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A exploração sexual no contexto do turismo é um tema complexo e preocupante que tem despertado interesse e debate em diversos setores da sociedade. O turismo sexual envolve a utilização comercial do corpo de pessoas na troca de serviços sexuais relacionados à indústria do turismo. A relação entre exploração sexual e turismo é um assunto que tem despertado cada vez mais a atenção de estudiosos e acadêmicos devido ao impacto significativo que o turismo pode exercer nessa prática. É importante aprofundar a análise desse tema, explorando os diversos fatores e consequências envolvidos, além de considerar as perspectivas de gênero, éticas e sociais desse fenômeno no contexto turístico. Diante do exposto o presente estudo tem como objetivo geral analisar as discussões entre a relação do turismo com a exploração sexual de mulheres. Fez-se uso de procedimentos metodológicos baseados em materiais já publicados, tais como revista, e artigos, ou seja, conteúdos que instrumentalizam uma construção de conhecimento que provocam debates entre vozes em torno do conteúdo, considerando as concepções dos estudiosos e pesquisadores selecionados para discussão. Em conclusão, o combate da exploração sexual no turismo necessita de esforços contínuos dos Governos, ONGs, organizações não governamentais, a indústria do turismo e a sociedade em geral deve se unir para implementar soluções eficazes, aumentar a conscientização e proteger os direitos das vítimas.

Pure and niobium doped bismuth titanate ceramics Bi4Ti3−xNbxO12(Nb−BiT) with x ranging from 0% to 2% are prepared by sol–gel method. Pellets are sintered by pressureless sintering (PLS) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). Raman spectroscopy indicates distortion in the structure due to the substitution of titanium by niobium. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) displays the Nb integration to the bismuth titanate ceramic structure. X-ray diffraction shows no secondary phases and offers clues about crystallographic texturing due to the SPS technique. The shape and size of the grains are strongly influenced by the niobium added to the system as reported by scanning electron microscopy. Ferroelectric hysteresis loops exhibit the effect of the niobium and the texturing on the ferroelectric behavior. Higher values of remanent polarization are reported for PLS samples. In comparison with PLS, higher values of the relative permittivity are reported for SPS samples due to the non-homogeneous incorporation of Nb. Resumen: El titanato de bismuto puro y dopado con niobio Bi4Ti3−xNbxO12(Nb−BiT), en un rango de x entre 0 a 2%, es obtenido por el método sol-gel. La densificación de las muestras cerámicas se desarrolla por medio de sinterizado tradicional y asistido por arcos eléctricos. La espectroscopia Raman reporta evidencia de la distorsión en la estructura debido a la sustitución de titanio por niobio. La espectroscopia de fotoelectrones emitidos por rayos X muestra la integración del niobio en la estructura cerámica de titanato de bismuto. La difracción de rayos X no muestra fases secundarias y ofrece pistas sobre la textura cristalográfica debido a la técnica de sinterizado asistido por arcos eléctricos. La forma y el tamaño de los granos están fuertemente influidos por el niobio agregado al sistema, según lo reportado por la microscopia electrónica de barrido. Los lazos de histéresis ferroeléctrica exhiben el efecto del niobio y la textura sobre el comportamiento ferroeléctrico. Se reportan valores más altos de polarización remanente para muestras obtenidas por sinterizado tradicional. En comparación con el sinterizado tradicional, las muestras obtenidas por sinterizado asistido por arcos eléctricos muestran los valores más altos de la permitividad relativa debido a la distribución no homogénea de la incorporación del niobio.

Children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (PHIV) are growing into adulthood with HIV and treatment-associated comorbidities, such as dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. HIV is identified as independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The hypothesis behind increased CVD risk associated with HIV includes vascular inflammation, dyslipidemia and combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) metabolomic toxicity. To investigate differences in lipid profiles and pathophysiological mechanisms of CVD risk in adolescents with PHIV, we compared the plasma lipidome of PHIV adolescents and HIV-negative controls. We additionally investigated the influence of current cART regimens and increased lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) levels on the plasma lipidome. We included 20 PHIV-infected adolescents and 20 HIV-negative controls matched for age, sex, ethnic origin and socio-economic status. Plasma lipidome was measured using Thermo Scientific Ultimate 3000 binary high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)–mass spectrometry. We evaluated the plasma lipidome in PHIV adolescents using different cART regimens (including those known to be associated with lipid alterations). The median age was 17.5 years (15.5–20.7) and 16.5 years (15.7–19.8) for PHIV adolescents and controls, respectively. Of PHIV adolescents, 45% used a non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based (25%) or protease inhibitor (PI)-based (20%) cART regimen. In this pilot study, we observed no significant differences between lipidomic profiles between PHIV adolescents and controls. We observed no differences in the plasma lipidome in participants with increased versus normal Lp(a) levels. Different cART regimens appear to influence chain length differences in the plasma lipidome of PHIV adolescents; however, the significance and causality of this observation remains undetermined. Further research on the influence of cART on lipid composition could further identify these alterations.

Resumen: El cuero cabelludo sensible es una piel sensible de localización especial. Puede ser primario, cuando se presenta sin enfermedad del cuero cabelludo, y secundario cuando es atribuible a procesos como psoriasis, dermatitis seborreica, dermatitis atópica y otros.Las manifestaciones clínicas de la forma primaria son subjetivas. El escozor, picor, tricodinia y sensaciones disestésicas son el motivo de consulta, muy a menudo coincidiendo con alopecia. Clínicamente la piel del cuero cabelludo puede ser normal o eritematosa. No hay datos de laboratorio o histológicos específicos para un diagnóstico objetivo. Los factores desencadenantes son endógenos como el estrés y alteraciones emocionales y psicopatológicas, o ambientales como los tópicos inadecuados y los cosméticos. El tratamiento debe ser personalizado, incluyendo pimecrólimus, la hidratación con ácido hialurónico, y la mesoterapia con plasma rico en factores de crecimiento. Abstract: Sensitive scalp is sensitive skin located on the scalp. Sensitivity is considered primary in the absence of an associated scalp disorder and secondary when caused by conditions such as psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, and atopic dermatitis.The clinical manifestations of primary sensitive scalp are subjective. Common presenting symptoms are burning, itching, trichodynia, and dysesthesia, often coinciding with hair loss. Clinically, the skin appears normal or red. An objective diagnosis based on laboratory or histologic findings is not possible. Triggers may be endogenous (e.g., stress and emotional or psychopathological disturbances) or exogeneous (e.g., topical products and cosmetics). Treatment must be individualized. Options include pimecrolimus, hydration with hyaluronic acid, and mesotherapy with plasma rich in growth factors.

