypertension to the development of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, thrombus formation, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Due to the prominent role of endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of many vascular diseases, it is a significant therapeutic target. It is important to note that circulating markers of endothelial activation and damage characterize the severity of the disease and can be used to evaluate the efficacy of treatment and subsequent prognosis. The purpose of this review is to provide up–to-date data on endothelial function, discussing its clinical relevance in the cardiovascular continuum, the latest insights in molecular and cellular biology, and their implications for clinical practice, with a focus on new methods of therapeutic approaches for correcting endothelial dysfunction.

The aim of the study was to analyze the patterns associated with the risk of developing gallstone disease. Material and methods. The selection of signs of metabolic syndrome among patients of the hospital contingent with cholelithiasis, depending on gender and age, was carried out. There are 271 patients in the general population, of which 227 are women and 49 are men. Statistical processing of research results using the Statistica 8.0 applied software package. Results. Differences in etiology and pathogenesis lead to divergence of the phenotype of patients with cholelithiasis. At the same time, the conservatism of significant risk factors for the development of the disease remains. These include ethnic and sexual dimorphism: Caucasians are twice as likely to suffer from gallstone disease than the Khakass (7.3 and 3.4%, respectively). The incidence of gallstones in women is 8.6% (Caucasians - 10.9%; Khakaski - 6.2%). The indicators for women are 4.6 times higher than for men - 1.9% (Caucasians - 2.5%; Khakass - 1.3%). Older age: after 60 years, the number of patients increases exponentially, gender differences decrease. In the rating of comorbidities, the following are most often recorded: abdominal obesity (92.3% of patients), excess body weight (87.8%); violation of carbohydrate metabolism (86.4%), hypertension (81.7%), atherogenic dyslipidemia (50.6%) and NAFLD (23.6%). Conclusion. Together with conservative factors of susceptibility to gallstones that cannot be modified (age increase, female sex, heredity), a pathological phenotype known as metabolic syndrome is often formed. An increase in the frequency of gallstones is associated with variable combinations of metabolic syndrome components. Early detection of these signs can be used to predict and prevent the disease, since they are all modified to one degree or another. In addition, along with the conventional criteria for metabolic syndrome, the expression of gallstone disease has been established, which makes it possible to consider it a full-fledged sign.

The article is devoted to the activities of an outstanding person - scientist, helminthologist, geneticist, Doctor of Biology Sciences, Professor I.M.Vinnitsky (1910-1951). Ilya Markovich was the head of several biological departments of medical institutes in the Soviet Union (Simferopol, Tomsk, Sverdlovsk, Samarkand). His life was extraordinary, bright and at the same time difficult. Despite the fact that the period of his labor activity at that time fell on the era of the organization and formation of many medical institutes, his scientific, pedagogical and organizational activities left important, necessary traces for fu- ture generations of doctors in our country. Nevertheless, the archives and departments, as it turned out, do not contain rich information even about the great and significant people of that period. Perhaps this is due to wartime, when only in Simferopol the Crimean Medical Institute experienced 2 evacuations and countless bombings. Ilya Markovich’s family members, son Vladimir Ilyich and grandson Danil Vladimirovich, helped the authors to restore the lost parts of the biography, but in essence they were told on the basis of the surviving part of the copies of documents, so that we know and remember, and could pass on to future generations about our teachers and inspirers. The article is part of a series of publications of the Department of Medical Biology, dedicated to the 90th anniver- sary of the Medical Academy named after S.I. Georgievsky and the 90th anniversary of the Department of Medical Biology, the anniversary of which fell on 2021.

