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We present the results of a study of the vortex lattice in the heavy fermion superconductor ${\mathrm{CeCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$, using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). In this material at temperatures well below ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}\ensuremath{\sim}0.6$ K, the value of the upper critical field ${B}_{\mathrm{c}2}\ensuremath{\sim}2.2$ T is strongly limited by the Pauli paramagnetism of the heavy fermions. In this temperature region, our SANS data show an increase in the magnetization of the flux line cores with field, followed by a rapid fall near ${B}_{\mathrm{c}2}$. This behavior is the effect of Pauli paramagnetism and we present a theory-based model, which can be used to describe this effect in a range of materials. The pairing in ${\mathrm{CeCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ appears to arise from the effect of magnetic fluctuations, but the evidence for a $d$-wave order parameter is rather weak. We find that the vortex lattice structure in ${\mathrm{CeCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ is close to regular hexagonal. There are no phase transitions to square or rhombic structures; such transitions are expected for $d$-wave superconductors and observed in ${\mathrm{CeCoIn}}_{5}$; however, the temperature dependence of the SANS intensity indicates that both large and small gap values are present, most likely due to multiband $s$-wave superconductivity, rather than a nodal gap structure.

The QSNET consortium is building a UK network of next-generation atomic and molecular clocks that will achieve unprecedented sensitivity in testing variations of the fine structure constant, $\alpha$, and the electron-to-proton mass ratio, $\mu$. This in turn will provide more stringent constraints on a wide range of fundamental and phenomenological theories beyond the Standard Model and on dark matter models.

We present the results of a study of the vortex lattice (VL) of the nickel chalcogenide superconductor ${\mathrm{TlNi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$, using small angle neutron scattering. This superconductor has the same crystal symmetry as the iron arsenide materials. Previous work points to it being a two-gap superconductor, with an unknown pairing mechanism. No structural transitions in the vortex lattice are seen in the phase diagram, arguing against $d$-wave gap symmetry. Empirical fits of the temperature dependence of the form factor and penetration depth rule out a simple $s$-wave model, supporting the presence of nodes in the gap function. The variation of the VL opening angle with field is consistent with earlier reports of multiple gaps.

Specific heat and small-angle neutron scattering measurements have been performed on the superconductor β-PdBi2. Whereas models with a uniform gap do not yield an adequate description of the temper...

We have explored the magnetism in the non-geometrically frustrated spin-chain system $\gamma$-CoV$_{2}$O$_{6}$ which possesses a complex magnetic exchange network. Our neutron diffraction patterns at low temperatures ($T$ $\leqslant$ $T_{\mathrm{N}}$ = 6.6 K) are best described by a model in which two magnetic phases coexist in a volume ratio 65(1) : 35(1), with each phase consisting of a single spin modulation. This model fits previous studies and our observations better than the model proposed by Lenertz $et$ $al$ in J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 13981 (2014), which consisted of one phase with two spin modulations. By decreasing the temperature from $T_{\mathrm{N}}$, the minority phase of our model undergoes an incommensurate-commensurate lock-in transition at $T^{*}$ = 5.6 K. Based on these results, we propose that phase separation is an alternative approach for degeneracy-lifting in frustrated magnets.

Physical review / B 96(13), 134510 (2017). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.96.134510, We present a detailed synchrotron x-ray scattering study of the charge-density-wave (CDW) order in simple tetragonal $HgBa_{2}CuO_{4+δ}$ (Hg1201). Resonant soft x-ray scattering measurements reveal that short-range order appears at a temperature that is distinctly lower than the pseudogap temperature and in excellent agreement with a prior transient reflectivity result. Despite considerable structural differences between Hg1201 and $YBa_2Cu_3O_{6+δ}$, the CDW correlations exhibit similar doping dependencies, and we demonstrate a universal relationship between the CDW wave vector and the size of the reconstructed Fermi pocket observed in quantum oscillation experiments. The CDW correlations in Hg1201 vanish already below optimal doping, once the correlation length is comparable to the CDW modulation period, and they appear to be limited by the disorder potential from unit cells hosting two interstitial oxygen atoms. A complementary hard x-ray diffraction measurement, performed on an underdoped Hg1201 sample in magnetic fields along the crystallographic c axis of up to 16 T, provides information on the form factor of the CDW order. As expected from the single-$CuO_2$-layer structure of Hg1201, the CDW correlations vanish at half-integer values of L and appear to be peaked at integer $L$. We conclude that the atomic displacements associated with the short-range CDW order are mainly planar, within the $CuO_2$ layers., Published by APS, Woodbury, NY

