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Ice crystal formation in the mixed-phase region of deep convective clouds can affect the properties of climatically important convectively generated anvil clouds. Small ice crystals in the mixed-phase cloud region can be formed by heterogeneous ice nucleation by ice-nucleating particles (INP) and secondary ice production (SIP) by, for example, the Hallett-Mossop process. We quantify the effects of INP number concentration, the temperature dependence of the INP number concentration at mixedphase temperatures, and the Hallett-Mossop splinter production efficiency on the anvil of an idealised deep convective cloud using a Latin hypercube sampling method, which allows optimal coverage of a multidimensional parameter space, and statistical emulation, which allows us to identify interdependencies between the three uncertain inputs. Our results show that anvil ice crystal number concentration (ICNC) is determined predominately by INP number concentration, with the temperature dependence of ice-nucleating aerosol activity having a secondary role. Conversely, ice crystal size is determined predominately by the temperature dependence of ice-nucleating aerosol activity, with INP number concentration having a secondary role. This is because in our simulations ICNC is predominately controlled by the number concentration of cloud droplets reaching the homogeneous freezing level which is in turn determined by INP number concentrations at low temperatures. Ice crystal size however is more strongly affected by the amount of liquid available for riming and the time available for deposition growth which is determined by INP number concentrations at higher temperatures. This work indicates that the amount of ice particle production by the Hallett-Mossop process is determined jointly by the prescribed Hallett-Mossop splinter production efficiency and the temperature dependence of ice-nucleating aerosol activity. In particular, our sampling of the joint parameter space shows that high rates of SIP do not occur unless the INP parameterisation slope (the temperature dependence of the number concentration of particles which nucleate ice) is shallow, regardless of the prescribed Hallett-Mossop splinter production efficiency. The effect of a shallow INP parameterisation slope and consequently high ice particle production by the Hallett-Mossop process in our simulations leads to a sharp transition to a cloud with extensive glaciation at warm temperatures, higher cloud updrafts, enhanced vertical mass flux and condensate divergence at the outflow level, all of which leads to a larger convectively generated anvil comprised of larger ice crystals. This work highlights the importance of quantifying the full spectrum of INP number concentrations across all mixed-phase altitudes, and the ways in which INP and SIP interact to control anvil properties.

This paper examines the mechanisms responsible for the production of ice in convective clouds influenced by mineral dust. Observations were made in the Ice in Clouds Experiment – Dust (ICE-D) field campaign which took place in the vicinity of Cape Verde during August 2015. Measurements made with instruments on the FAAM aircraft through the clouds on 21 August showed that ice particles were observed in high concentrations at temperatures greater than about −8 °C. Sensitivity studies were performed using existing parametrisation schemes in a cloud model to explore the impact of the freezing onset temperature, the efficiency of freezing, mineral dust as efficient ice nuclei, and multi-thermals on secondary ice production by the rime-splintering process. The simulation with the default Morrison microphysics scheme (Morrison et al., 2005) that involved a single thermal produced a concentration of secondary ice that was much lower than the observed value of total ice number concentration. Relaxing the onset temperature to a higher value, enhancing the freezing efficiency, or combinations of these, increased the secondary ice particle concentration, but not by a sufficient amount. Simulations that involved only dust particles as ice nucleating particles produced a lower concentration of secondary ice particles, since the freezing onset temperature is low. The simulations implicate that a higher concentration of ice nucleating particles with a higher freezing onset temperature may explain some of the observed high concentrations of secondary ice. However, a simulation with two thermals that used the original Morrison scheme without enhancement or relaxation produced the greatest concentration of secondary ice particles. It did so because of the increased time that graupel particles were exposed to significant cloud liquid water content in the Hallett-Mossop temperature zone. The forward-facing camera and measurements of the vertical wind in repeated passes of the same cloud suggested that these tropical clouds contained multiple thermals. Hence, in a similar way to other convective clouds observed elsewhere in the world, it is likely that multi-thermals play an important role in producing very high concentrations of secondary ice particles in some tropical clouds.

Convective cloud systems in the maritime tropics play a critical role in global climate, but accurately representing aerosol interactions within these clouds persists as a major challenge for weather and climate modelling. We quantify the effect of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) on the radiative properties of a complex tropical Atlantic deep convective cloud field using a regional model with an advanced double-moment microphysics scheme. Our results show that the domain-mean daylight outgoing radiation varies by up to 18 W m−2 depending on the chosen INP parameterisation. The key distinction between different INP parameterisations is the temperature dependence of ice formation, which alters the vertical distribution of cloud microphysical processes. The controlling effect of the INP temperature dependence is substantial even in the presence of Hallett–Mossop secondary ice production, and the effects of secondary ice formation depend strongly on the chosen INP parameterisation. Our results have implications for climate model simulations of tropical clouds and radiation, which currently do not consider a link between INP particle type and ice water content. The results also provide a challenge to the INP measurement community, as we demonstrate that INP concentration measurements are required over the full mixed-phase temperature regime, which covers around 10 orders of magnitude.

