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The article considers radical changes in the Russian universities activity in the last 30-35 years. The authors believe that such changes were determined by: a) destruction of the Soviet system of higher education; b) its transfer to the Western models of the education organization; c) unification of different university models; d) transfer to the two-level system (bachelor-master); e) universities right to change education programs and earn money by admitting poorly prepared students. These features of the contemporary education led to a significant increase in the number of universities that do not take into account objective social needs in various types of training. Therefore, the university is no longer a final point in the system of professional training, whose previous customers were either the state or employer. The university has turned into an organization providing educational services to the student and his parents. Such a higher-education system does not fulfill its social functions and is wasteful for it contributes to potential conflicts due to the excess of formal holders of higher-education diplomas, for whom there is no place in the real economy. The authors believe that the Russian higher education can change the trend of development by selecting and differentiating a small group of universities according to the future types of their graduates activities (research, technology, education, etc.), and by reliable forecasting of the employers needs.

Aim. To study the effect of class III antiarrhythmic drugs (amiodarone and sotalol), and the β-blocker bisoprolol on the spectral parameters of heart rate variability in patients with different forms of atrial fibrillation (AF).Material and methods. Spectral analysis of heart rate variability of 5-minute electrocardiography intervals was used. The study included patients with newly diagnosed AF and having a duration of the disease from 6 months to 8 years. Arterial hypertension, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction (in history), conduction disorders and type 2 diabetes mellitus were diagnosed as comorbidities. The following parameters were calculated: the total power (TP) of the spectrum, the power of very low frequencies (VLF), low frequencies (LF) and high frequencies (HF).Results. In the group of patients with newly diagnosed AF without concomitant diseases after administration of amiodarone, VLF prevails in the spectrum structure, which indicates a significant role of humoral factors in the regulation of heart rate. The power of LF, reflecting the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, prevails over HF power after administration of amiodarone. In patients with newly diagnosed AF, having concomitant diseases, sympathetic influences prevail over parasympathetic ones by 3.6 times after administration of amiodarone. In the group of patients who have reduced the number of comorbidities, the LF/HF decreases and is only 1.66 after administration of amiodarone. The decrease in the number of negative factors is also accompanied by an increase in the influence of the vagus nerve on the activity of the heart. In the study of the effects of sotalol, the LF/HF in this group was twice lower in the group of patients with long-term AF. In patients receiving bisoprolol as antiarrhythmic therapy, the proportion of LF in the group of patients with newly diagnosed AF is 2 times lower, and the proportion of HF is twice higher than in the group of patients with long-term AF.Conclusion. The effect of antiarrhythmic drugs on the spectral parameters of heart rate variability depends on the duration AF. The presence of concomitant diseases of the cardiovascular system can significantly change the effect of antiarrhythmic drugs on the spectral parameters of heart rate variability and is accompanied by an increase in sympathetic activity. In patients with newly diagnosed AF, amiodarone and sotalol cause a similar effect – the predominance of sympathetic influence; when using bisoprolol, the predominant influence belongs to the vagus nerve. In patients with long-term AF, the opposite effect of drugs is observed: the use of amiodarone is accompanied by a more pronounced influence of the vagus nerve, and bisoprolol – the predominance of sympathetic influence. When using sotalol, sympathetic influences also prevail, more pronounced in patients with newly diagnosed AF.

Spectral analysis of heart rate variability gives an idea of the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of chronotropic heart function. This method can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of drug therapy. Drug therapy should be carried out taking into account the individual clinical form of atrial fibrillation. Information about the vegetative status of the patient will undoubtedly increase the effectiveness of treatment. In this study, spectral parameters were studied in patients with atrial fibrillation. The effect of sotalol on the spectral parameters of heart rate variability was studied.

This study presents the results of a model experiment with Picea abies determining the role of root exudates in the intake of radiocaesium into soil solution. It has been established that the amount of consumed 137Cs depends on the weight of the root system, with the majority of the radionuclide presumably accumulating in the primary cortex of the root; i.e., it was not redistributed further between the structural components of the plant. The amount of 137Cs entering the aerial part is approximately 2.5% of its total storage in the plant. During the experiment (7 days), 37.4–53.8% of the radionuclide accumulated in the assimilating organs were transported into pure solution with root exudates and the radiocaesium storage transported into the solution exceeded that of the roots. The movement of 137Cs in the aqueous film on the surface of the root systems have not been recorded.

