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The minimum temperature threshold for the development of apple maggot pupae, Rhagoletis pomonella was 6.4°C. From 1951–75 the 1st flies emerged in cages over infested apples on the avg on June 15 near Highland, NY and on June 23 in Geneva, NY. The avg accumulated air temperature thermal units (T.U.'s) from Mar. 1 using a threshold of 6.4°C until 1st emergence were 614±53 and 641±48, respectively, at the 2 locations. The annual deviations between the actual first emergence and the date when the avg T.U.'s were accumulated ranged from 1–8 days with an avg of 3.5 at Geneva and from 1–14 days with an avg of 5-7 days at Highland. From 1975–77 the mean T.U. accumulation and the 99% confidence interval developed at Geneva was used to predict emergence in 5 locations in Wayne Co. The deviations between the observed emergence and dates in which the appropriate number of T.U.'s was accumulated averaged 3.5 and 0.8 days, respectively.

Mass-trapfing of male moths with sex pheromone traps for control of Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker) was tested over a 3-year period in 2 commercial apple orchards. Pheromone-baited sticky traps were deployed generally 1/tree prior to moth emergence in the spring. Pheromone dispensers were renewed at the start of the summer flight to maintain attractancy throughout the period of moth activity. Population pressure from this pest was considered moderate at both sites. Total annual moth catch for 1970, 1971 and 1972, respectively, was 2552, 4513, and 1153 at the Cohn Farm (ca. 40 acres) and 4324, 2737, and 2496 at the Red Jacket Farm (ca. 25 acres). In both cases, moth catch for the 3rd year was reduced substantially from the 1st year level. Fruit injury in the mass-trapped area at the Cohn Farm for the corresponding years was 0.52, 2.34, and 0.09. The check at the Cohn Farm had 12.4 and 8.5% fruit injury in 1971 and 1972, respectively. At the Red Jacket Farm, fruit injury was only 0.14, 0.18, and 0.39% for the 3 years. These levels of injury are commercially acceptable and successful control of redbanded leafroller is attributed to the pheromone trapping technique.

A technique for continuous rearing of the red-banded leaf roller (Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker)) in the greenhouse has been developed. Large numbers of larvae are produced daily with a minimum amount of labor by rearing in cages on Faba bean plants. When temperatures were maintained between 70° to 75°F. a generation was completed in 33 days. Eggs must be incubated at very high relative humidities and, to prevent diapause, the normal day length must be extended during larval development for the months of August through April. Granulosis and other diseases have been kept in check by following good sanitation practices. The original strain, started in July 1959, has been reared continuously for 20 months through 18 generations.

A granulosis caused by a virus, Bergoldia clistorhabdion (W. and S.) has been observed in larvae of the red-banded leaf roller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Wlk.) in an occasional apple orchard in New York. The disease has not been observed to be abundant enough to influence appreciably population levels. In the laboratory first instar larvae readily contracted the disease when fed on apple leaves treated with suspensions of triturated diseased larvae at dilutions from 1 last instar larva per 1000 ml. of water to 1 larva per 512,000 ml. of water. Disease symptoms and death developed more rapidly at the higher concentrations than at the lower. Suspensions of triturated diseased larvae at rates of 5,50 and 100 larvae per 100 gallons sprayed on apple trees during the hatching of first brood eggs infected and destroyed most larvae, but not before they damaged many fruits.

Controlled atmosphere (CA) storage which involves 32° to 38°. temperatures. oxygen concentrations of 3% and carbon dioxide levels of 2% to 8% is being used to prolong storage and shelf life of apples. The survival of larvae of the apple maggot ( Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh)) and plum curculio ( Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst)) in apples held in this type of storage as compared with standard cold storage at 32°F was studied using naturally infested Twenty-Ounce and Northern Spy apples and thinning apples artificially infested with plum curculio. Results show standard storagc was lethal to apple maggot and plum curculio larvae in 33 days or less whereas CA storage at 38°F. was lethal in less than 00 days. Plum curculio larvae were unable to survive 38°F. CA storage for 83 days, The results show that the ninimum stomge time (90 days) required for certified eon trolled atmosphere apples is completely lethal to any apple maggot and plum curculio that might be present in the fruit.

