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This study aimed to provide a version of Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) for the Thai younger adult population and examine psychometric properties and determine the cut-off score.CAIT-Youth Thai version was modified to CAIT Thai version (CAIT-THA). To validate the CAIT-THA psychometric properties, 72 with chronic ankle instability (CAI) and 72 without (age 23.45 ± 4.45 years) were recruited. The validation was carried out by using internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), concurrent validity (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient), discriminative validity (Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve), and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient; ICC). A cut-off score was determined via Youden's index.Validation showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.837), and concurrent validity (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient = 0.762 and 0.731 for right ankle and left ankle, respectively). Test-retest reliability was excellent with ICC (2,1) of 0.945 (95% CI = 0.93-0.96). A cut-off score of ≤ 25, determined by ROC curve and Youden's index, was distinguished between participants with and without CAI. CAIT-THA obtained 97.2% sensitivity, 94.4% specificity, 0.03 negative, and 17.5 positive likelihood ratios.CAIT-THA is a validated tool that can be used in Thai younger adults. Clinicians and researchers can confidently use a score of ≤ 25 to determine the presence of CAI.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONThe Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool Thai version (CAIT-THA) questionnaire is available for Thai young adults.The CAIT-THA had high sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood cut-off ratio scores for discrimination between chronic ankle instability (CAI) and non-CAI.The CAIT-THA questionnaire may be used in rehabilitation and research settings for the identification and management of CAI conditions.

Objectives Globally, 20–25% of people will experience chronic pain in their lifetimes. Dance is a physical activity with psychosocial benefits that might positively impact pain. This review aimed to investigate the effect of dance interventions on the experience of pain by quantitative measures and qualitative themes. Methods Seven major databases were searched from inception to January 2021. Two independent reviewers screened articles at each stage. Qualitative and quantitative studies were included if the dance interventions lasted more than 6 weeks, participants reported pain of duration longer than 3 months, and pain was an outcome of the study. All articles were critically appraised with appropriate Joanna Briggs Institute tools, and data were collated through the use of results-based convergent synthesis. Results From 23,628 articles, 34 full papers were included, with a total of 1,254 participants (75.2% female). Studies predominantly investigated individuals with fibromyalgia (26%) and generalized chronic pain (14%), with aerobic dance (20.7%) and Biodanza (20.7%) being the most common dance genres investigated. Overall, 74% of studies noted either reduced pain through quantitative pain measures or qualitative themes of improved pain experience (88% for chronic primary pain and 80% for chronic secondary musculoskeletal pain). Discussion There were positive effects of dance on chronic primary and secondary musculoskeletal pain across diverse populations. A variety of study designs and interventions noted improved pain measures and themes around pain coping and acceptance, with all dance therapies showing improvements, particularly when performed for 60–150 minutes’ duration weekly. Dance should be considered as an effective adjunct in the management of chronic pain.

On 02 September 2018 we found a nest of Goeldi’s Antbird (Akletos goeldii) in a patch of Guadua bamboo. During the next week, we made regular observations of this nest, obtaining video and photographs of the nest structure, eggs, nestlings, and parental care behaviors. These data clarify previous discrepancies in reports of nest architecture for A. goeldii and deepen our knowledge of the breeding biology of this species.

Although Borneo has received more attention from biologists than most other islands in the Malay Archipelago, many questions regarding the systematic relationships of Bornean mammals remain. Using next-generation sequencing technology, we obtained mitochondrial DNA sequences from the holotype of Suncus ater, the only known specimen of this shrew. Several shrews collected recently in Sarawak are closely aligned, both morphologically and mitochondrially, with the holotype of S. ater. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial sequences indicate that the S. ater holotype and new Sarawak specimens do not belong to the genus Suncus, but instead are most closely related to Palawanosorex muscorum. Until now Palawanosorex has been known only from the neighboring Philippine island of Palawan. Additional sequences from nuclear ultra-conserved elements from the new Sarawak specimens strongly support a sister relationship to P. muscorum. We therefore transfer ater to Palawanosorex. The new specimens demonstrate that P. ater is more widespread in northern Borneo than previously recorded. Continued sampling of Bornean mammal diversity and reexamination of type material are critical in understanding the evolutionary history of the biologically rich Malay Archipelago.

