Author: "E. Litherland-Smith" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

12 results on '"E. Litherland-Smith"'

1. Changeover between helium and hydrogen fueled plasmas in JET and WEST

Author: T. Wauters, R. Bisson, E. Delabie, D. Douai, A. Gallo, J. Gaspar, I. Jepu, Y. Kovtun, E. Pawelec, D. Matveev, A. Meigs, S. Brezinsek, I. Coffey, T. Dittmar, N. Fedorczak, J. Gunn, A. Hakola, P. Jacquet, K. Kirov, E. Lerche, J. Likonen, E. Litherland-Smith, T. Loarer, P. Lomas, C. Lowry, M. Maslov, I. Monakhov, J. Morales, C. Noble, R. Nouailletas, B. Pégourié, C. Perez von Thun, R.A. Pitts, C. Reux, F. Rimini, H. Sheikh, S. Silburn, H. Sun, D. Taylor, E. Tsitrone, S. Vartanian, E. Wang, and A. Widdowson
Subjects: JET, WEST, Changeover, Helium, Hydrogen, ICWC, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: The pre-fusion power operation (PFPO) phase of ITER, as described in the ITER research plan with Staged Approach,22 ITER Organization, “ITER Research Plan within the Staged Approach,” ITR-18–003, Aug. 2018. includes both hydrogen (H) and helium (He) plasma operations. In preparation for PFPO, both WEST and JET ran He plasma campaigns to study plasma-wall interactions in a tungsten environment. The campaigns included a back-and-forth transition between H or deuterium (D) and He plasma operation allowing the assessment of the achievable plasma content as well as the accessible wall reservoirs for respective species. The WEST changeovers included tokamak pulses with a fixed divertor configuration. The JET changeovers applied ion cyclotron wall conditioning (ICWC) and tokamak pulses including limiter phases and four different divertor configurations. Glow discharge conditioning (GDC) was applied to complete the changeovers. The results are characterized by subdivertor optical and mass spectrometric gas analyzers and spatially resolved optical emission spectroscopy. A He content of 96–97 % after H operations is achieved by tens of ICWC pulses (JET) and several dedicated diverted plasmas (WEST and JET), while a fivefold is estimated to be required for the back transition. Effective pumping of the wall released species is a key parameter for a fast changeover. Upon applying higher heating power, the relative content of the fueled plasma species decreases. The JET gas balance analysis indicates that He operation may increase H retention. WEST divertor spectroscopy indicates a larger He inventory near the inner divertor strike line. He GDC has a clear effect on the He recycling light at the WEST divertor while D GDC did not reduce the long lasting He content observed in D pulses after the JET He campaign.
Published: 2024
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2. Comparison of ion cyclotron wall conditioning discharges in hydrogen and helium in JET

Author: Y. Kovtun, T. Wauters, D. Matveev, R. Bisson, I. Jepu, S. Brezinsek, I. Coffey, E. Delabie, A. Boboc, T. Dittmar, A. Hakola, P. Jacquet, K. Kirov, E. Lerche, J. Likonen, E. Litherland-Smith, T. Loarer, P. Lomas, C. Lowry, E. Pawelec, C. Perez von Thun, A. Meigs, M. Maslov, I. Monakhov, C. Noble, S. Silburn, H. Sun, D. Taylor, E. Tsitrone, A. Widdowson, H. Sheikh, and D. Douai
Subjects: Wall conditioning, Radio-frequency discharge, Tokamak, Plasma production, Ion cyclotron, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: This paper explores the plasma parameters of helium and hydrogen Ion Cyclotron Wall Conditioning (ICWC) discharges performed in JET as part of a He/H fuelling changeover experiment. The conducted study shows that plasma with a higher density is formed in helium than in hydrogen. A distinct glow in the ion cyclotron resonance zone is observed throughout the discharge in He. In H-ICWC discharges, a lower radio-frequency coupling efficiency and coupled power was observed than in He-ICWC discharges. While the helium concentration decreased with the number of H-ICWC pulses and the same for hydrogen in He-ICWC, which is the intended result of the plasma wall interaction in the ICWC changeover procedure, the main features of hydrogen as well as the helium IC discharge do not change dramatically.
Published: 2023
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3. The role of isotope mass and transport for H-mode access in tritium containing plasmas at JET with ITER-like wall

Author: G Birkenmeier, E R Solano, I S Carvalho, J C Hillesheim, E Delabie, E Lerche, D Taylor, D Gallart, M J Mantsinen, C Silva, C Angioni, F Ryter, P Carvalho, M Fontana, E Pawelec, S A Silburn, P Sirén, S Aleiferis, J Bernardo, A Boboc, D Douai, P Puglia, P Jacquet, E Litherland-Smith, I Jepu, D Kos, H J Sun, A Shaw, D King, B Viola, R Henriques, K K Kirov, M Baruzzo, J Garcia, A Hakola, A Huber, E Joffrin, D Keeling, A Kappatou, M Lennholm, P Lomas, E de la Luna, C F Maggi, J Mailloux, M Maslov, F G Rimini, N Vianello, G Verdoolaege, H Weisen, M Wischmeier, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, and JET Contributors
Subjects: Isòtops, Física [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], D-T plasma operation, regime, Condensed Matter Physics, L-H transition, isotope effects, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Simulació per ordinador, tritium plasmas, transport, Nuclear fusion, isotope mixtures, Tranasport, Tokamaks, Física::Física de fluids::Física de plasmes [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], l-h transition, d-t plasma operation
Abstract: The required heating power, P L H , to access the high confinement regime (H-mode) in tritium containing plasmas is investigated in JET with ITER-like wall at a toroidal magnetic field of B t = 1.8 T and a plasma current of I p = 1.7 MA. P L H , also referred to as the L-H power threshold, is determined in plasmas of pure tritium as well as mixtures of hydrogen with tritium (H-T) and mixtures of deuterium with tritium (D-T), and is compared to the L-H power threshold in plasmas of pure hydrogen and pure deuterium. It is found that, for otherwise constant parameters, P L H is not the same in plasmas with the same effective isotope mass, A e f f , when they differ in their isotope composition. Thus, A e f f is not sufficient to describe the isotope effect of P L H in a consistent manner for all considered isotopes and isotope mixtures. The electron temperature profiles measured at the L-H transition in the outer half of the radius are very similar for all isotopes and isotope mixtures, despite the fact that the L-H power threshold varies by a factor of about six. This finding, together with the observation of an offset linear relation between the L-H power threshold, P L H , and an effective heat diffusivity, χ e f f , indicates that the composition-dependent heat transport in the low confinement mode (L-mode) determines, how much power is needed to reach the necessary electron temperatures at the edge, and hence P L H .
Published: 2023

4. Observation of low temperature VUV tungsten emission in JET divertor plasmas

Author: K D Lawson, E Pawelec, I H Coffey, M Groth, E Litherland-Smith, A G Meigs, S Scully, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
Subjects: Paper, Plasma physics and fusion, divertor plasmas, low ionization stages, Physics::Plasma Physics, JET, tungsten, Condensed Matter Physics, Mathematical Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, VUV spectrum
Abstract: openaire: EC/H2020/633053/EU//EUROfusion Funding Information: This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 and 2019–2020 under grant agreement No 633053 and from the RCUK Energy Programme [grant number EP/I501045]. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd. The properties of tungsten make it ideal for use as a plasma facing surface in the divertor of large plasma machines such as JET and ITER. However, the intense heat and particle fluxes that fall on the divertor surfaces lead to its release from these surfaces into the plasma and it is necessary to model its transport from the divertor and plasma edge into the plasma core. This requires measurement of spectral features over a wide temperature range. In large machines the W influx is often determined from W I line intensities, there being few measurements of discrete W lines from other low ionization stages. Their observation is highly desirable because the transport of neutral W differs markedly from that of the W ions. A change in the line-of-sight of a VUV survey spectrometer on JET to view directly into the divertor has led to the observation of numerous discrete low temperature W lines in the VUV spectral region. The spectrum of an intense influx in which W IV to W VIII features are observed has been analysed in order to provide spectral classifications so that these lines can be used for diagnostic purposes. The first observation of a VUV low temperature W magnetic dipole (M1) transition is reported for the W VIII ionization stage. The analysis shows where further line identifications are needed and that the provision of the highest quality atomic data for these ionization stages is desirable. W VI and W VII line intensity measurements are used to illustrate their use in determining the electron temperature of the emitting plasma region and the W concentration. Dependences of the W line intensities on plasma parameters shows the optimal conditions for the W release and suggests the site of its release.
Published: 2022