A polarized neutron Laue diffraction experiment on a single crystal of neodymium-doped lanthanum magnesium nitrate hydrate containing polarized proton spins is reported. By using dynamic nuclear polarization to polarize the proton spins, it is demonstrated that the intensities of the Bragg peaks can be enhanced or diminished significantly, whilst the incoherent background, due to proton spin disorder, is reduced. It follows that the method offers unique possibilities to tune continuously the contrast of the Bragg reflections and thereby represents a new tool for increasing substantially the signal-to-noise ratio in neutron diffraction patterns of hydrogenous matter.

Despite numerous studies the exact nature of the order parameter in superconducting ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{RuO}}_{4}$ remains unresolved. We have extended previous small-angle neutron scattering studies of the vortex lattice in this material to a wider field range, higher temperatures, and with the field applied close to both the $\ensuremath{\langle}100\ensuremath{\rangle}$ and $\ensuremath{\langle}110\ensuremath{\rangle}$ basal plane directions. Measurements at high field were made possible by the use of both spin polarization and analysis to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. Rotating the field towards the basal plane causes a distortion of the square vortex lattice observed for $\mathbit{H}\ensuremath{\parallel}\ensuremath{\langle}001\ensuremath{\rangle}$ and also a symmetry change to a distorted triangular symmetry for fields close to $\ensuremath{\langle}100\ensuremath{\rangle}$.The vortex lattice distortion allows us to determine the intrinsic superconducting anisotropy between the $c$ axis and the Ru-O basal plane, yielding a value of $\ensuremath{\sim}60$ at low temperature and low to intermediate fields. This greatly exceeds the upper critical field anisotropy of $\ensuremath{\sim}20$ at low temperature, reminiscent of Pauli limiting. Indirect evidence for Pauli paramagnetic effects on the unpaired quasiparticles in the vortex cores are observed, but a direct detection lies below the measurement sensitivity. The superconducting anisotropy is found to be independent of temperature but increases for fields $\ensuremath{\gtrsim}1$ T, indicating multiband superconductvity in ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{RuO}}_{4}$. Finally, the temperature dependence of the scattered intensity provides further support for gap nodes or deep minima in the superconducting gap.

Hole-doped high-temperature cuprate superconductors below optimum doping have small electron-like Fermi surfaces occupying a small fraction of the Brillouin zone. There is strong evidence that this is linked to charge density wave (CDW) order, which reconstructs the large hole-like Fermi surfaces predicted by band structure calculations . Recent experiments have revealed the structure of the two CDW components in the benchmark bilayer material YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-x}$ in high field where quantum oscillation (QO) measurements are performed. We have combined these results with a tight-binding description of the bands in an isolated bilayer to give a minimal model revealing the essential physics of the situation. Here we show that this approach, combined with the effects of spin-orbit interactions and the pseudogap, gives a good qualitative description of the multiple frequencies seen in the QO observations in this material. Magnetic breakdown through weak CDW splitting of the bands will lead to a field-dependence of the QO spectrum and to the observed fourfold symmetry of the results in tilted fields.

Superconductivity often emerges in the proximity of, or in competition with, symmetry-breaking ground states such as antiferromagnetism or charge density waves(1-5) (CDW). A number of materials in the cuprate family, which includes the high transition-temperature (high-T-c) superconductors, show spin and charge density wave order(5-7). Thus a fundamental question is to what extent do these ordered states exist for compositions close to optimal for superconductivity. Here we use high-energy X-ray diffraction to show that a CDW develops at zero field in the normal state of superconducting YBa2Cu3O6.67 (T-c = 67 K). This sample has a hole doping of 0.12 per copper and a well-ordered oxygen chain superstructure(8). Below T-c, the application of a magnetic field suppresses superconductivity and enhances the CDW. Hence, the CDW and superconductivity in this typical high-T-c material are competing orders with similar energy scales, and the high-T-c superconductivity forms from a pre-existing CDW environment. Our results provide a mechanism for the formation of small Fermi surface pockets9, which explain the negative Hall and Seebeck effects(10,11) and the `T-c plateau'(12) in this material when underdoped.