Currently, studies of the causes of atrial fibrillation are actively conducted. However, molecular and cellular mechanisms of atrial fibrillation have not been precisely established so far. Great success in the treatment of atrial fibrillation was achieved thanks to the development of surgical methods. However, these approaches, unfortunately, are not always applicable to elderly and senile patients. Antiarrhythmic drugs used in atrial fibrillation, exhibit a large number of side effects. Much attention of researchers is now attracted by fundamentally new directions in the drug treatment of atrial fibrillation. These include predserdno-selective antifibrillatory funds. Drugs, the action of which is aimed at at atrial remodeling, inflammation and fibrosis, so is of interest. Effective suppression of atrial remodeling, inflammation and fibrosis prevents the formation of a permanent form of atrial fibrillation. A new approach to the treatment of atrial fibrillation, taking into account the vegetative status of the patient, will undoubtedly increase its effectiveness.Несмотря на активно проводимые исследования, касающиеся причин возникновения фибрилляции предсердий (ФП), молекулярные и клеточные механизмы, лежащие в основе этого явления, остаются малоизвестны. Большие успехи в лечении ФП были достигнуты благодаря развитию хирургических методов. Однако эти подходы, к сожалению, не всегда применимы к пациентам пожилого и старческого возраста. В связи с этим лекарственная терапия во многих случаях остается основным методом лечения ФП у этой категории пациентов, несмотря на серьезные недостатки. Антиаритмические препараты, применяемые при ФП, вызывают значительное число побочных эффектов, в том числе обладают аритмогенным свойством. Большое внимание привлекают принципиально новые группы лекарственных препаратов, предлагаемых для лечения ФП. К ним относятся предсердно-селективные антифибрилляторные средства, а также препараты, действие которых направлено на ремоделирование предсердий, воспаление и фиброз, эффективное подавление которых предотвращает формирование постоянной формы ФП. Кроме того, новый подход к терапии ФП, учитывающий вегетативный статус пациента, несомненно, повысит ее эффективность.

Background. Atrial Fibrillation is one of the most common arrhythmias. Despite the different attitude to the pharmacotherapy of Atrial Fibrillation, the problem of selection of adequate antiarrhythmic therapy for the prevention and treatment of persistent Atrial Fibrillation remains relevant and is of great interest to researchers. For the effective selection of drugs in the treatment of arrhythmia can be successfully used the method of spectral analysis of heart rhythm variability. Aims: to study the effect of antiarrhythmic drug Sotalol and β-adrenoblocker Bisoprolol on the spectral parameters of heart rhythm variability in patients with Atrial Fibrillation. Methods. 167 patients with Atrial Fibrillation of both sexes aged 46 to 94 years were examined. The study included patients with the first diagnosed Atrial Fibrillation, and with persistent Atrial Fibrillation during of 6 months to 8 years. Arterial hypertension has diagnosed in all patients. Also, patients were diagnosed with coronary heart disease with a history of myocardial infarction and without myocardial infarction. Spectral analysis of heart rhythm variability was conducted in patients with Atrial Fibrillation. Therapy in patients was performed with the antiarrhythmic drug Sotalol (80−160 mg, orally) and Bisoprolol (2.5−5 mg, orally). Results. Spectral analysis of heart rhythm variability in patients Atrial Fibrillation using Sotalol showed that the proportion of VLF in patients with the first diagnosed Atrial Fibrillation is more than half of the spectrum, whereas in patients with persistent Atrial Fibrillation this parameter is 18%, the proportion of LF is higher in patients with persistent Atrial Fibrillation. The coefficient LF/HF in patients with persistent Arial Fibrillation is two times lower than in patients with the first diagnosed Atrial Fibrillation. Spectral analysis of heart rhythm variability in patients Atrial Fibrillation using Bisoprolol, it was shown that the proportion of LF in patients with the first diagnosed Atrial Fibrillation was 2 times lower, and the proportion of HF was twice higher than in patients with persistent Atrial Fibrillation. Conclusions. In this study, a spectral analysis of heart rate variability in patients with Atrial Fibrillation, who receive antiarrhythmic drug therapy with sotalol and bisoprolol, was carried out. It was found that humoral factors play a significant role in patients with the first diagnosed Atrial Fibrillation during sotalol therapy, the role of the vagus in this group of patients is minimal, while in patients with bisoprolol therapy the vagus has a dominant effect on the activity of the heart.