5. Isotope removal experiment in JET-ILW in view of T-removal after the 2nd DT campaign at JET

Author: T Wauters, D Matveev, D Douai, J Banks, R Buckingham, I S Carvalho, E de la Cal, E Delabie, T Dittmar, J Gaspar, A Huber, I Jepu, J Karhunen, S Knipe, M Maslov, A Meigs, I Monakhov, V S Neverov, C Noble, G Papadopoulos, E Pawelec, S Romanelli, A Shaw, H Sheikh, S Silburn, A Widdowson, P Abreu, S Aleiferis, J Bernardo, D Borodin, S Brezinsek, J Buermans, P Card, P Carvalho, K Crombe, S Dalley, L Dittrich, C Elsmore, M Groth, S Hacquin, R Henriques, V Huber, P Jacquet, X Jiang, G Jones, D Keeling, D Kinna, K Kirov, M Kovari, E Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, A B Kukushkin, H Kumpulainen, E Litherland-Smith, P Lomas, T Loarer, C Lowry, A Manzanares, A Patel, A Peacock, P Petersson, N Petrella, R A Pitts, J Romazanov, M Rubel, P Siren, T Smart, E R Solano, Ž Štancar, J Varje, A Whitehead, S Wiesen, M Zerbini, M Zlobinski, Institut universitaire des systèmes thermiques industriels (IUSTI), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Project: 633053,H2020,EURATOM-Adhoc-2014-20,EUROfusion(2014), Royal Military Academy, Forschungszentrum Jülich, CEA, Culham Science Centre, Universidade Lisboa, CIEMAT, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Aix-Marseille Université, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, University of Helsinki, Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, University of Opole, Demokritos National Centre for Scientific Research, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Fusion and Plasma Physics, Department of Applied Physics, Complutense University, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], inventory, tritium, JET, DTE2, ITER, ddc:530, wall conditioning, Condensed Matter Physics, Mathematical Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Abstract: A sequence of fuel recovery methods was tested in JET, equipped with the ITER-like beryllium main chamber wall and tungsten divertor, to reduce the plasma deuterium concentration to less than 1% in preparation for operation with tritium. This was also a key activity with regard to refining the clean-up strategy to be implemented at the end of the 2nd DT campaign in JET (DTE2) and to assess the tools that are envisaged to mitigate the tritium inventory build-up in ITER. The sequence began with 4 days of main chamber baking at 320 °C, followed by a further 4 days in which Ion Cyclotron Wall Conditioning (ICWC) and Glow Discharge Conditioning (GDC) were applied with hydrogen fuelling, still at 320 °C, followed by more ICWC while the vessel cooled gradually from 320 °C to 225 °C on the 4th day. While baking alone is very efficient at recovering fuel from the main chamber, the ICWC and GDC sessions at 320 °C still removed slightly higher amounts of fuel than found previously in isotopic changeover experiments at 200 °C in JET. Finally, GDC and ICWC are found to have similar removal efficiency per unit of discharge energy. The baking week with ICWC and GDC was followed by plasma discharges to remove deposited fuel from the divertor. Raising the inner divertor strike point up to the uppermost accessible point allowed local heating of the surfaces to at least 800 °C for the duration of this discharge configuration (typically 18 s), according to infra-red thermography measurements. In laboratory thermal desorption measurements, maintaining this temperature level for several minutes depletes thick co-deposit samples of fuel. The fuel removal by 14 diverted plasma discharges is analysed, of which 9, for 160 s in total, with raised inner strike point. The initial D content in these discharges started at the low value of 3%–5%, due to the preceding baking and conditioning sequence, and reduced further to 1%, depending on the applied configuration, thus meeting the experimental target.
Published: 2022

6. Recent progress in L-H transition studies at JET: tritium, helium, hydrogen and deuterium

Author: E.R. Solano, E. Delabie, G. Birkenmeier, C. Silva, J.C. Hillesheim, P. Vincenzi, A.H. Nielsen, J.Juul Rasmussen, A. Baciero, S. Aleiferis, I. Balboa, A. Boboc, C. Bourdelle, I.S. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, M. Chernyshova, R. Coelho, T. Craciunescu, R. Dumont, P. Dumortier, E.de la Luna, J. Flanagan, M. Fontana, J.M. Fontdecaba, L. Frassinetti, D. Gallart, J. Garcia, E. Giovannozzi, C. Giroud, W. Gromelski, R. Henriques, L. Horvath, P. Jacquet, I. Jepu, A. Kappatou, D.L. Keeling, D. King, E. Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, M. Lennholm, E. Lerche, E. Litherland-Smith, V. Kiptily, K. Kirov, A. Loarte, B. Lomanowski, C.F. Maggi, M.J. Mantsinen, A. Manzanares, M. Maslov, A.G. Meigs, I. Monakhov, R.B. Morales, D. Nina, C. Noble, V. Parail, F.Parra Diaz, E. Pawelec, G. Pucella, D. Réfy, E. Righi-Steele, F.G. Rimini, T. Robinson, S. Saarelma, M. Sertoli, A. Shaw, S. Silburn, P. Sirén, Ž. Štancar, H. Sun, G. Szepesi, D. Taylor, E. Tholerus, S. Vartanian, G. Verdoolaege, B. Viola, H. Weisen, T. Wilson, JET Contributors, and JET Contributors
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Plasma Physics, tritium, L–H transition, Physics::Atomic Physics, helium, isotope, Condensed Matter Physics, L-H transition
Abstract: We present an overview of results from a series of L–H transition experiments undertaken at JET since the installation of the ITER-like-wall (JET-ILW), with beryllium wall tiles and a tungsten divertor. Tritium, helium and deuterium plasmas have been investigated. Initial results in tritium show ohmic L–H transitions at low density and the power threshold for the L–H transition (P LH) is lower in tritium plasmas than in deuterium ones at low densities, while we still lack contrasted data to provide a scaling at high densities. In helium plasmas there is a notable shift of the density at which the power threshold is minimum ( n ¯ e , min ) to higher values relative to deuterium and hydrogen references. Above n ¯ e , min (He) the L–H power threshold at high densities is similar for D and He plasmas. Transport modelling in slab geometry shows that in helium neoclassical transport competes with interchange-driven transport, unlike in hydrogen isotopes. Measurements of the radial electric field in deuterium plasmas show that E r shear is not a good indicator of proximity to the L–H transition. Transport analysis of ion heat flux in deuterium plasmas show a non-linearity as density is decreased below n ¯ e , min . Lastly, a regression of the JET-ILW deuterium data is compared to the 2008 ITPA scaling law.
Published: 2022

7. The power threshold of H-mode access in mixed hydrogen–tritium and pure tritium plasmas at JET with ITER-like wall

Author: G. Birkenmeier, E.R. Solano, E. Lerche, D. Taylor, D. Gallart, M.J. Mantsinen, E. Delabie, I.S. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, E. Pawelec, J.C. Hillesheim, F. Parra Diaz, C. Silva, S. Aleiferis, J. Bernardo, A. Boboc, D. Douai, E. Litherland-Smith, R. Henriques, K.K. Kirov, C.F. Maggi, J. Mailloux, M. Maslov, F.G. Rimini, S.A. Silburn, P. Sirén, H. Weisen, JET Contributors, and Barcelona Supercomputing Center
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Física::Física de fluids [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Isòtops, L–H transition, Tritium plasmas, Paper, magnetic confinement fusion, fusion plasmas, L-H transition, JET tokamak, tritium plasmas, Tritium, Condensed Matter Physics, jet tokamak, ddc, Physics::Plasma Physics, Fusion plasmas, Physics::Space Physics, Magnetic confinement fusion, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Tokamaks, l-h transition
Abstract: The heating power to access the high confinement mode (H-mode), PLH, scales approximately inversely with the isotope mass of the main ion plasma species as found in (protonic) hydrogen, deuterium and tritium plasmas in many fusion facilities over the last decades. In first dedicated L–H transition experiments at the Joint European Torus (JET) tokamak facility with the ITER-like wall (ILW), the power threshold, PLH, was studied systematically in plasmas of pure tritium and hydrogen–tritium mixtures at a magnetic field of 1.8 T and a plasma current of 1.7 MA in order to assess whether this scaling still holds in a metallic wall device. The measured power thresholds, PLH, in Ohmically heated tritium plasmas agree well with the expected isotope scaling for metallic walls and the lowest power threshold was found in Ohmic phases at low density. The measured power thresholds in ion cyclotron heated plasmas of pure tritium or hydrogen–tritium mixtures are significantly higher than the expected isotope mass scaling due to higher radiation levels. However, when the radiated power is taken into account, the ion cyclotron heated plasmas exhibit similar power thresholds as a neutral beam heated plasma, and are close to the scaling. The tritium plasmas in this study tended to higher electron heating fractions and, when heated with ion cyclotron waves, to relatively higher radiation fractions compared to other isotopes potentially impeding access to sustained H-modes. The authors thank P.A. Schneider, F. Ryter, A. Nielsen, and A. Kappatou for fruitful discussions and for help with data analysis tools. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom Research and Training Programme 2014–2018 and 2019–2020 under Grant Agreement No. 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. G. Birkenmeier received funding from the Helmholtz Association under Grant No. VH-NG-1350. Peer Reviewed "Article signat per 27 autors/es: G. Birkenmeier, E.R. Solano, E. Lerche, D. Taylor, D. Gallart, M.J. Mantsinen, E. Delabie, I.S. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, E. Pawelec, J.C. Hillesheim, F. Parra Diaz, C. Silva, S. Aleiferis, J. Bernardo, A. Boboc, D. Douai, E. Litherland-Smith, R. Henriques, K.K. Kirov, C.F. Maggi, J. Mailloux, M. Maslov, F.G. Rimini, S.A. Silburn, P. Sirén, H. Weisen and JET Contributors"
Published: 2022