Introduction: Hartmann’s procedure (HP) is the conventional treatment in patients with complicated diverticulitis. Segmental resection with primary anastomosis (PA) is a treatment alternative for those patients. Our aim was to compare the postoperative results of HP and PA in patients with complicated diverticulitis (Hinchey stage III). Methods: A case-control study was conducted on patients operated on for purulent Hinchey stage III diverticulitis, within the time frame of 2000 and 2019. Results: Twenty-seven patients that underwent PA were compared with 27 that underwent HP. The patients that underwent HP had a greater probability of morbidity at 30 days (OR 3.5; 95% CI 1.13–11.25), as well as a greater probability of major complications (OR 10.9; 95% CI 1.26–95.05). Conclusion: The patients that underwent segmental resection and PA presented with lower morbidity rates and higher stoma reversal rates than the patients that underwent HP. Resumen: Introducción: El tratamiento convencional en pacientes con diverticulitis complicada es el procedimiento de Hartmann (PH). La resección segmentaria con anastomosis primaria (AP) es una alternativa para el tratamiento de estos pacientes. El objetivo fue comparar los resultados postoperatorios entre el PH y la AP en pacientes con diverticulitis complicada (Hinchey III). Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles de pacientes intervenidos por diverticulitis purulenta Hinchey III del 2000 a 2019. Resultados: Se estudiaron 27 pacientes con AP y se compararon con 27 pacientes con PH. Los pacientes a los que se les realizó PH tuvieron mayor probabilidad de morbilidad a 30 días (RM 3.5; IC 95% 1.13–11.25) y mayor probabilidad de complicaciones mayores (RM 10.9; IC 95% 1.26–95.05). Conclusión: Los pacientes con resección segmentaria y AP tuvieron menor morbilidad y mayores tasas de reversión de estoma que los pacientes que se sometieron a PH.

Resumen: Introducción: El tratamiento convencional en pacientes con diverticulitis complicada es el procedimiento de Hartmann (PH). La resección segmentaria con anastomosis primaria (AP) es una alternativa para el tratamiento de estos pacientes. El objetivo fue comparar los resultados postoperatorios entre el PH y la AP en pacientes con diverticulitis complicada (Hinchey III). Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles de pacientes intervenidos por diverticulitis purulenta Hinchey III del 2000 al 2019. Resultados: Se estudiaron 27 pacientes con AP y se compararon con 27 pacientes con PH. Los pacientes a los que se les realizó PH tuvieron mayor probabilidad de morbilidad a 30 días (RM 3.5; IC 95% 1.13-11.25) y mayor probabilidad de complicaciones mayores (RM 10.9; IC 95% 1.26-95.05). Conclusión: Los pacientes con resección segmentaria y AP tuvieron menor morbilidad y mayores tasas de reversión de estoma que los pacientes que se sometieron a PH. Abstract: Introduction: Hartmann's procedure (HP) is the conventional treatment in patients with complicated diverticulitis. Segmental resection with primary anastomosis (PA) is a treatment alternative for those patients. Our aim was to compare the postoperative results of HP and PA in patients with complicated diverticulitis (Hinchey stage III). Methods: A case-control study was conducted on patients operated on for purulent Hinchey stage III diverticulitis, within the time frame of 2000 and 2019. Results: Twenty-seven patients that underwent PA were compared with 27 that underwent HP. The patients that underwent HP had a greater probability of morbidity at 30 days (OR 3.5; 95% CI 1.13-11.25), as well as a greater probability of major complications (OR 10.9; 95% CI 1.26-95.05). Conclusion: The patients that underwent segmental resection and PA presented with lower morbidity rates and higher stoma reversal rates than the patients that underwent HP.

