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Reviews the current state of optical research and optics-optronics industrial activity in Sweden.

A universal spectrograph combining the concave‐crystal methods by internal and external reflection has been constructed. The crystal employed covers the wave‐length domain 0–2300 x.u. The aim was to get a convenient instrument suitable for rapid work. Direct wave‐length reading is possible. Technical improvements in the crystal holder have been made.

The fringe spacing in transmission interference microscopes is shown to require a correction due to the oblique rays, with respect to the ordinary value valid for perpendicular rays. The spacing, and accordingly the measured path differences, t(nx - n0), are smaller than the normal values (opposite to the case of reflexion microscopes). Calculations are made for different values of condenser N.A. and varied parameters, showing corrections up to - 15%. The fringe intensities also decrease with the order of interference when it is low. Experiments confirm these findings. The effect is discussed in relation to some general ideas of (x, y)-fidelity and (z)-fidelity as obtained in a limited optical information channel.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a few problems and findings with polarized headlights, and describes the meeting conditions and the freeway driving conditions of the polarized lights. The efficiency of the polarized light must be much increased to give a good seeing distance by freeway driving. There is no use to take a lamp with higher wattage because a darker polarizer can then be necessary to prevent glaring. A headlamp with a larger diameter gives a better efficiency; however, the only way to get a real increase in efficiency is to make it possible to add the half part of light, which oscillates in right angle to the polarized beam. The chapter presents a comparison of polarized light and conventional light.