Measurements of intrinsic vortex lattice (VL) dynamics in superconductors as for instance VL melting or Bragg glass transitions are typically performed by e.g. macroscopic transport or surface sensitive measurement techniques. Therefore, usually thin superconducting films are used for microscopic measurements of VL dynamics. A direct consequence of using thin films is the strong influence of surface effects and defects, sample quality and geometry. We succeeded to combine time resolved stroboscopic small angle neutron scattering (SANS) with an advanced, time varying magnetic field setup allowing to extend the time window for slow dynamical processes to the range of 10 ms up to several minutes. The new results demonstrate that it is possible to observe directly the intrinsic dynamics of the VL in a bulk niobium single crystal on a microscopic scale without limitations due to surface effects. Field and temperature dependent relaxation times of the VL from 100 to 500 ms could be observed for the first time, allowing to directly measure the VL of the tilt modulus. This new experimental technique provides the possibility to study also the dynamical magnetic properties of various strongly correlated electron systems.

In single-crystal superconductors in the mixed state, flux-line structures may have a lower symmetry than the host crystal. In this case, multiple degenerate flux lattice domains may be present simultaneously and give rise to complicated small-angle diffraction patterns. The interpretation of these patterns in terms of the flux lattice structure in a single domain is discussed, with particular reference to recently reported spontaneous symmetry-breaking flux-line lattice phases in niobium.

Hyperfine Interactions, 159 (1-4), ISSN:0304-3843, ISSN:0304-3834, ISSN:1572-9540

We have used a variety of microscopic techniques to reveal the structure and motion of flux line arrangements, when the flux lines in low Tc type II superconductors are caused to move by a transport current. Using small-angle neutron scattering by the flux line lattice (FLL), we are able to demonstrate directly the alignment by motion of the nearest-neighbour FLL direction. This tends to be parallel to the direction of flux line motion, as had been suspected from two-dimensional simulations. We also see the destruction of the ordered FLL by plastic flow and the bending of flux lines. Another technique that our collaboration has employed is the direct measurement of flux line motion, using the ultra-high-resolution spectroscopy of the neutron spin-echo technique to observe the energy change of neutrons diffracted by moving flux lines. The μSR technique gives the distribution of values of magnetic field within the FLL. We have recently shown that one can perform μSR measurements while the FLL is moving. Such measurements give complementary information about the local speed and orientation of the FLL motion. We conclude by discussing the possible application of this technique to thin film superconductors.

The asymmetry signal of a transverse field μSR time histogram is primarily the Fourier transform of the local field distribution P(b) for samples with static local fields b. The maximum entropy technique is used to produce a μSR lineshape which automatically deconvolutes the pulse structure of the beam (for pulsed facilities) and the time window. In this paper, we describe how to combine several component kernels to construct the transformation matrix for converting the lineshape into a time signal. We discuss the implications for improving the μSR maximum entropy (ME) algorithm under certain circumstances, and how dipolar broadening might be deconvoluted safely. This transformation may also be used to create accurate theoretical time signals for conventional fitting.

The maximum entropy (ME) analysis of μSR time spectra is used to produce the local field distribution P(b). The ME technique has user-defined constants in addition to the usual data manipulation parameters (such as the time range and binning) used in traditional fitting or Fourier transforms. The ME constants are the default level (used to suppress signals below the noise level) and a looseness factor (used to smooth the line shape). In this paper, we discuss how to automatically select values for these constants to ensure that the resulting P(b) is minimally distorted from the ideal and that the calculated errors are sensible.

