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1. USE OF HISTORICAL AERIAL IMAGES FOR 3D MODELLING OF GLACIERS IN THE PROVINCE OF TRENTO

Author: D. Poli, C. Casarotto, M. Strudl, E. Bollmann, K. Moe, and K. Legat
Subjects: Technology, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040, Applied optics. Photonics, TA1501-1820
Abstract: Historical aerial images represent a source of information of great value for glacier monitoring, as they cover the area of interest at a well-defined epoch and allow for visual interpretation and metric analysis. Typically, the aerial images are used to produce orthophotos and manually digitize the perimeters of the glaciers for analysis of the surface extent of the glaciers, while the extraction of height information is more challenging due to data quality and characteristics. This article discusses the potential of historical aerial images for glacier modelling. More specifically, it analyses the impact of their coverage, radiometric- and geometric accuracy, state of preservation and completeness on the photogrammetric workflow. The data set used consists of scans of 300 (analog) aerial images acquired between August and October 1954 by the U.S. Air Force with a Fairchild KF7660 camera over the entire Province of Trento. For the modelling of the glaciers, different techniques such as manual stereoscopic measurement and dense image matching were tested on sample glaciers and the results were analysed in detail. Due to local radiometric saturation in a large part of the glacial surfaces and other disturbances affecting the historical images (e.g. scratches, scanning errors, dark shadows), dense image matching did not produce any valuable results, and stereo plotting could be used only on images (or image parts) with acceptable quality. The derived Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) were compared with a reference DTM obtained with dense image matching from digital aerial images acquired in September 2015 with an UltraCam Eagle sensor, and, for some glaciers, to a DTM obtained with dense image matching from scanned aerial images acquired in September 1983 with a RC30 analog camera. The differences between 1954 and 2015 DTMs showed values up to 70–80 m in height and a behaviour that is confirmed by the models employed by the glaciology experts in Trento.
Published: 2020
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2. Geodetic reanalysis of annual glaciological mass balances (2001–2011) of Hintereisferner, Austria

Author: C. Klug, E. Bollmann, S. P. Galos, L. Nicholson, R. Prinz, L. Rieg, R. Sailer, J. Stötter, and G. Kaser
Subjects: Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: This study presents a reanalysis of the glaciologically obtained annual glacier mass balances at Hintereisferner, Ötztal Alps, Austria, for the period 2001–2011. The reanalysis is accomplished through a comparison with geodetically derived mass changes, using annual high-resolution airborne laser scanning (ALS). The grid-based adjustments for the method-inherent differences are discussed along with associated uncertainties and discrepancies of the two methods of mass balance measurements. A statistical comparison of the two datasets shows no significant difference for seven annual, as well as the cumulative, mass changes over the 10-year record. Yet, the statistical view hides significant differences in the mass balance years 2002/03 (glaciological minus geodetic records = +0.92 m w.e.), 2005/06 (+0.60 m w.e.), and 2006/07 (−0.45 m w.e.). We conclude that exceptional meteorological conditions can render the usual glaciological observational network inadequate. Furthermore, we consider that ALS data reliably reproduce the annual mass balance and can be seen as validation or calibration tools for the glaciological method.
Published: 2018
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3. Environmental Hot Spots and Resistance-Associated Application Practices for Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus, Denmark, 2020–2023

Author: Maiken Cavling Arendrup, Rasmus Krøger Hare, Karin Meinike Jørgensen, Ulla E. Bollmann, Tina B. Bech, Cecilie Cetti Hansen, Thies M. Heick, and Lise Nistrup Jørgensen
Subjects: Aspergillus fumigatus, azole fungicide, azole resistance, agriculture, horticulture, aspergillosis, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: Azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus (ARAf) fungi have been found inconsistently in the environment in Denmark since 2010. During 2018–2020, nationwide surveillance of clinical A. fumigatus fungi reported environmental TR34/L98H or TR46/Y121F/T289A resistance mutations in 3.6% of isolates, prompting environmental sampling for ARAf and azole fungicides and investigation for selection of ARAf in field and microcosmos experiments. ARAf was ubiquitous (20% of 366 samples; 16% TR34/L98H- and 4% TR46/Y121F/T289A-related mechanisms), constituting 4.2% of 4,538 A. fumigatus isolates. The highest proportions were in flower- and compost-related samples but were not correlated with azole-fungicide application concentrations. Genotyping showed clustering of tandem repeat–related ARAf and overlaps with clinical isolates in Denmark. A. fumigatus fungi grew poorly in the field experiment with no postapplication change in ARAf proportions. However, in microcosmos experiments, a sustained complete (tebuconazole) or partial (prothioconazole) inhibition against wild-type A. fumigatus but not ARAf indicated that, under some conditions, azole fungicides may favor growth of ARAf in soil.
Published: 2024
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4. Analysing the suitability of radiometrically calibrated full-waveform lidar data for delineating Alpine rock glaciers