Introduction One of the biggest challenges for primary care professionals is to know when it is appropriate to request a consultation with a psychiatrist. A complete medical history should be performed to detect anxious-depressive symptoms, as well as to determine the intensity, the trigger, time of evolution, and the functional repercussion (1). It is also important that the patient is able to express his or her symptoms and ask for help. The concept of “Alexitimia” refers to the difficulty of expressing feelings verbally, and is a frequent symptom in depressive patients (2). In mild cases and with little repercussion, the physician himself can initiate treatment and follow up (3). However, on other occasions, it will be advisable to request a consultation with psychiatry. Objectives The main objective is to observe the time that elapses from the onset of symptoms until consultation with the Mental Health team is finally requested. Some preliminary results can already be obtained from this data collection. Methods We have decided to carry out a descriptive study, collecting different variables from patients attending a first Psychiatry consultation. Results In a total sample of 208 patients, the majority (67%) were between 31 and 60 years old. Following the DSM-V criteria (4), patients were classified into groups according to their disorder: Adaptive, depressive, or other. These data were cross-referenced (Figure 1). Subsequently, the time elapsed from the onset of symptoms (referred by the patients) was collected, until the referral to Psychiatry was processed. In order to make a comparison, average time (in days) was calculated for the different groups according to their age and diagnosis. Those patients under 30 years were referred to psychiatry later. A downward trend was seen as the age range increased. In the “younger than 30” and “between 31 and 60” groups, patients who met criteria for Depressive Disorder took longer to be referred, which was striking considering that they are usually considered as more severe patients (Figure 2). This can be attributed to a greater difficulty in expressing their emotions (alexithymia), as another depressive symptom. Disaggregating these data by gender, the patients who clearly took the longest to be referred were men under 30 years old with a final diagnosis of Depressive Disorder (Figure 3). This gender difference is consistent with the social impact of alexithymia according to some articles (5). Image: Image 2: Image 3: Conclusions It is important that primary care physicians know how to take a complete history in those patients with symptoms of anxiety and depression. In many cases, patients themselves have difficulties expressing their emotions and feelings (alexithymia), which may be another symptom of their discomfort. This may lead to a delay in the time until referral to a psychiatry is requested, and therefore a worsening of symptoms. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Abstract Background Guava fruit softening is a crucial process during ripening and this process involves a number of enzymes that modifies the cell wall. Two of the enzymes that regulate this process are (a) the β-1, 4-endoglucanase 17 (BEG) which hydrolyze β-1, 4 bonds from cellulose and hemicellulose, and (b) β-galactosidase (BGA) that hydrolyzes pectin chains. Bioinformatics and expression analysis information on these genes is limited in guava fruit. Results A fragment of a β-1, 4-endoglucanase 17 (PgE17), and another of a β-galactosidase (PgGa1) were identified. These sequences have a similarity of more than 85% with those reported in the NCBI database. In the guava genome, one homologous sequence was found for PgE17 in Chr 4 and two homologous to PgGa1: one in Chr 3 and the other one in Chr 6. Putative protein PgE17 contains part of the glyco_hydro_9 domain. Putative protein PgGa1 has a part of the glyco_hydro_35 domain. Phylogenetic analysis of PgE17 and PgGa1 revealed that both are highly conserved inside the Myrtaceae family. In silico expression analysis showed that both PgE17 and PgGa1 work in a coordinated way with other cell wall modifier enzymes. Expression of these genes was found in all the guava samples analyzed. However, the highest expression was found in the fruit in the breaking and ripe states. Conclusions A β-1, 4-endoglucanase 17, and β-galactosidase 1 sequences were identified. PgE17 and PgGa1 are expressed in all the plant tissues, and fruit ripening states. Although, the highest expression was on breaker and ripe states.

Sensitive scalp is sensitive skin located on the scalp. Sensitivity is considered primary in the absence of an associated scalp disorder and secondary when caused by conditions such as psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, and atopic dermatitis.The clinical manifestations of primary sensitive scalp are subjective. Common presenting symptoms are burning, itching, trichodynia, and dysesthesia, often coinciding with hair loss. Clinically, the skin appears normal or red. An objective diagnosis based on laboratory or histologic findings is not possible. Triggers may be endogenous (e.g., stress and emotional or psychopathological disturbances) or exogeneous (e.g., topical products and cosmetics). Treatment must be individualized. Options include pimecrolimus, hydration with hyaluronic acid, and mesotherapy with plasma rich in growth factors. Resumen: El cuero cabelludo sensible es una piel sensible de localización especial. Puede ser primario, cuando se presenta sin enfermedad del cuero cabelludo, y secundario, cuando es atribuible a procesos como psoriasis, dermatitis seborreica, dermatitis atópica y otros.Las manifestaciones clínicas de la forma primaria son subjetivas. El escozor, el picor, la tricodinia y las sensaciones disestésicas son el motivo de consulta, muy a menudo coincidiendo con alopecia. Clínicamente la piel del cuero cabelludo puede ser normal o eritematosa. No hay datos de laboratorio o histológicos específicos para un diagnóstico objetivo. Los factores desencadenantes son endógenos, como el estrés y las alteraciones emocionales y psicopatológicas, o ambientales, como los tópicos inadecuados y los cosméticos. El tratamiento debe ser personalizado, incluyendo pimecrolimus, la hidratación con ácido hialurónico y la mesoterapia con plasma rico en factores de crecimiento.

Se suele asumir que la informalidad laboral reduce la base impositiva, compromete el gasto público y precariza el empleo. Mediante el uso de un modelo de datos de panel de efectos fijos y el índice de Moran, se busca conocer la sensibilidad que tiene la informalidad laboral en los niveles de crecimiento y desarrollo económico regional, el posicionamiento geográfico, las condiciones fronterizas y los flujos migratorios en el ámbito municipal, en el departamento colombiano de Arauca para el periodo 2011-2017. Se encuentra que, el nivel de los ingresos tributarios y la cobertura educativa tienen buena capacidad para explicar la informalidad y, por ende, pueden ser aprovechados estratégicamente por las municipalidades en el diseño de política pública. Aunque se descarta una relación global positiva entre informalidad y crecimiento económico, sí existen dinámicas por las que la informalidad podría asociarse con el desarrollo de algunos sectores económicos a escala local. Adicionalmente, se encuentra evidencia de que la informalidad en los municipios araucanos mantiene patrones relacionales que cambian en el tiempo. Finalmente, aunque la condición de frontera tiene incidencia en la informalidad, parecen tenerla aún más los factores estructurales asociados a dicho fenómeno.

Novel lipid-based nanosystems have been of interest in improving conventional drug release methods. Liposomes are the most studied nanostructures, consisting of lipid bilayers ideal for drug delivery, thanks to their resemblance to the cell plasma membrane. Asymmetric liposomes are vesicles with different lipids in their inner and outer layers; because of this, they can be configured to be compatible with the therapeutic drug while achieving biocompatibility and stability. Throughout this review, topics such as the applications, advantages, and synthesis techniques of asymmetric liposomes will be discussed. Further, an in silico analysis by computational tools will be examined as a helpful tool for designing and understanding asymmetric liposome mechanisms in pharmaceutical applications. The dual-engineered design of asymmetric liposomes makes them an ideal alternative for transdermal drug delivery because of the improved protection of pharmaceuticals without lowering adsorption rates and system biocompatibility.

Digital humanities have enjoyed significant progress over the past years, offering to historians new significant opportunities. Exploiting the tools that the Web puts at the researchers’ disposal, this forum aims at fostering new debates around little-explored themes, such as the memory of Fascist internment camps in its relationships with digital media. Scholars with different scientific and disciplinary back grounds participated in this forum, putting forward new interpretations.