Convective cloud systems in the maritime tropics play a critical role in global climate, but accurately representing aerosol interactions within these clouds persists as a major challenge for weather and climate modelling. We quantify the effect of ice-nucleating particles (INP) on the radiative properties of a complex Tropical Atlantic deep convective cloud field using a regional model with an advanced double-moment microphysics scheme. Our results show that the domain-mean daylight outgoing radiation varies by up to 18 W m−2 depending on the bio- and physico-chemical properties of INP. The key distinction between different INPs is the temperature dependence of ice formation, which alters the vertical distribution of cloud microphysical processes. The controlling effect of the INP temperature dependence is substantial even in the presence of secondary ice production, and the effects of secondary ice formation depend strongly on the nature of the INP. Our results have implications for climate model simulations of tropical clouds and radiation, which currently do not consider a link between INP particle type and ice water content. The results also provide a challenge to the INP measurement community, since we demonstrate that INP concentration measurements are required over the full mixed-phase temperature regime, which covers around 10 orders of magnitude in INP concentration.

The phenomenon of posttraumatic growth (PTG) and contributing factors were studied in a sample of 10 Iraq and Afghanistan veterans using a phenomenological methodology. Veterans were included in the study if they reported experiencing moderate to high levels of PTG in at least two of the five domains of growth identified in PTG literature. Through semi-structured interviews, participants reported that the factors which mostly contributed to their growth were: (a) remaining connected to veterans or the military, (b) connecting with others and feeling supported by loved ones, (c) working with a counselor, (d) time, and (e) developmental reading. Seven participants reported symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The narratives provided by participants indicate the importance for clinicians to ask clients about PTG, in addition to PTSD symptoms. This article concludes with the description of clinical implications for working with veterans who have experienced combat-related trauma, and reco...

We report a case of anomalous right coronary artery from pulmonary artery (ARCAPA), which is a very rare congenital coronary defect. It can be an isolated lesion or associated with congenital cardiac defects such as tetralogy of Fallot or shunt lesions in up to 40' of cases. The clinical presentation varies from asymptomatic to signs of myocardial ischemia, cardiac failure, and/or ventricular arrhythmia. The electrocardiogram can be normal in a significant fraction of the cases. The diagnosis of ARCAPA may be confirmed by cardiac catheterization, computed tomographic angiogram, and cardiac magnetic resonance angiogram. Reimplantation of anomalous coronary artery is the treatment of choice. In the current era, systematic preoperative screening by echo is recommended.

Background Anomalous systemic arterial supply to normal segments of the lung is an unusual anomaly. It represents part of a spectrum of bronchovascular abnormalities which have various anatomical and clinical manifestations. Methods We retrospectively analysed cases from January 2007 to April 2010 from two institutions diagnosed with an anomalous systemic arterial supply to a normal lung segment. Results Three infants were found to have anomalous systemic arterial supply to normal segments of the lung. One patient was from The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Australia and two cases from Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India. The mean age at diagnosis was 65 days (range 30–120 days) and mean weight was 3.05 kg (range 1.9–4.4 kg). All babies presented with tachypnoea. The diagnosis was suspected on echocardiography and confirmed by computerised tomography scan (CT scan) in one and by angiography in two cases. The preterm baby underwent ligation of the anomalous vessel by thoracotomy and other two infants had transcatheter occlusion of the collateral. There was no residual flow on echocardiography in any of the three cases and all have done well on follow up. Conclusion Anomalous systemic arterial supply to normal lung segments is a very rare anomaly. A high index of suspicion is needed to expedite diagnosis. Transcatheter embolisation or surgical ligation of the collateral proved effective therapeutic approaches in young infants without a need for surgical lobectomy.

