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1. Determinants of mobile phone output power in a multinational study: implications for exposure assessment

Author

Susanna Lagorio, Anssi Auvinen, Ivano Iavarone, Daniel Bedard, Alistair Woodward, Simon Mann, Joachim Schüz, L. Montestrucq, Bruce K. Armstrong, Roger C Parslow, S. J. Hepworth, Martine Hours, Masao Taki, Angela Chetrit, L. Ardoino, Joe Wiart, Elisabeth Cardis, H. Collatz-Christensen, Graham G. Giles, Päivi Kurttio, Gabriele Berg-Beckhoff, Daniel Krewski, Sigrid Lönn, Julianne Brown, Siegal Sadetzki, Martine Vrijheid, Maria Feychting, Christoffer Johansen, Angus Cook, Isabelle Deltour, Tore Tynes, Mary L. McBride, E. Combalot, and Paolo Vecchia

Subjects
Adult, Male, Time Factors, Maximum power principle, Radio Waves, Computer science, Urban Health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Environmental Exposure, Rural Health, Environmental exposure, Middle Aged, Radiation Dosage, Power (physics), Radiation Monitoring, GSM, Phone, Mobile phone, Case-Control Studies, Statistics, Humans, Female, Cell Phone, Call duration, Power control
Abstract

Objectives: The output power of a mobile phone is directly related to its radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic field strength, and may theoretically vary substantially in different networks and phone use circumstances due to power control technologies. To improve indices of RF exposure for epidemiological studies, we assessed determinants of mobile phone output power in a multinational study. Methods: More than 500 volunteers in 12 countries used Global System for Mobile communications software-modified phones (GSM SMPs) for approximately 1 month each. The SMPs recorded date, time, and duration of each call, and the frequency band and output power at fixed sampling intervals throughout each call. Questionnaires provided information on the typical circumstances of an individual's phone use. Linear regression models were used to analyse the influence of possible explanatory variables on the average output power and the percentage call time at maximum power for each call. Results: Measurements of over 60 000 phone calls showed that the average output power was approximately 50% of the maximum, and that output power varied by a factor of up to 2 to 3 between study centres and network operators. Maximum power was used during a considerable proportion of call time (39% on average). Output power decreased with increasing call duration, but showed little variation in relation to reported frequency of use while in a moving vehicle or inside buildings. Higher output powers for rural compared with urban use of the SMP were observed principally in Sweden where the study covered very sparsely populated areas. Conclusions: Average power levels are substantially higher than the minimum levels theoretically achievable in GSM networks. Exposure indices could be improved by accounting for average power levels of different telecommunications systems. There appears to be little value in gathering information on circumstances of phone use other than use in very sparsely populated regions.

Published
2009

2. The 15-Country Collaborative Study of Cancer Risk among Radiation Workers in the Nuclear Industry: Estimates of Radiation-Related Cancer Risks