8. Structure of the JET edge radial electric field in He and D plasmas

Author: G. Birkenmeier, Carlos B. da Silva, D. Nina, L. Gil, C. Giroud, Jet Contributors, S. Aleiferis, R. B. Morales, E. R. Solano, E. Litherland-Smith, J. C. Hillesheim, A. Silva, E. Delabie, and JET Contributors
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Jet (fluid), Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, Plasma, Edge (geometry), 010306 general physics, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Computational physics
Published: 2021

9. Letter

Author: Carlos B. da Silva, B. Viola, E. Lerche, M. Maslov, Maryna Chernyshova, Teddy Craciunescu, Paulo Carvalho, Ph. Jacquet, E. Tholerus, E. R. Solano, I. Jepu, S. Vartanian, J. M. Fontdecaba, A. Kappatou, V.V. Parail, J. C. Hillesheim, E. Delabie, E. de la Luna, G. Birkenmeier, F.G. Rimini, Ewa Pawelec, P. Siren, A. Loarte, A. Shaw, Ivo S. Carvalho, F. Parra Diaz, A. Boboc, H. Weisen, E. Litherland-Smith, Gabor Szepesi, M. Lennholm, R. Henriques, Žiga Štancar, D. King, Jet Contributors, and JET Contributors
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Jet (fluid), L–H transition, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, helium, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, ddc, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, tokamak, Helium
Abstract: We present a study of the power threshold for L–H transitions (PLH) in almost pure helium plasmas, obtained in recent experiments at JET with an ITER-like wall (Be wall and W divertor). The most notable new result is that the density at which PLH is minimum, ${\bar{n}}_{\text{e},\mathrm{min}}$, is considerably higher for helium than for deuterium and hydrogen plasmas. We discuss the possible implications for ITER in its pre-fusion operating power phase.
Published: 2020

10. The development, testing and comparison of unfolding methods in SPECTRA-UF for neutron spectrometry

Author: R. Worrall, C. Wilson, Lee W. Packer, E. Litherland-Smith, C.R. Nobs, Mark R. Gilbert, B. Colling, and A. Zohar
Subjects: Physics, Fission, Mechanical Engineering, Subroutine, Fredholm integral equation, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, Synthetic data, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Computational physics, symbols.namesake, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Orders of magnitude (time), 0103 physical sciences, symbols, A priori and a posteriori, General Materials Science, Neutron, 010306 general physics, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: Spectrum unfolding is a key tool used together with diagnostics in the determination of nuclear fields that are associated with a range of nuclear technologies spanning fusion, fission, nuclear medicine and accelerator domains. The underlying process requires a mathematical method for solving the Fredholm integral equation of the first kind. This paper discusses the development, testing and comparison of the modern combined framework of methods for performing neutron spectrum unfolding SPECTRA-UF, which includes the UF_G and UF_M subroutines, based on the underlying mathematics of the GRAVEL and MAXED methods respectively, along with a custom parameterised subroutine, UF_P. We compared the behaviour of each method using a set of synthetic data. We discuss the challenges associated with unfolding fusion spectra, and the behaviour of each subroutine along with the feasibility of using general parameterised spectra as initial a priori spectra. The UF_M, UF_G and UF_P methods showed reasonable agreement where good a priori was supplied and all improved on the a priori spectrum given, but behaved poorly where less accurate a priori was provided, with UF_G showing itself to rely more heavily on the a priori spectrum given. The UF_M subroutine performed most favourably, producing the lowest mean fractional deviation across the majority of spectra. The UF_P was able to represent the fusion peaks and relatively smooth epi-thermal regions, but performed less well where the flux spanned many orders of magnitude. The modelling of the down-scatter component of the fusion peaks was also challenging to reliably model using simple distributions.
Published: 2020

