878 results on '"E. Reich"'
Search Results
2. Author response for 'HU308 Mitigates Osteoarthritis by Stimulating Sox9‐Related Networks of Carbohydrate Metabolism'
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null I. Carmon, null L. Zecharyahu, null J. Elayyan, null SRK Meka, null E. Reich, null L. Kandel, null A. Bilkei‐Gorzo, null A. Zimmer, null R. Mechoulam, null N. Kravchenko‐Balasha, and null M. Dvir‐Ginzberg
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- 2022
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3. Proposal for a standardised method for the identification of essential oils by HPTLC
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T K T, Do, I, Trettin, R, De Vaumas, S, Cañigueral, C, Valder, and E, Reich
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Plants, Medicinal ,Oils, Volatile ,Chromatography, Thin Layer - Abstract
The European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.), includes both individual monographs on essential oils and a general monograph that covers all essential oils for pharmaceutical use, whether covered by an individual monograph or not. The individual monographs generally describe gas chromatography as a first identification test, while thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) methods are included in the second identification series. To comply with Ph. Eur. general chapter 2.8.25. High-performance thin-layer chromatography of herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations, HPTLC parameters must be standardised. Currently, 18 of the 32 monographs on essential oils feature the same TLC/HPTLC method, but differ in terms of the other conditions described. A single, standardised chromatographic system with a system suitability test (SST) and intensity markers for all 32 essential oils covered by individual monographs would be desirable, particularly for pharmacies and other users that cannot perform gas chromatography for financial reasons. To this end, this paper describes the development of a general HPTLC method for the identification of essential oils in compliance with general chapter 2.8.25. The method proposes the use of ethyl acetate, toluene (5:95 V/V) as mobile phase, isoeugenol/isoeugenyl acetate for the SST, and a combination of one alcohol (either borneol or linalool) and one ester (either linalyl acetate or bornyl acetate) as intensity markers.
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- 2021
4. Morphological and textural evolution of the prismatic ultrastructure in mollusc shells: A comparative study of Pinnidae species
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Igor Zlotnikov, Robert Lemanis, Dana Zöllner, E. Lakin, Vanessa Schoeppler, Emil Zolotoyabko, and E. Reich
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Materials science ,0206 medical engineering ,Biomedical Engineering ,Shell (structure) ,Morphology (biology) ,02 engineering and technology ,Biochemistry ,Texture (geology) ,Biomaterials ,X-Ray Diffraction ,Animal Shells ,Animals ,Molecular Biology ,Topology (chemistry) ,Pinnidae ,biology ,General Medicine ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,biology.organism_classification ,Biological Evolution ,020601 biomedical engineering ,Crystallite ,0210 nano-technology ,Biological system ,Biotechnology ,Electron backscatter diffraction ,Biomineralization - Abstract
Molluscan shells, exhibiting a variety of complex three-dimensional architectures, are an exemplar model system to study biogenic mineral formation by living organisms. Recent studies have demonstrated that the deposition process of some shell ultrastructures can be described using classical analytical models borrowed from materials physics, which were developed to predict the structural evolution of man-made and geological polycrystalline composite assemblies. In the current study, we use this newly developed capacity to quantitatively describe the morphogenesis of the prismatic ultrastructure in three shells from the bivalve family Pinnidae towards establishing a correlation between structure, texture, growth kinetics, topology and phylogeny of the species. Using data collected by electron microscopy, synchrotron-based microtomography, electron backscatter diffraction analysis (EBSD) and X-ray diffraction we demonstrate that the prismatic ultrastructures in Pinnidae are formed following either ideal or triple-junction-controlled kinetics, which are shown to be closely linked to the morphological and topological characteristics, as well as crystallographic texture of these biocomposites. The experimental and analytical framework presented in this comparative study can serve as an additional tool for classifying molluscan shell ultrastructures on the levels of structural and textural morphogenesis. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The ability to quantitatively describe the structural evolution of the prismatic architecture in mollusc shells is used for the first time to derive and compare between analytical parameters that define the growth kinetics and morphological and topological evolution during the growth of three shells from the family Pinnidae from two different genera. Furthermore, these parameters are linked to the evolution of crystallographic texture in the studied architectures. The developed experimental and analytical framework not only enables us to quantitatively describe species-specific growth mechanisms but also suggests a direct correlation between the evolution of morphology and texture.
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- 2019
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5. FDI Global Caries Initiative; implementing a paradigm shift in dental practice and the global policy context
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Jean-Luc Eiselé, W. van Dijk, S. Johnston, Denis Bourgeois, Julian Fisher, E. Reich, and N. Hewson
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Dental practice ,Economic growth ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,International Cooperation ,Dentistry ,Context (language use) ,Oral Health ,Population health ,Foreign direct investment ,Health Promotion ,Dental Caries ,Global Health ,World Health Organization ,Primary Prevention ,Caries management ,Paradigm shift ,Global policy ,Global health ,Secondary Prevention ,Medicine ,Humans ,Original Article ,business ,General Dentistry - Abstract
The implementation of a new paradigm for caries management is necessary for the profession to respond effectively to changing population health needs. The FDI Global Caries Initiative (GCI) is a 10 year programme aimed at developing and implementing a new paradigm for caries management, one that would contribute to a common vision of health. The article reviews the global health policy landscape and examines how it might influence and shape the implementation of the GCI.
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- 2020
6. Quality of cranberry-derived products: one HPTLC method for identification and detection of adulterants
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D Frommenwiler, E Reich, and M Monagas
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Chromatography ,Computer science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Identification (biology) ,Quality (business) ,media_common - Published
- 2019
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7. Comprehensive HPTLC Fingerprinting for Quality Control of an Herbal Drug – The Case of Angelica gigas Root
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Jong-Hwan Kim, E Reich, Chang-Soo Yook, D Frommenwiler, Salvador Cañigueral, and Thi Thu Trang Tran
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Quality Control ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Plant Roots ,01 natural sciences ,Analytical Chemistry ,law.invention ,law ,Drug Discovery ,Decursinol angelate ,Quantitative assessment ,Quality (business) ,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ,Angelica ,media_common ,Mathematics ,Pharmacology ,010405 organic chemistry ,business.industry ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Organic Chemistry ,Pattern recognition ,0104 chemical sciences ,Complementary and alternative medicine ,Molecular Medicine ,Plant Preparations ,Artificial intelligence ,Pharmacopoeia ,ANGELICA GIGAS ROOT ,business - Abstract
The quality of herbal drugs is usually controlled using several tests recommended in a monograph. HPTLC is the method of choice for identification in many pharmacopoeias. If combined with a suitable reference material for comparison, HPTLC can provide information beyond identification and thus may simplify quality control. This paper describes, as a proof of concept, how HPTLC can be applied to define specifications for an herbal reference material and to control the quality of an herbal drug according to these specifications. Based on multiple batches of cultivated Angelica gigas root, a specific HPTLC method for identification was optimized. This method can distinguish 27 related species. It also can detect the presence of mixtures of A. gigas with two other Angelica species traded as “Dang gui” and is suitable as well for quantitative assessment of samples in a test for minimum content of the sum of decursin and decursinol angelate. The new concept of “comprehensive HPTLC fingerprinting” is proposed: HPTLC fingerprints (images), which are used for identification, are converted into peak profiles and the intensities of selected zones are quantitatively compared to those of the corresponding zones of the reference material. Following a collaborative trial involving three laboratories in three countries, the method was applied to check the quality of further candidates for establishing an appropriate reference material. In conclusion, this case demonstrates that a single HPTLC analysis can provide information about identity, purity, and minimum content of markers of an herbal drug.