Atrial fibrillation is more common among elderly patients. Number of comorbidities, such as heart failure, coronary heart disease, disorders of the conduction system of the heart increases with age. Atrial fibrillation is a health problem. In developed countries, there is a high prevalence of the disease. The disease affects more than 33 million people worldwide. Spectral analysis of heart rate variability can be successfully used to evaluate the effectiveness of therapy. The use of this method gives an idea of the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of chronotropic function of the heart. These data help to define conditions of manifestation of efficiency of antiarrhythmic drugs. In this study, spectral analysis were studied in patients with different forms of atrial fibrillation. The effect of amiodarone class III antiarrhythmic drug were studied this study. It is shown that the structure of spectrum of heart rate variability in patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation differs significantly from that in patients with disease duration from 6 months to several years on the background of amiodarone.Фибрилляция предсердий более всего распространена у пожилых пациентов. С возрастом увеличивается наличие и число сопутствующих заболеваний, таких как сердечная недостаточность, ИБС, нарушения проводящей системы сердца. Фибрилляция предсердий представляет собой проблему здравоохранения, которая преимущественно затрагивает развитые страны, где наблюдают высокие показатели распространенности заболеваемости. Данным заболеванием страдает более 33 млн человек во всем мире. Спектральный анализ вариабельности сердечного ритма используют для оценки эффективности лекарственной терапии. Применение этого метода дает представление о роли вегетативной нервной системы в регуляции хронотропной функции сердца. Такие сведения помогают определить условия проявления эффективности антиаритмических препаратов. В данном исследовании были изучены спектральные показатели у пациентов с различными формами фибрилляции предсердий и влияние на эти показатели антиаритмического препарата III класса амиодарона. Показано, что на фоне терапии амиодароном структура спектра вариабельности сердечного ритма у пациентов с впервые выявленной фибрилляцией значительно отличается от таковой у пациентов, имеющих длительность заболевания от 6 мес до нескольких лет.

The use of the spectral analysis of the heart rate variability to assess the effectiveness of therapy is of great attention of researchers and doctors. This method allows you to get knowledge of the influence of the autonomic nervous system on the heart activity, which is an important factor for the manifestation of the effects of antiarrhythmic drugs. In this study, we studied the effect of antiarrhythmic drugs of class III amiodarone and sotalol on spectral indices of the heart rate variability in patients with atrial fibrillation. The power of slow frequencies prevailed in the structure of the spectrum with the introduction of amiodarone and sotalol. This suggests that the sympathetic nervous system have a predominant influence on the heart.

Accumulation and distribution of 137Cs by the root systems of forests in the radioactive contamination zone of Bryansk oblast have been discussed. It has been found that the phytomass and distribution of roots of pine and birch trees along the soil profile in the studied BGCs differ considerably. The specific activity of 137Cs in the roots changes depending on their diameter: the lowest specific activity is observed in small fractions of the roots, and the highest one in large fractions. It has been shown that the contribution of roots in the total reserves of 137Cs in the soil layer of 0–50 cm of various biogeocenoses is different: the largest contribution is characteristic for birch forests (1.66%) with variation of this parameter in separate soil layers from 1.12 to 3.53%, while the contribution for pine forests is lower (0.97%) with the variation from 0.82 to 7.5%. The contribution of roots to the overall contamination of soils in the studied plant communities increases with depth.

The problem of weakening of the action of antiarrhythmic drugs under conditions of activation of the sympathetic nervous system draws increasing attention of researchers. These conditions are frequently encountered in clinical practice in cases of ischemia, myocardial infarction, and in patients with sustained ventricular arrhythmia. In addition, sympathetic, hyperactivity is a characteristic feature of serious cardiovascular diseases including heart failure. The beta-adrenergic stimulation can significantly modulate the electrophysiological action of antiarrhythmic drugs. There are significant differences in the ability of antiarrhythmic drugs to retain efficacy on the background of sympathetic stimulation. Additional administration of beta-blockers to patients with ventricular tachycardia, cardiac insufficiency, cardiomyopathy and patients after myocardial infarction is highly effective and is worth of addition al investigation. The search for drugs whose effect is not affected by sympathetic stimulation is still topical.

Yarn and fabric samples have been produced for the conditions at the textile firm “Kupavna” by means of a new technology with optimal insertion of polyamide fibers into the mixture. A technology has been developed for obtaining machine yarn for fabrics with visible weaves using combed tops obtained from Merino wool 64 k and optimal insertion of polyamide fibers into the mixture. Using the theory of yarn design with a mixture under conditions where the difference of the geometric and strength properties is large, theoretical calculations have been performed of the strength of machine yarn with optimal insertion of polyamide fibers into the mixture.