11. Overview of JET results for optimising ITER operation

Author: J. Mailloux, N. Abid, K. Abraham, P. Abreu, O. Adabonyan, P. Adrich, V. Afanasev, M. Afzal, T. Ahlgren, L. Aho-Mantila, N. Aiba, M. Airila, M. Akhtar, R. Albanese, M. Alderson-Martin, D. Alegre, S. Aleiferis, A. Aleksa, A.G. Alekseev, E. Alessi, P. Aleynikov, J. Algualcil, M. Ali, M. Allinson, B. Alper, E. Alves, G. Ambrosino, R. Ambrosino, V. Amosov, E.Andersson Sundén, P. Andrew, B.M. Angelini, C. Angioni, I. Antoniou, L.C. Appel, C. Appelbee, S. Aria, M. Ariola, G. Artaserse, W. Arter, V. Artigues, N. Asakura, A. Ash, N. Ashikawa, V. Aslanyan, M. Astrain, O. Asztalos, D. Auld, F. Auriemma, Y. Austin, L. Avotina, E. Aymerich, A. Baciero, F. Bairaktaris, J. Balbin, L. Balbinot, I. Balboa, M. Balden, C. Balshaw, N. Balshaw, V.K. Bandaru, J. Banks, Yu.F. Baranov, C. Barcellona, A. Barnard, M. Barnard, R. Barnsley, A. Barth, M. Baruzzo, S. Barwell, M. Bassan, A. Batista, P. Batistoni, L. Baumane, B. Bauvir, L. Baylor, P.S. Beaumont, D. Beckett, A. Begolli, M. Beidler, N. Bekris, M. Beldishevski, E. Belli, F. Belli, É. Belonohy, M. Ben Yaala, J. Benayas, J. Bentley, H. Bergsåker, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, M. Berry, L. Bertalot, H. Betar, M. Beurskens, S. Bickerton, B. Bieg, J. Bielecki, A. Bierwage, T. Biewer, R. Bilato, P. Bílková, G. Birkenmeier, H. Bishop, J.P.S. Bizarro, J. Blackburn, P. Blanchard, P. Blatchford, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, P. Bohm, T. Bohm, I. Bolshakova, T. Bolzonella, N. Bonanomi, D. Bonfiglio, X. Bonnin, P. Bonofiglo, S. Boocock, A. Booth, J. Booth, D. Borba, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, C. Boulbe, C. Bourdelle, M. Bowden, K. Boyd, I.Božičević Mihalić, S.C. Bradnam, V. Braic, L. Brandt, R. Bravanec, B. Breizman, A. Brett, S. Brezinsek, M. Brix, K. Bromley, B. Brown, D. Brunetti, R. Buckingham, M. Buckley, R. Budny, J. Buermans, H. Bufferand, P. Buratti, A. Burgess, A. Buscarino, A. Busse, D. Butcher, E.de la Cal, G. Calabrò, L. Calacci, R. Calado, Y. Camenen, G. Canal, B. Cannas, M. Cappelli, S. Carcangiu, P. Card, A. Cardinali, P. Carman, D. Carnevale, M. Carr, D. Carralero, L. Carraro, I.S. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, I. Casiraghi, F.J. Casson, C. Castaldo, J.P. Catalan, N. Catarino, F. Causa, M. Cavedon, M. Cecconello, C.D. Challis, B. Chamberlain, C.S. Chang, A. Chankin, B. Chapman, M. Chernyshova, A. Chiariello, P. Chmielewski, A. Chomiczewska, L. Chone, G. Ciraolo, D. Ciric, J. Citrin, Ł. Ciupinski, M. Clark, R. Clarkson, C. Clements, M. Cleverly, J.P. Coad, P. Coates, A. Cobalt, V. Coccorese, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, I.H. Coffey, A. Colangeli, L. Colas, C. Collins, J. Collins, S. Collins, D. Conka, S. Conroy, B. Conway, N.J. Conway, D. Coombs, P. Cooper, S. Cooper, C. Corradino, G. Corrigan, D. Coster, P. Cox, T. Craciunescu, S. Cramp, C. Crapper, D. Craven, R. Craven, M.Crialesi Esposito, G. Croci, D. Croft, A. Croitoru, K. Crombé, T. Cronin, N. Cruz, C. Crystal, G. Cseh, A. Cufar, A. Cullen, M. Curuia, T. Czarski, H. Dabirikhah, A.Dal Molin, E. Dale, P. Dalgliesh, S. Dalley, J. Dankowski, P. David, A. Davies, S. Davies, G. Davis, K. Dawson, S. Dawson, I.E. Day, M. De Bock, G. De Temmerman, G. De Tommasi, K. Deakin, J. Deane, R. Dejarnac, D. Del Sarto, E. Delabie, D. Del-Castillo-Negrete, A. Dempsey, R.O. Dendy, P. Devynck, A. Di Siena, C. Di Troia, T. Dickson, P. Dinca, T. Dittmar, J. Dobrashian, R.P. Doerner, A.J.H. Donné, S. Dorling, S. Dormido-Canto, D. Douai, S. Dowson, R. Doyle, M. Dreval, P. Drewelow, P. Drews, G. Drummond, Ph. Duckworth, H. Dudding, R. Dumont, P. Dumortier, D. Dunai, T. Dunatov, M. Dunne, I. Ďuran, F. Durodié, R. Dux, A. Dvornova, R. Eastham, J. Edwards, Th. Eich, A. Eichorn, N. Eidietis, A. Eksaeva, H. El Haroun, G. Ellwood, C. Elsmore, O. Embreus, S. Emery, G. Ericsson, B. Eriksson, F. Eriksson, J. Eriksson, L.G. Eriksson, S. Ertmer, S. Esquembri, A.L. Esquisabel, T. Estrada, G. Evans, S. Evans, E. Fable, D. Fagan, M. Faitsch, M. Falessi, A. Fanni, A. Farahani, I. Farquhar, A. Fasoli, B. Faugeras, S. Fazinić, F. Felici, R. Felton, A. Fernandes, H. 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Hu, A. Huber, V. Huber, T. Huddleston, G.T.A. Huijsmans, P. Huynh, A. Hynes, M. Iliasova, D. Imrie, M. Imríšek, J. Ingleby, P. Innocente, K. Insulander Björk, N. Isernia, I. Ivanova-Stanik, E. Ivings, S. Jablonski, S. Jachmich, T. Jackson, P. Jacquet, H. Järleblad, F. Jaulmes, J.Jenaro Rodriguez, I. Jepu, E. Joffrin, R. Johnson, T. Johnson, J. Johnston, C. Jones, G. Jones, L. Jones, N. Jones, T. Jones, A. Joyce, R. Juarez, M. Juvonen, P. Kalniņa, T. Kaltiaisenaho, J. Kaniewski, A. Kantor, A. Kappatou, J. Karhunen, D. Karkinsky, Yu Kashchuk, M. Kaufman, G. Kaveney, Ye.O. Kazakov, V. Kazantzidis, D.L. Keeling, R. Kelly, M. Kempenaars, C. Kennedy, D. Kennedy, J. Kent, K. Khan, E. Khilkevich, C. Kiefer, J. Kilpeläinen, C. Kim, Hyun-Tae Kim, S.H. Kim, D.B. King, R. King, D. Kinna, V.G. Kiptily, A. Kirjasuo, K.K. Kirov, A. Kirschner, T. kiviniemi, G. Kizane, M. Klas, C. Klepper, A. Klix, G. Kneale, M. Knight, P. Knight, R. Knights, S. Knipe, M. Knolker, S. Knott, M. Kocan, F. Köchl, I. 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Sarychev, O. Sauter, P. Sauwan, N. Scapin, F. Schluck, K. Schmid, S. Schmuck, M. Schneider, P.A. Schneider, D. Schwörer, G. Scott, M. Scott, D. Scraggs, S. Scully, M. Segato, Jaemin Seo, G. Sergienko, M. Sertoli, S.E. Sharapov, A. Shaw, H. Sheikh, U. Sheikh, A. Shepherd, A. Shevelev, P. Shigin, K. Shinohara, S. Shiraiwa, D. Shiraki, M. Short, G. Sias, S.A. Silburn, A. Silva, C. Silva, J. Silva, D. Silvagni, D. Simfukwe, J. Simpson, D. Sinclair, S.K. Sipilä, A.C.C. Sips, P. Sirén, A. Sirinelli, H. Sjöstrand, N. Skinner, J. Slater, N. Smith, P. Smith, J. Snell, G. Snoep, L. Snoj, P. Snyder, S. Soare, E.R. Solano, V. Solokha, A. Somers, C. Sommariva, K. Soni, E. Sorokovoy, M. Sos, J. Sousa, C. Sozzi, S. Spagnolo, T. Spelzini, F. Spineanu, D. Spong, D. Sprada, S. Sridhar, C. Srinivasan, G. Stables, G. Staebler, I. Stamatelatos, Z. Stancar, P. Staniec, G. Stankūnas, M. Stead, E. Stefanikova, A. Stephen, J. Stephens, P. Stevenson, M. Stojanov, P. Strand, H.R. Strauss, S. Strikwerda, P. Ström, C.I. Stuart, W. Studholme, M. Subramani, E. Suchkov, S. Sumida, H.J. Sun, T.E. Susts, J. Svensson, J. Svoboda, R. Sweeney, D. Sytnykov, T. Szabolics, G. Szepesi, B. Tabia, T. Tadić, B. Tál, T. Tala, A. Tallargio, P. Tamain, H. Tan, K. Tanaka, W. Tang, M. Tardocchi, D. Taylor, A.S. Teimane, G. Telesca, N. Teplova, A. Teplukhina, D. Terentyev, A. Terra, D. Terranova, N. Terranova, D. Testa, E. Tholerus, J. Thomas, E. Thoren, A. Thorman, W. Tierens, R.A. Tinguely, A. Tipton, H. Todd, M. Tokitani, P. Tolias, M. Tomeš, A. Tookey, Y. Torikai, U. von Toussaint, P. Tsavalas, D. Tskhakaya, I. Turner, M. Turner, M.M. Turner, M. Turnyanskiy, G. Tvalashvili, S. Tyrrell, M. Tyshchenko, A. Uccello, V. Udintsev, G. Urbanczyk, A. Vadgama, D. Valcarcel, M. Valisa, P.Vallejos Olivares, O. Vallhagen, M. Valovič, D. Van Eester, J. Varje, S. Vartanian, T. Vasilopoulou, G. Vayakis, M. Vecsei, J. Vega, S. Ventre, G. Verdoolaege, C. Verona, G.Verona Rinati, E. Veshchev, N. Vianello, E. Viezzer, L. 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Zocco, A. Zohar, V. Zoita, S. Zoletnik, V.K. Zotta, I. Zoulias, W. Zwingmann, I. Zychor, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Culham Science Centre, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Uppsala University, European Commission, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Universidade Lisboa, Fusion and Plasma Physics, University of Milan - Bicocca, General Atomics, ITER, University of Toyama, CEA, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Technical University of Madrid, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Royal Military Academy, Seoul National University, Chalmers University of Technology, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, JET Contributor, Mailloux, Joelle, Chiariello, Andrea, Martone, Raffaele, Formisano, Alessandro, Mattei, Massimiliano, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Mecànica de Fluids, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Albanese, Raffaele, Ambrosino, Giuseppe, Ambrosino, Roberto, Coccorese, Vincenzo, De Tommasi, Gianmaria, Fresa, Raffaele, Pironti, Alfredo, Quercia, Antonio, Rubinacci, Guglielmo, Et, Al, Mailloux, J, Abid, N, Abraham, K, Abreu, P, Adabonyan, O, Adrich, P, Afanasev, V, Afzal, M, Ahlgren, T, Aho-Mantila, L, Aiba, N, Airila, M, Akhtar, M, Albanese, R, Alderson-Martin, M, Alegre, D, Aleiferis, S, Aleksa, A, Alekseev, A, Alessi, E, Aleynikov, P, Algualcil, J, Ali, M, Allinson, M, Alper, B, Alves, E, Ambrosino, G, Ambrosino, R, Amosov, V, Sunden, E, Andrew, P, Angelini, B, Angioni, C, Antoniou, I, Appel, L, Appelbee, C, Aria, S, Ariola, M, Artaserse, G, Arter, W, Artigues, V, Asakura, N, Ash, A, Ashikawa, N, Aslanyan, V, Astrain, M, Asztalos, O, Auld, D, Auriemma, F, Austin, Y, Avotina, L, Aymerich, E, Baciero, A, Bairaktaris, F, Balbin, J, Balbinot, L, Balboa, I, Balden, M, Balshaw, C, Balshaw, N, Bandaru, V, Banks, J, Baranov, Y, Barcellona, C, Barnard, A, Barnard, M, Barnsley, R, Barth, A, Baruzzo, M, Barwell, S, Bassan, M, Batista, A, Batistoni, P, Baumane, L, Bauvir, B, Baylor, L, Beaumont, P, Beckett, D, Begolli, A, Beidler, M, Bekris, N, Beldishevski, M, Belli, E, Belli, F, Belonohy, E, Ben Yaala, M, Benayas, J, Bentley, J, Bergsaker, H, Bernardo, J, Bernert, M, Berry, M, Bertalot, L, Betar, H, Beurskens, M, Bickerton, S, Bieg, B, Bielecki, J, Bierwage, A, Biewer, T, Bilato, R, Bilkova, P, Birkenmeier, G, Bishop, H, Bizarro, J, Blackburn, J, Blanchard, P, Blatchford, P, Bobkov, V, Boboc, A, Bohm, P, Bohm, T, Bolshakova, I, Bolzonella, T, Bonanomi, N, Bonfiglio, D, Bonnin, X, Bonofiglo, P, Boocock, S, Booth, A, Booth, J, Borba, D, Borodin, D, Borodkina, I, Boulbe, C, Bourdelle, C, Bowden, M, Boyd, K, Mihalic, I, Bradnam, S, Braic, V, Brandt, L, Bravanec, R, Breizman, B, Brett, A, Brezinsek, S, Brix, M, Bromley, K, Brown, B, Brunetti, D, Buckingham, R, Buckley, M, Budny, R, Buermans, J, Bufferand, H, Buratti, P, Burgess, A, Buscarino, A, Busse, A, Butcher, D, de