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1. Direct-ink writing and compression behavior by in situ micro-tomography of architectured 316L scaffolds with a two-scale porosity

Author

M. Kachit, A. Kopp, J. Adrien, E. Maire, and X. Boulnat

Subjects
Direct-ink writing, Scaffolds, Porosity, Compression, Micro-tomography, Mining engineering. Metallurgy, TN1-997
Abstract

Metallic scaffolds with 3D macroporous architecture were produced by direct-ink writing, an additive manufacturing process, which consists in: (i) ink formulation (ii) 3D layerwise extrusion (iii) debinding and sintering. An easy-handling and CMR-free metallic ink composed of aqueous gel and stainless steel powder was optimized to allow 3D extrusion when keeping stiffness and viscosity for design adequation. Evolution upon sintering under vacuum, resulting in a second-scale micronic porosity, was followed by microscopy and 3D X-ray tomography. The ductile behavior was assessed by in situ compressive test under X-Ray tomography, showing a predominant role of macropores compared to micropores in the filaments. This design method with the same hydrogel can be applied to generate other architectured structures of sinterable alloys.

Published
2022
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2. Potential influence of landscape transition on stream water chemistry trends during the last decades in a karst catchment (Pyrenees, SW France) in a context of global environmental changes

Author

F. Ulloa-Cedamanos, J.L. Probst, C. Marais-Sicre, E. Vrech, E. Maire, and A. Probst

Subjects
Landscape indicator, Hydrochemical indicator, Chemical weathering, Long-term trends, Climate change, Acid deposition, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Over the last century, lands used for livestock and agriculture have been progressively abandoned on mountains across Europe. The afforestation of abandoned agricultural lands leads to significant environmental impacts particularly in karst catchments, which are highly responsive to climate change and human disturbances. Due to the lack of long-term historical records and appropriate methods, these impacts are not yet well investigated. The remote Baget forested catchment (Pyrenees Mountains), where a long-term hydrochemical survey has been conducted since 1979, was chosen to develop a method for reconstructing the evolution of landscapes based on heterogeneous and multi-temporal satellite imagery and aerial photographs from 1942 onwards. An indicator of landscape change is proposed, based on three vegetation groups, compatible with the various supporting data. The spatio-temporal landscape evolution evidenced a regular increase of 31% in forest extension between 1942 and 2019, while pioneer (grassland and heathlands) and open forest (early woodland) stages showed an overall but uneven decrease, marked by an accelerated decline of the latter due to an increase in livestock activities. The trends of streamwater discharge and chemistry were related to these environmental changes. A set of processes influencing the changes in the hydrochemical patterns, particularly the increase in dissolved elements in streamwater originating from carbonate dissolution, is proposed and discussed. The forest recolonization (+0.05 Km2.yr−1) enhanced soil organic matter content, generating an increased pCO2 in soils, which in turn enhanced the carbonate dissolution, expressed by a concentration increase of + 5 μeq.L-1.yr−1 for (Ca2++Mg2+) and of + 10 μeq.L-1.yr−1 for HCO3–. The steeper slope of HCO3– could result from decreasing terrestrial Ca2++Mg2+ export together with decreasing SO42- leaching (−4 μeq.L-1.yr−1) due to decreasing acid atmospheric deposition. In the meantime, the observed increase in air temperature (+0.03 °C.yr−1) favoured tree growth, litter decomposition and water demand by trees. This study has demonstrated the powerful indicator of linking the historical evolution of the landscape, quantified using images, to the observed trends in the hydrochemical composition of stream waters, to highlight the internal processes of the critical zone. However, because of nested effects, it still remains a challenge to strictly quantify their respective impact on streamwater chemistry.

