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Objectives: To assess blood flow alterations after horizontal Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) and to evaluate correlations between blood flow and hard tissue changes., Method and Materials: Twelve mandibular surgical sites were involved in the current case series. GBR was carried out using a split-thickness flap design. Blood circulation was assessed with Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging at baseline as well as 1, 4, 6, 11, 13, 20, 27, and 34 days after the surgery, subsequently on a monthly basis until 6 months. Hard tissue alterations were measured horizontally and vertically using linear measurements. The first measurement point was 2 mm distal to the distal surface of the last tooth; additional measurement points were placed every 3 mm up to the 15th mm. Volumetric hard tissue loss and gain were also assessed., Results: Baseline blood circulation was statistically significantly higher on the buccal side. On the first postoperative day, all regions presented a statistically significant decrease in blood flow circulation. The buccal-inner region presented significant ischemia on day 6. Mean volumetric hard tissue gain and loss were 712.62 ± 317.08 mm3 and 222.431 ± 103.19 mm3, respectively. Mean baseline alveolar ridge width was 4.82 ± 1.02 mm, 6 months ridge width averaged 7.21 ± 0.99 mm. Vertical resorption measured 1.24 ± 0.5 mm. Correlations between blood flow changes and hard tissue alterations were only found on Day 34 and Day 60., Conclusion: Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging is an efficient method to measure flap microcirculation. No correlation was found between flap microcirculation changes hard tissue and alterations.

During secondary alveolar cleft grafting, the use of autogenous cancellous bone harvested from the iliac crest is still considered the gold standard. Due to the risk of donor-site morbidity and excessive graft resorption, alternative grafting materials (e.g. intraoral bone, xenografts) have been tested. Autogenous tooth bone graft (ATB) is a novel material derived from extracted teeth. ATB has successfully been used in pre-prosthetic and periodontal surgery for hard-tissue reconstruction. Seven patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate were treated with ATB, using their own deciduous teeth for grafting. Defects were accessed utilizing a novel split-thickness papilla curtain flap. Cone-beam computed tomography scans were taken prior to and 3 months following cleft surgery to assess graft integration, graft stability, and the volume of the newly formed hard tissues. Hard-tissue gain, as measured at the 3-month follow-up, averaged 0.65 cm 3  ± 0.26 cm 3 . Results showed acceptable graft integration and stability at the 3-month follow-up, with no adverse effects or excessive resorption of the graft. The use of ATB might be a feasible alternative for alveolar cleft grafting. However, long-term studies using a large sample size are required to derive further conclusions., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: This network meta-analysis (NMA) aimed to compare the complete-arch scanning accuracy of different intraoral scanners (IOSs) to that of reference standard tessellation language (STL) files., Data: Studies comparing the trueness and precision of IOS STL files with those of reference STL scans for different arch types (dentate, edentulous, completely edentulous with implants, and partially edentulous with implants) were included in this study., Sources: An electronic search of five databases restricted to the English Language was conducted in October 2021., Study Selection: A total of 3,815 studies were identified, of which 114 were eligible for inclusion. After study selection and data extraction, pair-wise comparison and NMA were performed to define the accuracy of scanning for four arch subgroups using four outcomes (trueness and precision expressed as mean absolute deviation and root mean square values). Cochrane guidelines and the QUADAS-2 tool were used to assess the risk of bias. GRADE was used for certainty assessment., Results: Fifty-three articles were included in this NMA. Altogether, 26 IOSs were compared directly and indirectly in 10 network systems. The accuracy of IOSs scans were not significantly different from the reference scans for dentate arches (three IOSs), edentulous arches (three IOSs), and completely edentulous arches with implants (one IOS). The accuracy of the IOSs was significantly different from the reference scans for partially edentulous arches with implants. Significant accuracy differences were found between the IOSs, regardless of clinical scenarios., Conclusions: The accuracy of complete-arch scanning by IOSs differs based on clinical scenarios., Clinical Significance: Different IOSs should be used according to the complete arch type., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Obesity is a combination of genetic, environmental factors, and systemic inflammation of adipose tissue. In the last decade, more and more evidence suggests that intestinal microbiota is an environmental factor that plays a crucial role in obesity and associated metabolic disorders. Here, we review the association between intestinal microbiota and obesity based on the literature data available to us. The intestinal flora, in the equilibrium state of conventional bacteria, protects the health of the host and helps the development of the immune system. The genome, diet, lifestyle, and epigenetic changes of the host can pathologically alter the composition of the microbiota. In dysbiosis, the development of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) associated with the intestinal tract is impaired and the integrity of the intestinal barrier is impaired. Due to the consequent intestinal hyperpermeability, components of pathogenic pathogens such as lipopolysaccharides enter the bloodstream. These components bind to receptors on adipose tissue immune cells as ligands for molecular samples with pathogenic properties and induce adipose tissue dysfunction. The secretion of inflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue is increased. This induces persistent low chronic inflammation, which is responsible for the development of obesity. The damage to health caused by the hyperpermeability of the intestinal barrier can be reduced by interventions, or restored early in the process. Knowing the relationships will help prevent and treat obesity.