la Cal, E, Calabro, G, Calacci, L, Calado, R, Camenen, Y, Canal, G, Cannas, B, Cappelli, M, Carcangiu, S, Card, P, Cardinali, A, Carman, P, Carnevale, D, Carr, M, Carralero, D, Carraro, L, Carvalho, I, Carvalho, P, Casiraghi, I, Casson, F, Castaldo, C, Catalan, J, Catarino, N, Causa, F, Cavedon, M, Cecconello, M, Challis, C, Chamberlain, B, Chang, C, Chankin, A, Chapman, B, Chernyshova, M, Chiariello, A, Chmielewski, P, Chomiczewska, A, Chone, L, Ciraolo, G, Ciric, D, Clark, M, Clarkson, R, Clements, C, Cleverly, M, Coad, J, Coates, P, Cobalt, A, Coccorese, V, Coelho, R, Coenen, J, Coffey, I, Colangeli, A, Colas, L, Collins, C, Collins, J, Collins, S, Conka, D, Conroy, S, Conway, B, Conway, N, Coombs, D, Cooper, P, Cooper, S, Corradino, C, Corrigan, G, Coster, D, Cox, P, Craciunescu, T, Cramp, S, Crapper, C, Craven, D, Craven, R, Esposito, M, Croci, G, Croft, D, Croitoru, A, Crombe, K, Cronin, T, Cruz, N, Crystal, C, Cseh, G, Cufar, A, Cullen, A, Curuia, M, Czarski, T, Dabirikhah, H, Dal Molin, A, Dale, E, Dalgliesh, P, Dalley, S, Dankowski, J, David, P, Davies, A, Davies, S, Davis, G, Dawson, K, Dawson, S, Day, I, De Bock, M, De Temmerman, G, De Tommasi, G, Deakin, K, Deane, J, Dejarnac, R, Del Sarto, D, Delabie, E, Del-Castillo-Negrete, D, Dempsey, A, Dendy, R, Devynck, P, Di Siena, A, Di Troia, C, Dickson, T, Dinca, P, Dittmar, T, Dobrashian, J, Doerner, R, Donne, A, Dorling, S, Dormido-Canto, S, Douai, D, Dowson, S, Doyle, R, Dreval, M, Drewelow, P, Drews, P, Drummond, G, Duckworth, P, Dudding, H, Dumont, R, Dumortier, P, Dunai, D, Dunatov, T, Dunne, M, Durodie, F, Dux, R, Dvornova, A, Eastham, R, Edwards, J, Eich, T, Eichorn, A, Eidietis, N, Eksaeva, A, El Haroun, H, Ellwood, G, Elsmore, C, Embreus, O, Emery, S, Ericsson, G, Eriksson, B, Eriksson, F, Eriksson, J, Eriksson, L, Ertmer, S, Esquembri, S, Esquisabel, A, Estrada, T, Evans, G, Evans, S, Fable, E, Fagan, D, Faitsch, M, Falessi, M, Fanni, A, Farahani, A, Farquhar, I, Fasoli, A, Faugeras, B, Fazinic, S, Felici, F, Felton, R, Fernandes, A, Fernandes, H, Ferrand, J, Ferreira, D, Ferreira, J, Ferro, G, Fessey, J, Ficker, O, Field, A, Figueiredo, A, Figueiredo, J, Fil, A, Fil, N, Finburg, P, Fiorucci, D, Fischer, U, Fishpool, G, Fittill, L, Fitzgerald, M, Flammini, D, Flanagan, J, Flinders, K, Foley, S, Fonnesu, N, Fontana, M, Fontdecaba, J, Forbes, S, Formisano, A, Fornal, T, Fortuna, L, Fortuna-Zalesna, E, Fortune, M, Fowler, C, Fransson, E, Frassinetti, L, Freisinger, M, Fresa, R, Fridstrom, R, Frigione, D, Fulop, T, Furseman, M, Fusco, V, Futatani, S, Gadariya, D, Gal, K, Galassi, D, Galazka, K, Galeani, S, Gallart, D, Galvao, R, Gao, Y, Garcia, J, Garcia-Munoz, M, Gardener, M, Garzotti, L, Gaspar, J, Gatto, R, Gaudio, P, Gear, D, Gebhart, T, Gee, S, Gelfusa, M, George, R, Gerasimov, S, Gervasini, G, Gethins, M, Ghani, Z, Gherendi, M, Ghezzi, F, Giacalone, J, Giacomelli, L, Giacometti, G, Gibson, C, Gibson, K, Gil, L, Gillgren, A, Gin, D, Giovannozzi, E, Giroud, C, Glen, R, Gloggler, S, Goff, J, Gohil, P, Goloborodko, V, Gomes, R, Goncalves, B, Goniche, M, Goodyear, A, Gore, S, Gorini, G, Gorler, T, Gotts, N, Goulding, R, Gow, E, Graham, B, Graves, J, Greuner, H, Grierson, B, Griffiths, J, Griph, S, Grist, D, Gromelski, W, Groth, M, Grove, R, Gruca, M, Guard, D, Gupta, N, Gurl, C, Gusarov, A, Hackett, L, Hacquin, S, Hager, R, Hagg, L, Hakola, A, Halitovs, M, Hall, S, Hallworth-Cook, S, Ham, C, Hamaguchi, D, Hamed, M, Hamlyn-Harris, C, Hammond, K, Harford, E, Harrison, J, Harting, D, Hatano, Y, Hatch, D, Haupt, T, Hawes, J, Hawkes, N, Hawkins, J, Hayashi, T, Hazael, S, Hazel, S, Heesterman, P, Heidbrink, B, Helou, W, Hemming, O, Henderson, S, Henriques, R, Hepple, D, Herfindal, J, Hermon, G, Hill, J, Hillesheim, J, Hizanidis, K, Hjalmarsson, A, Ho, A, Hobirk, J, Hoenen, O, Hogben, C, Hollingsworth, A, Hollis, S, Hollmann, E, Holzl, M, Homan, B, Hook, M, Hopley, D, Horsley, D, Horsten, N, Horton, A, Horton, L, Horvath, L, Hotchin, S, Howell, R, Hu, Z, Huber, A, Huber, V, Huddleston, T, Huijsmans, G, Huynh, P, Hynes, A, Iliasova, M, Imrie, D, Imrisek, M, Ingleby, J, Innocente, P, Bjork, K, Isernia, N, Ivanova-Stanik, I, Ivings, E, Jablonski, S, Jachmich, S, Jackson, T, Jacquet, P, Jarleblad, H, Jaulmes, F, Rodriguez, J, Jepu, I, Joffrin, E, Johnson, R, Johnson, T, Johnston, J, Jones, C, Jones, G, Jones, L, Jones, N, Jones, T, Joyce, A, Juarez, R, Juvonen, M, Kaltiaisenaho, T, Kaniewski, J, Kantor, A, Kappatou, A, Karhunen, J, Karkinsky, D, Kashchuk, Y, Kaufman, M, Kaveney, G, Kazakov, Y, Kazantzidis, V, Keeling, D, Kelly, R, Kempenaars, M, Kennedy, C, Kennedy, D, Kent, J, Khan, K, Khilkevich, E, Kiefer, C, Kilpelainen, J, Kim, C, Kim, H, Kim, S, King, D, King, R, Kinna, D, Kiptily, V, Kirjasuo, A, Kirov, K, Kirschner, A, Kiviniemi, T, Kizane, G, Klas, M, Klepper, C, Klix, A, Kneale, G, Knight, M, Knight, P, Knights, R, Knipe, S, Knolker, M, Knott, S, Kocan, M, Kochl, F, Kodeli, I, Kolesnichenko, Y, Kominis, Y, Kong, M, Korovin, V, Kos, B, Kos, D, Koslowski, H, Kotschenreuther, M, Koubiti, M, Koziol, K, Krasilnikov, A, Krasilnikov, V, Kresina, M, Krieger, K, Krishnan, N, Krivska, A, Kruezi, U, Kukushkin, A, Kumpulainen, H, Kurki-Suonio, T, Kurotaki, H, Kwak, S, Kwon, O, Laguardia, L, Lagzdina, E, Lahtinen, A, Laing, A, Lam, N, Lambertz, H, Lane, B, Lane, C, Neto, E, Lawson, K, Lazaros, A, Lazzaro, E, Learoyd, G, Lee, C, Lee, S, Leerink, S, Leeson, T, Lefebvre, X, Leggate, H, Lehmann, J, Lehnen, M, Leichtle, D, Leipold, F, Lengar, I, Lennholm, M, Gutierrez, E, Lepiavko, B, Leppanen, J, Lerche, E, Lescinskis, A, Lewis, J, Leysen, W, Li, L, Li, Y, Likonen, J, Linsmeier, C, Lipschultz, B, Litaudon, X, Litherland-Smith, E, Liu, F, Loarer, T, Loarte, A, Lobel, R, Lomanowski, B, Lomas, P, Lopez, J, Lorenzini, R, Loreti, S, Losada, U, Loschiavo, V, Loughlin, M, Louka, Z, Lovell, J, Lowe, T, Lowry, C, Lubbad, S, Luce, T, Lucock, R, Lukin, A, Luna, C, de la Luna, E, Lungaroni, M, Lungu, C, Lunt, T, Lutsenko, V, Lyons, B, Lyssoivan, A, Machielsen, M, Macusova, E, Maenpaa, R, Maggi, C, Maggiora, R, Magness, M, Mahesan, S, Maier, H, Maingi, R, Malinowski, K, Manas, P, Mantica, P, Mantsinen, M, Manyer, J, Manzanares, A, Maquet, P, Marceca, G, Marcenko, N, Marchetto, C, Marchuk, O, Mariani, A, Mariano, G, Marin, M, Marinelli, M, Markovic, T, Marocco, D, Marot, L, Marsden, S, Marsh, J, Marshall, R, Martellucci, L, Martin, A, Martone, R, Maruyama, S, Maslov, M, Masuzaki, S, Matejcik, S, Mattei, M, Matthews, G, Matveev, D, Matveeva, E, Mauriya, A, Maviglia, F, Mayer, M, Mayoral, M, Mazzi, S, Mazzotta, C, Mcadams, R, Mccarthy, P, Mcclements, K, Mcclenaghan, J, Mccullen, P, Mcdonald, D, Mcguckin, D, Mchugh, D, Mcintyre, G, Mckean, R, Mckehon, J, Mcmillan, B, Mcnamee, L, Mcshee, A, Meakins, A, Medley, S, Meekes, C, Meghani, K, Meigs, A, Meisl, G, Meitner, S, Menmuir, S, Mergia, K, Merriman, S, Mertens, P, Meshchaninov, S, Messiaen, A, Michling, R, Middleton, P, Middleton-Gear, D, Mietelski, J, Milanesio, D, Milani, E, Militello, F, Asp, A, Milnes, J, Milocco, A, Miloshevsky, G, Minghao, C, Minucci, S, Miron, I, Miyamoto, M, Mlynar, J, Moiseenko, V, Monaghan, P, Monakhov, I, Moody, T, Moon, S, Mooney, R, Moradi, S, Morales, J, Morales, R, Mordijck, S, Moreira, L, Morgan, L, Moro, F, Morris, J, Morrison, K, Msero, L, Moulton, D, Mrowetz, T, Mundy, T, Muraglia, M, Murari, A, Muraro, A, Muthusonai, N, Na, Y, Nabais, F, Naden, M, Naish, J, Naish, R, Napoli, F, Nardon, E, Naulin, V, Nave, M, Nedzelskiy, I, Nemtsev, G, Nesenevich, V, Nestoras, I, Neu, R, Neverov, V, Ng, S, Nicassio, M, Nielsen, A, Nina, D, Nishijima, D, Noble, C, Nobs, C, Nocente, M, Nodwell, D, Nordlund, K, Nordman, H, Normanton, R, Noterdaeme, J, Nowak, S, Nunn, E, Nystrom, H, Oberparleiter, M, Obryk, B, O'Callaghan, J, Odupitan, T, Oliver, H, Olney, R, O'Mullane, M, Ongena, J, Organ, E, Orsitto, F, Orszagh, J, Osborne, T, Otin, R, Otsuka, T, Owen, A, 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Subjects: Technology, TOKAMAKS, PLASMAS, overview, CONFINEMENT, plasma facing components (PFC), ILW, tritium operations, d-t preparation, deuterium, D–T preparation, nuclear technology, JET with ITER-like wall, isotope, Física::Física de fluids::Física de plasmes [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Settore FIS/01, GAS HANDLING-SYSTEM, JET, Overview, ITER-like wall (ILW), D-T preparation, energetic particles, scenario development, Shattered Pellet Injection (SPI), plasma-wall interactions (PWI), tritium, Physics, Settore ING-IND/18 - Fisica dei Reattori Nucleari, shutdown dose-rate, gas handling-system, Condensed Matter Physics, simulation, Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics, ilw, confinement, Physical Sciences, SIMULATION, JET with ITER-like wallisotope, ddc:620, performance, plasma facing components (pfc), Nuclear and High Energy Physics, DEUTERIUM, jet with iter-like wall, Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik, Physics, Fluids & Plasmas, BERYLLIUM, divertor, TRITIUM, Science & Technology, Reactors de fusió, tritium operation, Nuclear energy, PERFORMANCE, beryllium, SHUTDOWN DOSE-RATE, Fusion reactors, Physics and Astronomy, JET programme, Energia nuclear, DIVERTOR, ddc:600