Author

G. Engholm, M. Moser, P. Deboodt, M. Marshall, Colin R. Muirhead, Agnès Rogel, Martine Vrijheid, G. Cowper, Rima R. Habib, A. Biau, M. Eklof, John M. Kaldor, Y. O. Ahn, E. Amoros, I. Turai, D. Utterback, Mary K. Schubauer-Berigan, Anssi Auvinen, Fix Jj, C. Hacker, K. Holan, F. Bermann, H. Engels, A. Diez Sacristan, B. Heinmiller, Matti Hakama, H. Hyvonen, H. Malker, J. M. Bae, J. Bernar, David B. Richardson, Isabelle Thierry-Chef, E. Combalot, M. Telle-Lamberton, M. Martuzzi, A. Mastauskas, Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo, P. Ashmore, Ethel S. Gilbert, K. Veress, A. Kerekes, M. Usel, Juozas Kurtinaitis, H. Tardy, G. Gulis, T. Yoshimura, Catherine Hill, Maria Blettner, Geoffrey R. Howe, Elisabeth Cardis, A. Monnet, Mark S. Pearce, Centre International de Recherche contre le Cancer - International Agency for Research on Cancer (CIRC - IARC), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), National Cancer Institute [Bethesda] (NCI-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Finnish Cancer Registry, University of Tampere [Finland], Épidémiologie des radiations, épidémiologie clinique des cancers et survie (U1018 (Équipe 3) ), Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR)-Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University [New York], National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Health Protection Agency, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health [Cincinnati] (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), University of Occupational and Environmental Health [Kitakyushu] (UEOH), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation [Australie] (ANSTO), Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL), Seoul National University [Seoul] (SNU), Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa [Ottawa], Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority [Helsinki] (STUK), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Centre d'Etude de l'Energie Nucléaire (SCK-CEN), International Atomic Energy Agency [Vienna] (IAEA), The National Board of Health and Welfare, American University of Beirut [Beyrouth] (AUB), Serono International SA (SERONO INTERNATIONAL SA), Serono International SA, Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, School of Clinical Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), EDF (EDF), Semmelweis University of Medicine [Budapest], Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM)

Subjects
Male, Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced, International Cooperation, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Radiation induced, radiation exposure, nuclear industry, cancer risk, Whole-Body Counting, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Cohort Studies, cause of death, 0302 clinical medicine, Nuclear industry, Nuclear Reactors, Risk Factors, Neoplasms, cancer mortality, Medicine, Radiation injury, Radiation, industry, adult, article, leukemia, risk assessment, methodology, cohort analysis, 3. Good health, multiple myeloma, Occupational Diseases, Survival Rate, female, priority journal, risk factor, statistics, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, employment, Female, ionizing radiation, radiation dose, Cohort study, radiation injury, Adult, Employment, Biophysics, Radiation Dosage, Risk Assessment, survival, 03 medical and health sciences, socioeconomics, Occupational Exposure, Industry, follow up, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, human, Risk factor, industrial worker, Whole body counting, business.industry, Nicotiana tabacum, Cancer, medicine.disease, mortality, Survival Analysis, lung cancer, whole body counting, confidence interval, Radiation-Induced, occupational disease, nuclear reactor, business, Nuclear medicine, Cancer risk, Demography
Abstract

International audience; A 15-Country collaborative cohort study was conducted to provide direct estimates of cancer risk following protracted low doses of ionizing radiation. Analyses included 407,391 nuclear industry workers monitored individually for external radiation and 5.2 million person-years of follow-up. A significant association was seen between radiation dose and all-cause mortality [excess relative risk (ERR) 0.42 per Sv, 90% CI 0.07, 0.79; 18,993 deaths]. This was mainly attributable to a dose-related increase in all cancer mortality (ERR/Sv 0.97, 90% CI 0.28, 1.77; 5233 deaths). Among 31 specific types of malignancies studied, a significant association was found for lung cancer (ERR/Sv 1.86, 90% CI 0.49, 3.63; 1457 deaths) and a borderline significant (P = 0.06) association for multiple myeloma (ERR/Sv 6.15, 90% CI