Background: The aim of the study was to clinically evaluate the healing of intrabony defects after treatment with a new generation of platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF+) respect to enamel matrix derivative (EMD)., Methods: Thirty (30) intrabony defects of 18 patients (9 males, 9 females) were randomly treated with A-PRF+ (test, n = 15) or EMD (control, n = 15). The following clinical parameters were recorded at baseline and 6 months after surgery: pocket depth (PD), gingival recession (GR) and clinical attachment level (CAL). After debridement the intrabony defects were filled with A-PRF+ in the test group, respectively with EMD in the control group, and fixed with sutures to ensure wound closure and stability., Results: Both treatment methods resulted in statistically significant PD reductions, respectively CAL gains six months post-operatively. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups as the mean CAL gain was 2.33 ± 1.58 mm in the A-PRF+ group, respectively 2.60 ± 1.18 mm in the EMD group (p < 0.001)., Conclusion: Within the limits of this study the new-generation platelet-rich fibrin seems to be as clinically effective as EMD during surgical treatment of intrabony defects. Treatment with A-PRF+ or EMD resulted in reliable clinical outcomes. The use of A-PRF+ as a human autologous product can give a positive impact on periodontal healing. Clinical Relevance A-PRF+ may be suitable for the treatment of intrabony periodontal defects. Trial registration number (TRN) NCT04404374 (ClinicalTrials.gov ID)., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Összefoglaló. A cystás fibrosisban szenvedő betegek várható élettartama jelentősen megnőtt az utóbbi évtizedben, egyre több beteg képes saját gyermeket vállalni. Célunk a cystás fibrosisban szenvedő várandós nők perinatalis és anyai történéseinek felmérése saját eseteink és az irodalmi adatok alapján. 14, cystás fibrosisban szenvedő nő 16 várandósságáról számolunk be. Rögzítettük a várandósok életkorát, testtömegét, testmagasságát, testtömegindexét, légzésfunkciós értékeit a graviditás kezdetén és végén. Az anyai átlagéletkor szüléskor 21,6 (18-25) év volt. Az anyák graviditásának kezdetén a testmagasság átlaga 162 (150-175) cm, a testtömeg átlaga 57,6 (42-72) kg, a testtömegindex átlaga 21,4 (19,1-23,2) kg/m2 volt. A graviditás végén a testtömeg átlaga 62 (39-76) kg, a testtömegindex átlaga 23,6 (21,3-24,1) kg/m2 volt. A graviditás alatti súlygyarapodás átlaga 8 (1,5-21,5) kg volt. A légzésfunkciós értékek a graviditás kezdetén 2 betegnél voltak beszűkültek. A graviditás alatt még 2 beteg légzésfunkciós értékei csökkentek. A sikeres graviditások száma 13 volt. 1 anya kétszer szült. A koraszülések száma 1 volt. A várandósság átlagosan a 38. (34-40.) gestatiós hét után 7 esetben császármetszéssel, 6 esetben hüvelyi szüléssel fejeződött be. A vetélések száma 3 volt. Az Apgar-pontszám minden esetben normális volt. 13 gyermek közül 11-nél a verejtékteszt nem volt emelkedett. 