Published
2022
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3. A synchrotron computed tomography dataset for validation of longitudinal tensile failure models based on fibre break and cluster development

Author

C. Breite, A. Melnikov, A. Turon, A.B. de Morais, C. Le Bourlot, E. Maire, E. Schöberl, F. Otero, F. Mesquita, I. Sinclair, J. Costa, J.A. Mayugo, J.M. Guerrero, L. Gorbatikh, L.N. McCartney, M. Hajikazemi, M. Mehdikhani, M.N. Mavrogordato, P.P. Camanho, R. Tavares, S.M. Spearing, S.V. Lomov, S. Pimenta, W. Van Paepegem, and Y. Swolfs

Subjects
Fibre-reinforced composites, Synchrotron computed tomography, Longitudinal tensile failure, Fibre breaks, Stress concentrations, Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, R858-859.7, Science (General), Q1-390
Abstract

We performed in-situ tensile tests on two carbon fibre/epoxy composites with continuous scanning using synchrotron computed tomography (CT). Both composites were cross-ply laminates, and two specimens were tested for each composite. The voxel size was sufficiently small to recognize individual fibres and fibre breaks. For each test, 16-19 volumes were reconstructed, cropped down to the 0° plies and analysed to track fibre break and cluster development. This dataset provides the last CT volume before failure for each of the four specimens as well as the individual fibre break locations in all reconstructed volumes. These data are then plotted against predictions from six state-of-the-art strength models. The target is that these data become a benchmark for the development of new models, inspiring researchers to set up refined experiments and develop improved models.

Published
2021
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4. Large scale additive manufacturing of artificial stone components using binder jetting and their X-ray microtomography investigations

Author

F. Gobbin, Hamada Elsayed, A. Italiano, J. Adrien, P. Colombo, and E. Maire

Subjects
Additive manufacturing, Binder jetting, Artificial stone, X-ray microtomography, Clay industries. Ceramics. Glass, TP785-869
Abstract

Additive manufacturing of large scale parts is an innovative, challenging research field, with the potential of producing parts with complex structures, specific functional and structural properties. In this study, binder jetting was employed using two different large scale printers to fabricate non-structural parts made of artificial stone. The printing bed was comprised of aggregates (River sand and Poraver expanded glass) and reactive magnesium oxide and potassium phosphate powders, which were activated by selectively depositing water, layer after layer. The exothermic reaction between reactive powders and water generates in situ a hydraulic inorganic binder, that binds the aggregates in the bed. The reaction parameters were controlled to achieve a fast setting, enabling rapid printing at the macro-scale (in the range of tens of centimeters or meters). The influence of the voxel size of the printers on the microstructure and printing quality of the fabricated parts, their physical and mechanical properties as well as the in situ formation of the cement phase were investigated by X-ray microtomography.

Published
2021
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5. In situ visualization of aortic dissection propagation in notched rabbit aorta using synchrotron X-ray tomography

Author

J. Brunet, B. Pierrat, J. Adrien, E. Maire, B.A. Lane, N. Curt, A. Bravin, N. Laroche, P. Badel, Brunet, J, Pierrat, B, Adrien, J, Maire, E, Lane, B, Curt, N, Bravin, A, Laroche, N, and Badel, P

Subjects
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic, Biomedical Engineering, Aortic dissection, FIS/07 - FISICA APPLICATA (A BENI CULTURALI, AMBIENTALI, BIOLOGIA E MEDICINA), General Medicine, Synchrotron X-ray tomography, Biochemistry, In situ testing, Tear propagation, Biomaterials, Tension-inflation test, Animals, Rabbits, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Molecular Biology, Synchrotrons, Aorta, Biotechnology
Abstract