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- 2018
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8. Validation of 2 noninvasive, markerless reconstruction techniques in biplane high-speed fluoroscopy for 3-dimensional research of bovine distal limb kinematics
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S. Grund, Christoph K. W. Mülling, S. M. Geiger, M. Weiss, and E. Reich
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0301 basic medicine ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Lameness, Animal ,Cattle Diseases ,Biplane ,0403 veterinary science ,03 medical and health sciences ,Imaging, Three-Dimensional ,Gait (human) ,Forelimb ,Genetics ,Animals ,Medicine ,Fluoroscopy ,Gait ,Computer animation ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Research ,Biomechanics ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Animation ,Anatomy ,Biomechanical Phenomena ,030104 developmental biology ,Lameness ,Gait analysis ,Cattle ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Tomography, X-Ray Computed ,business ,Locomotion ,Food Science - Abstract
Lameness severely impairs cattle's locomotion, and it is among the most important threats to animal welfare, performance, and productivity in the modern dairy industry. However, insight into the pathological alterations of claw biomechanics leading to lameness and an understanding of the biomechanics behind development of claw lesions causing lameness are limited. Biplane high-speed fluoroscopic kinematography is a new approach for the analysis of skeletal motion. Biplane high-speed videos in combination with bone scans can be used for 3-dimensional (3D) animations of bones moving in 3D space. The gold standard, marker-based animation, requires implantation of radio-opaque markers into bones, which impairs the practicability for lameness research in live animals. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the comparative accuracy of 2 noninvasive, markerless animation techniques (semi-automatic and manual) in 3D animation of the bovine distal limb. Tantalum markers were implanted into each of the distal, middle, and proximal phalanges of 5 isolated bovine distal forelimbs, and biplane high-speed x-ray videos of each limb were recorded to capture the simulation of one step. The limbs were scanned by computed tomography to create bone models of the 6 digital bones, and 3D animation of the bones' movements were subsequently reconstructed using the marker-based, the semi-automatic, and the manual animation techniques. Manual animation translational bias and precision varied from 0.63 ± 0.26 mm to 0.80 ± 0.49 mm, and rotational bias and precision ranged from 2.41 ± 1.43° to 6.75 ± 4.67°. Semi-automatic translational values for bias and precision ranged from 1.26 ± 1.28 mm to 2.75 ± 2.17 mm, and rotational values varied from 3.81 ± 2.78° to 11.7 ± 8.11°. In our study, we demonstrated the successful application of biplane high-speed fluoroscopic kinematography to gait analysis of bovine distal limb. Using the manual animation technique, kinematics can be measured with sub-millimeter accuracy without the need for invasive marker implantation.
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- 2017
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9. Validation of biplane high‐speed fluoroscopy combined with two different noninvasive tracking methodologies for measuring in vivo distal limb kinematics of the horse
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S. Grund, E. Reich, S. M. Geiger, Peter Böttcher, and J. Hagen
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medicine.medical_specialty ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Computer science ,Kinematics ,Biplane ,0403 veterinary science ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Gait (human) ,Forelimb ,medicine ,Animals ,Fluoroscopy ,Horses ,Gait ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Reproducibility of Results ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,General Medicine ,Gold standard (test) ,Shutter speed ,Biomechanical Phenomena ,Gait analysis ,Tomography ,Radiology ,Tomography, X-Ray Computed ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Biomedical engineering - Abstract
SummaryReason for performing study Biplane high-speed fluoroscopy is a new method for gait analysis of the equine distal extremity. This is the first study validating the noninvasive tracking possibilities (Autoscoping and Scientific Rotoscoping) taking equine anatomy into account. Objectives To determine the resolution with which Autoscoping and Scientific Rotoscoping depict motion of the equine phalanges in comparison to the invasive gold standard marker-based registration. Study design Comparative ex vivo study. Methods In 5 distal extremities of slaughtered ponies, 3 or 4 tantalum beads with 1 mm diameter were implanted in each of the proximal, middle and distal phalangeal bones. Three-dimensional models of the bones were reconstructed using computed tomographic data (120 kV, 50 mA, slice thickness 1 mm, increment 0.5). The beads were digitally removed from the bone models. Biplane fluoroscopic videos were taken at 69.5 ± 3.5 kV, 102.5 ± 22.5 mA, 500 frames/s and 0.5 ms shutter speed. The 5 specimens were moved in the trial field of the biplane fluoroscopic setup in a step-like motion (simulation of landing, main stance phase, lift-off). Marker-based registration, Autoscoping and Scientific Rotoscoping were carried out. For statistical analysis agreement was computed as percentiles, mean and s.d. Results The medians of Scientific Rotoscoping ranged from 0.16 to 0.66 mm in translations and 0.43 to 2.78° in rotations, while values for Autoscoping were 0.13–0.70 mm and 0.28–2.39° respectively. With 2 exceptions, all differences between methods were statistically significant. Scientific Rotoscoping is more time efficient than Autoscoping and results in smaller maximum errors. Main limitations The experimental set-up was specifically designed to accommodate in vivo requirements. Autoscoping was not manually corrected but rather expected to work automatically. Conclusions It is possible to noninvasively apply both Autoscoping and Scientific Rotoscoping for gait analysis of the equine phalanges with high precision. The summary is available in Chinese - see supporting information.
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- 2017
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10. Morphogenesis of Biomineralized Calcitic Prismatic Tissue in Mollusca Fully Described by Classical Hierarchical Grain Boundary Motion
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Dana Zöllner, E. Reich, and Igor Zlotnikov
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Materials science ,Monte Carlo method ,Composite number ,Shell (structure) ,Nanotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,General Chemistry ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,General Materials Science ,Grain boundary ,Boundary value problem ,Crystallite ,0210 nano-technology ,Biological system ,Potts model ,Biomineralization - Abstract
Biomineralization of complex composite architectures comprising the shells of molluscs is known to proceed via self-assembly and in accordance with thermodynamic boundary conditions set by an organic macromolecular framework that is regulated by the organism. Hence, theoretically, the formation of these ultrastructures can be reproduced using the analytical backbone of various physical theories that are commonly employed to express crystal growth of man-made materials. Using a two-dimensional Monte Carlo Potts model simulation, we quantitatively describe and fully predict the structural evolution of the prismatic assembly in the shell of Pinctada nigra. The model, based on hierarchical motion of different types of grain boundaries that are involved in structural formation, has the capacity to describe the morphogenesis of various other biogenic and synthetic polycrystalline composite systems.
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- 2017
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11. An exception to the rule: Belief in redeemability, desistance signals, and the employer’s decision to hire a job applicant with a criminal record
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Suzanne E. Reich
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Criminal record ,05 social sciences ,Rehabilitation ,Impression formation ,Context (language use) ,Job applicant ,Vignette ,Mediation ,Ordinary least squares ,050501 criminology ,Psychology ,Association (psychology) ,Law ,Social psychology ,0505 law - Abstract
This article examines whether employment outcomes for exoffenders are associated with employers’ subjective belief in redeemability, mediated through exoffenders’ objective desistance signals. An online factorial vignette survey was completed by 367 employers, which examined their hiring decisions in the context of exoffender job applicants. OLS regression and serial multiple mediation analyses revealed that both belief in redeemability and desistance signals positively and significantly predicted employers’ hiring decisions. As well, exoffenders’ objective desistance signals mediated the association between belief in redeemability and employment outcomes. These findings highlight the importance for exoffenders to effectively communicate their desistance from crime to employers in their endeavors to obtain employment.
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- 2017
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12. Comparison of different Rhodiola species using NMR- metabolomics and HPTLC techniques
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Adrian Slater, Michael Heinrich, C Gkouva, E Reich, Anthony Booker, S Li, Lixiang Zhai, and D Frommenwiler
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Pharmacology ,Rhodiola sachalinensis ,Traditional medicine ,biology ,010405 organic chemistry ,business.industry ,Organic Chemistry ,Pharmaceutical Science ,010402 general chemistry ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,Poor quality ,0104 chemical sciences ,Analytical Chemistry ,Rhodiola rosea ,Complementary and alternative medicine ,Rhodiola fastigiata ,Drug Discovery ,Rhodiola quadrifida ,Rhodiola ,Molecular Medicine ,Medicine ,business ,Rhodiola crenulata ,Nmr based metabolomics - Abstract
Medicinal Rhodiola species, including Rhodiola rosea L. and Rhodiola crenulata (Hongjingtian红景天) have been widely used as herbal medicines with numerous claims for their therapeutic effects. These products are registered by a number as pharmaceuticals and throughout China Rhodiola is also taken for wellness and is registered as a self-medicated wellness product for ‘blood-boosting and heart-strengthening.’ However other species exist that may be found as adulterants in the value chain, these include Rhodiola quadrifida (Pall.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey, Rhodiola sachalinensis Borris, and Rhodiola fastigiata (Hook. f. & Thomson) S.H. Fu. Faced with resource depletion, environment destruction and higher demand, R. rosea and R. crenulata are becoming scarce around theworld. This scarcity may add to their economic value, but also increases the risk of adulteration and poor quality (Booker et al. 2015).
