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Possible prospects for thermonuclear research in the first half of the 21st century and their implementation in the practical sphere of domestic energy are discussed. It is concluded that thermonuclear research can be and already acts as a powerful driver of scientific and technological progress, a mechanism that stimulates the development of high-tech segments of the country’s economy, and a possible element of the nuclear energy of the future. This article was prepared based on the materials of a report presented at the General Meeting of RAS Members on December 8, 2020.

—In this paper, we review the results of the deep electromagnetic soundings carried out on the Archaean blocks of the Kola Peninsula over the past 40–50 years, describe the main results of the Murman-2018 experiment, and present a critical analysis of the previous studies considering the new data. The first part of the paper addresses the results of the studies with the extremely low frequency (ELF) transmitter “Zevs” and a 40 MW MHD source “Khibiny,” the frequency soundings with a 29 kW ERS-67 car generator, and the DC resistivity soundings with vertical electrical sounding (VES) and magnetotelluric (MT) sounding setups. The review focuses on the controversial issues of the previous results for their subsequent critical analysis based on the data from the Murman-2018 experiment. The second part of the paper describes the technique, procedure, and results of the Murman-2018 experiment. The experiment included distance DC resistivity soundings (DS), controlled-source frequency soundings (Control Source AudioMagnetoTellurics, CSAMT), and audio magnetotelluric soundings (AMT) using natural variations of the Earth’s electromagnetic field. The DS and CSAMT soundings were carried out with axial and equatorial setup configurations using two mutually orthogonal current lines AB1 and AB2 with the lengths of 1.9 and 1.6 km, respectively. The key novelty of the DS measurements was the use of a linear step in changing the distance OO' between the source and receiver (2.5 and 5 km) in the range of spacings from 2.5 to 56 km. The linear step pf change of the OO' distance was used for detecting and correcting the effects of lateral and static distortions in the observation results. The DS measurements were performed along three rays directed towards West, North, and East relative to the current lines AB1 and AB2. The CSAMT measurements were performed at a distance up to 105 km from the source in combination with AMTS. Based on the results of the Murman-2018 experiment, a three-layer model of crustal structure with resistivity increasing in a gradient–stepwise manner down to a depth of 20–30 km was constructed. The resistivity in the upper layer gradually (in a gradient-wise manner) increases with depth from 103 Ω m on the ground to 104 Ω m at a depth of 1–2 km. The middle layer has a constant resistivity on the order of (1–2) × 104 Ω m in the depth interval from 1–2 to 10 km and is identified as a “compaction” zone. It is detected at spacings from 2–3 to 30–40 km. In this spacing interval, apparent resistivity on the ground sharply varies ​​from 5 × 103 to 5 × 104 Ω m against the average background 2 × 104 Ω m. The sharp swings are interpreted as the profiling effect and attributed to the influence of the fractured zones and faults intersected by the sounding path. According to the geological estimates, the faults are steeply dipping near the surface and gently dipping at depth. Their overall influence “stabilizes” “flattens” the resistivity of the middle layer at a level of 2 × 104 Ω m and leads to the formation of effect of intermediate conductive layer having a dilatancy-diffusion origin (DD-layer) in the depth interval from 3–5 to 7–10 km (at the base of the second layer) with a longitudinal conductivity on the order of 1 S m and resistivity within 5 × 103 to 104 Ω m. The third (bottom) layer manifests itself by a sharp stepwise increase in electrical resistivity up to 105–106 Ω m and higher. The top surface of this layer is located at a depth of 10–15 km and is conditionally interpreted as an “impenetrability boundary” for direct current. This boundary marks the Brittle–Ductile Transition Zone (BDT) of the rocks. A critical analysis of the previous results in the light of the new data obtained in the Murman-2018 experiment is conducted in the Discussion section.

The article describes the experiment “Murman-2018” on remote electromagnetic sounding in combination with frequency and audio magnetotelluric soundings. The current from 29 kW power car-generator was fed into the ground using two mutually orthogonal grounded electric dipoles 1.6 and 1.9 km long. The measurements were carried out along three traces with maximum distances from the source up to 105 km in the mode of frequency sounding (in the range of 4-1000 Hz) and up to 56 km in the mode of remote sensing at direct current. The data processing was performed in the spectral mode and in the accumulation mode. The results of the experiment made it possible to quantify for the first time in the scientific literature the position of the boundary of a sharp increase in rock resistance at a depth of 10-15 km. The nature of the established boundary (the boundary of the “impenetrability” for direct current) is associated with the transition of the properties of the rocks of the Earth's crust from the fragile state in the upper crust to a plastic state at depths of 10-15 km and more. In foreign literature, this boundary is defined as the BDT-zone (brittle-ductile transition zone).