Understanding the dynamic pathogenesis and treatment response in pulmonary diseases requires probing the lung at cellular resolution in real-time. Despite recent progress in intravital imaging, optical imaging of the lung during active respiration and circulation has remained challenging. Here, we introduce the crystal ribcage: a transparent ribcage that (i) allows truly multiscale optical imaging of the lung in health and disease from whole-organ to single cell, (ii) enables the modulation of lung biophysics and immunity through intravascular, intrapulmonary, intraparenchymal, and optogenetic interventions, and (iii) preserves the 3-D architecture, air-liquid interface, cellular diversity, and respiratory-circulatory functions of the lung. Utilizing these unprecedented capabilities on murine models of primary and metastatic lung tumors, respiratory infection, pulmonary fibrosis, emphysema, and acute lung injury we probed how disease progression remodels the respiratory-circulatory functions at the single alveolus and capillary levels. In cancer, we identified the earliest stage of tumorigenesis that compromises alveolar and capillary functions, a key state with consequences on tumor progression and treatment response. In pneumonia, we mapped mutual links between the recruited immune cells and the alveolar-capillary functions. We found that neutrophil migration is strongly and reversibly responsive to vascular pressure with implications for understanding of how lung physiology, altered by disease and anatomical location, affects immune cell activities. The crystal ribcage and its broad applications presented here will facilitate further studies of real-time remodeling of the alveoli and capillaries during pathogenesis of nearly any pulmonary disease, leading to the identification of new targets for treatment strategies.

Background Nurses are put at high risk of work-related low back pain due to the nature of their work. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate intervention based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model on promoting behaviors of low back health via two educational approaches. Methods This study was a community randomized-controlled clinical trial. The educational content was developed with six modules: knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, reinforcing factors, enabling factors, and behavior. Intervention was delivered by two modes: (1) in-person (n = 60) and (2) social media (n = 60). Data were evaluated by a self-designed questionnaire at baseline, 3, and 6 months. Baseline comparisons between groups were made with Mann-Whitney U Test and T-Test. Comparison of change scores between groups and two delivery types across the three time periods used the mixed between-within subject analysis of variance. Results A total of 120 nurses received the allocated intervention. All educational component scores increased at 3-months in both groups. At the 6-month follow-up scores increased for enabling factors and behavior in the intervention group, while in the control group all scores increased except for attitude. Based on Bonferroni Post hoc analysis social media was more effective in knowledge, self-efficacy, reinforcing factors, and behavior than the in-person intervention. Conclusion An educational program for low back health based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model proved effective at improving all components. However, social media was more successful than in-person in the maintenance of behavior over the long term. Trial registration: IRCT20170313033054N2: 25-02-2018.https://www.irct.ir/trial/25598

Despite increased awareness of the multifactorial nature of Hamstring Strain Injury (HSI), the role of running biomechanics remains unclear. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate whether an association exists between running biomechanics and HSI. Five databases were searched from inception to January 2021. Eligibility criteria included epidemiological studies that provide data on running biomechanics in athletes who have sustained a HSI (retrospectively or prospectively) and compared to control data. Searches yielded 4,798 articles. Twelve met the selection criteria. Biomechanical analysis differed considerably across studies, thus meta-analyses was not possible. Studies largely found either no differences or contradicting findings between running biomechanics of athletes who have sustained a HSI (retrospectively or prospectively) and controls, with the exception of lateral trunk kinematics and horizontal propulsive forces. It is important to note some concern regarding the quality of included studies, particularly sample size, increasing the risk of bias associated with results. Further research utilising validated methods of biomechanical analysis, is needed to determine if an association exists between running biomechanics and HSI. Until then, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn as to whether specific biomechanical interventions should be included in injury prevention and/or rehabilitation programmes.