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- 2016
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13. Adulteration of St. John's Wort products: How to identify quality problems
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Anton Bzhelyansky, Sidney Sudberg, B Lucas, Mhm Sharaf, E Reich, and D Frommenwiler
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Pharmacology ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Organic Chemistry ,030232 urology & nephrology ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Analytical Chemistry ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Complementary and alternative medicine ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Drug Discovery ,Molecular Medicine ,Medicine ,Quality (business) ,Marketing ,business ,media_common - Published
- 2016
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14. Crystal growth kinetics as an architectural constraint on the evolution of molluscan shells
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E. Reich, Igor Zlotnikov, Tamás Pusztai, László Gránásy, Vanessa Schoeppler, and Robert Lemanis
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Growth kinetics ,Kinetics ,Gastropoda ,morphogenesis ,Crystal growth ,Biochemistry ,Animal Shells ,Animals ,Nautilus ,molluscs ,Minerals ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,Chemistry ,crystal growth ,Unio pictorum ,Biological Sciences ,biology.organism_classification ,biomineralization ,Biological Evolution ,Biological materials ,Cephalopod ,Bivalvia ,Biophysics and Computational Biology ,Cephalopoda ,PNAS Plus ,Evolutionary biology ,Physical Sciences ,solidification ,Crystallization ,Biomineralization - Abstract
Significance Using notions from classic materials science, we expand our understanding of the macroscopic morphospace of possible molluscan shell shapes to the level of possible ultrastructures that comprise them. This provides us with a unique opportunity to explore this morphospace using well-developed analytical, theoretical, and numerical tools and to test the effects of a discrete number of parameters on shell biomineralization. The physical model presented here sheds a new light on the evolutionary aspect of molluscan shell ultrastructural fabrication and suggests that the repeated “discovery” of some mineral morphologies partially reflects a series of architectural constraints provided by biomineral growth kinetics., Molluscan shells are a classic model system to study formation–structure–function relationships in biological materials and the process of biomineralized tissue morphogenesis. Typically, each shell consists of a number of highly mineralized ultrastructures, each characterized by a specific 3D mineral–organic architecture. Surprisingly, in some cases, despite the lack of a mutual biochemical toolkit for biomineralization or evidence of homology, shells from different independently evolved species contain similar ultrastructural motifs. In the present study, using a recently developed physical framework, which is based on an analogy to the process of directional solidification and simulated by phase-field modeling, we compare the process of ultrastructural morphogenesis of shells from 3 major molluscan classes: A bivalve Unio pictorum, a cephalopod Nautilus pompilius, and a gastropod Haliotis asinina. We demonstrate that the fabrication of these tissues is guided by the organisms by regulating the chemical and physical boundary conditions that control the growth kinetics of the mineral phase. This biomineralization concept is postulated to act as an architectural constraint on the evolution of molluscan shells by defining a morphospace of possible shell ultrastructures that is bounded by the thermodynamics and kinetics of crystal growth.
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- 2019
15. A new mobile cross-platform application for caries risk assessment
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Ballester, Benoit, Tassery, Hervé, Schwendicke, Falk, Doméjean, Sophie, B, Kargul, Gurgan, S., S, Turkun, P, Gaton, E, Ruiz, M, Blique, Basson, Romain, A, Baysan, I, Miletic, J, Zalba, E, Reich, Laboratoire de Bioingénierie et NanoSciences (LBN), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre de Recherche en Odontologie Clinique (CROC), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020]), Institut de Recherche Mathématique de Rennes (IRMAR), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Université de Montpellier (UM), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
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[SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
International audience
- Published
- 2019
16. How Emergency Physicians Approach Refusal of Observation after Naloxone Resuscitation
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Kenneth D. Marshall, Scott G. Weiner, Arthur R. Derse, Joshua W. Joseph, Katherine L. Boyle, Kevin P. Hill, and Betzalel E. Reich
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medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Addiction ,030208 emergency & critical care medicine ,Emergency department ,Grounded theory ,Compliance (psychology) ,Dilemma ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Informed consent ,Family medicine ,Ethical dilemma ,Emergency Medicine ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,business ,Autonomy ,media_common - Abstract
Background Patients who are resuscitated with naloxone frequently refuse a period of observation, even though they may be suffering from a variety of medical and psychiatric comorbidities. Emergency physicians (EPs) are then confronted with the challenge of how best to serve patients’ interests while respecting autonomy. Objectives We sought to characterize how EPs think about this kind of dilemma and the strategies they use to resolve them. Methods We conducted qualitative semi-structured interviews with a convenience sample of 59 emergency physicians attending the American College of Emergency Physicians’ Scientific Assembly in October 2018. Three case vignettes highlighting different clinical and ethical features served as prompts. Interviews were analyzed using a constant comparative method to identify patterns of responses and derive key themes. Results Across the vignettes, EPs demonstrated diverse approaches to observation, assessing decision-making capacity and encouraging compliance. Some EPs refused to comply with a patient's wishes even when they had determined a patient demonstrated capacity. Conversely, a few EPs were willing to allow patients to leave the emergency department (ED) without assessing capacity, or despite determining that the patient lacked capacity. Common reasons for complying with patients' demands were concerns about the patients' rights and concerns about the safety of staff. Most physicians interviewed reported no institutional guidelines or education on the topic, and many physicians expressed an interest in providing medication for addiction treatment in the ED. Conclusions EPs approach this clinical and ethical dilemma in widely divergent ways. Consensus about strategies for navigating patients’ wishes relative to clinical concerns are needed to help EPs manage these challenging cases.
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- 2019
17. St. John's Wort versus Counterfeit St. John's Wort: An HPTLC Study
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E Reich, Ben Lucas, Anton Bzhelyansky, D Frommenwiler, Sidney Sudberg, and Maged H. M. Sharaf
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Pharmacology ,Chromatography ,biology ,Plant Extracts ,Chemistry ,Hypericum perforatum ,biology.organism_classification ,Analytical Chemistry ,Counterfeit ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Counterfeit Drugs ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,White light ,Environmental Chemistry ,Scanning densitometry ,Hypericum ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Food Science - Abstract
Hypericum perforatum L. is the most commonly used herb for treating depression. Due to the popularity of this botanical, there is a potential for economically driven adulteration of St. John's wort (SJW) products. The goal of this study was to investigate SJW ingredients suspected to be adulterated based on simple preliminary HPTLC tests. Commercial samples were analyzed by HPTLC following the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) monograph methodology, with additional visualization under white light. A number of these samples presented odd methanolic solution colors and unconventional HPTLC fingerprints, suggesting the presence of other species and/or extraneous polar additives. To achieve identification and separation of the polar additives, a new reversed-phase HPTLC method was developed. The adulterants were identified as synthetic dyes in the amounts of 0.51 to 1.36% by weight. Identities of the dyes were confirmed by scanning densitometry and HPTLC-MS. A modified USP method with additional detection mode permitted the identification of eight SJW samples adulterated with dyes and six others with flavonoid fingerprints different from those specified by USP from a total of 37 samples of dry extracts, finished products, and bulk raw herb. A decision flowchart is proposed to guide the detection of adulteration of SJW in a systematic fashion.
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- 2016
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18. Adulteration and poor quality of Ginkgo biloba supplements
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E Reich, Michael Heinrich, Samuel Horsfield, Anthony Booker, and D Frommenwiler
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Chromatography ,biology ,Chemistry ,Ginkgo biloba ,Ginkgo ,Metabolite ,010401 analytical chemistry ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,Poor quality ,0104 chemical sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Rutin ,0302 clinical medicine ,Complementary and alternative medicine ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Quality standard ,Kaempferol ,Quercetin - Abstract
Adulteration of Ginkgo products sold as unregistered supplements within the very large market of Ginkgo products (reputedly £650 million annually) through the post-extraction addition of cheaper (e.g. buckwheat derived) rutin is suspected to allow sub-standard products to appear satisfactory to third parties, e.g. secondary buyers along the value chain or any regulatory authorities. This study was therefore carried out to identify products that did not conform to their label specification and may have been actively adulterated to enable access to the global markets. 500 MHz Bruker NMR spectroscopy instrumentation combined with Topspin version 3.2 and a CAMAG HPTLC system (HPTLC Association for the analysis of Ginkgo biloba leaf) were used to generate NMR spectra (focusing on the 6–8 ppm region for analysis) and chromatograms, respectively. Out of the 35 samples of Ginkgo biloba analysed, 33 were found to contain elevated levels of rutin and/or quercetin, or low levels of Ginkgo metabolites when compared with the reference samples. Samples with disproportional levels of rutin or quercetin compared with other gingko metabolites are likely to be adulterated, either by accident or intentionally, and those samples with low or non-existent gingko metabolite content may have been produced using poor extraction techniques. Only two of the investigated samples were found to match with the High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprint of the selected reference material. All others deviated significantly. One product contained a 5-hydroxytryptophan derivative, which is not a natural constituent of Ginkgo biloba. Overall, these examples either suggest a poor extraction technique or deliberate adulteration along the value chain. Investigating the ratio of different flavonoids e.g. quercetin and kaempferol using NMR spectroscopy and HPTLC will provide further evidence as to the degree and kind of adulteration of Gingko supplements. From a consumer perspective the equivalence in identity and overall quality of the products needs to be guaranteed for supplements too and not only for products produced according to a quality standard or pharmacopoeial monograph.
