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Availability of clean water is a serious problem, especially in developing countries like Nigeria; Water for consumption purpose needs to be treated to meet the quality guidelines of 5 Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU) according to World Health Organization, Wastewater treatment are mostly using Polyaluminum Chloride, a synthetic coagulant, which possess health risk and require expensive cost. This research was carried out to observe the effect of Moringa oleifera seed as natural coagulant to replace synthetic coagulant. Highly turbid water was collected from Gulbi River in Kaura-namoda, Zamfara State. Nigeria. M. oleifera seed was processed into flour and de-fated with different organic solvent. (AOY = Normal borehole water, BOY = Raw water sample from the river, COY = Water treated with (de-fated M. oleifera flour with Chloroform.), DOY = Water sample with (de-fated M. Oleifera flour with acetone), EOY = Water sample with (de-fated M. Oleifera flour with diethyl ether.), FOY = Water sample with Alum, GOY = Water sample with unde-fated M. oleifera flour) and used as a coagulant in place of aluminium sulphate (Alum). Collected water samples were treated with different Moringa oleifera flour coagulants samples The water treated with different coagulants samples were analyzed based on physic-chemical properties. The pH values ranged from 5.6 to 6.7. The turbidity, conductivity, total solid, temperature and coliform ranged from 4.19 to 76.5 NTU, 94.0 to 188.4 μS/cm, 45.5 to 89.3 mg/l, 30.4 to 33.8ºC and 9 × 402cfu, respectively. The work has been considered as revolutionary for small household applications in rural areas, where water purification is absent and M. oleifera trees are abundantly available.

Removable orthodontic appliance may be indicated in the management of anterior proclination and increased overjet especially in the younger age group. Generally, proclined maxillary incisors are prone to trauma in young active children. This makes prompt preventive and interceptive intervention very necessary. This condition is complicated in the event of associated trauma to such tooth/teeth that could require orthodontic tooth movement.The first report involves a 12-year-old boy who presented three years ago with loss of his two central incisors due to traumatic avulsion. The second report is a 10- year-old boy who presented a year ago with a dento alveolar abscess in relation to a long standing Ellis class III and class II fractures on the maxillary right and left central incisors, respectively. In both cases two different innovative management procedures were undertaken which combined restorative and orthodontic procedures concurrently, which helped the children psychologically in school. The first has been discharged to continue with the appliance as both a retainer and a denture while the second has completed an acceptable dental restoration and is still receiving orthodontic care with satisfactory progress.These innovative procedures yielded good results. Both patients and parents were very co-operative and appreciative of the outcomes.