The recombinant TvCP4 prepro region (ppTvCP4r) acts as an exogenous inhibitor of cathepsin L-like CPs from Trichomonas vaginalis (Cárdenas-Guerra et al., 2015 [1]). Here, we present the dataset of the trichomonad ppTvCP4r inhibitory effect against the CP proteolytic activities from other microorganisms, such as Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba castellanii free-living amoeba. The proteolytic activity inhibition of total crude extracts (TCEs) of N. fowleri and A. castellanii was determined and recorded using a fluorogenic substrate specific for cathepsin L CPs without or with a ppTvCP4r treatment at different concentrations and pH. Keywords: Acanthamoeba castellanii, Cathepsin L-like CPs, Cysteine proteinase inhibitors, Naegleria fowleri, ppTvCP4r, Trichomonas vaginalis

Collagen is the major connective tissue (CT) protein and one of the main constituents of the jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas). Therefore, physicochemical changes of pepsin-solubilized collagen (PSC) and insoluble collagen (IC) were studied after cooking (100°C/30 min) of muscle (mantle, fins, and arms). Different pyridinoline (Pyr) contents (the major cross-linking molecule in collagen fibers) were found in the fresh muscle of the three anatomical regions. After the cooking process, a decrease from 10 to 30% in the thermal resistance of collagen was observed, depending on the anatomical region and fraction evaluated. Furthermore, the electrophoretic profile, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and the amino-acid profile revealed that structural changes occurred in the two different collagen fractions caused by the thermal process, and the changes were greater in the mantle. Under the conditions applied in this study, collagen fractions from the squid arms showed more stability during the cooking process due to the high cross-linking degree of their fibers.

A strategy to improve the cancer therapies involves agents that cause the depletion of the endogenous antioxidant glutathione (GSH), increasing its efflux out of cells and inducing apoptosis in tumoral cells due to the presence of reactive oxygen species. It has been shown that Casiopeina copper complexes caused a dramatic intracellular GSH drop, forming disulfide bonds and reducing CuII to CuI. Herein, through the determination of the [CuII]–SH bond before reduction, we present evidence of the adduct between cysteine and one Casiopeina as an intermediate in the cystine formation and as a model to understand the anticancer activity of copper complexes. Evidence of such an intermediate has never been presented before.

The recombinant ppTvCP4 (ppTvCP4r) protein, a specific inhibitor of the proteolytic activity and virulence properties of Trichomonas vaginalis, depending on cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinases (CPs) (http:dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.12.001 [1], http:dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.09.002 [2], http:dx.doi.org/ 10.1155/2015/946787 [3]) was stable in the elution buffer up to two months at 4 °C. However, it was prone to aggregate in PBS (functional assay buffer) [1]. Therefore, before functional assays, the aggregation kinetic of refolded ppTvCP4r was determined after the exchange to PBS. Samples of purified and refolded ppTvCP4r (0.15 mg/ml) in PBS were incubated for 0–24 h at 4 and 25 °C, spun down, measured the protein concentration in the supernatant and checked for the presence of aggregated protein in the pellet. The concentration of protein progressively decreased in the supernatant through time at both temperatures as the protein aggregated. Data in this article are related to the research paper [1]. Keywords: PpTvCP4r, Buffer exchange, Protein aggregation, Trichomonas vaginalis

The protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica is exposed to reactive oxygen and nitric oxide species that have the potential to damage its genome. E. histolytica harbors enzymes involved in DNA repair pathways like Base and Nucleotide Excision Repair. The majority of DNA repairs pathways converge in their final step in which a DNA ligase seals the DNA nicks. In contrast to other eukaryotes, the genome of E. histolytica encodes only one DNA ligase (EhDNAligI), suggesting that this ligase is involved in both DNA replication and DNA repair. Therefore, the aim of this work was to characterize EhDNAligI, its ligation fidelity and its ability to ligate opposite DNA mismatches and oxidative DNA lesions, and to study its expression changes and localization during and after recovery from UV and H2O2 treatment. We found that EhDNAligI is a high-fidelity DNA ligase on canonical substrates and is able to discriminate erroneous base-pairing opposite DNA lesions. EhDNAligI expression decreases after DNA damage induced by UV and H2O2 treatments, but it was upregulated during recovery time. Upon oxidative DNA damage, EhDNAligI relocates into the nucleus where it co-localizes with EhPCNA and the 8-oxoG adduct. The appearance and disappearance of 8-oxoG during and after both treatments suggest that DNA damaged was efficiently repaired because the mainly NER and BER components are expressed in this parasite and some of them were modulated after DNA insults. All these data disclose the relevance of EhDNAligI as a specialized and unique ligase in E. histolytica that may be involved in DNA repair of the 8-oxoG lesions.

The products of fishing are highly perishable foods. Thus, it is necessary to seek viable alternatives that help to preserve product freshness and quality and to increase its shelf life. One of these alternatives is the use of extracts with antimicrobial activity obtained from plants, such as tomato, which has been observed to present compounds with antimicrobial activity. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of an extract obtained from the tomato plant and incorporated into an edible chitosan coating on the quality and shelf life of the sierra fish fillet stored on ice for 15 days. For the latter, an extract was prepared with dehydrated tomato plants, which was incorporated by immersion alone or in combination with an edible chitosan-based coating in sierra fish fillets. The following treatments were applied: C (Chitosan), TPE (Tomato Plant Extract), TPE-C (TPE-Chitosan), and control (without chitosan and extract). Color, pH, WHC, ATP-related compounds, and K value were monitored during 15 days of storage on ice. Likewise, the total count of mesophiles was determined. The results indicated that treatments C, TPE, and TPE-C were significantly different (p

The family as a primary social group conglomerate is of fundamental importance in society. The problems of family functioning can influence both the onset and decompensation of chronic diseases, in most psychiatric diseases and in health risk behaviors. A descriptive study was conducted to characterize the functioning in the family of the alcoholic patient dependent, with or without complications, belonging to “Martha Abreu” Educational Polyclinic" in Santa Clara, Villa Clara, in the period of June 2012 to January 2013. From a total of 236 patients were randomly selected 150 patients. In all families were administered the family functioning questionnaire to identify the causes of changes in the same patients and a form to specify the consequences of alcoholism that influence family functioning and lifestyles that affect and reviewed family medical histories to determine the main paranormatives of the patients studied. Alcoholic family rejection and inadequate family relationships were identified as the main causes of changes in family functioning, family consequences of alcoholism that influence family functioning were most relevant divorce, family rejection, domestic violence, neglect and family abandonment; lifestyles that most often affect family functioning were the daily intake of alcohol, domestic violence and the misuse of household per capita and the prevailing crisis was the demoralization. It is recommended to design a proposal for intervention to improve family functioning of alcoholism patients in general.