Aim to analysis of the epidemiological characteristics of gastric cancer of proximal localization and esophagus cancer in the population of the Republic of Khakassia. Materials and methods. We studied 142 cases of esophagus cancer and 684 cases of gastric cancer, including 74 incidents of proximal localization by the continuous method for 2015-2019 (100%). In all cases, the diagnosis was established according to ICD 10 revision, TNM (2009) and verified morphologically. The study of the clinical debut of malignant tumors was carried out by comparing the general popula- tions of patients with esophagus cancer and gastric cancer of proximal localization over a 5-year period, dividing for 10-year-period groups. Results. There is an increase in the incidence rate of cancer of the esophagus by 1.4 times, gastric cancer by 1.1 times, and the share of cardioesophageal cancer of the stomach to 17.6%. Squamous cell car- cinoma dominates in the morphological structure in case of cancer of the esophagus (86, 6%), and adenocarcinoma (96.2%) in case of gastric cancer. Men have 1.26 times more often with gastric cancer of all localizations than women, 1.64 times more with cardioesophageal cancer of the stomach, 4.9 times more in patients with cancer of the esopha- gus, consistently. An exception are tumors of the bottom of the stomach (men are 0.75 times less than women). In cancer of the esophagus, the most frequent manifestation age is 60-69 years (42.9%). With cardioesophageal cancer of the stomach, every second patient is over 70 years old. Conclusion. The incidence of cardioesophageal cancer of the stomach and cancer of the esophagus is increasing.

Background. In March 2020, the number of COVID-19 cases in the world increased 13 times, and the number of countries affected by the virus tripled. During the year, all countries of the world were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, but the epidemic process has population characteristics. Purpose. To estimate the morbidity and mortality rates of patients with COVID-19 in the Republic of Khakassia, the structure of patients by sex and age infected with SARS-CoV-2 for 2020 Materials and methods. The incidence and mortality rates of the general population of patients with COVID-19 for 2020 in the republic has been analysed. For statistical processing of the results obtained, the Statistica 8.0 software package was used. Results. The number of registered cases of COVID-19 in 2020 in the Republic of Khakassia was 17552. There are two conditional growth intervals in the number of infected people in March-August (first wave) and in September-December (second wave). During the 1st wave, the incidence rate increased from 0.2 to 180.4 per 100 thousand of the population. In December, the incidence exceeded the same indicator in Russia by 1.8 times (2646.1 per 100 thousand population). There were three peak values of the mortality rate: in April – 3.1%, in July – 1.8%, in December – 2.4%. The proportion of deaths increases with age. The highest mortality rate is recorded at the age of 50 years and older: the proportion of deaths in this group is 3.7 times higher than at the age of 50-59, 10.6 times more than in the group of 40-49 years and 74 times more than in the young age group (

For peptic ulcer disease, the etiological role of H. pylori infection has been proven, 60-90% of gastric cancer cases are associated with H. pylori. The bacterium is recognized as a first-order carcinogen. An association has been established between the successful elimination of H. pylori and a reduced risk of gastric cancer and relapse of peptic ulcer. In the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation in the gastric mucosa associated with H. pylori, there are reference points that determine the further path of development of the pathology. If peptic ulcer is not a consequence of the direct damaging effect of NSAIDs, it is associated with the development of gastritis. In gastric ulcer, gastritis is found in both the antrum and the fundus of the stomach Atrophy of the glands begins in the antrum, then its foci are found in the fundus on the front and back walls. Gradu- ally they increase in size, merge with each other, the acid secreting zone decreases, and the border between the fundus and pyloric glands shifts in the proximal direction. With atrophic fundus gastritis, the likelihood of developing high ulcers and stomach cancer increases. Significant increase in apoptosis processes with relative rigidity of proliferation leads to the formation of ulcer, and carcinogenesis is due to excessive proliferation and accumulation of cell mutations. One of the subjects of damage is Cag A H. pylori protein, which implements remodeling of the gastric epithelial barrier. Among its effects are modulation and impaired proliferation of gastric epithelium, leading to morphological changes. The aggressive action of Cag A protein enhances toxic doses of alcohol and smoking, supporting inflammation and causing damage to the gastric mucosa. Despite the common etiology and pathogenesis of gastric ulcer and gastric cancer, the relationship with the de- velopment of atrophic pangastritis and the similarity of convention risk factors determines that the key point in the manifestation of gastric cancer is a genetic predisposition in the form of gene polymorphism causing severe atrophy as a result of chronic inflammation.

The equilibrium structure of the 4-cyanopyridine molecule was determined from experimental data for the first time. The computations performed at the CCSD(T) level agree well with the results of the combined electron diffraction and microwave data analysis. The effect of the para-cyano substituent on the geometry of the pyridine ring is observed in comparison with the literature data for the pyridine molecule.