This paper describes the Murman-2018 experiment on remote electromagnetic sounding in combination with frequency and audio magnetotelluric soundings. The experimental results made it possible to quantify for the first time in the scientific literature the position of the boundary of a sharp increase in rock resistivity at a depth of 10–15 km. The nature of the established boundary (the “impenetrability” boundary for direct current) is related to the transition of rock properties in the Earth’s crust from the fragile state in the upper crust to a plastic state at a depth of 10–15 km or more.

Nuclear energy system development in the current century is considered in the article. The importance of this issue both for the future and for the choice of ways to solve current energy problems is high, which is largely due to the increasing environmental restrictions. Nuclear energy using promises negative impact of the energy system on enviroment minimizing. However, the danger of radiative pollution of the environment is a significant deterrent to the large scale industry development. The article discusses the problem of the nuclear power system development in the variant of the coordinated use of fission reactors for energy production and hybrid thermonuclear reactors for production of artificial fuel from thorium raw materials for fission reactors. Estimates are presented to substantiate the preferences of the structure of the nuclear power system under consideration.

This paper addresses the Kovdor-2015 Experiment involving frequency electromagnetic soundings of the Archaean basement of the Earth’s crust in the southwestern part of the Kola Peninsula. Eleven soundings were carried out using two transmitting arrangements, 85 km apart. Each arrangement consisted of two mutually orthogonal grounded electric dipoles of 1.5 km long. The distances between the source and the receiver were 25 and 50 km. Interpretation of the results took into account the influence of displacement currents and static distortions. It is found that there is an intermediate conductive layer of the dilatancy–diffusion nature (DD layer) with a longitudinal conductivity of about one siemens at depths ranging from 1.5–2 to 5–7 km. The results are interpreted in the terms of geodynamics.

The concentration of neutron radiation far from a source is discussed. A new method is proposed for solving this problem by choosing from among the scattered neutrons the ones that have acquired the required direction of flight and energy. The material along which such a neutron will travel must possess a small neutron cross section at the given energy. Materials consisting of isotopes with a large resonance cross section, for example, 56Fe, meet the requirements. The method discussed for concentrating high-energy neutrons makes it possible to increase their concentration more than 1000-fold in the detection area far from the source compared with isotropic propagation away from the source in all directions with equal probability.

The paper presents the results of the system research on the coordinated development of nuclear and fusion power engineering in the current century. Considering the increasing problems of resource procurement, including limited natural uranium resources, it seems reasonable to use fusion reactors as high-power neutron sources for production of nuclear fuel in a blanket. It is shown that the share of fusion sources in this structural configuration of the energy system can be relatively small. A fundamentally important aspect of this solution to the problem of closure of the fuel cycle is that recycling of highly active spent fuel can be abandoned. Radioactivity released during the recycling of the spent fuel from the hybrid reactor blanket is at least two orders of magnitude lower than during the production of the same number of fissile isotopes after the recycling of the spent fuel from a fast reactor.

This article is devoted to describing the theory, technique, and first experimental results of a control source electromagnetic (CSEM) study of the Earth’s crust and ionosphere with the use of two mutually orthogonal industrial transmission lines 109 and 120 km in length in the frame of FENICS (Fennoscandian Electrical Conductivity from Natural and Induction Control Source Soundings) experiment. The main part of the measurements is executed on the territory of the Fennoscandian shield at distances from the first hundreds kilometers up to 856 km from the source with the purpose of the deep electromagnetic sounding of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle. According to the results of these studies clarifying the parameters of “normal” (standard) geoelectric section of the lithosphere to a depth of 60–70 km, the anisotropy parameters are evaluated and a geothermal and rheological interpretation in conjunction with the analysis of the seismic data is executed. Furthermore, to study the propagation of ELF–LLF waves (0.1–200 Hz) in an “Earth–Ionosphere” waveguide, the measurements are carried out apart from Fennoscandian shield at distances up to 5600 km from the source (in Ukraine, Spitsbergen, Poland, Kamchatka, and other areas). According to the results of these studies, the experimental estimates of the influence of the ionosphere and of the displacement currents on the propagation of ELF–ULF waves in the upper half-space at the different azimuths generation of the primary field are obtained.