The course of cardiovascular diseases is known to depend upon vegetative nervous system condition. The heart rate variability is the quantitative indicator of vegetative nervous system activity. The emotional stress reaction in rats tested in the "open field" was assessed by measuring the heart rate variability, which allowed the chronotropic cardiac function to be studied in detail and showed which part of the vegetative system (either sympathetic or parasympathetic) prevails in animals with different phenotypes of the emotional stress reaction. In rats demonstrating different behaviors in the "open field" test, changes in the heart rate variability were examined under conditions of the emotional stress response development and the treatment with non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic afobazole. It was established that the sympathetic nervous system tone prevails in stress-resistant rats, whereas in non-resistant animals, the parasympathetic system is predominating. In non-resistant rats exposed to stress, the heart rate variability decreased due to reduced power of very low frequencies, in contrast to stress-resistant animals, which showed increased power of very low frequencies. Afobazole was found to increase the heart rate variability in both animal groups. In non-resistant rats, afobazole also raised the vagus tone.

The effects of propranolol on the heart rate variability was studied in anesthetized outbred male rats, to which the drug was administered as intracisternal and intraperitoneal injections. Propranolol was found to increase the power of low- and high-frequency components of the heart rate. In influencing the heart rate variability, propranolol has the central mode of action. It is suggested that the ability of propranolol to increase the power of the low and high frequency components of the heart rate is related to its enhancing effect on the central cardiac vagal control.

The electrophysiological properties of cardiocyclide, nibentan and sotalol and their efficacy on a model of atrial fibrillation were compared in experiments in anaesthetized dogs. The electrophysiological parameters of drugs were investigated using the method of programmed electrical stimulation of myocardium on the background of excitation of the peripheral segment of the right vagus nerve with current pulses of increasing frequency. The atrial fibrillation was produced by short stimulation (10 pulses) of the right auriculum (10 Hz, 4 thresholds). Cardiocyclide was injected in a dose of 2.5-5.0 mg/kg; nibentan, 0.25 mg/kg; and sotalol, 2.5 mg/kg. Cardiocyclide was found to prevent vagotonic atrial fibrillation in 80% of cases; under vagal stimulation this drug maintained the electrophysiological attributes and exhibited the frequency-independent action inherent in this agent. Nibentan completely retained its ability to prolong the ventricular repolarization under vagal stimulation conditions, increased the effective atrial and ventricular refractory periods, and showed the ability to prevent and eliminate the vagotonic atrial fibrillation in 80-90% of cases. Under vagal stimulation, sotalol increased the repolarization and prolonged the effective refractory atrial and ventricular periods, reduced the heart rate, and suppressed the sinus node function. The action of sotalol was frequency-dependent. Sotalol was found to prevent the vagotonic atrial fibrillation in 60% of cases.

Nibentan, the class III antiarrhythmic drug, was experimentally investigated in anaesthetized dogs using the model of vagotonic atrial fibrillation. Under the conditions of vagus nerve stimulation, nibentan retained the ability to prolong the ventricular repolarization and increase the effective refractory periods and to maintain the frequency-independent action on the effective refractory periods of the atrium. At the same time, nibentan did not affect conduction via the His-Purkinje system and prevented bradycardia induced by vagus stimulation. The drug was found to depress the conduction in atrium, this effect being retained on the background of vagus nerve stimulation. Nibentan has proved to be effective in preventing the vagotonic atrial fibrillation.

Recently, elongated comet-shaped receptive fields were discovered in the fourth extrastriate crescent (area V4A) of cats and monkeys. It was shown that the long axes of these receptive fields were oriented radially toward the centre of the retina. Such unusual "radial" organization of this extrastriate area led to the assumption that these neurons may contribute to the analysis of optic flow. To investigate this assumption we recorded activity of neurons in the V4A of cats during real motion in depth toward or away from a stationary visual scene. Responses of neurons in area V4A were compared with activity of neurons in area V2 under similar conditions of stimulation. Area V2 is known to be sensitive to motion but does not have radial organization. It was found that a substantial number of visual neurons in both areas did not fire at all when cats were exposed to motion in depth. Nevertheless, neurons with selective activation to direction of motion in depth were identified, but comparable numbers were found in both areas studied. We conclude that radial organization of the fourth extrastriate crescent does not provide any special advantage for the analysis of optic flow information.