This article describes an innovative approach to introducing translanguaging in an English for academic purposes (EAP) course at a young Sino–US joint-venture university in China. To promote the use of Chinese students’ full linguistic and communicative repertoires in an English-medium-of-instruction university, I intentionally incorporated translanguaging into an EAP course through three components: explicit discussion of translanguaging, a short writing assignment on an extended definition of a Chinese concept, and a team survey project to test a generalization about Chinese culture. Observation and feedback from students indicate that these translanguaging writing assignments have the potential to contribute to students’ cultural knowledge, writing and communication skills, intercultural communication and awareness, and identity construction as translingual and transnational students. I describe the context and rationale for the innovative assignments, and the assignments themselves. I then reflect on the process and discuss implications and plans for expansion of activities that promote translanguaging.

Aim To compare two educational approaches to reduce low back pain in nurses. Design A community randomized controlled clinical trial. Methods Data were collected with two interventions and a control arm between August 2018 and January 2019. Participants were recruited from three hospitals. Hospital 1 received an in‐person educational programme, Hospital 2 received via the website and Hospital 3 received nothing. Statistical analysis was carried out with a follow‐up of 3 and 6 months. Results A total of 180 female nurses with low back pain participated in the study. Dimensions of the quality of life improved over 3 and 6 months, pain and disability decreased over 3 months in both intervention groups and over 6 months in the social media group. Conclusion Two educational approaches can be effective in decreasing pain, disability and improving quality of life. However, the findings suggest that the social media approach was more successful over the long‐term and might be a better way to present the programme.

Color is an important source of biological information in fields ranging from disease ecology to sexual selection. Despite its importance, most metrics for color are restricted to point measurements. Methods for moving beyond point measurements rely on color maps, where every pixel in an image is assigned to one of a set of discrete color classes (color segmentation). Manual methods for color segmentation are slow and subjective, while existing automated methods often fail due to biological variation in pattern, technical variation in images, and poor scalability for batch clustering. As a result, color segmentation is the common bottleneck step for a majority of existing downstream analyses. Here we present recolorize, an R package for color segmentation that succeeds in many cases where existing methods fail. Recolorize has three major components: (1) an effective two-part clustering algorithm where color distributions are binned and combined according to perceived similarity in a frequency-independent manner; (2) a toolkit for minor manual adjustments to automatic output where needed; and (3) flexible export options. This paper illustrates how to use recolorize and compares it to existing methods, including examples where we segment formerly intractable images, and demonstrates the downstream use of methods that rely on color maps.

Prior research has suggested that mathematics specific anxiety and self-efficacy are strong predictors of mathematics performance. The purpose of this study was to examine this relationship using t...

The Jurua River is the third largest white-water tributary of the Amazon River, yet, historically, it has not been considered an important barrier for bird communities. The upper region of the Jurua River was the focus of two ornithological collections in the early twentieth century, but the middle region, where the river and surrounding varzea flooded forest widen, has remained largely unexplored by ornithologists. Inspired by Dr. Emilie Snethlage, whose ornithological expeditions to Amazonian rivers during the early twentieth century were foundational in documenting the importance of river barriers, we undertook a month-long expedition to the middle Jurua River. We collected the first modern specimens, high-quality tissues, and sound recordings of birds from the middle Jurua region. Combining our data with those from previous collections, we present the first comprehensive inventory of bird species from the Jurua region, document several significant range extensions, and report the first evidence that the middle Jurua River acts as a barrier in at least four species complexes of terra firme upland forest birds. Our findings have important taxonomic and biogeographic implications for birds of the Jurua region and southwestern Amazon basin.

Background This study aimed to translate the original version of the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAITY) into a Thai version by using cross-cultural adaptation, and to examine the psychometric properties and cut-off score of the CAITY - Thai version (CAITY-T). Methods Six cross-cultural adaptation steps were used to translate and validate the psychometric properties with 267 participants, 140 with chronic ankle instability (CAI) and 127 without CAI. Their mean age was 12.3 ± 2.42 years. Validation was carried out for internal consistency and concurrent validity against a visual analog scale for global perceived ankle instability, and for discriminant validity (receiver operating characteristic curve). The CAITY-T was completed twice by 133 volunteer children (49.62%) for test-retest reliability. The cut-off score was determined using Youden's index. Results The CAITY was successfully adapted for the Thai language. Validation showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.767) and concurrent validity (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.8 right ankle and 0.784 left ankle). The test-retest reliability was substantial with an intraclass correlation coefficient (2,1) of 0.865 (95% Confidence Interval = 0.809-0.904). The receiver operating characteristic curve and Youden's index showed the cut-off score that discriminated between children with and without CAI on the CAITY-T at ≤25. The CAITY-T obtained 95.2% sensitivity, 97% specificity, 0.05 negative, and 32 positive likelihood ratios. Conclusion The CAITY-T was valid and available for Thai children aged 8-16 years. It displayed positive reliability, good validity, and an acceptable cut-off score. The cut-off score for children had high sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios.