Abstract: The JET 2019–2020 scientific and technological programme exploited the results of years of concerted scientific and engineering work, including the ITER-like wall (ILW: Be wall and W divertor) installed in 2010, improved diagnostic capabilities now fully available, a major neutral beam injection upgrade providing record power in 2019–2020, and tested the technical and procedural preparation for safe operation with tritium. Research along three complementary axes yielded a wealth of new results. Firstly, the JET plasma programme delivered scenarios suitable for high fusion power and alpha particle (a) physics in the coming D–T campaign (DTE2), with record sustained neutron rates, as well as plasmas for clarifying the impact of isotope mass on plasma core, edge and plasma-wall interactions, and for ITER pre-fusion power operation. The efficacy of the newly installed shattered pellet injector for mitigating disruption forces and runaway electrons was demonstrated. Secondly, research on the consequences of long-term exposure to JET-ILW plasma was completed, with emphasis on wall damage and fuel retention, and with analyses of wall materials and dust particles that will help validate assumptions and codes for design and operation of ITER and DEMO. Thirdly, the nuclear technology programme aiming to deliver maximum technological return from operations in D, T and D–T benefited from the highest D–D neutron yield in years, securing results for validating radiation transport and activation codes, and nuclear data for ITER. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 and 2019–2020 under Grant Agreement No. 633053. Peer Reviewed Article signat per 1223 autors/autores: J. Mailloux1, N. Abid1, K. Abraham1, P. Abreu2, O. Adabonyan1, P. Adrich3, V. Afanasev4, M. Afzal1, T. Ahlgren5, L. Aho-Mantila6, N. Aiba7, M. Airila6, M. Akhtar1, R. Albanese8, M. Alderson-Martin1, D. Alegre9, S. Aleiferis10, A. Aleksa1, A.G. Alekseev11, E. Alessi12, P. Aleynikov13, J. Algualcil14, M. Ali1, M. Allinson1, B. Alper1, E. Alves2, G. Ambrosino8, R. Ambrosino8, V. Amosov15, E.Andersson Sunden16, P. Andrew13, B.M. Angelini17, C. Angioni18, I. Antoniou1, L.C. Appel1, C. Appelbee1, S. Aria1, M. Ariola8, G. Artaserse17, W. Arter1, V. Artigues18, N. Asakura7, A. Ash1, N. Ashikawa19, V. Aslanyan20, M. Astrain21, O. Asztalos22, D. Auld1, F. Auriemma23, Y. Austin1, L. Avotina24, E. Aymerich25, A. Baciero9, F. Bairaktaris26, J. Balbin27, L. Balbinot23, I. Balboa1, M. Balden18, C. Balshaw1, N. Balshaw1, V.K. Bandaru18, J. Banks1, Yu.F. Baranov1, C. Barcellona28, A. Barnard1, M. Barnard1, R. Barnsley13, A. Barth1, M. Baruzzo17, S. Barwell1, M. Bassan13, A. Batista2, P. Batistoni17, L. Baumane24, B. Bauvir13, L. Baylor29, P.S. Beaumont1, D. Beckett1, A. Begolli1, M. Beidler29, N. Bekris30,31, M. Beldishevski1, E. Belli32, F. Belli17, É. Belonohy1, M. Ben Yaala33, J. Benayas1, J. Bentley1, H. Bergsåker34, J. Bernardo2, M. Bernert18, M. Berry1, L. Bertalot13, H. Betar35, M. Beurskens36, S. Bickerton1, B. Bieg37, J. Bielecki38, A. Bierwage7, T. Biewer29, R. Bilato18, P. Bílková39, G. Birkenmeier18, H. Bishop1, J.P.S. Bizarro2, J. Blackburn1, P. Blanchard40, P. Blatchford1, V. Bobkov18, A. Boboc1, P. Bohm39, T. Bohm41, I. Bolshakova42, T. Bolzonella23, N. Bonanomi18, D. Bonfiglio23, X. Bonnin13, P. Bonofiglo43, S. Boocock1, A. Booth1, J. Booth1, D. Borba2,30, D. Borodin44, I. Borodkina39,44, C. Boulbe45, C. Bourdelle27, M. Bowden1, K. Boyd1, I.Bozicevic Mihalic46, S.C. Bradnam1, V. Braic47, L. Brandt48, R. Bravanec49, B. Breizman50, A. Brett1, S. Brezinsek44, M. Brix1, K. Bromley1, B. Brown1, D. Brunetti1,12, R. Buckingham1, M. Buckley1, R. Budny, J. Buermans51, H. Bufferand27, P. Buratti17, A. Burgess1, A. Buscarino28, A. Busse1, D. Butcher1, E.de la Cal9, G. Calabrò52, L. Calacci53, R. Calado2, Y. Camenen54, G. Canal55, B. Cannas25, M. Cappelli17, S. Carcangiu25, P. Card1, A. Cardinali17, P. Carman1, D. Carnevale53, M. Carr1, D. Carralero9, L. Carraro23, I.S. Carvalho2, P. Carvalho2, I. Casiraghi56, F.J. Casson1, C. Castaldo17, J.P. Catalan14, N. Catarino2, F. Causa12, M. Cavedon18, M. Cecconello16, C.D. Challis1, B. Chamberlain1, C.S. Chang43, A. Chankin18, B. Chapman1,57, M. Chernyshova58, A. Chiariello8, P. Chmielewski58, A. Chomiczewska58, L. Chone59, G. Ciraolo27, D. Ciric1, J. Citrin60, Ł. Ciupinski61, M. Clark1, R. Clarkson1, C. Clements1, M. Cleverly1, J.P. Coad1, P. Coates1, A. Cobalt1, V. Coccorese8, R. Coelho2, J.W. Coenen44, I.H. Coffey62, A. Colangeli17, L. Colas27, C. Collins29, J. Collins1, S. Collins1, D. Conka24, S. Conroy16, B. Conway1, N.J. Conway1, D. Coombs1, P. Cooper1, S. Cooper1, C. Corradino28, G. Corrigan1, D. Coster18, P. Cox1, T. Craciunescu63, S. Cramp1, C. Crapper1, D. Craven1, R. Craven1, M.Crialesi Esposito48, G. Croci56, D. Croft1, A. Croitoru63, K. Crombe51,64, T. Cronin1, N. Cruz2, C. Crystal32, G. Cseh22, A. Cufar65, A. Cullen1, M. Curuia66, T. Czarski58, H. Dabirikhah1, A.Dal Molin56, E. Dale1, P. Dalgliesh1, S. Dalley1, J. Dankowski38, P. David18, A. Davies1, S. Davies1, G. Davis1, K. Dawson1, S. Dawson1, I.E. Day1, M. De Bock13, G. De Temmerman13, G. De Tommasi8, K. Deakin1, J. Deane1, R. Dejarnac39, D. Del Sarto35, E. Delabie29, D. Del-Castillo-Negrete29, A. Dempsey67, R.O. Dendy1,57, P. Devynck27, A. Di Siena18, C. Di Troia17, T. Dickson1, P. Dinca63, T. Dittmar44, J. Dobrashian1, R.P. Doerner68, A.J.H. Donne´69, S. Dorling1, S. Dormido-Canto70, D. Douai27, S. Dowson1, R. Doyle67, M. Dreval71, P. Drewelow36, P. Drews44, G. Drummond1, Ph. Duckworth13, H. Dudding1,72, R. Dumont27, P. Dumortier51, D. Dunai22, T. Dunatov46, M. Dunne18, I. Duran39, F. Durodie51, R. Dux18, A. Dvornova27, R. Eastham1, J. Edwards1, Th. Eich18, A. Eichorn1, N. Eidietis32, A. Eksaeva44, H. El Haroun1, G. Ellwood13, C. Elsmore1, O. Embreus73, S. 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Galeani53, D. Gallart78, R. Galvao55, Y. Gao44, J. Garcia27, M. García-Muñoz79, M. Gardener1, L. Garzotti1, J. Gaspar80, R. Gatto81, P. Gaudio53, D. Gear1, T. Gebhart29, S. Gee1, M. Gelfusa53, R. George1, S.N. Gerasimov1, G. Gervasini12, M. Gethins1, Z. Ghani1, M. Gherendi63, F. Ghezzi12, J.C. Giacalone27, L. Giacomelli12, G. Giacometti54, C. Gibson1, K.J. Gibson72, L. Gil2, A. Gillgren74, D. Gin4, E. Giovannozzi17, C. Giroud1, R. Glen1, S. Glöggler18, J. Goff1, P. Gohil32, V. Goloborodko82, R. Gomes2, B. Gonçalves2, M. Goniche27, A. Goodyear1, S. Gore1, G. Gorini56, T. Görler18, N. Gotts1, R. Goulding43, E. Gow1, B. Graham1, J.P. Graves40, H. Greuner18, B. Grierson43, J. Griffiths1, S. Griph1, D. Grist1, W. Gromelski58, M. Groth59, R. Grove29, M. Gruca58, D. Guard1, N. Gupta1, C. Gurl1, A. Gusarov83, L. Hackett1, S. Hacquin27,30, R. Hager43, L. Hägg16, A. Hakola6, M. Halitovs24, S. Hall1, S.A. Hall1, S. Hallworth-Cook1, C.J. Ham1, D. Hamaguchi7, M. Hamed27, C. Hamlyn-Harris1, K. Hammond1, E. Harford1, J.R. Harrison1, D. Harting1, Y. Hatano84, D.R. Hatch50, T. Haupt1, J. Hawes1, N.C. Hawkes1, J. Hawkins1, T. Hayashi7, S. Hazael1, S. Hazel1, P. Heesterman1, B. Heidbrink85, W. Helou13, O. Hemming1, S.S. Henderson1, R.B. Henriques2, D. Hepple1, J. Herfindal29, G. Hermon1, J. Hill1, J.C. Hillesheim1, K. Hizanidis26, A. Hjalmarsson16, A. Ho60, J. Hobirk18, O. Hoenen13, C. Hogben1, A. Hollingsworth1, S. Hollis1, E. Hollmann68, M. Hölzl18, B. Homan45, M. Hook1, D. Hopley1, J. Horácek39, D. Horsley1, N. Horsten59, A. Horton1, L.D. Horton30,40, L. Horvath1,72, S. Hotchin1, R. Howell1, Z. Hu56, A. Huber44, V. Huber44, T. Huddleston1, G.T.A. Huijsmans13, P. Huynh27, A. Hynes1, M. Iliasova4, D. Imrie1, M. Imrísek39, J. Ingleby1, P. Innocente23, K. Insulander Björk73, N. Isernia8, I. Ivanova-Stanik58, E. Ivings1, S. Jablonski58, S. Jachmich13,30,51, T. Jackson1, P. Jacquet1, H. Järleblad86, F. Jaulmes39, J.Jenaro Rodriguez1, I. Jepu63, E. Joffrin27, R. Johnson1, T. Johnson34, J. Johnston1, C. Jones1, G. Jones1, L. Jones1, N. Jones1, T. Jones1, A. Joyce1, R. Juarez14, M. Juvonen1, P. Kalnin¸ a24, T. Kaltiaisenaho6, J. Kaniewski1, A. Kantor1, A. Kappatou18, J. Karhunen5, D. Karkinsky1, Yu Kashchuk87, M. Kaufman29, G. Kaveney1, Ye.O. Kazakov51, V. Kazantzidis26, D.L. Keeling1, R. Kelly1, M. Kempenaars13, C. Kennedy1, D. Kennedy1, J. Kent1, K. Khan1, E. Khilkevich4, C. Kiefer18, J. Kilpeläinen59, C. Kim32, Hyun-Tae Kim1,30, S.H. Kim13, D.B. King1, R. King1, D. Kinna1, V.G. Kiptily1, A. Kirjasuo6, K.K. Kirov1, A. Kirschner44, T. kiviniemi59, G. Kizane24, M. Klas88, C. Klepper29, A. Klix31, G. Kneale1, M. Knight1, P. Knight1, R. Knights1, S. Knipe1, M. Knolker32, S. Knott89, M. Kocan13, F. Köchl1, I. Kodeli65, Y. Kolesnichenko82, Y. Kominis26, M. Kong1, V. Korovin71, B. Kos65, D. Kos1, H.R. Koslowski44, M. Kotschenreuther50, M. Koubiti54, E. Kowalska-Strzeciwilk ˛ 58, K. Koziol3, A. Krasilnikov87, V. Krasilnikov13,15, M. Kresina1,27, K. Krieger18, N. 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Teplukhina43, D. Terentyev83, A. Terra44, D. Terranova23, N. Terranova17, D. Testa40, E. Tholerus1,34, J. Thomas1, E. Thoren113, A. Thorman1, W. Tierens18, R.A. Tinguely20, A. Tipton1, H. Todd1, M. Tokitani19, P. Tolias113, M. Tomes39, A. Tookey1, Y. Torikai118, U. von Toussaint18, P. Tsavalas10, D. Tskhakaya39,119, I. Turner1, M. Turner1, M.M. Turner67, M. Turnyanskiy1,69, G. Tvalashvili1, S. Tyrrell1, M. Tyshchenko82, A. Uccello12, V. Udintsev13, G. Urbanczyk27, A. Vadgama1, D. Valcarcel1, M. Valisa23, P.Vallejos Olivares34, O. Vallhagen73, M. Valovicˇ1, D. Van Eester51, J. Varje59, S. Vartanian27, T. Vasilopoulou10, G. Vayakis13, M. Vecsei22, J. Vega9, S. Ventre8, G. Verdoolaege64, C. Verona53, G.Verona Rinati53, E. Veshchev13, N. Vianello23, E. Viezzer79, L. Vignitchouk113, R. Vila9, R. Villari17, F. Villone8, P. Vincenzi23, I. Vinyar94, B. Viola17, A.J. Virtanen59, A. Vitins24, Z. Vizvary1, G. Vlad17, M. Vlad63, P. Vondrácek39, P.de Vries13, B. Wakeling1, N.R. Walkden1, M. Walker1, R. Walker1, M. Walsh13, E. Wang44, N. Wang1, S. Warder1, R. Warren1, J. Waterhouse1, C. Watts13, T. Wauters51, A. Weckmann34, H.Wedderburn Maxwell1, M. Weiland18, H. Weisen40, M. Weiszflog16, P. Welch1, N. Wendler58, A. West1, M. Wheatley1, S. Wheeler1, A. Whitehead1, D. Whittaker1, A. Widdowson1, S. Wiesen44, J. Wilkinson1, J.C. Williams1, D. Willoughby1, I. Wilson1, J. Wilson1, T. Wilson1, M. Wischmeier18, P. Wise1, G. Withenshaw1, A. Withycombe1, D. Witts1, A. Wojcik-Gargula38, E. Wolfrum18, R. Wood1, C. Woodley1, R. Woodley1, B. Woods1, J. Wright1, J.C. Wright20, T. Xu1, D. Yadikin74, M. Yajima19, Y. Yakovenko82, Y. Yang13, W. Yanling44, V. Yanovskiy39, I. Young1, R. Young1, R.J. Zabolockis24, J. Zacks1, R. Zagorski3, F.S. Zaitsev88, L. Zakharov5, A. Zarins24, D. Zarzoso Fernandez54, K.