Although repair of Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and transposition of the great arteries (TGA) has facilitated survival into adulthood, many survivors have residual haemodynamic abnormalities, including exercise intolerance and late right ventricular (RV) failure.We studied 40 asymptomatic adult subjects (31.3+/-1.5 years) after congenital heart disease (CHD) surgery during childhood, using tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE). We compared systolic (S') and diastolic (E' for early filling) RV and LV velocities, with 40 age matched controls (29.5+/-1.0 years).Both RV S' and E' velocities were significantly slower in the CHD group compared to controls (6.3+/-0.4 cm/s vs. 9.3+/-0.3 cm/s; 8.5+/-0.5 cm/s vs. 10.9+/-0.4 cm/s, respectively, p0.001 for both). By contrast, LV S' and E' velocities were similar in both groups. Interestingly, in 50% of CHD subjects where RV function was reported as 'normal', both RV S' and E' velocities were significantly slower compared with controls (6.5+/-0.6 cm/s vs. 9.3+/-0.3 cm/s, p0.0001 and 9.4+/-0.7 cm/s vs. 10.9+/-0.4 cm/s, p0.05 respectively).RV S' and E' velocities are frequently abnormal in asymptomatic survivors of TOF and TGA repair, even where RV function appears 'normal'. Hence TDE during follow up may be a sensitive means of detecting pre-clinical abnormalities in RV performance.

Aim: To describe cardiac surgery, survival and outcomes for low-birthweight (≤2500 g) infants undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease. Methods: Using data from a prospectively collected population-based database of admissions to neonatal intensive care units in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, we identified all low-birthweight infants undergoing cardiac surgery between 1992 and 2001. Infants with only a persistent ductus arteriosus were excluded. Two-year cardiac and neurodevelopmental outcome data were sought from hospital medical records. Results: A total of 121 low-birthweight infants underwent cardiac surgery, of whom 34% had a congenital syndrome or non-cardiac birth defect. Most (81%) underwent a palliative surgical procedure in the neonatal period. There were 19 early (15.7%) and 19 late deaths giving a 2-year mortality of 31%. Factors associated with mortality included birthweight below 1500 g (P = 0.006), low weight at surgery (P = 0.028) and Apgar score at 1 min (P = 0.019). No single factor predicted 30-day mortality. By 2 years of age, 27 (33% of survivors) were known to have neurodevelopmental delay. Although 22 children are known to be developing normally, the neurodevelopmental status of 34 children was not known. Conclusions: These surgical data were comparable to previous single-institution studies. This group had a high risk of disability due to prematurity, low birthweight and associated conditions. There is a need to prospectively assess and manage neurodevelopmental outcomes in this group.

The objectives of this study were to examine the relative contributions of development and hemodynamics in aortic root dilatation of tetralogy of Fallot, to assess the impact of systemic to pulmonary artery shunt on aortic annular size, and to seek any relationship between the timing of corrective surgery and subsequent aortic root size. We performed a retrospective analytical study at a tertiary referral center of M-mode and two-dimensionol aortic root measurements in children with tetralogy of Fallot prior to any surgical or palliative intervention, after insertion of a surgical shunt, and on intermediate and long-term follow-up post-repair. The main outcome measures were aortic root diameter prior to correction, after palliative shunt insertion, and after definitive repair. The study found that the aortic root is enlarged in unrepaired tetralogy of Fallot irrespective of age, increased in the first 3-6 months after palliative shunt surgery, and persisted into adulthood in those repaired after 1 year of age. Age-corrected aortic root dimensions normalized by mid-childhood in those who were repaired in infancy. Preexisting aortic root dilatation normalizes by 7 years of age in patients with tetralogy of Fallot who have been repaired in infancy, whereas it persists into adulthood in the group repaired post-infancy.

In 1941, a Sydney ophthalmologist, Norman McAlister Gregg, correctly identified the link between congenital cataracts in infants and maternal rubella early in pregnancy. Fifty of Gregg's subjects with congenital rubella, born in 1939-1944, were reviewed in 1967 and again in 1991. We reviewed this cohort in 2000-2001, 60 years after their intrauterine infection.The subjects underwent full clinical assessment, plus pathology tests, an ophthalmological and cardiological review (including electrocardiography and echocardiography) and HLA histocompatibility testing.Since they were first seen in 1967, 10 have died (cardiovascular causes [4], malignant disease [4], AIDS [1], and hepatitis C-related cirrhosis [1]). All surviving men came for review (19) and 13 women (eight women declined). Echocardiography showed mild aortic valve sclerosis in 68%. The prevalence of diabetes (22%), thyroid disorders (19%), early menopause (73%) and osteoporosis (12.5%) was increased compared with the Australian population; 41% had undetectable levels of rubella antibodies. The frequency of HLA-A1 (44%) and HLA-B8 (34%) antigens was increased, and the haplotype HLA-A1, B8, DR3, said to be highly associated with many autoimmune conditions, was present in 25%.This cohort of people with congenital rubella has illuminated our understanding of viral teratogenesis.