The magnetic field in the plasma jet propagating from the plasma pinch region along the axis of the chamber in a megajoule PF-3 plasma focus facility is studied. The dynamics of plasma with a trapped magnetic flow is analyzed. The spatial sizes of the plasma jet region in which the magnetic field concentrates are determined in the radial and axial directions. The magnetic field configuration in the plasma jet is investigated: the radial distribution of the azimuthal component of the magnetic field inside the jet is determined. It is shown that the magnetic induction vector at a given point in space can change its direction during the plasma flight. Conclusions regarding the symmetry of the plasma flow propagation relative to the chamber axis are drawn.

The results of systems studies of the coordinated development of nuclear and thermonuclear power generation to secure rapid growth of energy production in the current century are presented. Taking into consideration the increasing difficulties in meeting the required demand for energy, it is expedient to use thermonuclear reactors as high-power neutron sources for the production of nuclear fuel in a blanket. It is shown that in such a structural configuration of an energy system the fraction of thermonuclear sources can be relatively small. For sufficiently large scales of nuclear fuel production, even the paradigms for the development of nuclear power plants can change toward lower unit capacity in order to increase safety, simplify the fuel cycle, and do away with reprocessing of high-level spent fuel.

The long term supplies of U-235 are inadequate, so the Pu-239 (from U-238) and U-233 (from Th-232) fuel cycles are needed. Fast breeder reactors have low breeding ratios and long fuel doubling times, so alternative technologies are desirable. A fusion reactor could provide copious neutrons to breed Pu-239 and U-233 in its blanket, supporting several (up to 15) fission reactors for increased energy production. In a liquid fuel molten salt reactor, the chemical processing equipment can remove fission products, separate bred fissile fuel, and adjust the reactivity continuously. The U-233 fuel cycle generates fewer fission products in the blanket and consumes less energy per bred fissile nucleus than the Pu-239 fuel cycle. High fuel burnup fractions (>90%) could be attained, and actinides could be recycled in the core and incinerated, instead of being considered waste requiring long term disposal. Russia is developing the Molten Salt Hybrid Tokamak (MSHT) to eliminate five vital risks: severe accidents, theft of fissile materials, actinide waste disposal, financial investment loss, and exhaustion of fuel resources.

На саммите РИО + 20 в Рио-де-Жанейро заявлена необходимость технологических инноваций, в том числе в энергетике, для устойчивого развития общества. Сформулированы требования к «зелёным» (экологически приемлемым) технологиям. Ядерные технологии, при определённых условиях, максимально подходят под это определение. Однако ахиллесовой пятой ядерной энергетики деления являются запроектные аварии, которые в течение полувека три раза угрожали самому существованию ядерной энергетики (аварии на Три-Майл-Айленде, в Чернобыле и Фукусиме). Две основные причины — неконтролируемый разгон реактора и потеря охлаждения. Неконтролируемый разгон связан с осуществлением самоподдерживающейся цепной реакции (чернобыльская авария). Отказ от этого свойства приводит к естественному решению — созданию гибридного (синтезделения) реактора. Вторая проблема — потеря охлаждения (аварии на Три-Майл-Айленде и Фукусиме). Кардинальное решение — постоянная очистка топлива от продуктов деления. Такая технология известна — реактор на расплавах солей. Решение, таким образом, здесь сводится к возможному варианту реактора с внутренней самозащищённостью — жидкосолевому гибридному токамаку.

We describe the upgrade of the L3 detector for running at LHC. The principle goals are the precise measurement of electrons, photons and muons.

We investigate the role of the magnetic field in the collapse of a gas-dust cloud into a massive gravitating object. Observations of one such object (G31.41) indicate that the magnetic field has an hourglass shape oriented along the rotation axis of the matter, due to the freezing-in of the magnetic-field lines in the accreting matter. It is believed that accretion in stellar disks is associated with the transport of angular momentum from the center to the periphery, which could be initiated by large-scale vortex structures arising in the presence of unstable rotational flows of matter. The numerical simulations have established that the equilibrium configuration of a gas-dust disk rotating in a spherically symmetrical gravitational potential is subject to the development of strong instability in the presence of a weak magnetic field. It is shown that the development of instability leads to a transport of angular momentum to the disk periphery by large-scale vortex structures, together with the accretion of matter onto the gravitating object. The magnetic-field lines near the equator take on a chaotic character, but an hourglass configuration is observed near the rotation axis, in agreement with observations.