2 gyermeknél magas verejtékértékek voltak, egyikük c.1521&#95;1523delCTT-heterozigóta, a másiknál génmutációt nem tudtunk igazolni. A cystás fibrosisban szenvedő nők általában jól tolerálják a várandósságot az esetek többségében. A kórosan beszűkült tüdőfunkcióval, alacsony tápláltsági állapottal és cukorbetegséggel rendelkező nők nagyobb valószínűséggel számíthatnak káros következményekre. Az újszülöttek prognózisa általában jó, de számítani kell a koraszülés és a kis súllyal születés gyakoribb előfordulására. Ideális esetben a várandósságot előzetes tanácsadás útján kell megtervezni, és speciális cystás fibrosis csoportnak kell a várandósok ellátását figyelemmel kísérni, ideértve a cystás fibrosis kezelésében jártas szülészeket is. Kisszámú saját adatunk retrospektív elemzése megerősíti az irodalmi adatok tanúságait. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(28): 1129-1136. Summary. The life expectancy of patients with cystic fibrosis has increased significantly in the last decade, with more and more patients being able to have their own children. The aim of our study was to assess the perinatal and maternal outcome of pregnant women with cystic fibrosis based on our own cases and literature data. We report 16 pregnancies in 14 women with cystic fibrosis. We recorded the age, body weight, height, body mass index, and respiratory function values of pregnant women at the beginning and end of pregnancy. The mean maternal age at childbirth was 21.6 (18-25) years. At the beginning of maternal pregnancy, the mean height was 162 (150-175) cm, the mean body weight was 57.6 (42-72) kg, and the mean body mass index was 21.4 (19.1-23.2) kg/m2. At the end of pregnancy, the mean body weight was 62 (39-76) kg and the mean body mass index was 23.6 (21.3-24.1) kg/m2. The weight gain under pregnancy was mean 8 (1.5-21.5) kg. The respiratory function values at the onset of pregnancy were narrowed in 2 patients. During pregnancy, the respiratory function values of 2 more patients decreased. The number of successful gestations was 13. A mother gave birth twice. The number of premature births was one. The pregnancy after the mean 38. (34-40.) gestational week was completed in 7 cases by cesarean section and in 6 cases by vaginal delivery. The number of miscarriages was 3. The Apgar score was normal in all cases. In 11 of 13 children, the sweat test was not elevated. 2 children had high sweat values, one of them is heterozygous with c.1521&#95;1523delCTT, the other could not prove a gene mutation. Women with cystic fibrosis generally tolerate pregnancy well, in most cases. Women with poor lung function, low nutritional status, and diabetes are more likely to expect adverse consequences. The outcome of the newborns is good in general, but a common occurrence of premature birth and low birth weight is to be expected. Ideally, pregnancy should be planned through prior counseling and the care of pregnant women should be monitored by a specialized cystic fibrosis team, including obstetricians experienced in the treatment of cystic fibrosis. A retrospective analysis of our own small-number data confirms the evidence from the literature data. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(28): 1129-1136.