Field biology is an area of research that involves working directly with living organisms in situ through a practice known as “fieldwork.” Conducting fieldwork often requires complex logistical planning within multiregional or multinational teams, interacting with local communities at field sites, and collaborative research led by one or a few of the core team members. However, existing power imbalances stemming from geopolitical history, discrimination, and professional position, among other factors, perpetuate inequities when conducting these research endeavors. After reflecting on our own research programs, we propose four general principles to guide equitable, inclusive, ethical, and safe practices in field biology: be collaborative, be respectful, be legal, and be safe. Although many biologists already structure their field programs around these principles or similar values, executing equitable research practices can prove challenging and requires careful consideration, especially by those in positions with relatively greater privilege. Based on experiences and input from a diverse group of global collaborators, we provide suggestions for action-oriented approaches to make field biology more equitable, with particular attention to how those with greater privilege can contribute. While we acknowledge that not all suggestions will be applicable to every institution or program, we hope that they will generate discussions and provide a baseline for training in proactive, equitable fieldwork practices.

One of the largest migrant communities in Australia is the Indian migrant community. Current back pain guidelines recommend assessment of patients' beliefs; however, little is known about these beliefs in Indian communities. We aimed to investigate beliefs about back pain among Indian migrants living in Sydney.An online questionnaire with demographic information, participant characteristics, the Back Beliefs Questionnaire (BBQ) and open-ended questions relating to beliefs about causes of back pain and treatment preferences was completed by 386 Indian migrants in Sydney.The overall BBQ score was 25.1 ± 6.7. We found significant but slightly more positive beliefs among Indian females than Indian males (standardized regression coefficient,Beliefs of Indian migrants aligned with a "western traditional" biomedical model for the cause of pain, but with a belief in the effectiveness of both Indian traditional and western treatment approaches. Awareness of these beliefs could enable an effective therapeutic alliance between clinicians and Indian patients.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONBack pain beliefs of Australian Indian migrants are similar to their western counterparts, so the current guidelines for back pain can potentially be implemented without too much adjustment for this migrant community.Awareness of these beliefs is likely to improve the therapeutic alliance between clinician and an Indian migrant patient.

Background Foot muscle weakness can produce foot deformity, pain and disability. Toe flexor and foot arch exercises focused on intrinsic foot muscle strength and functional control may mitigate the progression of foot deformity and disability. Ensuring correct exercise technique is challenging due to the specificity of muscle activation required to complete some foot exercises. Biofeedback has been used to improve adherence, muscle activity and movement patterns. We investigated the feasibility of using a novel medical device, known as “Archercise”, to provide real-time biofeedback of correct arch movement via pressure change in an inflatable bladder, and foot location adherence via sensors embedded in a footplate during four-foot exercises. Methods Thirty adults (63% female, aged 23–68 years) performed four-foot exercises twice on the Archercise sensor footplate alone and then with biofeedback. One-way repeated measures ANOVA with pairwise comparisons were computed to assess the consistency of the exercise protocol between trial 1 and trial 2 (prior to biofeedback), and the effectiveness of the Archercise biofeedback device between trial 2 and trial 3 (with biofeedback). Outcome measures were: Arch movement exercises of arch elevation and lowering speed, controlled arch elevation, controlled arch lowering, endurance of arch elevation; Foot location adherence was determined by percentage of time the great toe, fifth toe and heel contacted footplate sensors during testing and were analysed with paired sample t-tests. Participant survey comments on the use of Archercise with biofeedback were reported thematically. Results Seventeen (89%) arch movement and foot location variables were collected consistently with Archercise during the foot exercises. Archercise with biofeedback improved foot location adherence for all exercises (p = 0.003–0.008), coefficient of determination for controlled arch elevation (p p = 0.001). Twenty-nine (97%) participants reported Archercise with biofeedback, helped correct exercise performance. Conclusions Archercise is a feasible biofeedback device to assist healthy participants without foot pathologies perform foot doming exercises. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): 12616001559404. Registered 11 November 2016, http://www.ANZCTR.org.au/ACTRN12616001559404p.aspx