Published
2007

3. Risk of cancer after low doses of ionising radiation: retrospective cohort study in 15 countries

Author

A. Kerekes, G. Cowper, Rima R. Habib, H. Malker, G. Gulis, J. Bernar Solano, Anssi Auvinen, M. Telle-Lamberton, M. Moser, P. Deboodt, Geoffrey R. Howe, Yoon Ok Ahn, H. Tardy, Elisabeth Cardis, Fix Jj, G. Engholm, Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo, Ethel S. Gilbert, P. Ashmore, A. Diez Sacristan, Isabelle Thierry-Chef, E. Combalot, Martine Vrijheid, A. Mastauskas, D. Utterback, M. Martuzzi, Colin R. Muirhead, M. Marshall, David B. Richardson, I. Turai, Mary K. Schubauer-Berigan, M. Usel, J. M. Bae, John M. Kaldor, M. Eklof, F. Bermann, H. Hyvonen, E. Amoros, A. Biau, B. Heinmiller, Matti Hakama, A. Monnet, Mark S. Pearce, K. Veress, C. Hacker, Agnès Rogel, Juozas Kurtinaitis, H. Engels, T. Yoshimura, Catherine Hill, Maria Blettner, K. Holan, Centre International de Recherche contre le Cancer - International Agency for Research on Cancer (CIRC - IARC), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Centre Mainz, National Cancer Institute [Bethesda] (NCI-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), University of Tampere [Finland], Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University [New York], National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Health Protection Agency, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health [Cincinnati] (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), University of Occupational and Environmental Health [Kitakyushu] (UEOH), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation [Australie] (ANSTO), Chalk River Laboratories, Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd., Seoul National University [Seoul] (SNU), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS), Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Centre d'Etude de l'Energie Nucléaire (SCK-CEN), Department of Economics and Institute for East European Studies, American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center (AUB), WHO European Centre for Environment and Health [Bonn] (ECEH), Serono International SA (SERONO INTERNATIONAL SA), Serono International SA, School of Clinical Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Laboratoire d épidémiologie des rayonnements ionisants (IRSN/PSE-SANTE/SESANE/LEPID), Service de recherche sur les effets biologiques et Sanitaires des rayonnements ionisants (IRSN/PSE-SANTE/SESANE), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)-Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Semmelweis University of Medicine [Budapest], Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), and Laboratoire d'épidémiologie des rayonnements ionisants (LEPID)

Subjects
Male, Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced, retrospective study, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], cigarette smoking, radiation exposure, nuclear industry, cancer risk, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 0302 clinical medicine, Japan, dose response, Neoplasms, cancer mortality, General Environmental Science, dosimetry, article, leukemia, General Engineering, Absolute risk reduction, clinical trial, General Medicine, cohort analysis, 3. Good health, Occupational Diseases, female, priority journal, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Papers, Cohort, Workforce, epidemiology, Drug, ionizing radiation, radiation dose, Risk assessment, radiation injury, Cohort study, medicine.medical_specialty, Occupational disease, Risk Assessment, atomic bomb, electric power plant, Dose-Response Relationship, 03 medical and health sciences, manpower, Environmental health, medicine, follow up, Humans, human, industrial worker, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, business.industry, Cancer, Retrospective cohort study, medicine.disease, major clinical study, mortality, Surgery, multicenter study, Radiation-Induced, Relative risk, occupational disease, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, solid tumor, Epidemiologic Methods, business, radiation protection, Power Plants
Abstract

Objectives: To provide direct estimates of risk of cancer after protracted low doses of ionising radiation and to strengthen the scientific basis of radiation protection standards for environmental, occupational, and medical diagnostic exposures. Design: Multinational retrospective cohort study of cancer mortality. Setting: Cohorts of workers in the nuclear industry in 15 countries. Participants: 407 391 workers individually monitored for external radiation with a total follow-up of 5.2 million person years. Main outcome measurements: Estimates of excess relative risks per sievert (Sv) of radiation dose for mortality from cancers other than leukaemia and from leukaemia excluding chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, the main causes of death considered by radiation protection authorities. Results: The excess relative risk for cancers other than leukaemia was 0.97 per Sv, 95% confidence interval 0.14 to 1.97. Analyses of causes of death related or unrelated to smoking indicate that, although confounding by smoking may be present, it is unlikely to explain all of this increased risk. The excess relative risk for leukaemia excluding chronic lymphocytic leukaemia was 1.93 per Sv (< 0 to 8.47). On the basis of these estimates, 1-2% of deaths from cancer among workers in this cohort may be attributable to radiation. Conclusions: These estimates, from the largest study of nuclear workers ever conducted, are higher than, but statistically compatible with, the risk estimates used for current radiation protection standards. The results suggest that there is a small excess risk of cancer, even at the low doses and dose rates typically received by nuclear workers in this study.