Aortic dissection is a complex, intramural, and dynamic condition involving multiple mechanisms, hence, difficult to observe. In the present study, a controlled in vitro aortic dissection was performed using tension-inflation tests on notched rabbit aortic segments. The mechanical test was combined with conventional (cCT) and synchrotron (sCT) computed tomography for in situ imaging of the macro- and micro-structural morphological changes of the aortic wall during dissection. We demonstrate that the morphology of the notch and the aorta can be quantified in situ at different steps of the aortic dissection, and that the notch geometry correlates with the critical pressure. The phenomena prior to propagation of the notch are also described, for instance the presence of a bulge at the tip of the notch is identified, deforming the remaining wall. Finally, our method allows us to visualize for the first time the propagation of an aortic dissection in real-time with a resolution that has never previously been reached. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: With the present study, we investigated the factors leading to the propagation of aortic dissection by reproducing this mechanical process in notched rabbit aortas. Synchrotron CT provided the first visualisation in real-time of an aortic dissection propagation with a resolution that has never previously been reached. The morphology of the intimal tear and aorta was quantified at different steps of the aortic dissection, demonstrating that the early notch geometry correlates with the critical pressure. This quantification is crucial for the development of better criteria identifying patients at risk. Phenomena prior to tear propagation were also described, such as the presence of a bulge at the tip of the notch, deforming the remaining wall.

Published
2023

6. In situ observation of the capillary infiltration of molten silicon in a SiC/SiC composite by X-ray radiography

Author

H. Carpentier, O. Caty, Y. Le Petitcorps, E. Maire, A. Marchais, N. Eberling-Fux, G. Couégnat, Laboratoire des Composites Thermostructuraux (LCTS), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Snecma-SAFRAN group-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géographie de l'environnement (GEODE), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Zone Atelier Pyrénées-Garonne (ZA PYGAR), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], Materials Chemistry, Ceramics and Composites
Published
2022
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7. In situ synchrotron study of sintering of gas-atomized Ti-6Al-4 V powders using concomitant micro-tomography and X-ray diffraction: Effect of particle size and interstitials on densification and phase transformation kinetics

Author

M. Pontoreau, M. Coffigniez, V. Trillaud, C. Le Bourlot, J. Lachambre, L. Gremillard, M. Perez, E. Maire, J. Adrien, P. Steyer, T. Douillard, A. King, and X. Boulnat

Subjects
Polymers and Plastics, Metals and Alloys, Ceramics and Composites, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Published
2023
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8. X-ray nano-analysis for energy-related materials at ESRF

Author

V. Vanpeene, A. Léon, S. Schlabach, L. Roué, B. Lestriez, E. Maire, R. Tucoulou, J. Segura-Ruiz, and J. Villanova

Subjects
Inorganic Chemistry, Structural Biology, General Materials Science, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Condensed Matter Physics, Biochemistry
Published
2022
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10. Contributors

Author

P. Badel, Emmanuel de Bilbao, Philippe Boisse, L.P. Brown, Anthony R. Bunsell, J. Cao, Valter Carvelli, J. Chen, Francisco Chinesta, D. Coupé, D. Durville, Julien Férec, A. Gessler, J.L. Gorczyca, Nahiene Hamila, Gilles Hivet, Piaras Kelly, Jacques Lamon, Patrice Laure, Stepan V. Lomov, A.C. Long, Anson W.K. Ma, E. Maire, Véronique Michaud, A.P. Mouritz, Naim Naouar, X.Q. Peng, E. Ruiz, J.A. Sherwood, Luisa Silva, F. Trochu, Emmanuelle Vidal-Sallé, Michel Vincent, K.D. White, and Willsen Wijaya

Published
2021
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11. On the effect of the curing cycle on the creation of pores in structural adhesive joints by means of X-ray microtomography

Author

A. Lefèvre, J. Adrien, Claudiu Badulescu, David Thevenet, V. Dumont, Georgios Stamoulis, E. Maire, Institut de Recherche Dupuy de Lôme (IRDL), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SAFRAN Group, Matériaux, ingénierie et science [Villeurbanne] (MATEIS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), and Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)

Subjects
Materials science, X-ray microtomography, Adhesive bonding, 02 engineering and technology, Surfaces and Interfaces, General Chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Structural bonding, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, Pores, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Image processing, Mechanics of Materials, Materials Chemistry, Curing cycle, Adhesive, Composite material, 0210 nano-technology, Curing (chemistry)
Abstract