Reaction of 4,5-dichlorophthalonitrile with 3-phenoxyphenol led to the formation of 4,5-bis(3-phenoxyphenoxy)phthalonitrile. It has underlain the synthesis of 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis(3-phenoxy-phenoxy) phthalocyanine and its single and double deck sandwich complexes with erbium. As show the electron absorption spectra the complexes are dissociated in dichloromethane at concentrations below 1 × 10–5 mol L–1.

Joint condensation of 4,5-bis(4-hexadecyloxyphenoxy)phthalonitrile (A) and tetrachlorophthalonitrile (B) in boiling hexan-1-ol in the presence of lithium hexan-1-olate and subsequent reaction with LuCl3 · 6 H2O gave single-decker lutetium complexes with unsymmetrical phthalocyanines (AABB, ABAB). Reactions of the latter with 9,10-dioxo-9.10-dihydroanthraquinone-2,3-dicarbonitrile afforded mixed-ligand double-decker lutetium complexes containing tetraanthraquinonoporphyrazine as one of the ligands. Spectral properties of the synthesized complexes were studied, and all complexes were found to exhibit red fluorescence.

5. Lekhanova E.N., Buganov A.A. Svaykina E.V. Features of mineral metabolism of the population of the Far North and hypertension in Yamal // Bulletin of Regenerative Medicine. – 2009. – No 6. – P. 27-29. 6. Uvarova T.E., Burtceva T.E., Sofronova S.I., Efremova S.D., Gol’derova A.S. Blood lipid profile and features of lipid metabolism disorders in the Indigenous Peoples of Northern Yakutia // Far East Medical Journal. – 2012. – No 3. – P. 85-88. 7. Shedoeva M.N. Features of the metabolic profile in patients with coronary heart disease and hypertension of different ethnicity // «Actual issues of Clinical and Experimental Medicine», Materials of the Scientific-Practical Conference of Young Scientists. – St. Petersburg. – 2003. – P. 5. 8. Grundy S.M., Cleeman J.I., Daniels S.R., Donato K.A., Eckel R.H., Franklin B.A., Gordon D.J., Krauss R.M., Savage P.J., Smith S.C., Spertus J.A., Costa F. Diagnosis and management of the Metabolic syndrome // Circulation. – 2005. – Vol. 112. – P. 2735-2752. 9. Tillin T., Forouhi N., Johnston D.G., McKeigue P.M., Chaturvedi N., Godsland I.F. Metabolic syndrome and coronary heart disease in South Asians, African Caribbeans and white Europeans: a UK population based cross–sectional study // Diabetologia. – 2005. – Vol. 48. – P. 649-656.

We evaluated parameters of apoptosis in the mucosa of the gastric antrum and body of indigenous and non-indigenous residents of Khakassia with duodenal ulcer disease associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. In the gastric antrum, apoptotic index was significantly increased in patients with ulcer disease in comparison with healthy individuals in both populations. The ratio of proliferation index to apoptotic index was lower in patients with ulcer disease in comparison with healthy individuals in both populations. Similar, but less pronounced processes were recorded in the body of the stomach. Significant changes in the parameters of proliferation and apoptosis were noted in the gastric antrum and body of the stomach in both populations, but they were more pronounced in Caucasians in comparison with Khakasses.

Aim. To investigate association of polymorphisms of IL-1 genes and antagonist of IL-2 receptor (IL1Ra). Material and methods. Patients with chronic gastritis and ulcer were examined using the method of restriction analysis. Results. It was found that CCIL1beta and R4/R4IL1Ra are most prevalent allel variants in khakas population. Conclusion. It is expedient to define population risk and protective genotypes of development of ulcer associated with Helicobacter pylori in khakases.

The kinetics of reduction of nitrite with thiourea dioxide in the presence of cobalt tetrasulfophth-alocyaninate was studied. The process was shown to involve the CoII ↔ CoI catalytic cycle. The kinetic parameters of the reduction of CoII and CoI tetrasulfophthalocyaninates were determined

To investigate association of polymorphisms of IL-1 genes and antagonist of IL-2 receptor (IL1Ra).Patients with chronic gastritis and ulcer were examined using the method of restriction analysis.It was found that CCILbeta and R4/R4IL1Ra are most prevalent allel variants in khakas population.It is expedient to define population risk and protective genotypes of development of ulcer associated with Helicobacter pylori in khakases.