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- 2016
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19. Challenges in Determining Species Identity of Medicinal Plants: the Case of Euphrasia
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D Frommenwiler, F Gafner, Iffat Parveen, Natascha Techen, Stefan Gafner, Ikhlas A. Khan, C Rey, and E Reich
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Euphrasia ,Geography ,biology ,Identity (social science) ,Ethnology ,Medicinal plants ,biology.organism_classification - Published
- 2018
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20. Potentiality for Low Temperature—High Field Application of Iron Chalcogenide Thin Films
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Ettore Sarnelli, Renato Buzio, E. Reich, Emilio Bellingeri, Carlo Ferdeghini, S. Kawale, Alberto Sala, Bernhard Holzapfel, M. Adamo, Chiara Tarantini, Valeria Braccini, Mario Putti, and A. Gerbi
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Superconductivity ,Josephson effect ,Flux pinning ,Materials science ,Condensed matter physics ,Transition temperature ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Thin film ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Anisotropy ,Critical field ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Pulsed laser deposition - Abstract
Among the various families of Fe-based superconductors, iron chalcogenides, while presenting a transition temperature not particularly high, show great advantages for potential applications at high fields, albeit at liquid helium temperature. In fact, the critical temperature can be increased by stress up to 21 K in thin films, moreover stress can push the critical field up to more than 50 T, and the irreversibility field up to of 45 T. Also critical current densities higher than 1 MA/cm 2 can be reached in self field and at 4.2 K, with a very weak dependence on the magnetic field. Interestingly, the J C anisotropy depends on the mode of growth and substrate used. These high values of J C can be achieved without appreciable anisotropy. In this work, we present an overview of Fe(Se 0.5 Te 0.5 ) thin film deposition by pulsed laser ablation, and a study of their superconducting properties. STM and TEM techniques have been used to characterise structural and morphological properties and, thus, pinning centres. On different substrates the films grow with different types of defects, hence giving totally different J C anisotropy. Our preliminary measurements on a Josephson junction show that in Fe(Se,Te), the J C at the grain boundary is not severely depressed, which makes this material even more interesting from the practical point of view.
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- 2015
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21. <tex-math notation='TeX'>$\hbox{BaHfO}_{3}$</tex-math> -Doped Thick <tex-math notation='TeX'>$\hbox{YBa}_{2}\hbox{Cu}_{3}\hbox{O}_{7-\delta} $</tex-math> Films on Highly Alloyed Textured Ni-W Tapes
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Kazumasa Iida, Rainer Nast, Ludwig Schultz, Maria Sparing, Jens Hänisch, P. Pahlke, Max Sieger, U. Gaitzsch, Ruben Hühne, Bernhard Holzapfel, and E. Reich
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Materials science ,High-temperature superconductivity ,Flux pinning ,Doping ,Yttrium barium copper oxide ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,law.invention ,Pulsed laser deposition ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Transmission electron microscopy ,law ,Electrical resistivity and conductivity ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Composite material ,Pinning force - Abstract
YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ (YBCO) films with a thickness of up to 2 μm containing nano-sized BaHfO 3 (BHO) have been grown on biaxially textured metal tapes by pulsed laser deposition. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the inclusion of Y 2 O 3 platelets and rod-like BHO structures. A c-axis oriented growth of the YBCO layer and biaxial oriented incorporation of BHO is confirmed by X-Ray diffraction. BHO expands the c-axis of YBCO, flattens the surface of YBCO and densifies the films. Y 2 O 3 inclusions get smaller and finer distributed, possibly with a positive influence on pinning effects. A superconducting transition temperature T c of about 89 K was determined, decreasing slightly with increasing BHO content. Transport current measurements in the maximum Lorentz force configuration showed an increased irreversibility field H irr and higher pinning force density F p with increasing BHO content in high magnetic fields.
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- 2015
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22. Hypericum perforatum – a comparison of commercial samples using DNA-barcoding and chemical approaches
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Tiziana Sgamma, Anastasia Agapouda, Adrian Slater, D Frommenwiler, Francesca Scotti, Anthony Booker, Michael Heinrich, Caroline Howard, Purvi Mali, E Reich, and Eva Masiero
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Traditional medicine ,business.industry ,Medicine ,Hypericum perforatum ,business ,DNA barcoding - Published
- 2017
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23. Quality assessment of Ginkgo biloba supplements based on a single HPLTC Method
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Salvador Cañigueral, Anthony Booker, E Reich, Michael Heinrich, and D Frommenwiler
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biology ,Traditional medicine ,business.industry ,Ginkgo biloba ,Quality assessment ,Medicine ,business ,biology.organism_classification - Published
- 2017
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24. St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) products - an assessment of their authenticity and quality
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Michael Heinrich, Anastasia Agapouda, E Reich, Francesca Scotti, Anthony Booker, and D Frommenwiler
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Quality Control ,China ,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Amaranth ,01 natural sciences ,Ensure (product) ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Drug Discovery ,Sunset yellow ,Quality (business) ,media_common ,Pharmacology ,Hypericum species ,Plants, Medicinal ,business.industry ,Plant Extracts ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Authorization ,Hypericum perforatum ,United Kingdom ,0104 chemical sciences ,Biotechnology ,010404 medicinal & biomolecular chemistry ,Complementary and alternative medicine ,chemistry ,Dietary Supplements ,Molecular Medicine ,Business ,Compositional variation ,Chromatography, Thin Layer ,Drug Contamination ,Hypericum - Abstract
Background St John's wort products (Hypericum perforatum L.) are widely available for sale in many countries including the UK via the internet. In the UK, these products are required to hold either a marketing authorisation or Traditional herbal registration (THR) to be sold legally. The THR and other regulatory schemes help to ensure product safety and quality providing an example of best practice but there is a risk if both regulated and un-regulated products continue to be available to consumers. Aims The project is embedded in a larger study aiming to investigate the quality of different herbal medicinal products along diverse value chains. Here we focus on a comparison of the quality of the finished products and assess phytochemical variation between registered products (THRs) and products obtained from the market without any registration. Methods 47 commercial products (granulated powders and extracts) were sourced from different suppliers. We analysed these samples using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and 1H NMR spectroscopy coupled with multi-variate analysis software following a method previously developed by our group. Results The consistency of the products varies significantly. Adulteration of the products (36%), possibly with other Hypericum species obtained from China or use of chemically distinct H. perforatum cultivars or chemotypes, and adulteration of the products (19%) with food dyes (tartrazine, amaranth, brilliant blue, sunset yellow) were the principle findings of this study. Conclusions There is significant compositional variation among commercial finished products and two main causative quality problems were identified as adulteration by incorrect species or adulteration with food dyes. Generally, food supplements and unlicensed products were found to be of poorer quality than the regulated ones including THRs.
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- 2017
25. Shaping highly regular glass architectures: A lesson from nature
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Paul Zaslansky, Martin Rosenthal, Igor Zlotnikov, Jean Vacelet, Vanessa Schoeppler, Emil Zolotoyabko, Alexander Rack, E. Reich, Alexandra Pacureanu, Beaussier, Catherine, B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering [TU Dresden, Germany], Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering [TU Dresden, Germany] (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden)-Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration [Berlin, Germany], Department of Materials Science and Engineering [Haifa, Israel], Technion - Israel Institute of Technology [Haifa], This work was supported by Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung through grant 03Z22EN11., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), and Technion - Israel Institute of Technology [Haifa, Israel]
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[SDE] Environmental Sciences ,Spicule ,Materials science ,[SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,Nanotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,Branching (polymer chemistry) ,01 natural sciences ,Protein filament ,Sponge spicule ,Imaging, Three-Dimensional ,X-Ray Diffraction ,Lattice (order) ,Morphogenesis ,Animals ,[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment ,Research Articles ,Mesoscopic physics ,Multidisciplinary ,SciAdv r-articles ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Silicon Dioxide ,[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment ,0104 chemical sciences ,Silica deposition ,Porifera ,Nanocrystal ,Chemical physics ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ,Crystal Structure ,[SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,Glass ,0210 nano-technology ,Research Article - Abstract
Protein crystal branching guides the morphogenesis of glass spicules in marine sponges from the class Demospongiae., Demospongiae is a class of marine sponges that mineralize skeletal elements, the glass spicules, made of amorphous silica. The spicules exhibit a diversity of highly regular three-dimensional branched morphologies that are a paradigm example of symmetry in biological systems. Current glass shaping technology requires treatment at high temperatures. In this context, the mechanism by which glass architectures are formed by living organisms remains a mystery. We uncover the principles of spicule morphogenesis. During spicule formation, the process of silica deposition is templated by an organic filament. It is composed of enzymatically active proteins arranged in a mesoscopic hexagonal crystal-like structure. In analogy to synthetic inorganic nanocrystals that show high spatial regularity, we demonstrate that the branching of the filament follows specific crystallographic directions of the protein lattice. In correlation with the symmetry of the lattice, filament branching determines the highly regular morphology of the spicules on the macroscale.