Puberty is the stage of development in human life, when the hypothalamus-hypophysis-gonad axis is re-activated after quiescence. Humanity has long been concerned with the idea of exogenous and endogenous factors and mechanisms that influence the temporal course of puberty neuroendocrine events. Recent discoveries have helped to understand the functioning of the neuroendocrine system. It has been clarified that kisspeptin plays a key role in puberty and regulation of fertility. However, in the function of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse secretion, besides kisspeptin, neurokinin B, dynorphin neurons other positive and negative signals are involved, guiding the release of hormones of hypophysis gonadotropin. The knowledge of these nerves further enhanced the understanding of GnRH pulsation modulation by endocrine, metabolic and environmental impacts. The authors point out the risk of endocrine disruptors in the physiological course of puberty. The aim of the review is to provide a comprehensive picture of the research results of the physiology of kisspeptin, as the manipulation of kisspeptin signaling has the potential for novel therapies in patients with pathologically low or high luteinizing hormone (LH) pulsatility. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(29): 1175-1182.

The increasing frequency of childhood obesity is a serious public health concern. Today it is recognized that the infant feeding during critical periods of early human development ("the first 1000 days") can be a long-term impact for future health. Authors deal with with the infant period of the first 1000 days of life starting from the conception, based on literature review. Since 2010 a large number of publications have appeared in which the relationship between infant feeding, early weight gain and later obesity are investigated. The majority of studies have demonstrated, that breastfeeding has a marked effect on early growth and reduces the risk of obesity in the long-term. The health benefits of breastfeeding over infant formula feeding are accepted, however, the relationship between infant feeding and later obesity, there is no clear consensus in the literature. The authors investigated this contradiction reviewing the newly published articles over the last few years. In summary they established, that duration of breastfeeding for at least 4 months have an important role in lowering of childhood adiposity risk. The different or ambiguous statements in the relevant publications can be explained by the fact that the development and the prevention of obesity are multifactorial. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(24): 938-943.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence, baseline disease characteristics, and disease location based on the Paris classification in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the Hungarian nationwide inception cohort. In addition, 1-year follow-up with therapy was analyzed., Methods: From January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2009, newly diagnosed pediatric patients with IBD were prospectively registered. Twenty-seven pediatric gastroenterology centers participated in the data collection ensuring the data from the whole country. Newly diagnosed patients with IBD younger than 18 years were reported. Disease location was classified according to the Paris classification., Results: A total of 420 patients were identified. The incidence rate of pediatric IBD was 7.48/10⁵ (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.34/10⁵-8.83/10⁵). The incidence for Crohn disease (CD) was 4.72/10⁵ (95% CI 3.82-5.79), for ulcerative colitis (UC) 2.32/10⁵ (95% CI 1.71-3.09), and for IBD-unclassified 0.45/10⁵ (95% CI 0.22-0.84). Most common location in CD was L3 (58.7%); typical upper gastrointestinal abnormalities (ulcer, erosion and aphthous lesion) were observed in 29.9%. Extensive colitis in patients with UC (E4, proximal to hepatic flexure) was the most common disease phenotype (57%), whereas only 5% of children had proctitis. A total of 18.6% of patients had ever severe disease (S1). Frequency of azathioprine administration at diagnosis was 29.5% in patients with CD, and this rate increased to 54.6% (130/238) at 1-year follow-up. In UC, only 3.3% received azathioprine initially, and this rate elevated to 22.5% (25/111). Use of corticosteroid decreased from 50% to 15.3% in patients with UC. Rate of bowel resection in patients with CD during the first year of follow-up was 5%., Conclusions: The incidence of pediatric IBD in Hungary was among the higher range reported. This is the first large, nationwide incident cohort analyzed according to the Paris classification, which is a useful tool to determine the characteristic pediatric CD phenotype.

Introduction: Cystic fibrosis is a progressive multisystemic disease which affects the quality of life of patients., Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate quality of life in Hungarian patients with cystic fibrosis., Methods: Validated Hungarian translation of The Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire - Revised was used to measure quality of life. Clinical severity was determined on the basis of Shwachman-Kulczycki score. Lung function was measured using spirometry., Results: 59 patients were included from five centres in Hungary. The relationships between 8-13 year-old children self-report and parent proxy report was 0.77 (p<0.001) in physical functioning, 0.07 (p<0.001) in emotional functioning, 0.51 (p<0.001) in eating, 0.21 (p<0.001) in treatment burden, 0.54 (p<0.001) in body image, 0.49 (p<0.001) in respiratory symptoms and 0.40 (p<0.001) in digestive symptoms domains., Conclusions: In contrast to physical domains weak correlations were observed between answers obtained from children and their parents in psychosocial domains. The perception of both patients and their parents should be assessed when measuring quality of life in paediatric patients with cystic fibrosis.