The key to deriving a reliable quantitative interpretation from marine controlledsource electromagnetic data is through the integration of shared earth modeling and robust 3D electromagnetic inversion. Subsurface uncertainty is minimized through efficient workflows that use all available subsurface data as a priori information and which permit multiple resistivity models to explain the same observed data. To this end, we present our implementation of an iterative migration method for controlledsource electromagnetic data that is equivalent to rigorous 3D inversion. Our iterative migration method is based on the 3D integral equation method with inhomogeneous background conductivity and focusing regularization with a priori terms. We will show that focusing stabilizers recover more geologically realistic models with sharper resistivity contrasts and boundaries than traditional smooth stabilizers. Additionally, focusing stabilizers have better convergence properties than smooth stabilizers. Finally, inhomogeneous background informationdescribed as a prioriresistivitymodels can improve the fidelity of the final models. Our method is implemented in a fully parallelized code. This makes it practical to run large-scale 3D iterative migration on multicomponent, multifrequency and multiline controlled-source electromagnetic surveys for 3D models with millions of cells. We present a suite of interpretations obtained from different iterative migration scenarios for a 3D controlled-source electromagnetic feasibility study computed from a detailed model of stacked anticline structures and reservoir units of the Shtokman gasfield in the Russian sector of the Barents Sea.

Experiment on electromagnetic sounding of the Kola Peninsula using unique mobile measuring complex of the low-frequency sounding was conducted, allowing to investigate a geoelectric section with a depth of several kilometers on distances up to 100 km from the stationary transmitting aerial. Excess on the order of amplitudes of the vertical component above the horizontal at all frequencies of sounding was registered in a number of points of measurements. This feature managed to be explained quantitatively by circulation of current on regional faults with the closure of current through the sea—before unknown galvanic coastal effect. Interpretation of the results of modeling and neural network solving of inverse problem essentially specifies the fault tectonics of the central part of the Kola Peninsula. Anomaly remote from the observation profile was found out—local pinch of a crustal conductive layer consisting of graphitized rocks and associated with the zone of overthrust.

In the latest assessments of the strategic prospects for the development of nuclear energy, we can note the tendency of a condescendingly arrogant attitude towards thermonuclear fusion, which, unfortunately, largely corresponds to the real state of affairs. At the same time, an analysis of the problems and potential of two nuclear technologies based on reactions of fusion of light nuclei and fission of heavy ones shows the following. Independent large-scale development of each of these areas will inevitably lead to the need to overcome the still unresolved technological, material science, environmental and economic problems, some of which raise the question of the appropriateness of further development of these energy sectors. At the same time, the physical features of fission processes and fusion objectively indicate the expediency of combining them within the framework of a single nuclear energy system. Such a combination will provide a great synergistic effect, as a result of which the negative manifestations of the complex problems of each technology will significantly weaken on the path of large-scale development of the industry.

A laboratory simulation of astrophysical processes is one of the intensively developed areas of plasma physics. A new series of experiments has been launched recently on the Plasma Focus type facility in NRC Kurchatov Institute. The main goal is to study the mechanisms of the jet stabilization, due to which it can propagate at distances much greater than their transverse dimensions. The experiments with stationary gas filling revealed regimes in which a narrowly collimated plasma jet was formed, the head of which was no wider than several centimeters at jet propagation distances of up to 100 cm. The PF-1000 (IFPiLM, Warsaw, Poland) and KPF-4 (SFTI, Sukhum, Abkhazia) experiments are aimed at creating profiled initial gas distributions to control the conditions of plasma jet propagation in the ambient plasma. Estimations of the dimensionless parameters, i.e. the Mach, Reynolds, and Peclet numbers which were achieved during the experiments, showed that the PF-facilities can be used for the YSO jets modelling. The future experiments, which can allow one to understand the nature of the stable plasma ejections observed in many astrophysical sources, are discussed., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures

1. In the national pulse MHD generators with power from 10 to 600 MW, solid plasmagenerating propellants (SPPs) are used, which contain dibasic ballistite powders with an aluminum content of up to 21% (in mass) and an easily ionized seed like cesium or potassium nitrates (1-3). New SPPs should have increased values of the energy complex σv 2 (σ is the electrical conductivity, and v is the velocity) and the heat content of combustion products, which depends on their heat capacitance at constant pressure and the calorific power of the fuel. The value of the complex σv 2 depends mainly on temperature, while the heat capacitance is related to the combustionproduct composition and their degree of dissociation, which depends on the oxidizer excess factor α. The prelimi� nary study of new SPP compositions shows the possi� bility of a substantial increase in both the complex σv 2 and the coefficient α.

A joint analysis of industrial policy, innovation activity, and the state of science and education, undertaken by Academicians E.P. Velikhov and V. B. Betelin together with A.G. Kushnirenko in the book Industrial Policy, Innovation, Mass Information Technologies, and Domestic Backbone Companies (Moscow: Energoizdat, 2007), was discussed at a meeting of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences, materials from which are published below.

The instabilities of differential rotation of highly-resistive liquids with P m ≪ 1 in the presence of axial and azimuthal components of magnetic field are considered. The dispersion relation for axisymmetric perturbations in a local (short-wave) approximation ( k R R ≫ 1 ) is derived. It is found that the axisymmetric modes of perturbations in such a helical magnetic field are oscillating modes. In agreement with the results by Hollerbach and Rudiger the modes have much lower thresholds than in the case of axial magnetic field. It is shown that the low-threshold instability is mainly caused by the radial inhomogeneity of B 0 ϕ / R and can hardly be called the magnetorotational instability (MRI). At the Rayleigh line ( Ω ∝ R −2 ) far above the instability threshold the mode frequency is equal to its growth rate, and both are proportional to Ω . Away from the Rayleigh line (in the case of flatter rotation laws) the unstable mode is the weakly destabilized inertial oscillation mode. Its growth rate is small and does not exceed the value of the order of the viscous frequency.

This article is devoted to work done in 2002–2006 as part of the unified project Reabilitatsiya to rehabilitate radiation hazardous objects and sections of the radioactively contaminated territory of the Russian Science Center Kurchatov Institute. The main objects of the rehabilitation work were old storage sites built for radioactive wastes on the territory of the Institute when military and civilian nuclear technologies were under development. The structural features of the storage sites, including the volumes and characteristics of the wastes stored, are presented. The salient aspects of the disposal sites, taken into account during the rehabilitation work, are discussed. The organization of the rehabilitation operations and the sequence in which they are performed, the special features of the technical design solutions used, the technological methods, and ways for conducting the work are described.

In view of great importance of magneto-rotational instability (MRI) as a fundamental mechanism for angular momentum transfer in magnetized stellar accretion disks, several research centers are involved in experimental study of MRI under laboratory conditions. The idea of the experiment is to investigate the rotation dynamics of well conducting liquid (liquid metal) between two cylinders in axial magnetic field. In this Letter, an experimental scheme with immovable cylinders and fluid rotation driven by radial current is considered. The analytical solution of a stationary flow was found taking into account the external current. Results of axially symmetric numerical simulations of current driven fluid dynamics in experimental setup geometry are presented. The analytical solution and numerical simulations show that the current driven fluid rotation in axial magnetic field provides the axially homogeneous velocity profile suitable for MRI study in classical statement.

Results are given of experimental and numerical investigations of electrical conductivity and mobility of electrons in the products of combustion of hydrogen-oxygen fuel seeded with cesium or potassium-sodium eutectic. The experiments were performed in model (flow rate of 0.9 kg/s, thermal power N th ≈7 MW) and large-scale experimental (flow rate ≈12 kg/s, N th ≈ 150 MW) facilities with the pressure in the combustor ranging from 2 to 6 MPa, oxidizer excess coefficients of 0.6 to 1.1, mass fractions of the seed in the fuel of 0.3 to 0.9 with the Mach number M ≈ 2.4. The basic characteristics, structural schemes, and general views of the facilities are given. When cesium is used for seeding, the experimentally obtained values of electrical conductivity may be as high as σel ≈ 20 S/m, those of σelν2 ≈ 115 S/m (km/s)2, and of electron mobility − 0.11 T−1 at a pressure of ≈0.3 MPa, temperature of ≈2800 K, and flow velocity ν ≈ 2500 m/s. Under the same conditions for combustion products seeded with KNa eutectic, we have σel ≈ 9 S/m, σelν2 ≈ 65 (S/m)(km/s)2, and electron mobility of 0.09 T−1.