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- 2017
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26. Comprehensive HPTLC fingerprinting as a tool for a simplified analysis of purity of ginkgo products
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Roser Vila, E Reich, Salvador Cañigueral, D Frommenwiler, Michael Heinrich, and Anthony Booker
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Herbal extracts ,Flowers ,HPTLC ,Ginkgo biloba L ,comprehensive HPTLC fingerprinting ,identity ,adulteration, dietary supplements ,High-performance liquid chromatography ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Rutin ,0302 clinical medicine ,Fingerprint ,Drug Discovery ,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ,030304 developmental biology ,Mathematics ,Flavonoids ,Pharmacology ,0303 health sciences ,Chromatography ,biology ,Plant Extracts ,Ginkgo biloba ,Ginkgo ,biology.organism_classification ,chemistry ,Fruit ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Chromatography, Thin Layer ,Quercetin ,Sophora ,Fagopyrum - Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance Herbal medicinal products based on ginkgo leaf refined dry extract (GBE) are an European development from the Eastern Asia traditionally used species Ginkgo biloba L. Nowadays, ginkgo products have increased the presence in the market, mainly as dietary supplements. Its adulteration with rutin and quercetin or herbal extracts rich in these compounds is a common practice. Tests featuring assays and detection of adulterants need to be performed on top of other existent methods (e.g. identification test). This may increase the costs of evaluating the quality of ginkgo products. Aim of the study To prove that comprehensive HPTLC fingerprinting can provide information beyond identification of ginkgo products, avoiding additional chromatographic tests for detection of adulterations. Materials and methods The information contained in the fingerprint obtained by HPTLC analysis of flavonoids was used for identification and for detection of adulterants, as well as to verify the limits of rutin and quercetin, which are normally determined by HPLC and used for detection of adulterants. For this purpose, peak profiles were generated from HPTLC chromatogram images. USP-HPLC methods were used for quantification of total flavonoids and testing the limits of rutin and quercetin. HPLC data were used to support the validity of the HPTLC method. An additional reversed phase HPTLC method was developed as a possible confirmatory method for the quercetin limit test. Results The proposed HPTLC method uses a particular sequence of detections, resulting in a number of images, which are later interpreted in a certain order. It is able to identify ginkgo products, to detect adulterants (rutin, quercetin, sophora fruit and flower bud, and buckwheat), and, using peak profiles generated from the chromatogram images prior to and after derivatisation, to evaluate the limits of rutin and quercetin. Forty-eight out of fifty-nine ginkgo dietary supplements analysed contained one or more adulterants. Furthermore, results of the HPTLC and HPLC limit tests for rutin and quercetin were in agreement in 98% of the cases. Finally, a decision tree showing the sequence of interpretation of the fingerprints obtained with the different detections after a single HPTLC analysis is included to help the analyst to evaluate whether samples have the correct identity and whether they contain or not adulterants. Conclusion A single HPTLC analysis is able to provide information on identity and purity of the products. This simplifies the analytical workflow and reduces the number of analyses prescribed in the USP powdered ginkgo extract monograph.
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- 2019
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27. Gender ratio trends over time in multiple sclerosis patients from Argentina
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Mónica Perassolo, Alejandro Caride, Fernando Caceres, E. Reich, Adriana Carrá, Juan Ignacio Rojas, Vladimiro Sinay, Liliana Patrucco, M. Parada Marcilla, Carol Martinez, María Celeste Curbelo, J.L. Di Pace, E. Carnero Contentti, Pablo López, Edgardo Cristiano, M.I. Arrigoni, N. Deri, Santiago Bestoso, Diego Giunta, J. Correale, María C. Ysrraelit, Marcela Fiol, N. Fernandez Liguori, Jimena Miguez, Judith Steinberg, G. Jaacks, Alejandra N. Martinez, Maria Luisa Saladino, Javier Pablo Hryb, and F. Pagani Cassara
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0301 basic medicine ,Adult ,Male ,Multiple Sclerosis ,Argentina ,Logistic regression ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Physiology (medical) ,medicine ,Humans ,Registries ,Sex Ratio ,Retrospective Studies ,business.industry ,Multiple sclerosis ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,030104 developmental biology ,Neurology ,Multicenter study ,Surgery ,Female ,Neurology (clinical) ,National registry ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Sex ratio ,Demography - Abstract
Several studies in multiple sclerosis (MS) suggest a trend of increasing disease frequency in women during the last decades. A direct comparison of gender ratio trends among MS populations from Argentina remains to be carried out. The objective of the study was to compare gender ratio trends, over a 50-year span in MS populations from Argentina. Methods: multicenter study that included patients from 14 MS Centers of Argentina. Patients with definite MS with birth years ranging from 1940 to 1989 were included. Gender ratios were calculated by five decades based on year of birth and were adjusted for the F/M born-alive ratio derived from the Argentinean national registry of births. The F/M ratios were calculated using a multivariate logistic regression per five decades by the year of birth approach. Analyses were performed using Stata 10.1. Results: 1069 patients were included. Gender ratios showed a significant increase from the first to the last decade in the whole MS sample (from 1.8 to 2.7; p value for trend = 0.023). The Gender ratio did not show differences considering MS subtype. Conclusion: our study showed a modest increase of the F/M ratio (from 1.8 to 2.7) over time among patients affected by MS in Argentina.
- Published
- 2016
28. Bankmod: an interactive decision aid for banks.
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Wolfgang P. Hoehenwarter and Kenneth E. Reich
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- 1971
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29. Design and development of a sampled-data simulator.
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J. E. Reich and J. J. Perez
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- 1961
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30. The Tinnitus Functional Index
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Gloria E. Reich, Rachel McArdle, Sharon A. Sandridge, Harvey B. Abrams, Susan Griest, Paula J. Myers, Sam E. Kinney, Grant D. Searchfield, William Hal Martin, Mary B. Meikle, Jack Vernon, Eric J. Frederick, Dennis C. Turk, Robert W. Sweetow, Craig W. Newman, James A. Henry, Robert L. Folmer, Stephen M. Nagler, Barbara J. Stewart, John W. House, and Gary P. Jacobson
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Visual analogue scale ,Audiology ,Severity of Illness Index ,Tinnitus ,Speech and Hearing ,Cronbach's alpha ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Severity of illness ,otorhinolaryngologic diseases ,Content validity ,medicine ,Humans ,Medical History Taking ,Depression ,Discriminant validity ,Reproducibility of Results ,Construct validity ,Otorhinolaryngology ,Convergent validity ,Chronic Disease ,Self Report ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
Objectives Chronic subjective tinnitus is a prevalent condition that causes significant distress to millions of Americans. Effective tinnitus treatments are urgently needed, but evaluating them is hampered by the lack of standardized measures that are validated for both intake assessment and evaluation of treatment outcomes. This work was designed to develop a new self-report questionnaire, the Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI), that would have documented validity both for scaling the severity and negative impact of tinnitus for use in intake assessment and for measuring treatment-related changes in tinnitus (responsiveness) and that would provide comprehensive coverage of multiple tinnitus severity domains. Design To use preexisting knowledge concerning tinnitus-related problems, an Item Selection Panel (17 expert judges) surveyed the content (175 items) of nine widely used tinnitus questionnaires. From those items, the Panel identified 13 separate domains of tinnitus distress and selected 70 items most likely to be responsive to treatment effects. Eliminating redundant items while retaining good content validity and adding new items to achieve the recommended minimum of 3 to 4 items per domain yielded 43 items, which were then used for constructing TFI Prototype 1.Prototype 1 was tested at five clinics. The 326 participants included consecutive patients receiving tinnitus treatment who provided informed consent-constituting a convenience sample. Construct validity of Prototype 1 as an outcome measure was evaluated by measuring responsiveness of the overall scale and its individual items at 3 and 6 mo follow-up with 65 and 42 participants, respectively. Using a predetermined list of criteria, the 30 best-functioning items were selected for constructing TFI Prototype 2.Prototype 2 was tested at four clinics with 347 participants, including 155 and 86 who provided 3 and 6 mo follow-up data, respectively. Analyses were the same as for Prototype 1. Results were used to select the 25 best-functioning items for the final TFI. Results Both prototypes and the final TFI displayed strong measurement properties, with few missing data, high validity for scaling of tinnitus severity, and good reliability. All TFI versions exhibited the same eight factors characterizing tinnitus severity and negative impact. Responsiveness, evaluated by computing effect sizes for responses at follow-up, was satisfactory in all TFI versions.In the final TFI, Cronbach's alpha was 0.97 and test-retest reliability 0.78. Convergent validity (r = 0.86 with Tinnitus Handicap Inventory [THI]; r = 0.75 with Visual Analog Scale [VAS]) and discriminant validity (r = 0.56 with Beck Depression Inventory-Primary Care [BDI-PC]) were good. The final TFI was successful at detecting improvement from the initial clinic visit to 3 mo with moderate to large effect sizes and from initial to 6 mo with large effect sizes. Effect sizes for the TFI were generally larger than those obtained for the VAS and THI. After careful evaluation, a 13-point reduction was considered a preliminary criterion for meaningful reduction in TFI outcome scores. Conclusions The TFI should be useful in both clinical and research settings because of its responsiveness to treatment-related change, validity for scaling the overall severity of tinnitus, and comprehensive coverage of multiple domains of tinnitus severity.