The purpose of the present paper is to (a) discuss how intelligent systems can augment cognitive capacity, and through self-regulation, assist learners to engage in critical thinking and (b) provide an example that highlights the information-rich context of the work environment and the role of self-regulation in working in partnership with technology to achieve peak performance. Self-regulation from a social cognitive perspective is conceptualized as a fluid, cyclical process whereby learners use externally provided or self-generated feedback to evaluate and adjust their learning strategies. With advances in technology, this paper attempts to illustrate how workers in jobs of the future will be supported in new ways to analyze data, make interpretations and draw inferences, evaluate situations, and make decisions within a work context before, during, and post-work. Educational implications will be discussed.

A series of well-defined polymerized ionic liquid (PIL) statistical and block copolymers consisting of ionic liquid monomer, 1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3-butylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, ...

Purpose Lateral ankle sprains are one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal injuries, with one of the highest recurrence rates. One in five people develops chronic ankle instability (CAI) after a lateral ankle sprain. CAI is mainly described as a subjective phenomenon, but is associated with recurrent symptoms, reduced dynamic stability, and reduced physical activity and quality of life. Understanding the relationship between perception of stability and effect on performance for people with CAI could inform rehabilitative strategies in clinical practice. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the perception of stability and objective performance of dynamic stability this population. Methods This study is a sub-analysis of data from four separate studies in Australia and the United Kingdom. Participants were screened and categorised as a CAI, coper, or healthy participant. Each participant completed the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and Cumberland ankle instability tool (CAIT). Distances reached in the anterior, posterior-medial, and posterior-lateral directions, and average, of the SEBT were analysed. Results Data from 95 participants with CAI, 45 copers, and 101 healthy participants was analysed. There was a significant moderate correlation between CAIT score and SEBT reach distance in all directions for the CAI group (p p Conclusion This study highlights the discrepancies between the perception of stability and objective dynamic stability, and reinforces the importance of using both types of measures for continual assessment in practice to optimise selecting rehabilitative strategies.

The bird life of the central Peruvian Amazon is poorly known. To better characterize bird diversity and distributions, we conducted 4 expeditions to this lowland area, totaling 114 field days in 2015, 2018, and 2019. We focused on sampling under-surveyed habitats, terra firme in multiple interfluves, and sites around a recent river avulsion, and we detected 657 bird species across 22 study sites. Our results include the first extensive inventories of blackwater wetland systems, Guadua bamboo tracts, and riverine islands in central Peru; revised information on distributions with respect to river barriers, including documentation of contact and putative hybridization between parapatric forms; 28 first regional records; and new details on poorly known taxa. Together, these results provide a more complete picture of avian diversity in an area characterized by high species richness, high habitat diversity, and biogeographic interchange.

Black-throated Flowerpiercers (Diglossa brunneiventris) are one species representing a phenotypically specialized group of tanagers (Thraupidae) that have hooked bills which allow them to feed by stealing nectar from the base of flowers. Members of the genus are widely distributed in montane regions from Mexico to northern Argentina, and previous studies of Diglossa have focused on their systematics, phylogenetics, and interesting natural history. Despite numerous studies of species within the genus, no genome assembly exists to represent these nectivorous tanagers. We described the assembly of a genome sequence representing a museum-vouchered, wild, female D. brunneiventris collected in Peru. By combining Pacific Biosciences Sequel long-read technology with 10× linked-read and reference-based scaffolding, we produced a 1.08 Gbp pseudochromosomal assembly including 600 scaffolds with a scaffold N50 of 67.3 Mbp, a scaffold L50 of 6, and a BUSCO completeness score of 95%. This new assembly improves representation of the diverse species that comprise the tanagers, improves on scaffold lengths and contiguity when compared to existing genomic resources for tanagers, and provides another avenue of research into the genetic basis of adaptations common to a nectivorous lifestyle among vertebrates.