Background—Patients with systemic ventricles of right ventricular morphology are at high risk of contractile dysfunction, the cause of which has not been fully elucidated. Objective—To assess whether ischaemia or infarction contributes to ventricular impairment in unoperated patients with uncomplicated congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (TGA) by studying myocardial perfusion and function. Setting—Paediatric and adult congenital cardiac clinics of a tertiary referral centre. Patients—Five patients with congenitally corrected TGA but without associated structural cardiac defects (aged 3.5 to 34 years). Interventions—Maximal exercise stress testing using standard or modified Bruce protocols. Sestamibi (technetium-99m methoxy isobutyl isonitrile) scanning after isotope injection at maximal exercise and rest. Main outcome measures—Maximum exercise capacity; right ventricular myocardial perfusion, regional wall motion, and thickening; right ventricular ejection fraction. Results—The two youngest patients (3.5 and 11 years) had normal exercise capacity for age, while the others had reduced exercise performance. Sestamibi scanning showed reversible myocardial ischaemia in four patients and fixed defects indicating infarction in five. Irreversible defects were mostly associated with impaired wall motion and thickening. The ejection fraction was normal (65%) in the youngest patient but

This chapter examines whether the existing legal framework, coupled with the states' commercial interests, can act to prevent maritime disputes. It discusses the international legal norms that govern maritime delimitation under United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and customary international law (CIL), delineation of the outer limits of the continental shelf under UNCLOS and the less-developed norms on cross-border field development. International law is applied to the authoritative United States geological survey map of hydrocarbon resource potential. The vast majority of hydrocarbon resources lie in undisputed, national territories. The chapter turns to State practice on cross-border hydrocarbon development of fields that may straddle an international boundary. An extensive legal framework is already in place to deal with maritime boundary delimitation and continental shelf delineation in the Arctic. This framework extends to the most oil and gas-rich regions, leaving just a few minor gaps in hydrocarbon provinces. Keywords: arctic hydrocarbon resources; cross-border hydrocarbon development; customary international law (CIL); UNCLOS

The SciBooNE and MiniBooNE collaborations report the results of a νμ disappearance search in the Δ'm2 region of 0.5-40 eV2. The neutrino rate as measured by the SciBooNE tracking detectors is used to constrain the rate at the MiniBooNE Cherenkov detector in the first joint analysis of data from both collaborations. Two separate analyses of the combined data samples set 90% confidence level (CL) limits on νμ disappearance in the 0.5-40 eV2 Δm2 region, with an improvement over previous experimental constraints between 10 and 30 eV2

The authors would like to acknowledge the support of Fermilab, the Department of Energy, and the National Science Foundation in the construction, operation, and data analysis of the Mini Booster Neutrino Experiment.

Using a high-statistics, high-purity sample of {nu}{sub {mu}-}induced charged current, charged pion events in mineral oil (CH{sub 2}), MiniBooNE reports a collection of interaction cross sections for this process. This includes measurements of the CC{pi}{sup +} cross section as a function of neutrino energy, as well as flux-averaged single- and double-differential cross sections of the energy and direction of both the final-state muon and pion. In addition, each of the single-differential cross sections are extracted as a function of neutrino energy to decouple the shape of the MiniBooNE energy spectrum from the results. In many cases, these cross sections are the first time such quantities have been measured on a nuclear target and in the 1 GeV energy range.

We report a measurement of the flux-averaged neutral-current elastic differential cross section for neutrinos scattering on mineral oil (CH{sub 2}) as a function of four-momentum transferred squared, Q{sup 2}. It is obtained by measuring the kinematics of recoiling nucleons with kinetic energy greater than 50 MeV which are readily detected in MiniBooNE. This differential cross-section distribution is fit with fixed nucleon form factors apart from an axial mass M{sub A} that provides a best fit for M{sub A}=1.39{+-}0.11 GeV. Using the data from the charged-current neutrino interaction sample, a ratio of neutral-current to charged-current quasielastic cross sections as a function of Q{sup 2} has been measured. Additionally, single protons with kinetic energies above 350 MeV can be distinguished from neutrons and multiple nucleon events. Using this marker, the strange quark contribution to the neutral-current axial vector form factor at Q{sup 2}=0, {Delta}s, is found to be {Delta}s=0.08{+-}0.26.