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- 2012
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31. Involvement of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) in glucocorticoid-mediated beta cell death
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R. Vogt Sionov, E. Reich, Danielle Melloul, and A. Tamary
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endocrine system ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Apoptosis ,Biology ,p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ,Dexamethasone ,Islets of Langerhans ,Mice ,Glucocorticoid receptor ,Downregulation and upregulation ,Insulin-Secreting Cells ,Internal medicine ,Internal Medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Protein kinase A ,Glucocorticoids ,Caspase 3 ,Cell Cycle ,Endocrinology ,Cancer research ,Beta cell ,Thioredoxin ,Carrier Proteins ,hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists ,TXNIP ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones (GCs) are widely used to treat a variety of inflammatory and immune diseases. However, their long-term administration is associated with adverse metabolic effects, including glucose intolerance and diabetes. Our objective was to elucidate the mechanisms by which GCs affect beta cell survival with a specific emphasis on the role of the thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) in beta cell apoptosis. Human and mouse islets, together with MIN6 beta cells, were exposed to dexamethasone (Dex) and apoptosis was assessed by measuring the percentage of sub-G1 cells, the appearance of cleaved caspase-3 or by using a TUNEL assay. Dex-upregulated expression of Txnip mRNA was analysed by real-time PCR, and GC-modulated production and modification of proteins were determined by western blotting. We provide evidence that TXNIP, a negative regulator of the antioxidant thioredoxin (TRX), is strongly induced in beta cells by GCs and that its induction is dependent on p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. TXNIP downregulation by RNA interference, overexpression of the radical scavenger TRX1 or elevation of intracellular cAMP levels attenuated the Dex-mediated apoptosis. Dex-induced Txnip expression and beta cell apoptosis are mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), as the GR antagonist RU486 fully abolishes these effects. Altogether, our data suggest TXNIP as a novel mediator of GC-induced apoptosis in beta cells and further contribute to our understanding of beta cell death pathways.
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- 2012
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32. A Superconducting Levitation Transport Model System for Dynamical and Didactical Studies
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St Rosenzweig, Bernhard Holzapfel, Ludwig Schultz, D. Berger, E. Reich, K. Peukert, G. Pospiech, and Volker Neu
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Physics ,Superconductivity ,Cryostat ,YBCO bulks ,Mechanical engineering ,Physics and Astronomy(all) ,Propulsion ,Temperature measurement ,large scale application ,Acceleration ,permanent magnetic rail ,Position (vector) ,Electrodynamic suspension ,Levitation ,bearing conditions ,high temperature superconductor - Abstract
Superconducting levitation transport systems might become very attractive in the near future due to various reasons. The realisation of contactless systems allows e.g. extended maintenance-free operation with high efficiency since such a system only needs energy for cooling and propulsion. We established a small superconducting levitation transport model system called “SupraTrans Min” consisting of permanent magnetic rails and a levitated vehicle including four YBCO-bulk samples in a cryostat. The rail system consists of an oval shaped loop (2.90 m x 1.44 m), which was build up from individual linear and curved track modules. Inside the vehicle position variations of the superconductors are possible. By means of velocity, acceleration and temperature measurements different dynamical aspects of our complex levitation system can be investigated. We also show the broad applicability of the experimental setup for didactical studies in physics.
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- 2012
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33. Ink-jet printing of YBa2Cu3O7superconducting coatings and patterns from aqueous solutions
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Isabel Van Driessche, Xavier Granados, Bernhard Holzapfel, Simon C. Hopkins, Pascal Van Der Voort, E. Reich, Bartek A. Glowacki, Susagna Ricard, Michael Baecker, Jonas Feys, Petra Lommens, and Pieter Vermeir
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Materials science ,Fabrication ,Nanotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,General Chemistry ,engineering.material ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,Surface tension ,Coating ,Optical microscope ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Materials Chemistry ,engineering ,Deposition (phase transition) ,Profilometer ,Composite material ,Thin film ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology ,Layer (electronics) - Abstract
The objective of this paper is the development of ink-jet processing as a new technique for chemical solution deposition of YBCO coatings and patterns. Our research is mainly focused on the investigation and determination of the rheological parameters towards the printability of water-based inks in order to produce continuous YBCO coatings or multi-filamentary patterns on SrTiO3 substrates. A 0.185 mol L−1YBCO ink with a viscosity of 4.77 mPa s and a surface tension of 67.9 mN m−1, resulting in a ratio Re/We1/2 of 7.37, is developed. Its printing behaviour is further verified using a camera with strobed illumination to quantify the droplet velocity and volume. After optimization of the deposition parameters, a 350 nm thick YBCO coating showing preferential c-axis orientation could be grown on SrTiO3. This layer exhibits a critical current of 0.67 MA cm−2 at 77 K in self-field. Finally, the shape and dimensions of printed YBCO tracks were determined using optical microscopy and non-contact profilometry, showing 200 nm thick and 200 μm wide tracks.
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- 2012
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34. Neue Kariestherapie
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E Reich and F Brauchle
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General Medicine - Published
- 2011
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35. An Interlaboratory Investigation on the Use of High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography to Perform Assays of LamivudineZidovudine, Metronidazole, Nevirapine, and Quinine Composite Samples
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P.G. Risha, E Reich, Eliangiringa Kaale, and Thomas Layloff
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Pharmacology ,Reproducibility ,Chromatography ,Nevirapine ,Chemistry ,Repeatability ,Lamivudine/Zidovudine ,High-performance liquid chromatography ,Thin-layer chromatography ,Analytical Chemistry ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,High performance thin layer chromatography ,Densitometry ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Food Science ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Two laboratories extensively investigated the use of HPTLC to perform assays on lamivudinezidovudine, metronidazole, nevirapine, and quinine composite samples. To minimize the effects of differences in analysts' technique, the laboratories conducted the study with automatic sample application devices in conjunction with variable-wavelength scanning densitometers to evaluate the plates. The HPTLC procedures used relatively innocuous, inexpensive, and readily available chromatography solvents used in the Kenyon or the Global Pharma Health Fund Minilabs TLC methods. The use of automatic sample applications in conjunction with variable- wavelength scanning densitometry demonstrated an average repeatability or within-laboratory RSD of 1.90, with 73 less than 2 and 97 at 2.60 or less, and an average reproducibility or among-laboratory RSD of 2.74.
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- 2010
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36. Strahlentherapie bei arteriovenösen Malformationen assoziierten Epilepsien
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E. Reich, F. Rosenow, and R. Engenhardt-Cabillic
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Gynecology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Medicine ,Neurology (clinical) ,business - Abstract
Nach Hirnblutungen stellen epileptische Anfalle mit ca. 30% das zweithaufigste Symptom von arteriovenosen Malformationen (AVM) dar. Die meisten Studien zur Strahlentherapie von AVM untersuchen die Reduktion der Blutungsinzidenz als Hauptzielkriterium. Dennoch gibt es klare Hinweise darauf, dass eine Radiotherapie auch den klinischen Verlauf einer symptomatischen Epilepsie bei AVM-Patienten gunstig beeinflussen kann. Die vorliegenden Studien zu Patientenkohorten mit AVM-assoziierter Epilepsie erlauben Ruckschlusse auf die Risikofaktoren fur das Auftreten einer Epilepsie bei AVM und auf strahlenbiologische Faktoren, die einen „antiepileptogenen“ Effekt bedingen konnten. Ziel dieser Ubersichtsarbeit ist es, die bisher vorliegenden Daten zu diesen beiden Aspekten zusammenzufassen, um das Interesse an einer strahlentherapeutischen Epilepsietherapie zu vertiefen, das bereits durch die „γ-knife“-Therapie von mesialen Temporallappenepilepsien und die Strahlentherapie hypothalamischer Hamartome geweckt wurde.