Cultural beliefs and values are increasingly understood to influence the experience of pain, health-seeking, and pain management behaviours. Research exploring cultural beliefs about pain is particularly needed for Indian migrants, who have a high prevalence of pain and are among the largest migrant communities in Australia and internationally. The objective of this study was to explore pain-related beliefs and coping strategies of Hindi-speaking Indian migrants with chronic back pain living in Sydney. Indian migrants (n = 26) completed a demographic survey, standardised pain questionnaires (RMDQ, PSEQ and BBQ) and participated in one of five focus group discussions. This cohort had low levels of disability: Mean (SD) [RMDQ 5.04 (3.2)], high self-efficacy [PSEQ 44.6 (8.8)], and relatively positive beliefs about back pain [BBQ 28.6 (4.4)]. Three categories of interconnected beliefs emerged from the focus groups: causative, treatment/coping-related, and prognostic beliefs underpinned by a core cultural belief in 'the philosophy of Karma'. Within this core philosophy, three cultural values were central to the experience of pain and the construction of pain-related beliefs: collectivism and contribution, gendered roles, and mind-body wellness. The incorporation of holistic approaches to back pain management with an emphasis on mindfulness, exercise, and physical activity aligned with family-oriented goals could be considered for management of chronic back pain among Indian migrant communities. CONTRIBUTION OF THE PAPER.

Background This nationwide study assessed the impact of nationally agreed cancer genetics guidelines on use of BRCA1/2 germline testing, risk management advice given by health professionals to women with pathogenic BRCA1/2 variants and uptake of such advice by patients. Methods Clinic files of 883 women who had initial proband screens for BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants at 12 familial cancer clinics between July 2008–July 2009 (i.e. before guideline release), July 2010–July 2011 and July 2012–July 2013 (both after guideline release) were audited to determine reason given for genetic testing. Separately, the clinic files of 599 female carriers without a personal history of breast/ovarian cancer who underwent BRCA1/2 predictive genetic testing and received their results pre- and post-guideline were audited to ascertain the risk management advice given by health professionals. Carriers included in this audit were invited to participate in a telephone interview to assess uptake of advice, and 329 agreed to participate. Results There were no significant changes in the percentages of tested patients meeting at least one published indication for genetic testing - 79, 77 and 78% of files met criteria before guideline, and two-, and four-years post-guideline, respectively (χ = 0.25, p = 0.88). Rates of documentation of post-test risk management advice as per guidelines increased significantly from pre- to post-guideline for 6/9 risk management strategies. The strategies with the highest compliance amongst carriers or awareness post-release of guidelines were annual magnetic resonance imaging plus mammography in women 30–50 years (97%) and annual mammography in women > 50 years (92%). Of women aged over 40 years, 41% had a risk-reducing bilateral mastectomy. Amongst women aged > 40 years, 75% had a risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy. Amongst women who had not had a risk-reducing bilateral mastectomy, only 6% took risk-reducing medication. Fear of side-effects was cited as the main reasons for not taking these medicines by 73% of women. Conclusions Guidelines did not change the percentages of tested patients meeting genetic testing criteria but improved documentation of risk management advice by health professionals. Effective approaches to enhance compliance with guidelines are needed to improve risk management and quality of care.

Background: Professional dance is a physically demanding career path with a high injury prevalence, yet an ingrained culture of hiding or pushing through injuries. Developing better knowledge surrounding the cultural beliefs and behaviors related to injury reporting is critical to understand their incidence and burden. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate injury fear and injury reporting behaviors in professional dancers in Australia. Methods: This study utilized data collected in a cross-sectional survey of professional dancers in Australia. Descriptive analysis of injury fear and reporting stigma are presented with comparisons between subgroups (full-time versus part-time dancers; men versus women) conducted using two-sided Fisher's exact tests. Results: A total of 146 professional dancers were included. Over half (63%) of the respondents reported that they fear sustaining a dance-related injury, that they believe there is still a stigma surrounding injuries in dance (62%), and that this stigma has led to a delay in reporting or seeking care for an injury (51%). A lower proportion of part-time than full-time dancers reported that they would usually tell someone within their dance employment about an injury (35.1% vs. 59.6%, p = 0.006). Conclusion: Professional dancers are at risk of losing contracts or roles if they are injured, and therefore, it is common to dance through their occurrence. Many dancers, particularly those dancing part-time, are unwilling to tell their employers about their injuries. Action is required to improve this culture regarding injury reporting and help seeking for more effective injury understanding, prevention, and management in dance. Keywords: Behavior, Dance, Epidemiology, Injury, Reporting