We study the stability of Couette flow between two cylinders in the presence of axial magnetic field in local WKB approximation. We find the analytical expression of the critical angular velocity minimized over the wave number and the imposed magnetic field as a function of the measure of deviation of the rotation law from the Rayleigh line. The result found is in a good agreement with the previously known numerical results based on the global analysis. We perform a minimization of the critical Reynolds number over the wave number at fixed magnetic field both analytically and numerically. We show that a compromise between resistive suppression of magneto-rotational instability at weak magnetic field and the increase of the critical Reynolds number with the increase of magnetic field is possible. It takes place at moderate values of magnetic field of order 3 × 10 2 gauss giving the critical Reynolds number of order 4 × 10 4 .

Several decades since the work E. P. Velikhov, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 36, 1398 (1959) [Sov. Phys. JETP 9, 995 (1959)] [1] concerning magnetorotational instability was published, great astrophysical interest has been manifested in the mechanism of generating a magnetic field in a rotating well-conducting medium in view of difficulties in the development of the theory of anomalous matter transfer in accretion discs both upon the formation of stars and planets from gaseous conglomerations and upon the formation of a galactic core with a black hole at the center { S. A. Balbus and J. F. Hawley, Astrophys. J. 376, 214 (1991) [2] and G. Ruediger and R. Hollerbach, The Magnetic Universe (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2004) [3]}. Attempts to experimentally observe the magnetorotational instability were successful only for spherical geometry in experiments initially devoted to the verification of geomagnetic dynamo theory {D. R. Sisan et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 114502 (2004) [4]}. In experiments with liquid sodium in the complete absence of temperature gradients and, therefore, convection, which is very important for the conventional theory of the geomagnetic dynamo, the generation of the magnetic field was obtained due to the development of the magnetorotational instability, which is usually ignored when developing the theory of the origin of the Earth’s magnetic field. The results obtained in this work enable one to develop a theory of geomagnetic dynamo that is primarily based on the magnetorotational instability, which provides a new insight into not only the origin of the Earth’s magnetic field but its evolution in time.

The scheme of a multi-objective installation ‘Baikal’, a multi-megajoule source of X-ray emission with a temperature of 250–300 eV and a power of 500–1000 TW, is described in this article. The Project of the ‘Baikal’ installation is based on an inductive energy store, which in the process of step-by-step energy transmission with increasing power generates an electric pulse with parameters required for compression of liners. Electric parameters of the ‘Baikal’ installation are: current −50 MA, voltage 8–10 MV, pulse duration −150 ns, pulse energy 30 MJ. An installation ‘MOL’ is intended for testing the scheme of one of ‘Baikal’ modules. It consists of an inductive store IN-1 with accumulated energy of 12,5 MJ, capacitor banks, a magnetic amplifier, a magnetic compressor with a capacitor bank for generation of initial magnetic flow, a plasma opening switch (POS) and a load simulator.

The Russian program for development of low aspect ratio tokamaks (spherical tokamaks) is presented. The urgency of the theme is conditioned by the results of theoretical research and experimental data obtained from small-scale installations where the direction has proved to be greatly promising. The present work describes a number of spherical tokamak projects governed by certain logic. The intended research is supposed to solve the issues of maintaining the advantages of such tokamaks for mega-ampere range installations, overcoming the current difficulties typical for such tokamaks, and, finally, considering the possibility of building an inexpensive compact thermonuclear reactor.

The Kazakhstan Tokamak for Material testing (KTM) is proposed as a test bench for plasma-facing components investigation. Special attention is devoted to divertor plates testing under powerful particle and heat flux deposition. There are two important pecularities of KTM, which make it a unique installation: - single null (SN) plasma configuration with moderate-to-low aspect ratio A=2, high elongation k 95 , 1.7 and megaampere level of plasma current IP ; creation of database for elongated plasma with A=2 can be an important "bridge" between databases on traditional tokamaks with A >2.5-3 and spherical tokamaks with A h 1.5-1.6; - special equipment is designed for manipulation with divertor plates (vacuum sluices, a divertor "table" inside the vacuum vessel, which can be shifted both in vertical and azimuth directions).