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- 2010
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37. Biomineralization as a Paradigm of Directional Solidification: A Physical Model for Molluscan Shell Ultrastructural Morphogenesis
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Phil Cook, E. Reich, László Gránásy, René de Kloe, Tamás Pusztai, Alexander Rack, Nicole Poulsen, Igor Zlotnikov, and Vanessa Schoeppler
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Materials science ,biology ,Mechanical Engineering ,Shell (structure) ,Morphogenesis ,Unio pictorum ,02 engineering and technology ,Materials design ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,Mineral formation ,0104 chemical sciences ,Mechanics of Materials ,Ultrastructure ,General Materials Science ,0210 nano-technology ,Biological system ,Directional solidification ,Biomineralization - Abstract
Molluscan shells are a model system to understand the fundamental principles of mineral formation by living organisms. The diversity of unconventional mineral morphologies and 3D mineral-organic architectures that comprise these tissues, in combination with their exceptional mechanical efficiency, offers a unique platform to study the formation-structure-function relationship in a biomineralized system. However, so far, morphogenesis of these ultrastructures is poorly understood. Here, a comprehensive physical model, based on the concept of directional solidification, is developed to describe molluscan shell biomineralization. The capacity of the model to define the forces and thermodynamic constraints that guide the morphogenesis of the entire shell construct-the prismatic and nacreous ultrastructures and their transitions-and govern the evolution of the constituent mineralized assemblies on the ultrastructural and nanostructural levels is demonstrated using the shell of the bivalve Unio pictorum. Thereby, explicit tools for novel bioinspired and biomimetic bottom-up materials design are provided.
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- 2018
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38. Positionspapier der Deutschen Gesellschaft für DentalhygienikerInnen – Best Practice in der Implantologie von Anfang an
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S. Fresmann and E. Reich
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General Medicine - Abstract
Die Versorgung von Patienten mit parodontalen Problemen und nicht mehr erhaltungswurdigen Zahnen kann wegen der Erfolgsausichten von Implantaten heute vielfaltiger erfolgen, als dies noch vor wenigen Jahren moglich war. Mit parodontologischen Behandlungsmethoden ist es heute moglich, diese Patienten trotz einer parodontalen Grunderkrankung mit einer auf Implantaten abgestutzten prothetischen Versorgung sicher und langfristig zu versorgen.
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- 2009
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39. A Validated HPTLC Method for the Determination of Illegal Dyes in Spices and Spice Mixtures
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H. Kandler, E. Reich, V. Widmer, and M. Bleisch
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Chromatography ,Chemistry ,Silica gel ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Spice ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Reversed-phase chromatography ,Biochemistry ,Thin-layer chromatography ,Analytical Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Sample preparation ,High performance thin layer chromatography ,Solid phase extraction ,Dichloromethane - Abstract
For screening large numbers of samples of spice and spice mixtures for the presence of illegal dyes a rapid high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was developed and validated. From paprika, chili, or curry powder, dyes are extracted with acetonitrile. An aliquot of the raw extract is filtered and treated with iron(III) chloride to oxidize the natural dyes. After evaporation to dryness, the residue is taken up with basic dichloromethane, cleaned through a solid phase extraction cartridge containing silica gel, and evaporated again. The purified extract is dissolved in acetonitrile, separated on a reversed phase (RP18) HPTLC plate, and then evaluated visually and by scanning densitometry. The screening method was validated regarding precision and recovery. It has been routinely used by the Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich since 2007.
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- 2009
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40. Antisense transcription: A critical look in both directions
- Author
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Robert W. Williams, Perikles Simon, Thomas Beiter, and E. Reich
- Subjects
Transcription, Genetic ,Biology ,Genome ,DNA, Antisense ,Evolution, Molecular ,Genomic Imprinting ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,X Chromosome Inactivation ,Transcription (biology) ,RNA interference ,Gene expression ,medicine ,Animals ,Molecular Biology ,Gene ,Homeodomain Proteins ,Pharmacology ,Genetics ,Regulation of gene expression ,Models, Genetic ,Cell Biology ,medicine.disease ,Chromatin ,Gene Expression Regulation ,RNA editing ,RNA ,Molecular Medicine ,RNA Interference ,RNA Editing ,Transcriptional noise - Abstract
The mammalian genome contains a large layer of hidden biological information. High-throughput methods have provided new insights into the regulatory networks that orchestrate the "when, where and how" of gene expression, revealing a complex interplay between proteins, regulatory RNAs, and chemical and structural alterations of the genome itself. Naturally occurring antisense transcription has been considered as an important feature in creating transcriptional and hence cellular and organismal complexity. Here, we review the current understanding of the extent, functions and significance of antisense transcription. We critically discuss results from genome-wide studies and documented examples of individual antisense transcripts. So far, the regulatory potential of gene overlaps has been demonstrated only in a few selected cases of experimentally characterized antisense transcripts. Facing the large-scale antisense transcription observed in eukaryotic genomes, it still remains an open challenge to distinguish transcriptional noise from biological function of gene overlapping patterns.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
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41. Separation of Phospholipids by HPTLC – An Investigation of Important Parameters
- Author
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V. Widmer, D. Handloser, and E. Reich
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Reproducibility ,Chloroform ,Chromatography ,Silica gel ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Analytical chemistry ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Biochemistry ,Thin-layer chromatography ,Analytical Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Methanol ,Derivatization ,Saturation (chemistry) ,Quantitative analysis (chemistry) - Abstract
Numerous chromatographic systems have been reported in the literature for the separation of phospholipids by High Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography. We have noticed that the reproducibility of analytical results of most of these methods is not satisfactory over longer periods of time, even when modern instruments are employed. No theory explaining the reasons for this problem currently exists. We have investigated several parameters of the chromatographic process, including chamber saturation, derivatization, plate activity, and batch to batch consistency of the plates. This paper provides a summary of results obtained in our laboratory over more than six years. Separation of the phospholipids PA, PC, PE, PI, LPA, LPC, LPE, and LPI can be achieved on HPTLC silica gel 60 (Merck) with chloroform, methanol, water, ammonia 25% (60:34:4:2) as mobile phase. For reproducible results, the employed methodology must be strictly standardized. Most importantly, the developing chamber must be homogenously...
- Published
- 2008
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42. Randdichtigkeit von Klasse-II-Versorgungen bei zusätzlicher Verwendung von flowable Kompositen, eine in-vitro-Studie
- Author
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K.A. Ebeleseder, Karl Glockner, M. E. Reich, and N. Gateva
- Abstract
In dieser Studie sollte festgestellt werden ob die Verwendung von flowable Kompositen einen positiven Einfluss auf die marginale Integritat von Klasse-II-Versorgungen hat. In jeweils 10 extrahierte Molaren wurden mod-Kavitaten prapariert und mit funf verschiedenen Kompositen und dem systemzugehorigem flowable Komposit und Einkomponenten Dentinadhasiv mit Phosphorsaurekonditionierung nach Herstellerangaben versorgt. Nach thermischer und mechanischer Wechselbelastung wurden die Proben im Rasterelektronenmikroskop auf ihre Randdichtigkeit untersucht und der Anteil perfekten Randes berechnet. Die Ergebnisse zeigten in schmelzbegrenzten Kavitatenrandern einen Anteil perfekten Randes zwischen 96,4% und 99,6%. In dentinbegrenzten Kavitatenrandern war der Anteil perfekten Randes zwischen 96,4% und 98,9%. In diesem schmalen Bereich gab es trotzdem statistisch signifikante Unterschiede. Zusammenfassend kann man feststellen, dass es sich um ein sehr hohes Niveau perfekten Randes handelt und die erste Schicht mit flowable Kompositen nicht nur klinisch eine Erleichterung darstellt, sondern auch einen positiven Einflus auf die marginale Integritat hat.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
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43. Stellenwert des Chlorhexidins in der Implantatversorgung - Konsensuspapier
- Author
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E. Reich, V. Scholz, N. Arweiler, E. Lynch, and C. Benz
- Subjects
General Medicine - Abstract
Implantate werden weltweit in vielen Landern zum Ersatz von Zahnen bei Patienten mit Zahnverlust gesetzt. In den letzten Jahren hat sich aber gezeigt, dass die langfristige Erhaltung der Implantate durch das Auftreten der Periimplantitis gefahrdet ist. Eine Periimplantitis ist der bakterielle und entzundungsbedingte Abbau des das Implantat umgebenden Knochens. Die Haufigkeit der Periimplantitis ist nicht eindeutig bekannt und schwankt wohl auch abhangig von der Nachsorge der Patienten. Es gibt derzeit keine sicheren epidemiologischen Daten zur Verbreitung der Periimplantitis. Schatzungen verschiedener Autoren der Pravalenz schwanken zwischen 10 und 30 % der in situ befindlichen Implantate. Da die Bakterien, welche die Periimplantitis auslosen, mit den Bakterien identisch sind, die eine Parodontitis verursachen, ist es fur die langfristige Erhaltung von groster Bedeutung, diese Bakterien durch die Therapie und Kontrolle der Parodontitis sowie geeignete Nachsorgemasnahmen zu reduzieren und unter Kontrolle zu halten.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
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44. Quantitative HPTLC Analysis of Artemisinin in DriedArtemisia annuaL.: A Practical Approach
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E. Reich, D. Handloser, and V. Widmer
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Chromatography ,biology ,Silica gel ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Extraction (chemistry) ,Artemisia annua ,Ethyl acetate ,Pharmaceutical Science ,biology.organism_classification ,Biochemistry ,Thin-layer chromatography ,Analytical Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,medicine ,Artemisinin ,Derivatization ,Quantitative analysis (chemistry) ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Artemisinin, an antimalarial substance, is obtained on a large scale from dried leaves of Artemisia annua L. To monitor the plant during growth, determine time of harvest, or evaluate the commercial value of plant material—all with respect to the artemisinin content—it is most important to have available a simple, rapid, and cost efficient, yet dependable quantitative method of analysis. In this paper, we propose a streamlined and practical approach, taking into account a critical review of several papers recently published on the subject, as well as experimental and validation data obtained in our laboratory. The resulting HPTLC method utilizes separation on silica gel 60 with cyclohexane, ethyl acetate, acetic acid (20:10:1) as mobile phase, derivatization with modified anisaldehyde reagent and highly specific densitometric evaluation of fluorescence at 520 nm with a cut‐off filter at 540 nm. Over a wide concentration range of 20 ng absolute (0.05% in the dried plant material) up to a theoretic...