International audience; Adhesive bonding is increasingly used in numerous industrial branches (aeronautics, space, etc.) for the many advantages this technique features. The quality of the adhesive bonds depends on diversified factors, and bonding defects within the joints are common. These defects may take the shape of pores, of various sizes, which are a possible threat to the good mechanical strength of the joints. These pores may create unwanted stress concentrations, and they are susceptible to locally weaken the adhesive joints. As they are created during the bonding process, the hypothesis that the bonding and curing conditions should influence their properties is well-founded. In order to validate this assertion, adhesively bonded samples were made, for different adhesives and different curing cycles. In particular, the influence of the peak temperature reached during the curing cycle was studied. The pores in the joints were then observed and studied using X-ray microtomography. The performances of the segmentation technique developed for the data processing were studied beforehand on synthetic data, in order to identify the limitations of the suggested methodology and to quantify the uncertainty on the computed quantities. It was found that a higher curing temperature may induce noticeable pore growth phenomena (mainly dilation and coalescence). In particular, this growth seems to be predominant halfway-through the thickness of the joints, resulting in an observable decrease in the effective section.

Published
2020
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12. On the influence of mechanical loadings on the porosities of structural epoxy adhesives joints by means of in-situ X-ray microtomography

Author

J. Adrien, Georgios Stamoulis, A. Lefèvre, Claudiu Badulescu, E. Maire, V. Dumont, David Thevenet, Institut de Recherche Dupuy de Lôme (IRDL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS), SAFRAN [Paris], SAFRAN Group, Matériaux, ingénierie et science [Villeurbanne] (MATEIS), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL)

Subjects
Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, General Chemical Engineering, Nucleation, 02 engineering and technology, Biomaterials, 03 medical and health sciences, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 0302 clinical medicine, Image processing, Ultimate tensile strength, Composite material, Porosity, Joint (geology), Stress concentration, Coalescence (physics), 030206 dentistry, Epoxy, [PHYS.MECA.MSMECA]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Materials and structures in mechanics [physics.class-ph], 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Structural bonding, Pores, X-ray microtomography, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Adhesive, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

International audience; Structural bonding is a beneficial technique extensively used in numerous industrial fields. This technique is however prone to structural defects such as pores, which are created during the mixing of the adhesive and during the shaping of the joint. Depending on their characteristics, these pores are likely to influence the mechanical behaviour of adhesively bonded joints, as they induce local decreases in the cross-section of the bonds and they may also create threatening stress concentrations. It is also fair to assume that the characteristics of the pores within an adhesive joint are subject to changes when the assemblies are submitted to external loads. In order to investigate these changes, adhesively bonded samples were made using two different bicomponent epoxy structural adhesives. These samples were placed inside an X-ray tomograph, containing a tensile machine. In-situ X-ray tomography measurements were made simultaneously with the application of a tensile load on the samples. It was therefore possible to characterise the porosity states of each sample under mechanical loading, and to compute various quantities (porosity volumetric ratio, the pores number, equivalent diameters distributions, etc.). It was found that the pores in the joints are impacted by the increasing mechanical stress, resulting in pore nucleation, pore growth and coalescence. Moreover, the present study shows that this microstructural behaviour cannot be generalised, as different adhesives may display different properties.

Published
2020
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14. Experimental investigation of porosities evolution in a bonded assembly by means of X-ray tomography

Author

E. Maire, Claudiu Badulescu, J. Adrien, N. Carrere, V. Dumont, David Thevenet, Institut de Recherche Dupuy de Lôme (IRDL), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Matériaux, ingénierie et science [Villeurbanne] (MATEIS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), and Safran Composites, Safran Group