Unlabelled: It has been proven for more than two decades that gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue therapy is the only choice of treatment in patients with central precocious puberty., Aims: The aim of the authors was to assess the effect of gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue treatment on final height, body mass index, bone mineral density and ovarian function in girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty., Methods: Predicted adult height, target height and achieved height due to therapy was assessed in 15 girls with idiopathic precocious puberty treated with gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue. At the beginning of the treatment, the age of the girls was 7.0±0.8 years (mean±SD) and at the end of the treatment 12±0.8 years. The duration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue treatment was 4.48±0.8 years. At the time of achieving final height, the age of the patients was 18.2±2.0 years and the height was 160.4±7.1 cm. When final height was reached, the authors evaluated bone mineral density Z-score values, levels of bone markers and the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. 15 healthy prepubertal girls, 15 pubertal girls and 15 girls who reached final height matched for chronological age were selected as control groups., Results: The majority of the gonadotropin releasing hormone-treated girls reached or almost reached their expected height predicted on the basis of the heights of their parents, but the therapy resulted only in a modest beneficial effect on height gain. Despite the fact that the body weight of patients increased during the treatment, there was no significant difference in their body mass index when they reached their final height as compared to controls. As compared to controls, patients had a decreased bone mineral density at the time when they reached their final height (lumbar spine 2-4 Z score, -0.27±1.2 vs. 0.5±0.7 in controls; p = 0.0377), which could be explained by their overweight that already existed before treatment, lack of exercise and poor calcium uptake. Their menarche occurred 12±4.6 months after discontinuing the treatment., Conclusions: Gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue therapy exerts a modest beneficial effect on final height gain. There are no detrimental effects on body mass index, bone mineral density and ovarian function after treatment. Side-effects are of minor severity and they are tolerable.

Authors report a case of mixed gonadal dysgenesis with a karyotype containing an isodicentric Y chromosome in mosaic form, which was diagnosed in an infant. They emphasize the necessity of the special investigations of newborn with perineoscrotal hypospadia and bilateral or unilateral maldescent testes immediately after birth. The result of accurate evaluation provides correct sex assignment and the prevention of the neoplastic degeneration of a dysgenetic gonad.

Background: The Pfizer International Metabolic Database (KIMS), a large pharmacoepidemiologic database for adults with growth hormone deficiency (GHD), was recently analyzed to determine which tests are in use to assess GHD and how well they correlate. At the time of this analysis, a total of 15,724 tests had been reported to KIMS. The most frequently used is the insulin tolerance test (ITT), followed in order by the arginine stimulation test (AST), the glucagon stimulation test (GST) and the GH-releasing hormone+arginine (GHRH+arg) test. The ITT correlated with both the AST and the GST, but not with the GHRH+arg., Conclusions: For the AST and GST, use of a diagnostic threshold of 3 mug/l does not attenuate the effects of severe GHD., (Copyright (c) 2007 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Major cause of death in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is colonization with Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The wide phenotypic variation in CF patients suggests that genes other than the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene modify the disease. The 8.1 ancestral haplotype (8.1AH) in main histocompatibility complex is associated with alterations of the immune response. To study the influence of carriage of 8.1AH on frequency and onset of colonization in CF patients, DNA samples of 72 CF patients (39 homozygous and 33 heterozygous for DeltaF508) were genotyped for member alleles of the 8.1AH: HLA-DQB1*0201, HLA-DRB1*0301, receptor for advanced glycation end products (AGER) -429C, HSP70-2 -1267G (HSP70-2G) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) -308A (TNF2). Colonization was verified by regular clinical and bacteriological screening. Frequency of colonization was significantly (P = 0.012) lower in the 8.1AH carriers; age, gender and DeltaF508 genotype-adjusted odds ratio to be colonized of the carriers versus non-carriers was 0.112 (0.024-0.520). According to survival analysis, patients with 8.1AH had significantly (P < 0.0001) longer colonization-free period compared with non-carriers. Our novel observations demonstrate that the 8.1AH is associated with delayed onset of colonization in CF, presumably by influencing defense mechanisms against infections.