MiniBooNE reports the first absolute cross sections for neutral current single {pi}{sup 0} production on CH{sub 2} induced by neutrino and antineutrino interactions measured from the largest sets of NC {pi}{sup 0} events collected to date. The principal result consists of differential cross sections measured as functions of {pi}{sup 0} momentum and {pi}{sup 0} angle averaged over the neutrino flux at MiniBooNE. We find total cross sections of (4.76 {+-} 0.05{sub stat} {+-} 0.40{sub sys}) x 10{sup -40} cm{sup 2}/nucleon at a mean energy of = 808 MeV and (1.48 {+-} 0.05{sub stat} {+-} 0.14{sub sys}) x 10{sup -40} cm{sup 2}/nucleon at a mean energy of = 664 MeV for {nu}{sub {mu}} and {bar {nu}}{sub {mu}} induced production, respectively. In addition, we have included measurements of the neutrino and antineutrino total cross sections for incoherent exclusive NC 1{pi}{sup 0} production corrected for the effects of final state interactions to compare to prior results.

The detector for the MiniBooNE experiment at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory employs 1520 8 inch Hamamatsu models R1408 and R5912 photomultiplier tubes with custom-designed bases. Tests were performed to determine the dark rate, charge and timing resolutions, double-pulsing rate, and desired operating voltage for each tube, so that the tubes could be sorted for optimal placement in the detector. Seven phototubes were tested to find the angular dependence of their response. After the Super-K phototube implosion accident, an analysis was performed to determine the risk of a similar accident with MiniBooNE., Comment: 25 pages, 19 figures

We present a search for core-collapse supernovae in the Milky Way galaxy, using the MiniBooNE neutrino detector. No evidence is found for core-collapse supernovae occurring in our Galaxy in the period from December 14, 2004 to July 31, 2008, corresponding to 98% live time for collection. We set a limit on the core-collapse supernova rate out to a distance of 13.4 kpc to be less than 0.69 supernovae per year at 90% C. L., We acknowledge the support of Fermilab, the Department of Energy, and the National Science Foundation. We are grateful to John Beacom for his valuable insight and advice. We thank Alessandro Mirizzi, Georg G. Raffelt, and Pasquale D. Serpico for providing the probability distribution for the Milky Way.

Charged current single pion production (CC{pi}{sup +}) and charged current quasi-elastic scattering (CCQE) are the most abundant interaction types for neutrinos at energies around 1 GeV, a region of great interest to oscillation experiments. The cross-sections for these processes, however, are not well understood in this energy range. This dissertation presents a measurement of the ratio of CC{pi}{sup +} to CCQE cross-sections for muon neutrinos on mineral oil (CH{sub 2}) in the MiniBooNE experiment. The measurement is presented here both with and without corrections for hadronic re-interactions in the target nucleus and is given as a function of neutrino energy in the range 0.4 GeV < E{sub {nu}} < 2.4 GeV. With more than 46,000 CC{pi}{sup +} events collected in MiniBooNE, and with a fractional uncertainty of roughly 11% in the region of highest statistics, this measurement represents a dramatic improvement in statistics and precision over previous CC{pi}{sup +} and CCQE measurements.

We report the first observation of off-axis neutrino interactions in the MiniBooNE detector from the NuMI beam line at Fermilab. The MiniBooNE detector is located 745 m from the NuMI production target, at 110 mrad angle (6.3°) with respect to the NuMI beam axis. Samples of charged-current quasielastic νμ and νe interactions are analyzed and found to be in agreement with expectation. This provides a direct verification of the expected pion and kaon contributions to the neutrino flux and validates the modeling of the NuMI off-axis beam.

The booster neutrino experiment (MiniBooNE) searches for nu(mu)->nu(e) oscillations using the O(1 GeV) neutrino beam produced by the booster synchrotron at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory). The booster delivers protons with 8 GeV kinetic energy (8.89 GeV/c momentum) to a beryllium target, producing neutrinos from the decay of secondary particles in the beam line. We describe the Monte Carlo simulation methods used to estimate the flux of neutrinos from the beam line incident on the MiniBooNE detector for both polarities of the focusing horn. The simulation uses the Geant4 framework for propagating particles, accounting for electromagnetic processes and hadronic interactions in the beam line materials, as well as the decay of particles. The absolute double differential cross sections of pion and kaon production in the simulation have been tuned to match external measurements, as have the hadronic cross sections for nucleons and pions. The statistical precision of the flux predictions is enhanced through reweighting and resampling techniques. Systematic errors in the flux estimation have been determined by varying parameters within their uncertainties, accounting for correlations where appropriate., The MiniBooNE collaboration acknowledges support from the Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation of the United States. We are grateful to Fermilab for hosting the experiment and thank the Accelerator Division for the excellent accelerator performance. We thank Los Alamos National Laboratory for LDRD funding. We acknowledge Bartoszek Engineering for the design of the focusing horn. This research was done using resources provided by the Open Science Grid, which is supported by the NSF and DOE-SC. We also acknowledge the use of the LANL PINK cluster and CONDOR software in the analysis of the data.