Understanding transformations in the spirituality of people involved in migration processes poses new challenges to theological approaches that usually operate within national or regional boundaries. A central question in this study is how to approach transformations in spirituality and identity, taking into account the migrants’ orientations, both towards their country of origin and towards their country (or countries) of destination. This articles argues that migration is an experience that leads to profound changes in the spirituality and identity of migrants. Taking advantage of insights from transnational studies, this article investigates the traits of a spirituality transformed from a transnational identity with regard to the experience of an Andean community. Particularly, their devotion to the Lord of Qoyllor Rití in Curzco, Lima and New York.

Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECVs) suponen la principal causa de morbi-mortalidad en los países occidentales. El incremento del colesterol plasmático se ha relacionado con el desarrollo de ECV. El huevo, por su alto contenido en colesterol, ha sido indirectamente relacionado con el riesgo de desarrollar ECVs. Objetivo: Examinar la asociación entre ingesta de huevo y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en adolescentes, estudiando si dicha relación está influenciada por la actividad física. Método: Se estudiaron 380 adolescentes pertenecientes al estudio HELENA (HEalthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence). La ingesta de alimentos se estimó mediante anamnesis nutricional de dos días no consecutivos. Se midieron indicadores de adiposidad, perfil lipídico, glucosa, insulina, resistencia a la insulina, tensión arterial y capacidad aeróbica. Se calculó un índice integrado de riesgo cardiovascular (IRCV) como medida del perfil cardiovascular global. La actividad física se midió mediante acelerometría. Se examinó el desarrollo madurativo. El estatus socioeconómico y consumo de tabaco se obtuvieron mediante cuestionario. La asociación entre ingesta de huevo y factores de riesgo de ECV se examinó mediante un modelo de regresión multinivel ajustado por factores de confusión. Resultados: La ingesta de huevo no se asoció con perfil lipídico, nivel de adiposidad, tensión arterial, resistencia a la insulina, capacidad aeróbica o IRCV (todos P > 0,05). Esta falta de asociación no estuvo influenciada por el nivel de actividad física. Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren que no existe asociación entre ingesta de huevo y perfil lipídico, adiposidad, resistencia a la insulina, tensión arterial, capacidad aeróbica o el IRCV en adolescentes. La actividad física no influencia dicha falta de asociación.

A descriptive study was conducted to characterize the behavior of adolescents from dysfunctional families due to alcohol abuse in the health area of the Marta Abreu Polyclinic, in Santa Clara, from January 2010 to June 2011. As techniques of the investigative process, a test FF-SIL and an epidemiological questionnaire were applied to refine and psychological variables. The population consisted of all 50 adolescents between 11 and 15 years old, belonging to the Julio Pino Machado Joint Center, in the municipality of Santa Clara, Villa Clara province. Informed consent was sought. The chi-square statistic was used for the statistical processing of information variables: age, sex, marital status of parents, cohabitation, validism, family lifestyles, knowledge about alcoholism, alcohol intake, motivation to do so, alterations in adolescents, opinion of the teacher in relation to the care of the teenager at school by family members, school performance and behavior of adolescent. Its significance was determined by the statistic p. The most frequent harmful lifestyles were the daily intake of alcohol, fights and discussions, and misuse of family income. Adolescents did not recognize alcoholism as a disease, and the most common alterations were academic underachievement, difficulties in interpersonal relationships and alcohol consumption. Therefore, it is concluded that alcoholism is a health problem causing dysfunctionality in adolescents’ families.

This article analyses diverse appearances related with the intervention of the Portuguese radio in the Spanish civil war from the study of diverse documentary materials that offer interesting data for the knowledge of this individual subject of the Spanish conflict. Based in newspapers library sources and of the Spanish and Portuguese archives, the investigation detains in the paper played by the broadcasting station whose propaganda resulted very notable for the victory of the franquist edict: the Rádio Club Português (RCP), founded and directed by the official of the Portuguese army Jorge Botelho Moniz, that from the explosion of the war initiated an intense campaign of communication against the Second Spanish Republic and in favour of the franquist coup d’état.

El uso intensivo de las TIC en la EaD y la ocurrencia de nuevas dinámicas sociales llevan a interrogarnos sobre la caracterización dada en sus comienzos a esta modalidad educativa. En la respuesta se cuestiona su lógica de organización centro – periferia, su articulación comunicativa propia de la comunicación de masas y la excesiva independencia del estudiante. El análisis evidencia la insuficiencia de esa lógica y advierte sobre la necesidad de resignificar la modalidad. Se proponen cuatro apuntes que tratan sobre: 1º El papel de las TIC desde una mirada crítica y contextualizada; 2º el rescate de la significación social de la EaD; 3º los cambios en el modelo de relacionamiento de la institución educativa con la sociedad y 4º la integración de nuevos roles institucionales. Unos y otros tópicos son permeados por los principios de: apertura a nuevas posibilidades, colaboración, participación, contextualización y convivencia estratégica de modelos tecnológicos y comunicacionales.