Subjects
010407 polymers, Materials science, Mechanical stress, Bonding defects, ComputerApplications_COMPUTERSINOTHERSYSTEMS, Coalescence, 01 natural sciences, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, Adhesives, Materials Chemistry, Application fields, Imaging systems, Processing tools, Composite material, Marine industry, Porosity, Tomography, Coalescence (physics), Bonding, X rays, X-ray, Surfaces and Interfaces, General Chemistry, Adhesively bonded, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Mechanics of Materials, Adhesive joints, Volumetric ratio, Adhesive, X-ray tomography, Experimental investigations
Abstract

cited By 0; International audience; Structral bonding is a very advantageous technique for lots of application fields such as aeronautics or marine industry, which require both advanced performances and lightweight structures. Nonetheless, adhesive joints are often subject to bonding defects: kissing bonds, uneven polymerisation, or pores within the material, for instance. These pores, depending on their sizes and distributions, could jeopardise the mechanical strength of the assembly. Moreover, it is legitimate to hypothesise that these voids in the medium could be influenced by the application of a mechanical stress. In order to investigate this assertion, bonded samples are loaded by various tensile stress levels, and the pores within the joint are visualised and characterised using in-situ X-ray microtomography. This paper deals with the evolutions of various quantities such as the number of pores or their volumetric ratio along with the increasing load and with the diverse phenomena (nucleation, growth, coalescence, etc.) experienced during the testings. These results are extracted from the microtomographic data using a custom processing tool, whose parameters and performances are discussed.

Published
2019
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15. Advanced three dimensional characterization of silica-based ultraporous materials

Author

E Maire, Lucian Roiban, Geneviève Foray, Dris Ihiawakrim, A Perret, Karine Masenelli-Varlot, Bernard Yrieix, Q Rong, Consortium Lyon Saint-Etienne de Microscopie (CLYM), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM), Matériaux, ingénierie et science [Villeurbanne] (MATEIS), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), EDF R&D (EDF R&D), EDF (EDF), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, and Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Nanostructure, Materials science, General Chemical Engineering, Aerogel, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, Porosimetry, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Microstructure, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Characterization (materials science), [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, Thermal conductivity, Chemical engineering, Gas pycnometer, Particle, 0210 nano-technology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience; Whatever the field of application (building, transportation, packaging, etc.) energy losses must be reduced to meet the government target of a 40% cut in CO 2 emissions. This leads to a challenge for materials scientists: designing materials with thermal conductivities lower than 0.015 W m À1 K À1 under ambient conditions. Such a low value requires reducing air molecule mobility in highly porous materials, and silica-based superinsulation materials (SIM) made of packed nanostructured silica or aerogel are good candidates for this purpose. However, the native nanostructure of silica has never been imaged or characterized up to now, making SIM optimization quite difficult. In this paper, three nanostructured commercial silica samples prepared by different synthesis methods were analysed and quantified using advanced electron tomography, N 2 physisorption, mercury porosimetry and helium pycnometry. It was demonstrated that 3D images yield a much finer description of the microstructure (particle, aggregate and pore) compared to global measurements. For the samples studied, silica particle size is dependent on the synthesis method, increasing with pore diameter size. The smallest silica particles were obtained by the sol–gel method which also provides the smallest pore diameters, the smallest and rather spherical aggregates, and the lowest thermal conductivity. The pyrogenic and precipitated samples studied presented bigger silica particles with higher pore diameters and thus higher thermal conductivities. 3D image driven characterization opens up new synthesis opportunities for silica.

Published
2016
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17. Que deviennent les polyarthrites rhumatoïdes (PR) traitées par certolizumab pegol en pratique courante en France (étude ECLAIR) ?

Author

Jean-Michel Joubert, A. Saraux, Francis Fagnani, B. Combe, J. Dunkel, W. Czarlewski, E. Maire, Carine Saadoun, R.M. Flipo, Jacques Massol, and I. Bru

Subjects
030203 arthritis & rheumatology, 0301 basic medicine, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, Rheumatology, business.industry, Medicine, business
Published
2016
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18. Pore-scale to core-scale aspects of capillary desaturation curves using CT-scan imaging

Author

B. Bazin, Rezki Oughanem, S. Youssef, O. Vizika, E. Maire, Matériaux, ingénierie et science [Villeurbanne] (MATEIS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), and MAIRE, Eric