-D. Zastrow1, Y. Zayachuk1, M. Zerbini17, W. Zhang18, Y. Zhou34, M. Zlobinski44, A. Zocco36, A. Zohar65, V. Zoita63, S. Zoletnik22, V.K. Zotta81, I. Zoulias1, W. Zwingmann2 and I. Zychor3 // 1 United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 2 Instituto de Plasmas e Fusao Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal 3 National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), 05-400 Otwock-Swierk, Poland 4 Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St Petersburg 194021, Russia 5 University of Helsinki, PO Box 43, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland 6 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, PO Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland 7 National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Naka, Ibaraki 311-0193, Japan 8 Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy 9 Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain 10 NCSR ‘Demokritos’ 153 10, Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece 11 NRC Kurchatov Institute, 1 Kurchatov Square, Moscow 123182, Russia 12 Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, CNR, via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy 13 ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France 14 Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Dept Ingn Energet, Calle Juan del Rosal 12, E-28040 Madrid, Spain 15 Troitsk Insitute of Innovating and Thermonuclear Research (TRINITI), Troitsk 142190, Moscow Region, Russia 16 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden 17 Dip.to Fusione e Tecnologie per la Sicurezza Nucleare, ENEA C. R. Frascati, via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy 18 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, D-85748 Garching, Germany 19 National Institute for Fusion Science, Oroshi, Toki, Gifu 509-5292, Japan 20 MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America 21 Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Grupo I2A2, Madrid, Spain 22 Centre for Energy Research, POB 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary 23 Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy 24 University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga, LV 1586, Latvia 25 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d’Armi 09123 Cagliari, Italy 26 National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Politechniou 9, 157 73 Zografou, Athens, Greece 27 CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France 28 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica Elettronica e Informatica, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy 29 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, TN, United States of America 30 EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Culham Science Centre, Culham, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 31 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, PO Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany 32 General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186-5608, United States of America 33 Department of Physics, University of Basel, Switzerland 34 Fusion Plasma Physics, EECS, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden 35 Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France 36 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Teilinsitut Greifswald, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany 37 Maritime University of Szczecin Faculty of Marine Engineering, Waly Chrobrego 1-2, 70-500 Szczecin, Poland 38 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland 39 Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic 40 Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 41 University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America 42 Magnetic Sensor Laboratory, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine 43 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, James Forrestal Campus, Princeton, NJ 08543, NJ, United States of America 44 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung, Plasmaphysik, 52425 Jülich, Germany 45 Université Cote d’Azur, CNRS, Inria, LJAD, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 02, France 46 Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 47 The National Institute for Optoelectronics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania 48 Mechanics, SCI, KTH SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden 49 Fourth State Research, 503 Lockhart Dr, Austin, TX, United States of America 50 University of Texas at Austin, Institute for Fusion Studies, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America 51 Laboratory for Plasma Physics LPP-ERM/KMS, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium 52 University of Tuscia, DEIM, Via del Paradiso 47, 01100 Viterbo, Italy 53 Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, Roma, Italy 54 Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, PIIM, UMR 7345, 13013 Marseille, France 55 Instituto de Física, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua do Mat˜ao Travessa R Nr.187, CEP 05508-090 Cidade Universitária, Sao Paulo, Brasil 56 University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy 57 Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 58 Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland 59 Aalto University, PO Box 14100, FIN-00076 Aalto, Finland 60 FOM Institute DIFFER, Eindhoven, The Netherlands 61 Warsaw University of Technology, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland 62 Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 63 The National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania 64 Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium 65 Slovenian Fusion Association (SFA), Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 66 The National Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technology, Ramnicu Valcea, Romania 67 Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin, Ireland 68 University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America 69 EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany 70 UNED, Dpto. Informática y Automática, Madrid, Spain 71 National Science Center ‘Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology’, Akademichna 1, Kharkiv 61108, Ukraine 72 York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 73 Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden 74 Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden 75 European Commission, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium 76 University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, TN, United States of America 77 Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain 78 Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain 79 Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain 80 Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IUSTI, UMR 7343, 13013 Marseille, France 81 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Astronautica, Elettrica ed Energetica, SAPIENZA Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy 82 Institute for Nuclear Research, Prospekt Nauky 47, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine 83 Studiecentrum voor Kernenergie—Centre d’Etude de l’Energie Nucléaire, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium 84 University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan 85 University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States of America 86 Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Bldg 309, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark 87 Institution ‘Project Center ITER’, Moscow, 123182, Russia 88 Faculty of Mathematics, Department of Experimental Physics, Physics and Informatics Comenius University Mlynska dolina F2, 84248 Bratislava, Slovakia 89 University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland 90 Institute of Physics, Opole University, Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland 91 Daegu University, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-174, Republic of Korea 92 Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 93 Fusion for Energy Joint Undertaking, Josep Pl. 2, Torres Diagonal Litoral B3, 08019, Barcelona, Spain 94 PELIN LLC, 27a, Gzhatskaya Ulitsa, Saint Petersburg, 195220, Russia 95 Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America 96 Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, I-10129 Torino, Italy 97 ICREA and Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain 98 Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain 99 Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi—CNR and Dipartimento di Energia—Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy 100 Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands 101 Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America 102 Department of Material Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan 103 Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Brehová 78/7, 115 19 Praha 1, Czech Republic 104 College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, United States of America 105 University of California, 1111 Franklin St., Oakland, CA 94607, United States of America 106 University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 107 Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan 108 Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan 109 Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 110 Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States of America 111 Dipartimento di Fisica ‘G. Galilei’, Universita’ degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy 112 Space and Plasma Physics, EECS, KTH SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden 113 University of Ioannina, Panepistimioupoli Ioanninon, PO Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece 114 Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Engenharia, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal 115 The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan 116 Lithuanian Energy Institute, Breslaujos g. 3, LT-44403, Kaunas, Lithuania 117 HRS Fusion, West Orange, NJ, United States of America 118 Ibaraki University Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan 119 Technische Universität Wien, Fusion@ÖAW Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ÖAW), Austria