En la actualidad existen diferentes enfoques del mantenimiento con los cuales se ha logrado muybuenos resultados a nivel mundial, ejemplo de esto es el Mantenimiento Centrado en laConfiabilidad (RCM), el cual constituye un sistema avanzado de gestión, que con una correctaimplementación garantiza la eficiencia y eficacia del mantenimiento. Basado en un análisis desistemas previo, resulta conveniente definir los niveles de criticidad de los diferentes equipos, deque consta cada sistema. Se impone la necesidad de desarrollar una metodología para el análisis dela criticidad, para ser aplicada en diferentes instalaciones, que incluye la obtención de unaexpresión matemática, que basada en ciertos criterios de evaluación analice la criticidad particularen cada caso sometido a este proceso.En este trabajo se verifica la factibilidad de la metodología propuesta, con el objetivo de realizar elanálisis de sistemas y el análisis de criticidad de forma personalizada.Se muestran los resultados de la expresión matemática obtenida en cada caso, y su validación. Laaplicación de esta metodología ha permitido direccionar los recursos de mantenimiento hacia lossubsistemas de mayor criticidad, mejorando significativamente la relación costo beneficio en estaactividad, así como la obtención de un software que automatiza este análisis.Palabras claves: confiabilidad, diagnóstico, mantenimiento, criticidad.______________________________________________________________________________AbstractAt the present time different focuses of the maintenance exist with which has been achieved verygood results at world level, example of this it is the Centered Maintenance in the Dependability(RCM), which constitutes an advanced system of administration that guarantees the efficiency andeffectiveness of the maintenance with a correct implementation. Based on a previous analysis ofsystems, it is convenient to define the levels of criticity of the different teams, that it consists eachsystem. The necessity is imposed of developing a methodology for the analysis of the criticity, to beapplied in different facilities that it includes the obtaining of a mathematical expression that basedon certain evaluation approaches it analyzes the particular criticity in each subjected case to thisprocess.In this work the feasibility of the proposed methodology is verified, with the objective of carryingout the analysis of systems and the analysis of criticity in a personalized way.The results of the mathematical expression are shown obtained in each case, and their validation.The application of this methodology has allowed addressing the maintenance resources toward thesubsystems of more criticity, improving the relationship cost benefit significantly in this activity, aswell as the obtaining of software that automates this analysis.Key words: reliability, diagnose, maintenance, criticity

En la actualidad existen diferentes enfoques del mantenimiento con los cuales se ha logrado muy buenos resultados a nivel mundial, ejemplo de esto es el Mantenimiento Centrado en la Confiabilidad (RCM), el cual constituye un sistema avanzado de gestión, que con una correcta implementación garantiza la eficiencia y eficacia del mantenimiento. Basado en un análisis de sistemas previo, resulta conveniente definir los niveles de criticidad de los diferentes equipos, de que consta cada sistema. Se impone la necesidad de desarrollar una metodología para el análisis de la criticidad, para ser aplicada en diferentes instalaciones, que incluye la obtención de una expresión matemática, que basada en ciertos criterios de evaluación analice la criticidad particular en cada caso sometido a este proceso. En este trabajo se verifica la factibilidad de la metodología propuesta, con el objetivo de realizar el análisis de sistemas y el análisis de criticidad de forma personalizada. Se muestran los resultados de la expresión matemática obtenida en cada caso, y su validación. La aplicación de esta metodología ha permitido direccionar los recursos de mantenimiento hacia los subsistemas de mayor criticidad, mejorando significativamente la relación costo beneficio en esta actividad, así como la obtención de un software que automatiza este análisis. At the present time different focuses of the maintenance exist with which has been achieved very good results at world level, example of this it is the Centered Maintenance in the Dependability (RCM), which constitutes an advanced system of administration that guarantees the efficiency and effectiveness of the maintenance with a correct implementation. Based on a previous analysis of systems, it is convenient to define the levels of criticity of the different teams, that it consists each system. The necessity is imposed of developing a methodology for the analysis of the criticity, to be applied in different facilities that it includes the obtaining of a mathematical expression that based on certain evaluation approaches it analyzes the particular criticity in each subjected case to this process.In this work the feasibility of the proposed methodology is verified, with the objective of carrying out the analysis of systems and the analysis of criticity in a personalized way. The results of the mathematical expression are shown obtained in each case, and their validation. The application of this methodology has allowed addressing the maintenance resources toward the subsystems of more criticity, improving the relationship cost benefit significantly in this activity, as well as the obtaining of software that automates this analysis.

Resumen. Desde su descubrimiento en 2004, el grafeno ha generado una gran expectativa para sustituir la tecnología actual basada en silicio. En este trabajo, discutimos de manera simple cuáles son las propiedades que sustentan esta expectativa. En particular, nos referimos a las propiedades electrónicas y de transporte que se pueden aprovechar en dispositivos de alta velocidad. Además, presentamos una comparación (teoría y experimento) de las cantidades físicas que deben ser controladas antes de diseñar esta clase de dispositivos: dispersión de energía, velocidad de Fermi y masa ciclotrónica. Finalmente, proyectamos algunas formas de modular estas cantidades.