Questions involving thin films, multilayered samples, surfaces and interfaces are generally not accessible by the conventional sources delivering muons with kinetic energy ∼4 MeV. The muon as a sensitive local magnetic and spin probe with complementary observational time window to other probes and techniques is able to offer unique new insights into these objects of investigations. Low energy muons (LE-μ + ) with tunable energy between ∼0.5 and 30 keV penetrate only to a depth between a few and few hundreds of nm depending on their energy. Hence they provide the desired non-destructive, non-invasive and microscopic probe for local investigations of properties near surfaces and in thin samples. The intensity of the LE-μ + source at PSI and the capability of the sample environment have been steadily evolving over the past years and the flux at the sample has now reached intensities of more than 700 μ + /s. After a summary of the most recent developments we give a brief overview of the experimental program together with some anticipated applications. The measurement of the value of local magnetic fields as a function of position below a surface on a scale of a few nm, which has provided the first direct confirmation of the London formula and has the potential to yield information crucial to understanding the details of the superconducting state, has been used to map films of non-conventional and conventional superconductors. Investigations of magnetic systems range from the first studies of magnetic properties of buried thin films to investigations of dimensional effects in a single spin glass layer and interlayer coupling in magnetic-nonmagnetic systems. The future prospects of this technique are outlined. To optimize the flux of LE-μ + at PSI a new, dedicated surface muon beam line has been designed. It is presently under construction and will be installed in 2003/2004. The predicted intensity increase by a factor of about ten will contribute to the realization of the full potential of polarized muons used as nanoprobes.

In muon spin rotation (μSR) measurements, the details of the local field distribution P ( b ) are of interest, so either a fast Fourier transform (FFT) or the maximum entropy method (MEM) is applied to extract P ( b ) from the μSR time spectra. Ideally, one would like to analyze the resulting P ( b ) as if it were a data set in its own right: fitting P ( b ) to appropriate theoretical functions and calculating its mean, second moment and third moment. This is only possible if there are rigorous errors associated with P ( b ). In this paper, we show that the maximum entropy method finds its maximum in a way analogous to χ 2 fitting. Calculation of a covariance matrix naturally follows. The covariance matrix demonstrates that the maximum entropy (ME) result P ( b ) has intrinsically correlated , not independent, errors. With proper care, P ( b ) can be fit and have its moments calculated. This method is not limited to μSR applications, it can be applied to other cases involving Fourier transforms of data, such as NMR.

The implantation of low energy polarized positive muons (μ+) with energies between 0.5 and 30 keV in thin (

The conduction electrons in a metal experience competing interactions with each other and the atomic nuclei. This competition can lead to many types of magnetic order in metals. For example, in chromium the electrons order to form a spin-density-wave (SDW) antiferromagnetic state. A magnetic field may be used to perturb or tune materials with delicately balanced electronic interactions. Here we show that the application of a magnetic field can induce SDW magnetic order in a metal, where none exists in the absence of the field. We use magnetic neutron scattering to show that the application of a large (~8T) magnetic field to the metamagnetic perovskite metal Sr3Ru2O7 can be used to tune the material through two magnetically-ordered SDW states. The ordered states exist over relatively small ranges in field (, Legend in Fig. 3(b) corrected

We have observed a magnetic vortex lattice (VL) in BaFe2(As0.67P0.33)(2) (BFAP) single crystals by small-angle neutron scattering. With the field along the c axis, a nearly isotropic hexagonal VL was formed in the field range from 1 to 16 T, and no symmetry changes in the VL were observed. The temperature dependence of the VL signal was measured and confirms the presence of (non-d-wave) nodes in the superconducting gap structure for measurements at 5 T and below. The nodal effects were suppressed at high fields. At low fields, a VL reorientation transition was observed between 1 and 3 T, with the VL orientation changing by 45 degrees. Below 1 T, the VL structure was strongly affected by pinning and the diffraction pattern had a fourfold symmetry. We suggest that this (and possibly also the VL reorientation) is due to pinning to defects aligned with the crystal structure, rather than being intrinsic. The temperature dependence of the scaled intensity suggests that BFAP possesses at least one full gap and one nodal gap with circular symmetry. Judging from the symmetry, the node structure should take the form of an "accidental" circular line node, which is consistent with recent angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy results.