12. The CXSFIT spectral fitting code: Past, present and future.

Author: Delabie E, O'Mullane MG, von Hellermann M, Whiteford A, Horton LD, Zastrow KD, Menmuir S, Litherland-Smith E, Meigs A, and Biewer TM
Abstract: Magnetically confined plasma experiments generate a wealth of spectroscopic data. The first step toward extracting physical parameters is to fit a spectral model to the often complex spectra. The CXSFIT (Charge eXchange Spectroscopy FITting) spectral fitting code was originally developed for fitting charge exchange spectra on JET from the late 1980s onward and has been further developed over decades to keep up with the needs of the users. The primary use is to efficiently fit a large number of spectra with many constrained Gaussian spectral lines of which the physical parameters can be coupled in a user-friendly manner. More recent additions to the code include time-dependent couplings between parameters, flexible background subtraction, and a non-linear coupling scheme between fit parameters. The latter was a pre-requisite for implementing Zeeman and motional Stark effect multiplets in the library of spectral features. The ability to save and replay "fit recipes," even when multiple iterations are required, has ensured the traceability of the results and is one of the keys to the longevity and success of the code. The code is also in use on other tokamaks (AUG, ST-40) and to fit data from other spectroscopic diagnostics on JET. In this paper, we document the current capabilities and philosophy behind the structure of the code, including some of the algorithms used to calculate spectral features numerically efficiently. We also provide an outline of how CXSFIT could be transferred into a framework that would be able to meet the spectral fitting requirements of future devices, such as ITER., (© 2024 Author(s). Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.)
Published: 2024
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12 results on '"E. Litherland-Smith"'

1. Changeover between helium and hydrogen fueled plasmas in JET and WEST

2. Comparison of ion cyclotron wall conditioning discharges in hydrogen and helium in JET

3. The role of isotope mass and transport for H-mode access in tritium containing plasmas at JET with ITER-like wall

4. Observation of low temperature VUV tungsten emission in JET divertor plasmas

5. Isotope removal experiment in JET-ILW in view of T-removal after the 2nd DT campaign at JET

6. Recent progress in L-H transition studies at JET: tritium, helium, hydrogen and deuterium

7. The power threshold of H-mode access in mixed hydrogen–tritium and pure tritium plasmas at JET with ITER-like wall

8. Structure of the JET edge radial electric field in He and D plasmas

9. Letter

10. The development, testing and comparison of unfolding methods in SPECTRA-UF for neutron spectrometry

11. Overview of JET results for optimising ITER operation

12. The CXSFIT spectral fitting code: Past, present and future.

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12 results on '"E. Litherland-Smith"'

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