Field tests with sex pheromone extracts of the redbanded leaf roller moth, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), in 1966 and with extracts and synthetic attractant in 1968 have been conducted, Crude extracts placed on dental wicking were highly attractive to male moths the first day and night, but caught very few thereafter. The synthetic attractant was placed on various wick designs. A small polyethylene cap proved to be the best wick for releasing the attractant at an optimum rate for almost a year. Trap studies indicated that black traps are better than white and that the traps should have at least 1½-in, openings in each end. A 20-acre apple orchard trapping experiment utilizing the new wicks and traps was conducted in 1968. Partial control was effected, but the traps did not compete well enough with the build-up of females. A number of pheromone traps containing a synergist showed a 10-fold increase in males trapped and indicated their potential for further mass trapping experiments.

Three principal diets were used for the nutritional study of the red-banded leaf roller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker). One was the Fava bean plant, Vicia faba (L.), which was used as a check for growth, development, and reproduction. The other 2 were agar based. One agar-base diet, called the Fava bean medium, contained lyophilized Fava bean leaves, yeast extract, dextrose, salts, bacto-peptone, and water as the sources of the dietary requirements. The third diet, called the casein medium, contained dextrose, salts, casein, 4 amino acids, ribose nucleic acid, linseed oil, cholesterol, vitamins, and water. Growth and development on the Fava bean medium was comparable to that attained on the Fava bean plant. However, the larval growth period on the casein medium was longer and resulted in an increase in body weight over that attained on the Fava bean medium. In the adults, both scale condition and longevity were similar for the insects reared on the 2 media. Growth, development, and reproduction of a second generation reared axenically from egg to adult on the casein medium were similar to those attained in the first generation. Six generations were reared axenically from egg to adult on the casein medium and 3 on the Fava bean medium.

A 1-acre apple planting, formerly an isolated part of a commercial orchard, was maintained normally except for the omission of insecticidal and acaricidal treatments from 1960 through 1969. European red mites, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), were not troublesome but codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.); plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst): red-banded leaf roller, Argyrolaenia velutinana (Walker); and apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), rendered the crop commercially worthless after the 1st year. A little-known pest, the lesser appleworm, Grapholitha prunivora (Walsh), caused severe fruit injury during the last 2 years. The apple maggot was consistently the most damaging pest and infested more than 75% of the fruits each year after the 2nd noninsecticidal season.

It was found that Argyrotaenia velutinana grew well on meridic diets containing linseed oil. The addition of this oil to the meridic diet promoted larval growth, decreased mortality at the time of pupation, and increased the normal emergence of adults from the pupae. With suboptimal quantities of linseed oil adults emerged with the wing and body scales lacking. The active substance in linseed oil was found to be linoleic acid; linolenic acid had approximately the same effect as linoleic acid. Stearic, palmitic, oleic, and methyl arachidonic acids did not influence survival of this insect. The effect of a number of vegetable oils on scale condition and emergence of adults was dependent on the linoleic and linolenic acid content of the oils. Fatty acid analysis of pupae obtained from diets differing in essential fatty acid content showed that these fatty acids were not present in pupae reared on diets lacking these substances. The essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome of the adult resulting from the larvae feeding on fat-deficient diets was eliminated when last instar larvae were permitted to feed on a diet adequate in essential fatty acids.