The new class III antiarrhythmic agent cardiocyclide effectively prevents the atrioventricular fibrillations caused by the vagus nerve excitation in narcotized dogs. The electrophysiological effect of cardiocyclide was studied by method of programmed electric stimulation of myocardium on the background of excitation of a peripheral segment of the right vagus nerve by current pulses of increasing frequency. On this background, cardiocyclide exhibited characteristic effects manifested primarily by elongation of the QT and QTc intervals (corrected in accordance with the heart rate) and the effective refractory periods of both atrium and ventricles. The ability of cardiocyclide to increase the effective refractory period was retained irrespective of the drive signal frequency. A specific feature of the cardiocyclide effect on the model of vagus nerve excitation is a greater increase in the effective refractory auricular period as compared to that observed under normal conditions. Sotalol is less effective than cardiocyclide in the case of vagotonic atrial stimulation and does not prevent the bradycardia induced by the vagus nerve excitation. However, sotalol still retains its effects on the repolarization, the effective refractory auricular and ventricular periods, and the AV node under these conditions.

Electrophysiological mechanisms of the action of cardiocyclide, nibentan, and sotalol--antiarrhythmic agents of class III--was studied in dogs with experimental myocardial infarction induced by a two-step occlusion of the coronary artery. Cardiocyclide exhibited the properties typical of the class III antiarrhythmics by prolonging the ventricular repolarization and increasing the effective refractory periods in the atrium and ventricles. The degree of manifestation of these antiarrhythmic effects of cardiocyclide is independent of the induced heart rate, which is related to the ability of this drug to block the slow activation component (IKs) of the delayed rectified potassium current. Nibentan elongates the QT interval and increases the effective atrial and ventricular refractory periods, but the effect was dependent of the stimulation frequency. Sotalol, which also exhibited the properties of a class III antiarrhythmogen possessing beta-blocking activity, produced more pronounced inhibiting action upon the sinus node function and conduction (in comparison with the analogous effects of cardiocyclide). This is probably related to the ability of sotalol to block the cardiac adrenoreceptors. The effect of sotalol is also frequency-dependent, which is related to the blocking of rapid activating component (IKr) of) of the delayed rectified potassium current. On the background of isoproterenol infusion, cardiocyclide completely retained the electrophysiological and antiarrhythmic effects. The efficacy of nibentan and sotalol with respect to the repolarization and refractoriness significantly decrease under the conditions of sympathetic nervous system activation. The ability of sotalol to suppress the sinus node function and conduction on the background of isoproterenol infusion is retained.

The electrophysiological effect of ethacizine, an antiarrhythmic agent of class IC, was studied in dogs with experimental myocardial infarction under the beta-adrenergic stimulation conditions. It was found that ethacizine (i) slows down the atrioventricular conduction and the AV-node conduction; (ii) increases the time of the sinus node function recovery; and (iii) increases the effective atrioventricular refractory periods. Under the conditions of isoproterenol-induced stimulation of the beta-adrenergic structures, some of the ethacizine effects (e.g., increased refractoriness) completely disappeared and the other (slowed down conduction) decreased. As the stimulation frequency was increased, the effect of ethacizine upon the conduction exhibited a decrease. Upon the isoproterenol injection, dependence of the QRS complex on the forced rhythm frequency disappeared.

The occurrence of the pyocyanic bacillus in the blood and spleen is compared after intramuscular administration to intact and immunized animals. It is demonstrated that blood clearance is performed by transferring the causative agent to splenic phagocytes. It is suggested that antibodies agglutinize the microorganisms in the primary focus of infection and prevent their entry into the blood.

Sanitary and toxicological investigations of migration and toxicity of chemical substances from celluloid were made. It was concluded that celluloid may be used in the manufacture of toys.

The formation of a vegetation cover of a taiga zone is generally accompanied by fires of different intensity and impact. Kurbatsky (1964) has shown that beginning from the holocene forest fires have been occurring regularly, capable of spreading rapidly over large territories. It is estimated that at present lightning is the cause of only 8–9 % of all fires (Sofronov and Vakurov 1981); the remainder is caused by human activities. Most foresters consider fires a powerful ecological factor of forest succession (Kurbatsky 1964; Kolesnikov et al. 1973; Buzykin 1975; Furyaev 1977). Fires change forest tree species composition, influence the age structure of forest stands, and disturb and change the species composition of ground vegetation cover (Novoseltseva 1975). To a considerable extent the territorial location of forests of different age classes and generations, and the sinuous and mosaic structure of the vegetation cover are associated with forest fires (Pobedinsky 1965).

The rats were infected with a suspension of dissociated or agglutinated Pseudomonas aeruginosa [correction of B. pynocyaneus]. Infection with the agglutinated agent drastically improved the clinical course, lowered the indices of the process generalization (mortality, metastatic foci, spread in the internal organs); no hemorrhages, necrosis or abscesses were noted. A rapid (within the first day) death of almost all agglutinated bacteria in the primary focus was observed, this not being due to phagocytosis or complement-dependent lysis.