La Estadística es una de las ramas de la Matemática de mayor incidencia en estos tiempos; ya que interviene de formaacentuada en las investigaciones y/o métodos científicos a través de la experimentación y la observación.En muchas ocasiones, es necesario realizar una adecuada utilización de los modelos y métodos estadísticos para la solucióne interpretación de los problemas que se presentan continuamente en el campo de las investigaciones de la IngenieríaMecánica, de esta forma se garantiza una eficiencia y confiabilidad en los resultados, por lo que lograr una preparación delos futuros profesionales en esta ciencia es fundamental y es responsabilidad de las Universidades en las distintas etapas deformación del estudiante.En este trabajo se pretende mostrar aspectos fundamentales de la experiencia que se tiene en la enseñanza de la Estadísticaen pregrado y su extensión a la enseñanza de postgrado en la carrera de Ingeniería Mecánica, en este sentido se ha logrado,en primera instancia, vincular la asignatura con el perfil del ingeniero mecánico mediante la realización por parte de losestudiantes de trabajos extraclases en donde se plantean problemas de la especialidad, donde sean necesarios la utilizaciónde estas técnicas, con vistas a incentivar la motivación por la carrera y desarrollar el espíritu investigativo en los alumnos.Por otra parte, se utilizan software profesionales dentro del proceso de la enseñanza que agilizan la obtención de losresultados que con posterioridad serán interpretados por los estudiantes, lo que posibilita un campo más amplio deproblemas a abordar en la asignatura.Palabras Claves: Enseñanza, estadística, formación, experimentación, observación.____________________________________________________________________________Summary.The Statistic is one of the branches of Mathematics of great incidence in the present time; since it takes accentuated part ininvestigations and/or scientific methods by means of experimentation and observation. In several occasions, it is necessaryto make a suitable use of the models and statistical methods for solution and interpretation of the problems that appearcontinuously in the field of investigations of Mechanical Engineering, in this manner is guaranteed the efficiency andtrustworthiness in results, reason for which to obtain a preparation of the futures professional in this science is fundamental,and is responsibility of the Universities in different stages in the formation of the student.In this paper is shown fundamental aspects of the experience in education the Statistical in predegree and its extension tothe education of postdegree in Mechanical Engineering, in this sense has been obtained, in first instance, to tie the subjectwith the profile of the mechanical engineer by means of the accomplishment by the students of extra classes duties in wherethey create problems of the specialty, in which it is necessary the use of these techniques, in order to stimulate themotivation in the field of studies and to develop the investigative spirit in the students. On the other hand, the use ofprofessional software within the process of education makes agile the obtaining of results that later will be interpreted bythe students, which makes possible a wide types of problems to approach.Key words: Education, statistic, formation, experimentation, observation.

Con el desarrollo vertiginoso que tiene lugar en la ciencia y técnica, en estos tiempos, cada día aumentan de forma continualas investigaciones en estas ramas del saber y con ello los problemas en donde es necesaria la utilización de métodos demodelación matemática o de selección de modelos matemáticos adecuados para efectuar el análisis correspondiente yobtener resultados lo más racional posible. Por consiguiente, los futuros profesionales deben poseer una amplia y adecuadapreparación matemática que comprende, además de los conocimientos teóricos, una correcta interpretación de losresultados y la utilización de herramientas de cómputo tan eficaces en la actualidad.En este trabajo se expone la experiencia llevada a cabo en la enseñanza del tema Diseño y Análisis Estadístico deExperimentos, como apoyo a la solución de proyectos concretos de Ingeniería Mecánica. Esta se realiza con pocas horas dedocencia presencial, empleando métodos participativos de enseñanza y las ventajas que brindan las nuevas tecnologías de lainformática y las comunicaciones en el proceso de enseñanza - aprendizaje; lo que ha contribuido a que los estudiantesdesarrollen el hábito de utilizar el método científico de trabajo como herramienta para la solución de problemas y se lesmuestra como proceder de forma correcta en las investigacionesPalabras claves: Diseño, estadística, análisis, proyecto, simulación._____________________________________________________________________________Abstract.Due to the vertiginous development in science and technology in these days, research on these matters continuouslyincreases as well as problems where it is necessary to use methods of mathematical modelling or to select suitablemathematical models to carry out the proper analysis to get results as rational as possible. Therefore, future professionalsmust have a wide and proper mathematical preparation that will comprise not only the theory, but also the accurateinterpretation of results and the use of calculating tools, which are so effective today. This paper presents the experiencegained while teaching the subject: Design and Statistical Analysis of Experiments used in support of providing solutionsfor mechanical engineering concrete projects. This subject is taught with a few actual teaching hours, using participativeteaching methods and the advantages of the new technologies provided by the computer science and the communicationsin the teaching-learning process. This has contributed to the fact that students have become accustomed to using thescientific method for their work as a tool for the solution of problems and they have also learned the proper procedurethrough a research project.Key words:Design, statistics, analysis, project, simulation.

Entre los materiales metálicos de mayor demanda, la producción de hierro con grafito nódular ocupa uno de los lugaresmás importantes entre los hierros fundidos de alta resistencia y con la introducción del tratamiento térmico deaustemperado, aplicado a estas fundiciones, se da lugar a una nueva familia de materiales, caracterizados por su altaresistencia mecánica y elevada tenacidad, que mantienen la economía y facilidad de producción de las fundicionesnodulares.Este trabajo, hace una valoración del comportamiento de hierros nodulares, con diferentes conteos de nódulos, a los que lesfue aplicado el tratamiento de austemperado y posteriormente se les sometió a ensayos de propiedades mecánicas detracción.Con los resultados obtenidos, se hace un análisis de la influencia del conteo de nódulos en dichas propiedades, así comotambién, de la interrelación del conteo de nódulos con las variables de tratamiento térmico utilizadas en las muestrasensayadas.Palabras claves: Hierro nódular, conteo de nódulos, austemperado.____________________________________________________________________________Abstract.At the present, iron production with nodular graphite, occupies one of the most important places in the production ofmetallic materials high resistance. The introduction of the austempered heat treatment, gives rise to a new family ofmaterials, characterized by its high mechanical resistance and elevated tenacity, this family maintain the economy andfacility of production of the smeltings nodules. This work, makes a valuation of the nodules iron behavior, with differentnumber of nodules, to which the austempered treatment was applied, in order to test mechanical properties. With theobtained results, an analysis is carriewd out to control the influence of the count of nodules in these properties, as well as,the interrelation of the count of nodules with the used heat treatment variables in the samples.Key words: nódular Iron, count of nodules, austempered.

The effect of enzyme incorporation is analyzed over the yield of grapeseed oil extraction by cold pressing. By this type of process the objective is to preserve grapeseed active compounds and to diminish the environmental impact in comparison to oil extraction conventional methods which use higher temperatures. The enzymatic hydrolysis takes place with a commercial enzyme previous to pressing stage. Its effectiveness is compared to a control without the biocatalyst. An oil extraction yield of 72 % d.b. is obtained with an enzymatic pre-treatment for 4 hours at 50 ºC, and 60 % of moisture, increasing in 26 % the control result. It is concluded that the incorporation of an enzymatic processing would be a feasible alternative to extract grapeseed oil under softener process conditions improving the yield of extraction in comparison to the same type of methodology without an enzyme.