- Published
- 2007
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45. Multitarget Tracking in Distributed Sensor Networks
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M. Chu, James E. Reich, and Jie Liu
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Radar tracker ,Computational complexity theory ,Computer science ,Applied Mathematics ,Distributed computing ,Signal Processing ,Real-time computing ,Resource management ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Focus (optics) ,Tracking (particle physics) ,Limited resources ,Wireless sensor network - Abstract
In this article, a survey of techniques for tracking multiple targets in distributed sensor networks is provided and introduce some recent developments. The single target tracking in distributed sensor networks is reviewed. The tracking and resource management issues can be readily extended to MTT. The MTT problem is also briefly reviewed and describe the traditional approaches in centralized systems. Then focus on MTT in resource-constrained sensor networks and present two distinct example methods demonstrating how limited resources can be utilized in MTT applications. Finally, the most important remaining problems are discussed and suggest future directions
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- 2007
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46. Development of an HPTLC-method for identification of Scrophulariae radix (Xuanshen) and quantification of the two main iridoids, harpagide and harpagoside
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K Schiller, D Manns, E Reich, Gerhard Franz, and Jörg Heilmann
- Subjects
Pharmacology ,Harpagoside ,Complementary and alternative medicine ,Traditional medicine ,Chemistry ,Organic Chemistry ,Drug Discovery ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Molecular Medicine ,Radix ,Identification (biology) ,Analytical Chemistry - Published
- 2015
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47. The authenticity and quality of Rhodiola rosea products
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Lixiang Zhai, Anthony Booker, D Frommenwiler, Zarko Kulic, Michael Heinrich, E Reich, and Banaz Jalil
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0301 basic medicine ,Quality Control ,Phytochemistry ,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Traditional Chinese medicine ,Mass Spectrometry ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Curcuma ,Glucosides ,Phenols ,Drug Discovery ,Rhodiola ,Medicine ,Metabolomics ,Pharmacology ,Adulterant ,biology ,Traditional medicine ,business.industry ,Plant Extracts ,Salidroside ,Rosavin ,Reference Standards ,biology.organism_classification ,030104 developmental biology ,Rhodiola rosea ,Complementary and alternative medicine ,chemistry ,Phytochemical ,Dietary Supplements ,Molecular Medicine ,Chromatography, Thin Layer ,business ,Drug Contamination ,Drugs, Chinese Herbal - Abstract
Background Rhodiola rosea L. Crassulaceae, root (Golden Root, Arctic Root) is a high-value herbal medicinal product, registered in the UK for the treatment of stress-induced fatigue, exhaustion and anxiety based on traditional use and used throughout Europe as a herbal medicinal product for similar indications. Numerous unregistered supplements are also available. There are several Chinese species used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), including Rhodiola crenulata (Hook.f. & Thomoson) that is believed to be a common adulterant in the R. rosea value chain. Aims The project is embedded in a larger study aiming to investigate the diverse value chains that lead to the production of R. rosea as an herbal medicinal product or supplement. Here we focus on a comparison of the quality of the finished products and assess any phytochemical variation between products registered under the Traditional Herbal Medicine Products Directive (THMPD) and products obtained from the market without any registration (i.e. generally unlicensed supplements). Our key aim is to establish the extent of the problem in terms of adulteration of consumer products claiming to contain R. rosea (or R. crenulata). Methods Approximately 40 commercial products (granulated powders and extracts) were sourced from different suppliers. We analysed these samples using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), mass spectrometry (MS) and 1H NMR spectroscopy coupled with multi-variate analysis software following a method previously developed by our group for the analysis of turmeric products. Results We investigate the phytochemistry of the different species and assess the potential of R. crenulata as an adulterant at the end of the R. rosea value chains. The consistency of the products varies significantly. Approximately one fifth of commercial products that claimed to be R. rosea did not contain rosavin (the key reference markers used to distinguish R. rosea from related species). Moreover some products appeared not to contain salidroside, another marker compound found in other Rhodiola species. Approximately 80% of the remaining commercial products were lower in rosavin content than the registered products and appeared to be adulterated with other Rhodiola species. Conclusions The variation in phytochemical constituents present in Rhodiola products available to European buyers via the internet and other sources is a major cause for concern. Adulteration with different species, and other sometimes unknown adulterants, appears to be commonplace. Good quality systems and manufacturing practices, including those required under the THMPD, enable consumers to have confidence that products are authentic and meet a high specification for quality and safety.
- Published
- 2015
48. Chlorhexidin in der antibakteriellen Kariesprophylaxe - Neue Erkenntnisse aus aktuellen internationalen Langzeitstudien
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E. Reich
- Subjects
General Medicine - Published
- 2006
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49. Konsensuspapier - Bedeutung von Chlorhexidin in der Full-Mouth-Desinfection und anderen relevanten Anwendungsbereichen
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S. Twetman, N. Arweiler, U. Schlagenhauf, E. Reich, and V. Scholz
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Gynecology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Medicine ,General Medicine ,business - Abstract
Bakterien spielen bei Erkrankungen in der Mundhohle, z.B. Gingivitis, Parodontitis und Karies, eine wesent-liche Rolle. Nicht nur, dass sie selbst iiber Toxine oder Sduren zu den Er-krankungen beitragen, sie rufen auch das Immunsystem auf den Plan, das oft zu den zerstdrerischen Folgen der Erkrankungen beitragt. Verschiedene orale Nischen wie die Zunge oder die Tonsillen erschweren die sorg/'iiltige Keimzahlreduktion in derMundhohle und bieten den Bakterien optimale Refugien, aus denen heraus sie auch nach einergriindlichen Reinigung die Zahne und das Zahnfleisch erneut be-siedeln kdnnen. Die Full-Mouth-Disinfection (FMD) nach Prof. Quirynen empfieh(t daher nach der mechanischen Parodonti-tistherapie eine sorgfaltige Keimzahl-reduktion sdmtlicher oraler Nischen mit Chlorhexidin (CHX), um die Reko-lonisation dergereinigten Areale zu verzogern. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat ein von der IHCF einberufenes Ex-pertenpanel am 3. Mdrz 2006 in Lin-dau einen Workshop abgehalten. Da-bei wurde auf Basis der aktuellen Li-teratur ein Konsens zur Bedeutung von CHX fiir die Keimzahlsenkung im Rahmen der FMD bei Parodontitis, aber auch im Zusammenhang mit anderen relevanten Indikationen wie Karies erarbeitet, der im Folgenden zusammengefasst is
- Published
- 2006
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50. Thermodynamic and Kinetic Considerations in the Copolymerization of Ethylene and Carbon Dioxide
- Author
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Craig J. Price, Stephen A. Miller, and B. Jesse E. Reich
- Subjects
Exergonic reaction ,Standard enthalpy of reaction ,Ethylene ,Polymers and Plastics ,Organic Chemistry ,Methylaluminoxane ,Ceiling temperature ,Catalysis ,Inorganic Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Polymerization ,chemistry ,Polymer chemistry ,Materials Chemistry ,Copolymer ,Physical chemistry - Abstract
The thermodynamics of ethylene and carbon dioxide copolymerization are assessed with average bond dissociation energies, the Benson additivity method, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations (B3LYP 6-31G†). The DFT results suggest that formation of the alternating copolymer is exothermic (ΔH = −4.31 kcal/mol per repeat unit), but endergonic at most temperatures (>−159 °C, the ceiling temperature), and therefore it is practically inaccessible because of entropic factors. However, these thermodynamic calculations show that the polymerization is favorable (exergonic) at room temperature (25 °C) when the molar quotient of ethylene/carbon dioxide exceeds 2.37 (29.7 mol % CO2 or less). Various copolymerization conditions with catalytic amounts of late transition metal complexes (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) in combination with MAO (methylaluminoxane) produced oligomers or polymers containing only ethylene. The lack of ester functionality, as confirmed by mass spectrometry and 13C NMR, attests to the dubious nature ...
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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