Introduction and Aim: Percentage of coeliac disease among patients with Turner syndrome is given differently in a few publication. The aim of the study was to assess prevalence of celiac disease in Turner syndrome., Patients and Methods: Serological screening of coeliac disease were performed in 63 patients with Turner syndrome during the last 11.5 years (since 1994). Serological investigations were repeated yearly since 2003 in all patients, and the results of screening of new patients were completed. Theirs first case of coeliac disease was announced in 2004 in Gyermekgyógyászat (Hun). Further positive serological results were found after publication of the first case., Results: Positive results were found in seven of 63 patients (two EmA and five antitransglutaminase IgA positivity). Intestinal biopsy was applied in all 7 cases. Coeliac disease was revealed by histologic analysis in the five cases - 5/63 (7.9%)., Conclusion: The prevalence of coeliac disease in Turner syndrome seems to be higher than in general population. This can play role in the insufficient effect of growth hormone therapy in the affected patients. The high prevalence indicates that the connection between these disorders can not be coincidental. Their cases and the available data from the publications indicate that screening of coeliac disease in patients with Turner syndrome should be performed and intestinal biopsy is recommended in positive cases.

We studied a female patient initially diagnosed with Costello syndrome who carries an apparently balanced translocation, t(1;22) (q24.3;q13.1). Molecular characterization of the translocation revealed a mosaic of two derivative chromosomes 1 in her peripheral blood lymphocytes, in one of which the coding region of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGFB; chromosome 22q13.1) gene was disrupted. Both the initial translocation and the secondary intrachromosomal rearrangement appear to have occurred by nonhomologous (illegitimate) recombination. In 18 patients with Costello syndrome, mutation analysis of the genes belonging to the PDGF/R family, PDGFA, PDGFB, PDGFC, PDGFD, PDGFRA, and PDGFRB, revealed no pathogenic mutations. Reevaluation of the clinical symptoms of the translocation patient challenges the diagnosis of Costello syndrome in this patient. In total RNA isolated from lymphocytes of the translocation patient, we identified four different fusion transcripts consisting of PDGFB exons and parts of chromosome 1q24.3. In two of the mRNAs, exon 6 of PDGFB, encoding the 41 C-terminal amino acid residues, was absent. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the wild-type protein was dispersed and formed a network-like structure in the extracellular matrix, whereas the two aberrant PDGFB proteins were localized in aggregates. We speculate that the biological consequences of the mutant PDGFB allele contributed to the unique disease phenotype of the translocation patient.

Background: As the literature has only controversial data on the role of nonallergen-specific antibodies in atopic eczema dermatitis syndrome, the authors investigated the link between the occurrence of the antiphospholipid [anticardiolipin (ACL), anti-beta2-glycoprotein I] and allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in 72 children with atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome (AEDS)., Methods: The measurement of antiphospholipid antibodies was carried out by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), serum total IgE by nephelometry, and allergen-specific IgE by immunoblotting assay. The statistical analysis was carried out by Fisher's exact test and odds ratio was calculated., Results: Thirteen of 72 children with AEDS (mean age 8.3 years) had elevated serum levels of ACL, and eight anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies. The presence of allergen-specific IgE against inhalant allergens and nutritive allergens was among eight of 13 and three of eight in the cases with elevated ACL. The ratio of patients with highly increased severity scoring of atopic dermatitis (SCORAD) index (>75) was significantly higher in the group with elevated (4/13) than in those with the normal ACL levels (2/59). There was a significant association between the appearance of mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, D. farinae)-specific IgE and ACL IgM antibodies (6/13)., Conclusion: These findings show that there are significant linkage and association between the appearance of ACL IgM or the production of allergen-specific IgE against inhalant (mainly mite) allergens in children with atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome.