To explore the doping dependence of the recently discovered charge-density-wave (CDW) order in YBa2Cu3Oy, we present a bulk-sensitive high-energy x-ray study for several oxygen concentrations, including strongly underdoped YBa2Cu3O6.44. Combined with previous data around the so-called 1/8 doping, we show that bulk CDW order exists at least for hole concentrations (p) in the CuO2 planes of 0.078 less than or similar to p less than or similar to 0.132. This implies that CDW order exists in close vicinity to the quantum critical point for spin-density-wave (SDW) order. In contrast to the pseudogap temperature T*, the onset temperature of CDW order decreases with underdoping to T-CDW similar to 90 K in YBa2Cu3O6.44. Together with a weakened order parameter this suggests a competition between CDW and SDW orders. In addition, the CDW order in YBa2Cu3O6.44 shows the same type of competition with superconductivity as a function of temperature and magnetic field as samples closer to p = 1/8. At low p the CDW incommensurability continues the previously reported linear increasing trend with underdoping. In the entire doping range the in-plane correlation length of the CDW order in b axis direction depends only very weakly on the hole concentration, and appears independent of the type and correlation length of the oxygen-chain order. The onset temperature of the CDW order is remarkably close to a temperature T-dagger that marks the maximum of 1/(T1T) in planar Cu-63 NQR/NMR experiments, potentially indicating a response of the spin dynamics to the formation of the CDW. Our discussion of these findings includes a detailed comparison to the charge stripe order in La2-xBaxCuO4.

We report on small angle neutron scattering measurements of the vortex lattice in twin-free YBa2Cu3O7, extending the previously investigated maximum field of 11~T up to 16.7~T with the field applied parallel to the c axis. This is the first microscopic study of vortex matter in this region of the superconducting phase. We find the high field VL displays a rhombic structure, with a field-dependent coordination that passes through a square configuration, and which does not lock-in to a field-independent structure. The VL pinning reduces with increasing temperature, but is seen to affect the VL correlation length even above the irreversibility temperature of the lattice structure. At high field and temperature we observe a melting transition, which appears to be first order, with no detectable signal from a vortex liquid above the transition.

This paper describes a study of superparamagnetism in iron nanoclusters using low energy μSR, including for the first time zero field measurements, which yield an intrinsic nanocluster superparamagnetic relaxation rate of ν0=67±15 MHz and an energy barrier of ΔE=37±4 K. TEM micrographs of the embedded clusters show there to be a range of shapes and also sizes, which is bourne out by SQUID magnetometry measurements.

The recent development at the Paul Scherrer Institute of a beam of low energy muons allows depth dependent muon spin rotation and relaxation investigations in thin samples, multilayers and near surface regions (low energy μSR, LE-μSR). After a brief overview of the LE-μSR method, some representative experiments performed with this technique will be presented. The first direct determination of the field profile just below the surface of a high-temperature superconductor in the Meissner phase illustrates the power and sensitivity of low energy muons as near-surface probe and is an example of general application to depth profiling of magnetic fields. The evolution of the flux line lattice distribution across the surface of a YBa2Cu3O7 film in the vortex phase has been investigated by implanting muons on both sides of a normal-superconducting boundary. A determination of the relaxation time and energy barrier to thermal activation in iron nanoclusters, embedded in a silver thin film matrix (500nm), demonstrates the use of slow muons to measure the properties of samples that cannot be made thick enough for the use of conventional μSR. Other experiments investigated the magnetic properties of thin Cr(001) layers at thicknesses above and below the collapse of the spin density wave.

Recent experimental results indicate that superconductivity in Sr2RuO4 is described by the p-wave E_u representation of the D_{4h} point group. Results on the vortex lattice structures for this representation are presented. The theoretical results are compared with experiment., Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, M2S-HTSC-VI proceedings

We report a detailed neutron diffraction study of both pinned and moving magnetic Flux Line Lattice (FLL) in NbTa and PbIn samples. In NbTa, the FLL presents a hexagonal lattice even in the absence of current, meanwhile PbIn presents a strongly dislocated phase. In PbIn, dislocations are eliminated by the application of transport current in agreement with theoretical predictions. On the other hand, the absence of curvature of the flux lines for subcritical currents confirm the presence of surface pinning of the FLL.