A program for calculating theoretical control of mating by sex pheromone trapping was written with the following variable parameters: size of insect population, number of pheromone traps, emergence profile of the insect (with and without protandry), average life span of insect, and shape of the survival curve. Data from actual pheromone trapping experiments in both high and low populations of red-banded leaf roller moths, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), are analyzed with the program using parameters best suited for this insect. New fold-up traps and a synergized pheromone solution were used for these experiments. The pheromone trap appears to be at least twice as competitive as live female traps. Theoretical control for the summer moth flights was 48% for the high population and 99% for the low population. Records of fruit injury showed 32% damage in the 1st and 0% in the 2nd orchard. No migration was indicated into the controlled orchard. The success in controlling a low population for 1 year gives hope that this method can become a practical tool in control programs.

A colony of Grapholitha molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) has been maintained continuously on thinning apples at 27°C in the laboratory at Geneva, N. Y. Diapause has been prevented by continuous artificial lighting. During late 1957 and early 1958 the strain had a 96% diapause response to an 8:16-hour light:dark (LD) photoperiod compared with 1% 16:8 LD. Five years later (about 60 generations) the responses to 8:16, 12:12, and 16:8 LD were 2.7, 2.7 and 0.1%, respectively. A strain of oriental fruit moth from Vineland, Ontario, Canada, diapaused 96% at 12:12 LD, and 0.3% at 16: 8 LD, when reared in the same rooms. Starting in 1963, mass selection for nondiapause in the Vineland strain of oriental fruit moth was conducted for 31 generations under conditions of 27°C and a 12:12 LD photoperiod. Each generation was produced from the nondiapausing segment of the preceding generation. The percent diapause response fell from the original 96% to less than 1% by the 24th generation and remained at zero to less than 1%, thereafter. A field-collected strain diapaused normally under these same conditions.

Samples of treated apples and grapes were analyzed by chemical and biological methods to determine the rates of disappearance and harvest residues of Diazinon® ( O,O -diethyl O -(2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate). The chemical disappeared rapidly from the fruit during the first week after application of sprays. After 1 week and until harvest Diazinon declined gradually with no more than 0.2 p.p.m. toxicant being found in the last sample.

Although I speak to you as a spokesman for ESA, its president, my views are of course influenced by my years of experience as a professional entomologist. As an economic entomologist who has been involved in research for a pesticide manufacturer for five years, and at a state experiment station for 30 (with the last ten years devoted mostly to administration), I found the topic assigned to me to be new, strange and difficult. During these 35 years, I cannot recall ever having tried to bribe someone, or to be bribed. Nor can I recall any one in this country ever trying to or expecting me to act in what I would consider an unethical or unprofessional manner.

In recent years there has been an increasing recognition of the similarities of both objectives and problems among crop protection disciplines. The ecological approaches to crop protection embodied in the integrated pest management concept have highlighted the interactions that exist among measures used to control weeds, plant pathogens, nematodes, arthropods and other pests. Problems of registration and use of pesticides are quite similar across classes of pesticides. Also the problem of resistance exists in all classes of pests even though it is now most acute among arthropods.

During studies made on insect virus diseases a method was developed to produce large numbers of newly hatched larvae of the red-banded leaf roller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), on a daily basis (Glass and Hervey 1962). A technique for handling the newly hatched larvae was needed. It was found possible to transfer individual larvae from 1 vial to another with a small camel's hair brush. This method was not satisfactory, however, for topical treatments in toxicological studies. The use of a vacuum pencil described here has provided a satisfactory solution of this problem.

Rearing tests show that red-banded leaf roller ( Argyrotaenia Velutinana (Walker)) larvae predisposed to diapause (pupal stage) by short photoperiods have an arrested development period in the last instar. At 80° F. in the laboratory this period ranged from10 to 40 days longer than normal. The same phenomenon was observed in nature and lasted for 33 or more days. The possible significance of this arrested development is discussed.

In the past 13 years of observation an occasional egg mass of the red-banded leaf roller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), has been found parasitized but at no time has parasitization attained a 10% level. Similarly, parasitism and predatism in the other life stages have not been observed to be an important population-controlling factor of this species in commercial apple plantings (Glass 1958).