In healthcare, continuing professional development is provided to ensure professional standards are maintained and for clinicians to remain fit to practice. The purpose of the study was to identify potential gaps or issues with continuing professional development in maternity services through consultations with key stakeholders and, in addition, to generate possible solutions or recommendations towards the development of a state wide continuing professional development program. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews of a purposive sample between June and August 2018. A thematic analysis was undertaken. Participants included a practicing midwife, allied health practitioner (physiotherapist), manager, healthcare educator, and an outlier service worker (maternal and child health nurse). Following the thematic analysis, four main themes (education, practitioner standards, programme monitoring and resources) were identified along with nine sub-themes. The results suggest organisations need to offer explicit support for staff to access to continuing professional development. In addition, the qualifications of facilitators of continuing professional development and/or consumer education are recommended to go beyond education levels required for registration. In this respect, some organisations credentialed their educators locally in a 'train the trainer' manner however, most participants supported professional preparation for the role of educator.

In an attempt to better understand the interaction between heavily loaded trucks and the pavement structure; rigid and flexible pavements’ responses (stresses, strains and deflections) were evaluat...

Objective To determine individual- and country-level determinants of utilization of key maternal health services in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Study setting We used the most recent standard demographic and health survey data from the period of 2005 to 2015 for 34 SSA countries. Predictors of key maternal health service indicators were determined using a sample of 245 178 women who had at least one live birth 5 years preceding the survey. Study design We used a two-level hierarchical model, considering individual predictors at level one and country factors at level two of the hierarchy. Principal findings While the skilled birth attendance (SBA) utilization rate reached 53 percent during the study period, the recommended four or more antenatal care (ANC) coverage was commonly low with less significant differences among different groups of women and countries. Being in a middle-income country increased the individual-level association between ANC and SBA (OR = 2.34, 95% CI: 1.24, 4.44). Less privileged women with lower education level were less likely to receive maternal health services. Conclusions This study reveals the existence of wide gaps between ANC and SBA coverage in SSA. Urgent policy attention is required to improve access, utilization, and quality of maternal health services.

To compare soleus spinal reflex excitability, presynaptic inhibition and recurrent inhibition between chronic ankle instability (CAI), acute Lateral Ankle Sprain coper (LAS-coper) and healthy populations. The relationship between spinal reflex excitability and pain and perceived instability in people with CAI was also examined.Cross-sectional laboratory experiment.Twelve individuals with CAI, twelve 'copers' and twelve healthy age, limb and gender-matched controls participated. Soleus H-reflex recruitment curves, pre-synaptic excitability and recurrent inhibition of the spinal-reflex pathway were examined during static double- and single-leg stance. Reporting of pain and perceived instability were used to perform a regression analysis on measures of soleus spinal excitability in people with CAI, LAS-coper and healthy controls.Soleus spinal reflex excitability was greater during single-leg stance in CAI compared to healthy and coper individuals (p=0.001). Pre-synaptic inhibition was three-times less in CAI participants compared to both healthy controls and copers (p=0.001). There were no differences between healthy and coper participants in spinal-level measures of sensorimotor control. Reports of pain explained 15-16% of the variance in soleus spinal reflex excitability and presynaptic inhibition during single and double-leg stance, while perceived instability explained 20% of the variance in spinal reflex during single leg stance only.CAI participants presented with an inability to suppress soleus spinal reflexes during tasks with increased postural threat; likely due to disinhibition of pre-synaptic mechanisms. Pain and perceived instability may contribute to changes in spinal-level sensorimotor control in CAI.