This paper presents the initial provisions, materials, results, current status and next tasks of the study dedicated to the issues of legal and institutional support of transportable nuclear power plants. This study is performed in the framework of the IAEA International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles INPRO. Transportable nuclear power plants (TNPPs) are either small nuclear power plants (SNPPs) with their lifecycle implemented on a single transportable platform, or SNPPs assembled of transportable factory-made modules. Advantages of SNPPs and TNPPs are: • Enhanced safety and reliability; • Design simplicity, • Shorter construction period; • Industrial serial production; • Smaller capital costs and shorter investment cycle compared with large NPP; • Possibility of autonomous operation; • Suitability for non-electric application and others. There is an objective evidence of growing interest in developing a nuclear energy system (NES) based on SNPPs including TNPPs. Underlying assumptions of the Russian study: • The User of TNPP services is interested in receiving energy only, does not claim ownership of nuclear technologies, materials and TNPP itself, and this incurs minimal liability for nuclear energy use; INPRO defines this TNPP lifecycle option as “Maximum outsourcing”; • All operations involving nuclear fuel are performed either at the TNPP manufacturer plant, or at a regional TNPP service center within the Holder’s liability zone; • TNPP sitting requires no onsite operations except assembling. Expert reviews have been performed to confirm TNPP lifecycle compliance with the nuclear legislation in fields such as: safety; non-proliferation; nuclear materials’ monitoring, accounting and control; physical protection; and civil liability for nuclear damage; transport operations. It was confirmed that: • In traditional approaches, the existing legal and institutional framework is sufficient for implementing TNPP lifecycle; to achieve the highest efficiency and safety of TNPPs it is necessary to develop TNPPs’ designs, their legal and institutional support; • The following issues are of immediate interest for further studies: combination of inherent safety features and passive safety systems in TNPPs; TNPP lifecycle economy; lifecycle concept without onsite refueling; new approaches to indemnification for nuclear damage; new approaches to physical protection; nuclear liability of TNPP User; remote nuclear materials monitoring, and control and TNPP’ operating; serial industrial fabrication; licensing and certification; public-private partnership; international personnel training system; international cooperation in TNPP fabrication and servicing; role of the IAEA in developing TNPP-based NES. • TNPP/SNPP-based nuclear energy system including all kinds of respective legal, institutional and infrastructural support should become the subject of further studies.

Development of industry and agriculture demands a huge fresh water consumption. Exhaust of water sources together with pollution arises a difficult problem of population, industry, and agriculture water supply. Request for additional water supply in next 50 years is expected from industrial and agricultural sectors of many countries in the world. The presented study of fusion power plant for water desalination and reuse is aimed to widen a range of possible fusion industrial applications. Fusion offers a safe, long-term source of energy with abundant resources and major environmental advantages. Thus fusion can provide an attractive energy option to society in the next century. Fusion power tokamak reactor based on RF DEMO-S project [Proc. ISFNT-5 (2000) in press; Conceptual study of RF DEMO-S fusion reactor (2000)] was chosen as an energy source. A steady state operation mode is considered with thermal power of 4.0 GW. The reactor has to operate in steady-state plasma mode with high fraction of bootstrap current. Average plant availability of ∼0.7 is required. A conventional type of water cooled blanket is the first choice, helium or lithium coolants are under consideration. Desalination plant includes two units: reverse osmosis and distillation. Heat to electricity conversion schemes is optimized fresh water production and satisfy internal plant electricity demand The plant freshwater capacity is ∼6 000 000 m3 per day. Fusion power plant of this capacity can provide a region of a million populations with fresh water, heat and electricity.

Conceptual design and construction of the “TMA” tokamak is presented. TMA is a Tokamak of Minor Aspect ratio (A = 2) and elongated cross section k ≤ 2. It is planned to be created on the basis of existing TSP tokamak-complex at TRINITI, Troitsk, on a short time. Main parameters of installation are: toroidal field Bto≤2T, major plasma radius R = 0.7 m, minor plasma radius a = 0.35 m, plasma current Ip ≤ IMA, plasma elongation k ≤ 2, triangularity δ ≤ 0.7. Inductor flux of a value Δφ = ±0.5 V.s, plasma RF heating power PRF ≤ 9 MW. Duration of plateau of toroidal field is expected to be Δt = 2 s. Main goals of TMA are: study of moderate aspect ratio of elongated shaped plasma with divertor, achievement of a high bootstrap current, study of active controllable SOL plasma.