We report on low energy muon spin rotation (LE-μSR) measurements of the magnetic penetration depth λ ab of a 700 nm thick YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ film. The temperature dependence of the penetration depth is in good agreement with the results from conventional μSR measurements on single crystals. This demonstrates the potential of the new technique for thin film studies.

μSR and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) have been used to probe the vortex arrangement in single crystals of the high-Tc superconductor Bi2.15Sr1.85CaCu2O8+δ which have been irradiated with heavy ions to produce columnar defects. The influence of these pinning sites on the spatial arrangement of the vortices is discussed, and the results are compared with numerical simulations.

The range of low-energy μ + in a thin Al film deposited on a quartz glass substrate has been investigated as a function of the μ + implantation energy by measuring the amplitude of the diamagnetic signal in a transverse field experiment. The μ + implantation energy was varied between 3.4 and 29.4 keV. The μ + asymmetry, which reflects the fraction of μ + stopped in Al, is found to decrease with increasing energy. The results are compared and found in good agreement with predictions of a Monte Carlo program, which simulates the implantation profiles of muons in matter.

We present the "rst lSR study of the dynamic magnetic behaviour of iron clusters supported in a non-magnetic thin "lm matrix. Thin "lm samples a!ord the possibility of very tight control over the cluster size, but are too thin for study with conventional lSR owing to the relatively long (of order 0.5 mm) stopping range of 4 MeV muons. In this study, the thin "lm samples were a 500 nm thick, silver matrix containing iron clusters with an equivalent iron concentration of 0.1% by volume. SQUID magnetometry showed a mean cluster diameter of 2.8 nm. Transverse low-energy lSR measurements in a "eld of 25 mT, applied normal to the plane of the "lm, were made in the temperature range 4.7}300 K. At low temperatures, a relaxation rate of 0.4 ls~1 was observed and interpreted as due to a static Lorentzian distribution of dipolar "elds with half-width 0.5 mT. At high temperatures, a motional narrowing of the "eld distribution, due to #uctuations in the orientation of the cluster moments, was observed. The #uctuations were found to follow an Arrhenius activation law, from which an activation energy of 51$9 K and an intrinsic cluster relaxation time of 12$4 ns were deduced. ( 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Low-energy muon spin rotation (LE-μ+SR) measurements were performed on 3.4 and 9.1 nm epitaxial Cr(0 0 1) films buried by non-magnetic boundary layers to study the collapse of the spin-density wave (SDW) of bulk Cr, which is expected when decreasing the thickness of the film below the modulation period of the SDW ( ≈6 nm ). Magnetic phases of Cr are identified by the fast relaxation of the muon spin polarization. While a reduced Neel temperature of 285 K with respect to the bulk value is found for the 9.1 nm Cr layer, the 3.4 nm film remains in a magnetic phase over the investigated temperature range of 20–320 K.

The asymmetry signal of a μSR time histogram is theoretically the Fourier transform of the local field distribution P ( b ), for samples with static local fields. Commonly, P ( b ) is extracted from the time histograms by either a fast Fourier transform (FFT) or maximum entropy (ME). In this paper, we discuss how ME suppresses noise, and directly compare ME line shapes with FFTs.

Muon-spin rotation $(\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{SR})$ and torque magnetometry have been used to probe the anisotropy of an untwinned single crystal of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}.$ The absence of twin planes allows the ratios of all three principal components of the superconducting effective mass tensor to be determined. The values for the in-plane anisotropy are in good agreement with values obtained by other techniques. The out-of-plane anisotropies as measured by $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{SR}$ are also found to be in good agreement with other microscopic measurements, but somewhat lower than those resulting from torque measurements on this and other crystals.

We review how novel μSR measurements of the magnetic field distribution near the surface of a superconducting film of YBa2Cu3O7−δ in both the mixed state and the Meissner state are now possible using low-energy muons.

An overview of recent developments and of the present status concerning low-energy μSR (LE-μSR) at the Paul Scherrer Institute is given. We also discuss some schemes of possible future developments, which are able to improve the potential of the LE-μSR method.

We have measured the diffracted neutron scattering intensities from the square magnetic flux lattice in the perovskite superconductor ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{RuO}}_{4}$, which is thought to exhibit $p$-wave pairing with a two-component order parameter. The relative intensities of different flux lattice Bragg reflections over a wide range of field and temperature have been shown to be inconsistent with a single component Ginzburg-Landau theory but qualitatively agree with a two-component $p$-wave Ginzburg-Landau theory.