The MiniBooNE Collaboration observes unexplained electronlike events in the reconstructed neutrino energy range from 200 to 475 MeV. With 6.46 x 10(20) protons on target, 544 electronlike events are observed in this energy range, compared to an expectation of 415.2 +/- 43.4 events, corresponding to an excess of 128.8 +/- 20.4 +/- 38.3 events. The shape of the excess in several kinematic variables is consistent with being due to either nu(e) and (nu) over bar (e) charged-current scattering or nu(mu) neutral-current scattering with a photon in the final state. No significant excess of events is observed in the reconstructed neutrino energy range from 475 to 1250 MeV, where 408 events are observed compared to an expectation of 385.9 +/- 35.7 events., We acknowledge the support of Fermilab, the Department of Energy, and the National Science Foundation, and we acknowledge Los Alamos National Laboratory for LDRD funding. In addition, we acknowledge theoretical input from Tina Leitner and Ulrich Mosel on the Delta -> N gamma background.

The MiniBooNE Collaboration reports a search for nu(mu) and nu(mu) disappearance in the Delta m(2) region of 0.5-40 eV(2). These measurements are important for constraining models with extra types of neutrinos, extra dimensions, and CPT violation. Fits to the shape of the nu(mu) and nu(mu) energy spectra reveal no evidence for disappearance at the 90% confidence level (C.L.) in either mode. The test of nu(mu) disappearance probes a region below Delta m(2)=40 eV(2) never explored before., We acknowledge the support of Fermilab, the Department of Energy, and the National Science Foundation. We thank Los Alamos National Laboratory for LDRD funding. We also acknowledge the use of Condor software in the analysis the data.

We report the first observation of off-axis neutrino interactions in the MiniBooNE detector from the NuMI beam line at Fermilab. The MiniBooNE detector is located 745 m from the NuMI production target, at 110 mrad angle (6.3 degrees) with respect to the NuMI beam axis. Samples of charged-current quasielastic numicro and nue interactions are analyzed and found to be in agreement with expectation. This provides a direct verification of the expected pion and kaon contributions to the neutrino flux and validates the modeling of the NuMI off-axis beam.

This article presents the compatibility of experimental data from neutrino oscillation experiments with a high-{delta}m{sup 2} two-neutrino oscillation hypothesis. Data is provided by the Bugey, Karlsruhe Rutherford Medium Energy Neutrino Experiment 2 (KARMEN2), Los Alamos Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector (LSND), and MiniBooNE experiments. The LSND, KARMEN2, and MiniBooNE results are 25.36% compatible within a two-neutrino oscillation hypothesis. However, the point of maximal compatibility is found in a region that is excluded by the Bugey data. A joint analysis of all four experiments, performed in the sin{sup 2}2{theta} vs {delta}m{sup 2} region common to all data, finds a maximal compatibility of 3.94%. This result does not account for additions to the neutrino oscillation model from sources such as CP violation or sterile neutrinos.

The MiniBooNE neutrino detector was designed and built to look for muon-neutrino to electron-neutrino oscillations in the mixing parameter space region where the LSND experiment reported a signal. The MiniBooNE experiment used a beam energy and baseline that were an order of magnitude larger than those of LSND so that the backgrounds and systematic errors would be completely different. This paper provides a detailed description of the design, function, and performance of the MiniBooNE detector., 46 pages, 21 figures

A modified simple integral model for plume behavior from finite length line sources of heat and momentum is presented that identifies observed trends in plume trajectory data. Experiments on several finite length line sources of heat and momentum in the form of elevated (rows of stacks) and surface (slot) releases were conducted in a water tunnel. Plume behavior was documented through detailed temperature measurements of the plume cross section and by photographing the dyed plume. Results indicate the nature of any plume trajectory and growth enhancement and confirm the empirical relation for the liftoff distance for a buoyant surface plume given by Meroney (1979). In addition to the liftoff distance, the shape of the plume contact zone was measured and related to various regions of plume trajectory and cross-sectional shape. Plume trajectories from elevated line releases are adequately predicted by standard single source formulations; however, plume cross-sectional area is significantly overpredicted

The MiniBooNE Collaboration reports first results of a search for {nu}{sub e} appearance in a {nu}{sub {mu}} beam. With two largely independent analyses, we observe no significant excess of events above the background for reconstructed neutrino energies above 475 MeV. The data are consistent with no oscillations within a two-neutrino appearance-only oscillation model.