Published
2005

4. Determinants of mobile phone output power in a multinational study: implications for exposure assessment.

Author

Vrijheid M, Mann S, Vecchia P, Wiart J, Taki M, Ardoino L, Armstrong BK, Auvinen A, Bédard D, Berg-Beckhoff G, Brown J, Chetrit A, Collatz-Christensen H, Combalot E, Cook A, Deltour I, Feychting M, Giles GG, Hepworth SJ, Hours M, Iavarone I, Johansen C, Krewski D, Kurttio P, Lagorio S, Lönn S, McBride M, Montestrucq L, Parslow RC, Sadetzki S, Schüz J, Tynes T, Woodward A, and Cardis E

Subjects
Adult, Case-Control Studies, Environmental Exposure statistics & numerical data, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Radiation Dosage, Radiation Monitoring methods, Rural Health statistics & numerical data, Time Factors, Urban Health statistics & numerical data, Cell Phone statistics & numerical data, Environmental Exposure analysis, Radio Waves
Abstract

Objectives: The output power of a mobile phone is directly related to its radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic field strength, and may theoretically vary substantially in different networks and phone use circumstances due to power control technologies. To improve indices of RF exposure for epidemiological studies, we assessed determinants of mobile phone output power in a multinational study., Methods: More than 500 volunteers in 12 countries used Global System for Mobile communications software-modified phones (GSM SMPs) for approximately 1 month each. The SMPs recorded date, time, and duration of each call, and the frequency band and output power at fixed sampling intervals throughout each call. Questionnaires provided information on the typical circumstances of an individual's phone use. Linear regression models were used to analyse the influence of possible explanatory variables on the average output power and the percentage call time at maximum power for each call., Results: Measurements of over 60,000 phone calls showed that the average output power was approximately 50% of the maximum, and that output power varied by a factor of up to 2 to 3 between study centres and network operators. Maximum power was used during a considerable proportion of call time (39% on average). Output power decreased with increasing call duration, but showed little variation in relation to reported frequency of use while in a moving vehicle or inside buildings. Higher output powers for rural compared with urban use of the SMP were observed principally in Sweden where the study covered very sparsely populated areas., Conclusions: Average power levels are substantially higher than the minimum levels theoretically achievable in GSM networks. Exposure indices could be improved by accounting for average power levels of different telecommunications systems. There appears to be little value in gathering information on circumstances of phone use other than use in very sparsely populated regions.

Published
2009
Full Text
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5. The 15-Country Collaborative Study of Cancer Risk among Radiation Workers in the Nuclear Industry: estimates of radiation-related cancer risks.

Author

Cardis E, Vrijheid M, Blettner M, Gilbert E, Hakama M, Hill C, Howe G, Kaldor J, Muirhead CR, Schubauer-Berigan M, Yoshimura T, Bermann F, Cowper G, Fix J, Hacker C, Heinmiller B, Marshall M, Thierry-Chef I, Utterback D, Ahn YO, Amoros E, Ashmore P, Auvinen A, Bae JM, Bernar J, Biau A, Combalot E, Deboodt P, Diez Sacristan A, Eklöf M, Engels H, Engholm G, Gulis G, Habib RR, Holan K, Hyvonen H, Kerekes A, Kurtinaitis J, Malker H, Martuzzi M, Mastauskas A, Monnet A, Moser M, Pearce MS, Richardson DB, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Rogel A, Tardy H, Telle-Lamberton M, Turai I, Usel M, and Veress K

Subjects
Adult, Cohort Studies, Employment statistics & numerical data, Female, Humans, International Cooperation, Male, Radiation Dosage, Risk Factors, Survival Analysis, Survival Rate, Industry statistics & numerical data, Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced mortality, Nuclear Reactors statistics & numerical data, Occupational Diseases mortality, Occupational Exposure statistics & numerical data, Risk Assessment methods, Whole-Body Counting statistics & numerical data
Abstract