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is an extremely powerful probe of the vortex state in type II superconductors. The technique may be further enhanced by the use of polarised neutrons and the application of the neutron spin-echo method. We discuss some recent applications of these techniques to the study of both conventional and unconventional superconducting materials, and describe the unique information which SANS can provide on the vortex state. ( 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Low energy (16 keV) muons were used to probe the dynamic magnetic behaviour of iron nanoclusters embedded in a silver thin film matrix. The silver film was 500 nm thick and contained a volume fraction of 0.1% iron. Measurements were made in a field of 25 mT, applied normal to the plane of the film, in the temperature range 4.7 K to 300 K. At temperatures above 20 K thermal activation of the cluster moments was seen as a narrowing of the field distribution sensed by the implanted muons. An intrinsic cluster relaxation time of τ0 = 12 ± 4 ns and an activation energy of 51 ± 9 K were deduced from fits to the data. SQUID magnetometry of thicker (1.5 µm) but otherwise identical films on graphite substrates showed the clusters to have a volume of the order of 10-26 m3, from which a cubic anisotropy constant of K = 2.3 ± 0.4 × 105 J m-3 was calculated. Remanence measurements showed no evidence of a preferred orientation for the magnetization of the cluster assembly.

The vortex phase transition was systematically studied in twin-free ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ for various \ensuremath{\delta}. For $7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}g~6.94,$ the first order transition was evidenced by an abrupt jump and a hysteresis of magnetization in the field-cooled (FC) cooling-warming cycles, which indicates the coexistence of vortex crystallites and liquid. For $7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}l6.89$ the jump was not sharp and FC magnetization was reversible, suggesting a second order transition. The first and the second order transitions merge at a critical point (CP) which goes to zero field for $7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}l6.89.$ Three-dimensional XY scaling satisfactorily fits the data at 1--7 T for $7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}l6.94$ and for $7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}l6.89,$ but does not fit for $6.89l7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}l6.94,$ where the CP passes through this field range.

There are several ways of investigating#ux lines with polarised neutrons. We shall describe our recent work on IN15 at ILL, investigating spatially varying "elds perpendicular to the #uxoid axes, which are present with tilted "elds in anisotropic superconductors. These "eld components may be detected by polarisation analysis of neutrons di!racted by the #ux line lattice, and allow a detailed investigation of #ux structure in such materials as YBCO and NbSe 2 . A further application of polarised neutrons is the use of neutron spin-echo techniques to measure the speed of moving #ux lines. We have recently demonstrated this in an Nb}Ta alloy on instruments IN11 and IN15, by measuring the energy change of neutrons di!racted by #ux lines, which are moving under the in#uence of a transport current. We shall also comment on others’ work on the search for interference terms between #ux lattice and nuclear di!raction signals, and the use of neutron depolarisation for investigation of #ux distributions in superconductors. ( 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

A small angle neutron scattering study of the flux-line lattice in a large untwinned single crystal of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ is presented. In fields parallel to the $c$ axis, diffraction spots are observed corresponding to four orientations of a hexagonal lattice, distorted by the $a\ensuremath{-}b$ anisotropy. A value for the anisotropy, the penetration depth ratio, of ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{a}/{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{b}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1.18\left(2\right)$ was obtained. The high quality of the data is such that second-order diffraction is observed, indicating a well ordered FLL. With the field at 33\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to $c$, a field dependent reorientation of the lattice is observed around 3 T.

The bilayered ruthenate Sr 3 Ru 2 O 7 has a metamagnetic quantum critical point. This is the first example of a material with a quantum-critical end-point. This work addresses the problem of the metamagnetic criticality in this system through the measurement of spin fluctuations by inelastic neutron scattering. Our results show that incommensurate antiferromagnetic fluctuations are present in a wide range of applied fields. We have also observed how ferromagnetic fluctuations develop at the metamagnetic field. Finally, the intensity of the two types of fluctuations is followed as a function of the energy transfer between the neutron and the spins.