The observation of neutrino oscillations is clear evidence for physics beyond the standard model. To make precise measurements of this phenomenon, neutrino oscillation experiments, including MiniBooNE, require an accurate description of neutrino charged current quasi-elastic (CCQE) cross sections to predict signal samples. Using a high-statistics sample of muon neutrino CCQE events, MiniBooNE finds that a simple Fermi gas model, with appropriate adjustments, accurately characterizes the CCQE events observed in a carbon-based detector. The extracted parameters include an effective axial mass, M_A^eff = 1.23+/-0.20 GeV, that describes the four-momentum dependence of the axial-vector form factor of the nucleon; and a Pauli-suppression parameter, kappa = 1.019+/-0.011. Such a modified Fermi gas model may also be used by future accelerator-based experiments measuring neutrino oscillations on nuclear targets., 5 pages, 3 figures

The MiniBooNE Collaboration reports first results of a search for nu e appearance in a nu mu beam. With two largely independent analyses, we observe no significant excess of events above the background for reconstructed neutrino energies above 475 MeV. The data are consistent with no oscillations within a two-neutrino appearance-only oscillation model.

Background The prevalence of thrombosis after the Fontan procedure depends upon the surgical technique used and the method of detection employed. Current investigations for thrombosis lack sensitivity and specificity or, in the paediatric population, require a general anaesthetic. We undertook a study to examine the feasibility of using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect thrombosis within the conduit, cardiac chambers and pulmonary arteries after the extracardiac conduit modification of the Fontan procedure. Methods Of the 50 children who had undergone this procedure at our institution between 1997 and 2002, 26 were eligible for, and 13 underwent, MRI study. The mean age was 10.2 years (range 8.2–16.8 years, median 9.5 years) and the average time from operation was 63 months (range 29–79 months, median 68 months). The mean age at Fontan operation was 4.9 years (range 2.1–10.5 years). Ten were on low dose aspirin, two were on warfarin and one was not anti-coagulated. In all cases, satisfactory imaging of the venous pathways and pulmonary arteries was obtained and there were no thrombi detected. Conclusions We conclude that MRI is a potentially useful tool for the detection of thrombus in patients who have undergone the Fontan operation.

Alagille syndrome (AGS) is a complex disorder with multisystemic involvement, including the liver, heart, kidneys, cerebral vasculature, skeleton, eyes, and face.' A structural heart defect is one of the diagnostic criteria for AGS. These vary in severity, with peripheral pulmonary arterial stenosis being a common problem. Pulmonary atresia (PA) is a rare presentation in AGS, but we were impressed by the poor outcome of such infants following review of our institutional experience over the last 20 years. The information has particular relevance in this era where prenatal diagnosis of both AGS and PA can be made.

The recent discoveries in the neutrino sector in the Standard Model have opened a new frontier in high-energy physics. Understanding neutrinos and how they interact is crucial to continuing to verify the Standard Model and look beyond Standard Model physics. The MiniBooNE experiment is a /spl nu/~/sub /spl mu// /spl rarr/ /spl nu/~/sub e/ oscillation search designed to confirm or rule out the neutrino oscillation signal seen by the LSND experiment at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. The MiniBooNE detector, a sphere filled with mineral oil and lined with 8-in Hamamatsu photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), uses Cerenkov imaging to identify /spl nu//sub /spl mu// and /spl nu//sub e/ interactions. The PMTs are the main detector component and must be well understood. They underwent a series of tests to determine their functionality and figures of merit in order to be placed in the detector, as described here.

The primary physics goal of Mini BooNE is to confirm or rule out the LSND vμ→ve oscilliation observation with high significance. In the 2003 Run Plan document presented to the PAC, we outlined the need for 1 X 1021 protons on target (POT) to achieve this goal. In this document, we present an addendum to our run plan for fiscal year 2006 (FY2006).

OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to assess whether myocardial ischemia and/or infarction are involved in the pathogenesis of late right ventricular dysfunction in adult survivors of atrial baffle repair for transposition of the great arteries in infancy. BACKGROUND The medium-term success of intraatrial baffle repair for transposition of the great arteries is good, with many patients surviving into adult life, but prognosis can be limited by progressive right ventricular dysfunction. We hypothesized that ongoing myocardial ischemia and/or infarction are important factors in the pathogenesis of this complication. Radionuclide techniques offer an opportunity to study both myocardial perfusion and concomitant ventricular wall motion. METHODS Dipyridamole sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography followed by rest sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography was used to assess right ventricular myocardial perfusion, wall motion, wall thickening and ejection fraction in 22 adolescents/young adults who had undergone atrial baffle repair for simple transposition of the great arteries at median 6.7 (range 0.5 to 54) months of age. The patients were aged 10 to 25 (median 15.5) years; 19 in New York Heart Association class I, 2 in class II and 1 in class III. All were in a regular cardiac rhythm during the studies. The right ventricular tomographic images were examined in three parallel and two orthogonal planes, analyzed in 12 segments. RESULTS Perfusion defects were evident in all patients in at least one segment, in either the rest or stress images. Twelve patients (55%) demonstrated fixed defects only, nine (41%) had fixed and reversible defects and one (4.5%) had reversible defects only. Concomitant wall-thickening abnormalities occurred in 83% of segments with fixed perfusion defects, mirrored by a reduction in wall motion in 91% of segments analyzed. Right ventricular ejection fraction was correlated with age (R = 0.62; p = 0.002), and with wall-thickening abnormalities (R = 0.60; p CONCLUSIONS Reversible and fixed perfusion defects with concordant regional wall motion abnormalities occur in the right (systemic) ventricle 10 to 20 years after Mustard repair for transposition of the great arteries; this may be important in the pathogenesis of late right ventricular dysfunction in this group.

Although right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is an important complication in subjects with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries, its pathogenesis is poorly understood. We assessed the role of RV myocardial perfusion and found perfusion defects at rest in all 20 patients, involving 4.6 +/- 2.3 of a total of 12 segments; the extent of the resting perfusion defects correlated inversely with the RV ejection fraction.

OBJECTIVE--To assess the effectiveness and safety of amiodarone in the treatment of junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) after open heart surgery in children. PATIENTS--Between January 1990 and December 1991, 16 consecutive patients aged 6 days to 14 years with JET associated with significant haemodynamic impairment after cardiopulmonary bypass were treated with amiodarone as the principal antiarrhythmic drug. INTERVENTIONS--Amiodarone 5 mg/kg was administered intravenously over one hour and the same dose was subsequently infused over 12 hours. This was reviewed every 12 hours and repeated as necessary until a satisfactory heart rate and stable haemodynamics were achieved. Atrial pacing was used whenever possible to provide atrioventricular synchrony. RESULTS--Except for one patient with a JET rate of 160/min, the maximum JET rate ranged from 180/min to 245/min with a mean(SD) of 200 (20)/min. After amiodarone, the heart rates reduced to a mean(SD) of 170 (20), 164 (27), 158 (27), 157 (24), and 153 (19)/min at two, four, eight, 12, and 24 hours respectively. A reduction in tachycardia rate allowing atrial pacing was achieved in 10 patients by two hours. Haemodynamic variables improved in most patients with an increase in mean systolic blood pressure by an average of 15 mm Hg and a decrease in atrial filling pressures by an average of 3.5 mm Hg at four hours after amiodarone administration. There were three deaths: one was a moribund patient who died soon after the onset of JET and the other two deaths were not directly related to JET. COMPLICATIONS--Late bradycardia with hypotension was recorded in one patient. Asymptomatic late sinus bradycardia was seen in several others. CONCLUSIONS--Amiodarone can be used safely and effectively to control JET with haemodynamic improvement in most patients. The addition of atrial pacing confers the advantage of atrioventricular synchrony.

Background Aortic root dilatation may result from the embryologic maldevelopment that causes Tetralogy of Fallot (TET). It could also relate to haemodynamic factors since the aorta carries a larger fraction of the combined cardiac output. Methods Retrospective data analysis and review of echocardiographic, catheterisation and follow up data on children who underwent TET repair between 1985 and 1990. The tirst part of the study focused on impact of arteriopulmonary shunts on aortic root size. The second part of the study focused on the comparative aortic root sizes in children who had been repaired in infancy as against those who had been repaired postinfancy. Results In the first part of the study, there were 147 infants at ages 3.4 f 2.9 months with complete M-Mode echo studies. Their aortic annulus was significantly larger than expected for age. Catheterisation data was available in 54 patients in whom systemic saturation did not correlate with aortic root diameter on echo studies done within a 3month period. There were 46 infants who underwent palliative arteriopulmonary shunts with a further important increase in aortic annular dimension. The second part of the study compared aortic root size in those who had been repaired before 1 years of age (n = 43) and after 1 years of age (n = 385) with a follow up between 1 and 35 years. In cases that were corrected in infancy, the aortic annulus size approached upper limit of normal by 6 years of age whereas aortic annular dilatation persisted in those corrected post infancy. Conclusion The study was unable to differentiate the relative contributions of maldevelopment and haemodynamic factors in aortic root dilatation in TET. Aortic root dilatation persists in patients repaired beyond infancy, and seems to ‘regress’ in those operated in infancy