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Since the first successful haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) using cord blood from a sibling in 1988 and the establishment of the first public umbilical cord blood bank in New York Blood Center in 1992, umbilical cord blood banks have been instituted in many countries. Funding was received from regular blood banks, health councils, charity funds or commercial investments. The international medical society is indebted to the New York Blood Center for publishing their procedures and EuroCord for fighting a patent on cord blood processing. Although it is unknown how many cord blood samples are currently banked and have been transplanted worldwide, the figures of the international registration of World Marrow Donor Association (WHDA) show an increase of cord blood use, in addition to other sources of unrelated HSCT (Fig. 1). Cord blood for HSCT is, in addition to national/regional use, exchanged worldwide. Donor counselling, human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-typing, tests for transmittable diseases and product quality control requirements to comply with (inter)national [AABB, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, NetCord/ Foundation for the Accreditation of Cellular Therapy (FACT)] standards are expensive, making storage of cord blood for unrelated allogeneic haematopoietic transplantation currently a loss-making activity, not particularly attractive for private enterprise. In the last years, hopes have been fueled that other stem cells in cord blood may be used for future repair of metabolic or degenerative diseases. Autologous or personal cord blood banking appeals to individual initiatives and private funding; money is desperately needed by allogeneic cord blood banks, and it would be much better if it could