Subjects
Buoyancy, Capillary action, 0207 environmental engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Mechanics, engineering.material, [SPI.MAT] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Capillary number, Volumetric flow rate, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, Permeability (earth sciences), engineering, Geotechnical engineering, 020701 environmental engineering, 0210 nano-technology, Saturation (chemistry), Porosity, Core plug, Geology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Surfactant flooding is one of the effective technologies to enhance oil recovery of water flooded petroleum reservoirs. Several previous studies have demonstrated that the release of oil from a rock submitted to waterflood depends on the competition between displacing forces (viscous and buoyancy) and capillary forces. This competition is expressed by two dimensionless numbers, the Capillary number, defined as the ratio of viscous to capillary forces and the Bond number, defined as the ratio of gravity to capillary forces. At the core scale the evolution of the oil residual saturation as function of the capillary number is better known as the Capillary Desaturation Curve (CDC), which constitutes an important input parameter in EOR processes reservoir simulation. In this work we present a new experimental workflow to investigate the effect of rock structure on the CDC. This workflow combines core flood experiments and CT-scan imaging to accurately measure the mean residual oil saturation at different capillary number values as well as the local saturation distribution along the core plug. The CDC was measured on a set of water-wet sandstone with different permeability and degree of heterogeneity. The capillary number was varied by injecting a surfactant solution at different flow rates. Using this methodology, we first study the effect of core flood orientation (Horizontal injection and vertical downflow injection). The resulting local saturation curves show that in a horizontal configuration the oil migrates upwards in the sample inducing an oriented front strongly deviating from the piston like displacement, and very different from the one observed in the vertically placed sample. This behaviour is manly attributed to buoyancy forces that are no more negligible compared to capillary forces when surfactant is injected. This experiment shows that when measuring a CDC the capillary number needs to be corrected to take into account the buoyancy forces. In a second step we have investigated the effect of local heterogeneity of core plugs on the CDC with Clashach and Fontainebleau sandstones. Two samples of Clashash sandstone with equivalent mean properties were studied (mean permeability of 380 and 426 md and mean porosity of 13.4 % and 14.1% respectively). The resulting CDC curve exhibits almost two decades difference in the critical capillary number. This discrepancy is explained in terms of the local variation of the porosity that induces important differences in the local saturation profile.

Published
2013

19. Fast tomography during continuous tensile tests

Author

M. D. Michiel, V. Carmona, E. Maire, W. Ludwig, Mateis, Laboratoire, Matériaux, ingénierie et science [Villeurbanne] (MATEIS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), and Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Materials science, 0103 physical sciences, Ultimate tensile strength, 02 engineering and technology, Tomography, Composite material, [SPI.MAT] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0210 nano-technology, 01 natural sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials
Abstract

International audience

Published
2007

20. Damage in the bulk of metal matrix composites during a monotonic loading

Author

E. Maire, Matériaux, ingénierie et science [Villeurbanne] (MATEIS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), and Mateis, Laboratoire

Subjects
Absorption (acoustics), Materials science, Metals and Alloys, Elastic energy, chemistry.chemical_element, [SPI.MAT] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, Condensed Matter Physics, Finite element method, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, Matrix (mathematics), chemistry, Aluminium, visual_art, Materials Chemistry, Shear strength, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Ceramic, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Composite material, Titanium
Abstract

National audience; Model metal matrix composites are fabricated on purpose in this study in order to analyse damage initiation in heterogeneous metals. The materials consist in titanium matrices reinforced with SiC cylinders or aluminum matrices containing spherical zirconial/silica inclusions. The damage mechanisms of these materials are studied qualitatively and quantitatively using 3D non destructive imaging techniques (X-ray absorption radiography or tomography). In the case of the cylinders, the strain to failure of the SiC fibres as well as the interface shear strength can be directly measured. These measurements are the first attempts of direct determination of such parameters in heterogeneous materials. In the particulate composites, the strain to failure of the particles is determined using an inverse finite element calculation which validates the normal stress and stored elastic energy criteria for the rupture of the ceramic spheres.