Se consultó la opinión de usuarios externos de la Escuela para Padres que funciona en el Hospital Dr. Victorino Santaella de Los Teques, en el estado Miranda que asistieron durante el período 2006-2010. El estudio fue descriptivo, modalidad de campo, de corte transversal. La población estuvo conformada por usuarios externos que asistieron a la escuela para padres durante el período descrito. Se seleccionó una muestra no probabilística intencional representada por 85 padres, remitidos del Consejo de Protección del niño, niña y adolescente del Municipio Guaicaipuro del estado Miranda. La observación y la encuesta fueron utilizadas como técnica de recolección de datos y el cuestionario con respuestas tipo Lickert, fue seleccionado como instrumento de obtención de datos, utilizando para su validación el juicio de expertos; la confiabilidad se calculó según el coeficiente de Alfa de Cronbach. La opinión que los usuarios externos tienen de la Escuela para Padres del Hospital Dr. Victorino Santaella es altamente satisfactoria en lo que respecta a temas, contenidos, metodología, número de encuentros, técnicas de trabajo grupal, habilidades desarrolladas por los facilitadores, horario de atención, cumplimiento de normas y cronograma establecidos, día de atención, material audiovisual y espacio físico utilizado, accesibilidad, así como, la expectativa que tenían de la Escuela.

En la actualidad existen diversas técnicas para controlar el estado técnico de los pilotes de cimentación, una de las másutilizadas es mediante el estudio de sus vibraciones mecánicas, ya que este método resulta muy eficaz pues permite obteneróptimos resultados sin detener el proceso productivo.En el presente trabajo se estudia la influencia de la no linealidad en el sistema pilote-terreno, para lo cual se hace necesarioobtener las soluciones de modelos físico-matemáticos expresados a través de ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias no linealesnecesarias a tales efectos. Por otra parte, debido a la presencia de un gran número de parámetros que intervienen en el modelose implementa la técnica de elementos finitos, considerando un modelo lineal, para determinar las características estáticas ydinámicas del sistema para las condiciones planteadas en el problema._________________________________________________________________AbstractThere are several techniques nowadays to control the technical state of the foundation piles. One of the most used techniques isthe study of mechanical vibrations of the piles since this method turns out very efficient because it allows obtaining optimumresults without stopping the productive process.Throughout this work, the influence of non-linearity in the ground-pile system is studied, such influence appears because of thedifferent characteristics and great variety of the soils, then, for this study, it is made necessary to obtain the solutions ofmathematics and physical models expressed through non-lineal ordinary-differential equations needed as well. On the otherhand, due to the presence of a great number of parameters acting in the model, the technique of finite element is implemented,taking into account a lineal model to determine the static and dynamic characteristics of the system according for the conditionsstated in the mathematical problem.

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, con el objetivo de valorar el comportamiento de los estilos de vida en pacientes hipertensos leves y moderados del Consultorio Médico de Familia 131-5 del Policlínico “Marta Abreu”, desde noviembre de 2003 hasta septiembre de 2005. Se seleccionaron al azar 50 pacientes, a los que se les aplicó una encuesta que contempló diversas variables: presencia de estrés, hábitos tóxicos, dieta, práctica de ejercicios físicos y cumplimiento del tratamiento medicamentoso, así como el índice de masa corporal, según grupo de edades. Se presentó el estrés con mayor frecuencia en el nivel ocupacional administrativo; los hábitos tóxicos más referidos fueron la ingestión de café, el hábito de fumar y el consumo de alcohol. Existió un excesivo consumo de sal y grasa animal; la mayoría de los pacientes no realizan ejercicios físicos, y a medida que aumenta la edad, lo hace también el índice de masa corporal y se cumple mejor el tratamiento medicamentoso.

Introducción: el estado nutricional representa un elemento crítico en la sobrevivencia de los sujetos infectados por el VIH. En la evaluación nutri-cional del individuo suelen usarse frecuentemente multitud de variables tanto antropométricas como bioquímicas o inmunológicas que dificultándosea veces la clasificación de los pacientes según el tipo y grado de desnutrición. La evaluación nutricional propuesto por Chang representa un métodosimple, barato, confiable, específico y de fácil reproducibilidad que permite no solo detectar la presencia de desnutrición en los pacientes sino también clasificarlos de acuerdo al de desnutrición. Objetivo: con el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar nutricionalmente a un grupo de 45 individuos deambos sexos infectados con el VIH, pertenecientes a diferentes grupos clínicos de la infección y bajo el régimen de atención ambulatoria y sanatorialen la provincia de Pinar del Río, según los procedimientos de la evaluación nutricional de Chang. Métodos:se determinaron en ellos, indicadores an-tropométricos, bioquímicos e inmunológicos de acuerdo a lo propuesto por el protocolo de evaluación nutricional de Chang para detectar la presenciao no de desnutrición así como el tipo y grado de la misma. Se compararon las proporciones de individuos con diferentes tipos y grados de desnutri-ción a través del test de comparación de proporciones. Resultados: se encontró en los individuos de la fase asintomática una baja proporción de des-nutridos, todos en grado leve, pero con una representación de todos los tipos de Desnutrición Proteico- Energética. En los pacientes del estadio IV fuemayor la proporción de los individuos desnutridos con predominio del Marasmo grave solo en la fase más avanzada de la enfermedad. Se recomiendala aplicación del método de Chang en la evaluación nutricional de los pacientes infectados por el VIH, así como la aplicación precoz de una terapiamédica nutricional, individualizada y priorizada como parte integral de los cuidados a estos pacientes a fin de evitar en ellos estados de malnutriciónpor defecto. Conclusión: primero, Aunque en baja proporción y en grado leve se detectó DPR en los pacientes de la fase asintomática. Segundo, Enestos estadíos clínicos más avanzados de la enfermedad, aumentó la proporción de individuos desnutridos y se intensificó el grado de desnutrición,predominando sus formas mixtas o combinadas.