A 15-Country collaborative cohort study was conducted to provide direct estimates of cancer risk following protracted low doses of ionizing radiation. Analyses included 407,391 nuclear industry workers monitored individually for external radiation and 5.2 million person-years of follow-up. A significant association was seen between radiation dose and all-cause mortality [excess relative risk (ERR) 0.42 per Sv, 90% CI 0.07, 0.79; 18,993 deaths]. This was mainly attributable to a dose-related increase in all cancer mortality (ERR/Sv 0.97, 90% CI 0.28, 1.77; 5233 deaths). Among 31 specific types of malignancies studied, a significant association was found for lung cancer (ERR/Sv 1.86, 90% CI 0.49, 3.63; 1457 deaths) and a borderline significant (P = 0.06) association for multiple myeloma (ERR/Sv 6.15, 90% CI <0, 20.6; 83 deaths) and ill-defined and secondary cancers (ERR/Sv 1.96, 90% CI -0.26, 5.90; 328 deaths). Stratification on duration of employment had a large effect on the ERR/Sv, reflecting a strong healthy worker survivor effect in these cohorts. This is the largest analytical epidemiological study of the effects of low-dose protracted exposures to ionizing radiation to date. Further studies will be important to better assess the role of tobacco and other occupational exposures in our risk estimates.

Published
2007
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6. Risk of cancer after low doses of ionising radiation: retrospective cohort study in 15 countries.

Author

Cardis E, Vrijheid M, Blettner M, Gilbert E, Hakama M, Hill C, Howe G, Kaldor J, Muirhead CR, Schubauer-Berigan M, Yoshimura T, Bermann F, Cowper G, Fix J, Hacker C, Heinmiller B, Marshall M, Thierry-Chef I, Utterback D, Ahn YO, Amoros E, Ashmore P, Auvinen A, Bae JM, Solano JB, Biau A, Combalot E, Deboodt P, Diez Sacristan A, Eklof M, Engels H, Engholm G, Gulis G, Habib R, Holan K, Hyvonen H, Kerekes A, Kurtinaitis J, Malker H, Martuzzi M, Mastauskas A, Monnet A, Moser M, Pearce MS, Richardson DB, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Rogel A, Tardy H, Telle-Lamberton M, Turai I, Usel M, and Veress K

Subjects
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Humans, Male, Power Plants, Risk Assessment, Workforce, Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced mortality, Occupational Diseases mortality
Abstract

Objectives: To provide direct estimates of risk of cancer after protracted low doses of ionising radiation and to strengthen the scientific basis of radiation protection standards for environmental, occupational, and medical diagnostic exposures., Design: Multinational retrospective cohort study of cancer mortality., Setting: Cohorts of workers in the nuclear industry in 15 countries., Participants: 407 391 workers individually monitored for external radiation with a total follow-up of 5.2 million person years., Main Outcome Measurements: Estimates of excess relative risks per sievert (Sv) of radiation dose for mortality from cancers other than leukaemia and from leukaemia excluding chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, the main causes of death considered by radiation protection authorities., Results: The excess relative risk for cancers other than leukaemia was 0.97 per Sv, 95% confidence interval 0.14 to 1.97. Analyses of causes of death related or unrelated to smoking indicate that, although confounding by smoking may be present, it is unlikely to explain all of this increased risk. The excess relative risk for leukaemia excluding chronic lymphocytic leukaemia was 1.93 per Sv (< 0 to 8.47). On the basis of these estimates, 1-2% of deaths from cancer among workers in this cohort may be attributable to radiation., Conclusions: These estimates, from the largest study of nuclear workers ever conducted, are higher than, but statistically compatible with, the risk estimates used for current radiation protection standards. The results suggest that there is a small excess risk of cancer, even at the low doses and dose rates typically received by nuclear workers in this study.

Published
2005
Full Text
View/download PDF

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