Published
2004

21. Characterization of cellular metals

Author

U. Martin, Brigitte Kriszt, U. Mosler, Hans-Peter Degischer, A. Kottar, E. Maire, Matériaux, ingénierie et science [Villeurbanne] (MATEIS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), and MAIRE, Eric

Subjects
020303 mechanical engineering & transports, Materials science, 0203 mechanical engineering, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, [SPI.MAT] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0210 nano-technology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Characterization (materials science), [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials
Abstract

International audience; no abstract

Published
2002

22. [From the prescription of contraceptives to their application. A study of the on-going use of contraceptive methods in immigrant circles during the post-partum period]

Author

E, Maire, R, Ecochard, and P, Broussard

Subjects
Adult, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Patient Compliance, Female, Emigration and Immigration, Contraceptives, Oral
Abstract

The research presented here aimed at establishing a possible link between the level of integration of an immigrant population and the rate of continuity following a prescription for contraception given to women on leaving the maternity clinic.From June 1995 to November 1996, a study was conducted in Valence among 71 women who came from Turkey, sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghreb. Out of 87 women interviewed at the maternity, 71 were seen a second time. As well as taking into consideration socio-demographical factors, the study compared the degree of integration with the use of the prescribed contraceptive method six months after leaving the maternity clinic.The study shows that there is no significant link between the level of integration and the continued use of a contraceptive method six months after birth. The only salient fact is that women who had lived less than 10 years in France systematically used a contraceptive method (P = 0.004, relative risk: 1.44, 95% confidence interval: 1.12-1.84).Our study would tend towards the following observation: the more recently the immigrant arrived, the more receptive they were towards proposals made by the medical personnel. We consider that rather than it being the case of either total confidence in, or distrust of, medical contraception, the cultural factor remains important and must be taken into account in any approach among this kind of population. It is more a question of community health education than of medical prescription.

Published
1999

24. Afferent connections of the medial frontal cortex of the rat. II. Cortical and subcortical afferents

Author

F, Condé, E, Maire-Lepoivre, E, Audinat, and F, Crépel

Subjects
Cerebral Cortex, Afferent Pathways, Brain Mapping, Animals, Entorhinal Cortex, Female, Rats, Wistar, Efferent Pathways, Hippocampus, Frontal Lobe, Rats
Abstract

In order to compare the frontal cortex of rat and macaque monkey, cortical and subcortical afferents to subdivisions of the medial frontal cortex (MFC) in the rat were analyzed with fluorescent retrograde tracers. In addition to afferent inputs common to the whole MFC, each subdivision of the MFC has a specific pattern of afferent connections. The dorsally situated precentral medial area (PrCm) was the only area to receive inputs from the somatosensory cortex. The specific pattern of afferents common to the ventrally situated prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) areas included projections from the agranular insular cortex, the entorhinal and piriform cortices, the CA1-CA2 fields of the hippocampus, the subiculum, the endopiriform nucleus, the amygdalopiriform transition, the amygdalohippocampal area, the lateral tegmentum, and the parabrachial nucleus. In all these structures, the number of retrogradely labeled cells was larger when the injection site was located in area IL. The dorsal part of the anterior cingulate area (ACd) seemed to be connectionally intermediate between the adjacent areas PrCm and PL; it receives neither the somatosensory inputs characteristic of area PrCm nor the afferents characteristic of areas PL and IL, with the exception of the afferents from the caudal part of the retrosplenial cortex. A comparison of the pattern of afferent and efferent connections of the rat MFC with the pattern of macaque prefrontal cortex suggests that PrCm and ACd areas share some properties with the macaque premotor cortex, whereas PL and IL areas may have characteristics in common with the cingulate or with medial areas 24, 25, and 32 and with orbital areas 12, 13, and 14 of macaques.