The paper describes development of project of hybrid reactors fusion-fission based on compact tokamak. It can have several advantages: such tokamak because of the smallness of aspect ratio A has a smaller volume at the same power as compared with the classical tokamak. At the same time, in their design, one can use database of ITER. The paper presents the results of a long phase of work in this direction, directed to the installation of the industrial scale of interest for use in nuclear power. FNS-2 parameters are R = 2 m, a = 1 m, k = 1.7, B = 3.9 T. Calculations show at neutral injection power ∼ 45 MW, the neutron yield is ∼ 60 MW, it provides a neutron load on the blanket ∼ 0.4 MW/m2. Numerical calculations showed that channel structure blanket cooled by water will transform for the year to 80 kg of minor actinides at subject to the addition of Pu in a 1:1 ratio). When a liquid metal coolant is used, the design of the outer blanket FNS-2 is similar to the block structure of the ITER. During the year this hybrid reactor loading 60 tons of oxides of actinides can recycle 400 kg of minor actinides. This will help dispose of spent nuclear fuel more than 10 LWR-1000 reactors. In this case the thermal power is ∼ 2 GW. The pressure which provides lead pumping through a stainless steel pipe is 1.5 bar at the length of 20 cm.Copyright © 2013 by ASME

The variety of isotopes in cosmic rays allows us to study different aspects of the processes that cosmic rays undergo between the time they are produced and the time of their arrival in the heliosphere. In this paper, we present measurements of the isotopic ratios [superscript 2]H/[superscript 4]He, [superscript 3]He/[superscript 4]He, [superscript 6]Li/[superscript 7]Li, [superscript 7]Be/([superscript 9]Be+[superscript 10]Be), and [superscript 10]B/[superscript 11]B in the range 0.2-1.4 GeV of kinetic energy per nucleon. The measurements are based on the data collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, AMS-01, during the STS-91 flight in 1998 June., United States. Dept. of Energy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Summary The integration of shared earth modeling and robust 3D CSEM modeling and inversion is the key to deriving a reliable quantitative interpretation from marine controlledsource electromagnetic (CSEM) data. Workflows should make use of all available subsurface data and enable the interpreter to select the most geologically relevant resistivity model from the multitude of models that satisfy the same CSEM data. To this end, we present our implementation of an iterative migration method for CSEM data, equivalent to rigorous inversion. Our iterative migration method is based on the 3D integral equation method with inhomogeneous background conductivity and focusing regularization with a priori terms. Here, we will show that focusing stabilizers recover more geologically realistic models with sharper geoelectric contrasts and boundaries than traditional smooth stabilizers. Additionally, we will show that focusing stabilizers have better convergence properties than smooth stabilizers. Our method is implemented in a fully parallelized code, which makes it practical to run large-scale 3D iterative migration on multi-component, multi-frequency and multi-line CSEM surveys for models with millions of cells. We present a suite of interpretations obtained from different migration scenarios for a 3D CSEM feasibility study computed from a detailed model of the Shtokman gas field in the Russian sector of the Barents Sea.

Russia is supporting the INPRO Innovative Project, being fulfilled by the IAEA in the field of innovative nuclear energy. The participation of Russia in the INPRO is a part of realization process of Russia’s President Vladimir Putin Initiative, presented at the UN Millennium Summit in September 2000, on creation of new generation nuclear energy, meeting the requirements of sustainable development and excluding using the nuclear weapons technologies and materials. In 2003 the draft INPRO Methodology for assessment of the innovative nuclear energy systems correspondence to the requirements of sustainable development has been developed. At present time the Methodology’s approbation on the examples of national nuclear power technologies is being completed. It is supposed that the Methodology will be used as a navigator for the world nuclear energy development process. The INPRO stresses the timeliness of nuclear energy development problems. The International Organization on nuclear fuel cycle is the key decision of non-proliferation problem. Important are the questions of interaction and particularities of the INPRO and Generation IV programs. State support and international cooperation are conditions for effective development of nuclear energy.