In this study we investigated skin bacterial colonization, allergen-specific IgE and antiphospholipid/antinuclear antibodies in 72 children with atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome (age 2-17 years). Bacteria were found on the skin in 41 cases and serological allergen-specific IgE positivity in 37. The different forms of antibodies appeared in the ratio 21/72 (33 antibodies in 21 children). The occurrence of antiphospholipid antibodies was significantly higher in the patients than in the controls. There were significantly more allergens in the group with bacterial colonization than in the group without colonization. The SCORAD index showed a significant positive association with the skin colonization. We conclude that there are significant relationships between the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus colonization and the levels of inhalant allergen-specific IgE in children with atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome, and between the occurrence of antiphospholipid IgM positivity and atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome.

Introduction and Aim: Authors deducibled from retrospective analysis of patients data with Turner syndrome, who reached near adult height and from results of many multicentre study, that induction of puberty should be designed individually. They show, that estrogen therapy used in their earlier practice for growth promoting did not improve final height of patients., Methods: The patients were assigned into three groups. The group 1. consisted of untreated patients, who had spontaneous puberty (n = 10). The group 2. consisted of patients, who received oxandrolone and estrogen (n = 18). The group 3. consisted of patients treated with growth hormone (n = 17). In those patients received growth hormone estrogen treatment was started at the age of 14.7 +/- 1.97 years., Results: The final height or near adult height was 144.0 +/- 4.6 cm, 143.5 +/- 1.8 cm, and 154.2 +/- 7.0 cm in group 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The final height was not greater in the group 2. compared to that found in patients who developed spontaneous puberty (group 1.)., Conclusion: The individual estrogen therapy in patients treated with growth hormone allows feminization, as well as the best adult height, without the occurrence of the more serious mental disturbances.

Testicular tumors are very rare in boys, approximately 1.5% of these are Leydig cell tumors. The authors present a 4.5 year-old boy with Leydig cell tumor of left testis, which was associated with increased sex steroid production that caused precocious puberty. These tumors are benign processes in prepubertal children. Beyond the rarity of this case the authors would like to report about its diagnostic difficulties and testis-sparing remove of it. The plasma 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels provide the distinction between congenital adrenal hyperplasia and Leydig cell tumor in patient with precocious puberty.

The treatment with growth hormone of girls with Turner syndrome can only be improved further if the factors promoting growth are identified and the treatment is adjusted to the patient's special needs. From among these factors the authors have examined the correlation of age, bone age, target height and height SDS existing at the beginning of the treatment on the one hand, and the projected final height determined at the beginning of the treatment on the other. Relationship of data were determined with linear regression analysis. According to the recent scientific literature early initiation and correct dosage of growth hormone treatment is emphasized.

The authors gave an account of the results of the first two years treatment of Turner's syndrome with growth hormone. They used the international reference standards to evaluate the treatment aimed at promoting the growth of girls having Turner's syndrome. The applied the projected final height method to predict height. Their results proved that their treatment which improved growth had favourably accelerated height velocity and increased the projected final height, which they hoped to lead to adult final height. They dealt with the trend of costs/benefit rate of treatment which improved the growth in children with Turner syndrome and on its basis they emphasized the importance of individual treatment. The continuous control of growth hormone treatment not only purported to the improvement of the efficiency of the therapy but also makes possible to avoid raising exaggerated expectations in the parents.

Using a simplified radioimmunoassay method for the determination of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) concentration in blood dried on filter paper seven untreated cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia were identified among newborns and infants at risk for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) having ambiguous genitalia and/or failure to thrive with electrolyte disturbances. In three additional cases the diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia was confirmed by high 'dot-17-OHP' values even after glucocorticoid therapy had been started. Capillary blood samples taken in a local hospital on a filter paper routinely used for the screening of phenylketonuria can be sent by mail into a central laboratory for performing the analysis. Assays of 'dot-17-OHP' are clearly of diagnostic value in the C21-hydroxylase form of CAH and permit a rapid diagnosis of this condition in the newborn period.