Published
1995

27. Bryum pseudoalpinum

Author

E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, and E. E. Maire

Abstract

Bryophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-617171%5DMICH-B-617171, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/617171/MICH-B-617171/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1933

28. Asplenium laciniatum subsp. laciniatum

Author

E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, and E. E. Maire

Abstract

Pteridophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1608729%5DMICH-V-1608729, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1608729/MICH-V-1608729/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1910

29. Asplenium sarelii subsp. pekinense

Author

E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, and E. E. Maire

Abstract

Pteridophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1608341%5DMICH-V-1608341, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1608341/MICH-V-1608341/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1910

30. Athyrium atkinsonii

Author

E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, and E. E. Maire

Abstract

Pteridophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1615972%5DMICH-V-1615972, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1615972/MICH-V-1615972/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1910

31. Parablechnum capense

Author

E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, and E. E. Maire

Abstract

Pteridophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1614231%5DMICH-V-1614231, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1614231/MICH-V-1614231/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1910

32. Cibotium barometz

Author

E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, and E. E. Maire

Abstract

Pteridophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1570766%5DMICH-V-1570766, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1570766/MICH-V-1570766/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1912

33. Woodwardia orientalis

Author

E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, and E. E. Maire

Abstract

Pteridophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1615161%5DMICH-V-1615161, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1615161/MICH-V-1615161/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1910

34. Adiantum capillus-junonis

Author

E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, and E. E. Maire

Abstract

Pteridophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1592390%5DMICH-V-1592390, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1592390/MICH-V-1592390/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1910

35. Diplopterygium laevissimum

Author

E. Maire, E. Maire, E. Maire, and E. Maire

Abstract

Pteridophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1590075%5DMICH-V-1590075, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1590075/MICH-V-1590075/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1912

36. Grimmia spitzbergensis

Author

E. Maire, E. Maire, E. Maire, and E. Maire

Abstract

Bryophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-525671%5DMICH-B-525671, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/525671/MICH-B-525671/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1931

37. Lygodium japonicum

Author

E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, and E. E. Maire

Abstract

Pteridophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1588881%5DMICH-V-1588881, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1588881/MICH-V-1588881/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1913

38. Actinothuidium hookeri

Author

E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, and E. E. Maire

Abstract

Bryophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-538941%5DMICH-B-538941, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/538941/MICH-B-538941/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1913

39. Lepisorus nudus

Author

E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, and E. E. Maire

Abstract

Pteridophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1634871%5DMICH-V-1634871, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1634871/MICH-V-1634871/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1910

40. Lepisorus bicolor

Author

E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, and E. E. Maire

Abstract

Pteridophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1634436%5DMICH-V-1634436, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1634436/MICH-V-1634436/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1910

41. Entodon flavescens

Author

E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, and E. E. Maire

Abstract

Bryophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-741898%5DMICH-B-741898, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/741898/MICH-B-741898/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1913

42. Lemna aequinoctialis

Author

E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, and E. E. Maire

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1663488%5DMICH-V-1663488, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1663488/MICH-V-1663488/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

43. Lemna japonica

Author

E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, and E. E. Maire

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1663487%5DMICH-V-1663487, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1663487/MICH-V-1663487/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

44. Spirodela polyrhiza

Author

E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, and E. E. Maire

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1663486%5DMICH-V-1663486, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1663486/MICH-V-1663486/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

45. Cibotium barometz

Author

E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, and E. E. Maire

Abstract

Pteridophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1570801%5DMICH-V-1570801, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1570801/MICH-V-1570801/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

46. Lygodium japonicum

Author

E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, and E. E. Maire

Abstract

Pteridophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1588880%5DMICH-V-1588880, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1588880/MICH-V-1588880/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

47. Lemna aequinoctialis

Author

E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, and E. E. Maire

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1663488%5DMICH-V-1663488, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1663488/MICH-V-1663488/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

48. Lemna japonica

Author

E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, and E. E. Maire

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1663487%5DMICH-V-1663487, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1663487/MICH-V-1663487/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

49. Spirodela polyrhiza

Author

E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, and E. E. Maire

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1663486%5DMICH-V-1663486, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1663486/MICH-V-1663486/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

50. Lygodium japonicum

Author

E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, E. E. Maire, and E. E. Maire

Abstract

Pteridophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1588880%5DMICH-V-1588880, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1588880/MICH-V-1588880/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

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