Author: A. Roncat, M. Wieser, C. Briese, E. Bollmann, R. Sailer, C. Klug, and N. Pfeifer
Subjects: Technology, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040, Applied optics. Photonics, TA1501-1820
Abstract: With full-waveform (FWF) lidar systems becoming increasingly available from different commercial manufacturers, the possibility for extracting physical parameters of the scanned surfaces in an area-wide sense, as addendum to their geometric representation, has risen as well. The mentioned FWF systems digitize the temporal profiles of the transmitted laser pulse and of its backscattered echoes, allowing for a reliable determination of the target distance to the instrument and of physical target quantities by means of radiometric calibration, one of such quantities being the diffuse Lambertian reflectance. The delineation of glaciers is a time-consuming task, commonly performed manually by experts and involving field trips as well as image interpretation of orthophotos, digital terrain models and shaded reliefs. In this study, the diffuse Lambertian reflectance was compared to the glacier outlines mapped by experts. We start the presentation with the workflow for analysis of FWF data, their direct georeferencing and the calculation of the diffuse Lambertian reflectance by radiometric calibration; this workflow is illustrated for a large FWF lidar campaign in the Ötztal Alps (Tyrol, Austria), operated with an Optech ALTM 3100 system. The geometric performance of the presented procedure was evaluated by means of a relative and an absolute accuracy assessment using strip differences and orthophotos, resp. The diffuse Lambertian reflectance was evaluated at two rock glaciers within the mentioned lidar campaign. This feature showed good performance for the delineation of the rock glacier boundaries, especially at their lower parts.
Published: 2013
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5. Isothiazolinone inhibition of soil microbial activity persists despite biocide dissipation

Author: David Fernández-Calviño, Johannes Rousk, Erland Bååth, Ulla E. Bollmann, Kai Bester, and Kristian K. Brandt
Subjects: Acetate-into-ergosterol, Soil microbiome, Toxicity, Leucine incorporation, Soil Science, Pollution-induced community tolerance, Ecotoxicology, Microbiology
Abstract: Soil microbial growth and activity are generally assumed to recover rapidly after dissipation of organic toxicants. We studied the effects of four readily degradable isothiazolinone biocides (benzisothiazolinone, BIT; methylisothiazolinone, MIT; octylisothiazolinone, OIT; 4,5-dichloro-2-octyl-isothiazolinone, DCOIT) on bacterial growth, fungal growth, basal respiration, and substrate-induced respiration in controlled soil microcosm experiments. Bacterial growth followed by fungal growth were the two most sensitive endpoints during the first two days. Significant dissipation of biocides occurred within just 8 h and 94–100% had dissipated after 40 days except for DCOIT tested at a high concentration (50 mg kg−1, 54% remaining after 40 d). Despite biocide dissipation, all isothiazolinones inhibited bacterial growth for >7 days, whereas fungal growth and substrate-induced respiration were inhibited for up to 40 days. Bacterial growth recovery after 40 days was linked to development of bacterial community tolerance for DCOIT, but not for the other less persistent isothiazolinones. Our study is the first to report on toxic effects of isothiazolinones on soil microbial growth and demonstrates that inhibitory effects of isothiazolinones on soil microbial growth and activity (especially fungal growth and substrate-induced respiration) persisted even long after biocide dissipation, indicating “legacy effects” and retarded recovery of soil microbial functions. We propose that retarded recovery of fungal, relative to bacterial, growth may be a general phenomenon during the dissipation of toxicants in contaminated soils and that it may be explained by intrinsic differences between bacterial and fungal biology in soil and by competitive interactions between these two dominant groups of soil microbial decomposers.
Published: 2023
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6. A fast and simple SPE-LC-MS/MS procedure for extraction and quantitative analysis of 1,2,4-triazole, N,N-dimethylsulfamide, and other small polar organic compounds in groundwater

Author: Ulla E. Bollmann and Nora Badawi
Subjects: Pollutant, Detection limit, Chromatography, Chemistry, Threshold limit value, 010401 analytical chemistry, Extraction (chemistry), 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, 0104 chemical sciences, Analytical Chemistry, Polar, Solid phase extraction, 0210 nano-technology, Quantitative analysis (chemistry), Groundwater
Abstract: Small polar organic pollutants have been discovered to be great threats to the groundwater‚ as they often are highly mobile and persistent in the environment. 1,2,4-Triazole and N,N-dimethylsulfamide, two well-known examples of small polar compounds, are frequent pollutants of upper groundwater. Both are degradation products of several fungicides commonly or previously used in agriculture‚ but also in wood-preserving paints. A common trait in the analysis of these small polar compounds is the lack of sufficient pre-concentration methods to lower the limit of detection and enable quantitative analysis at nano-scale concentrations. To date, they are analyzed only by direct injection in HPLC-MS/MS, with detection limits just below the European threshold value for pesticides in groundwater of 0.1 μg/L. Based on a comprehensive method development, a solid phase extraction method was developed. As known LC methods for analysis of 1,2,4-triazole are based on Thermo Fisher’s Hypercarb column, emphasis was placed on testing various carbon-based materials. The final, thoroughly validated extraction protocol is based on Supelco’s ENVI-Carb Plus cartridges. With extraction recoveries close to 100% for 1,2,4-triazole and N,N-dimethylsulfamide and quantification limits of around 0.003 μg/L, the method enables extraction and quantification of polar pollutants at nano-scale concentration from groundwater samples. In addition, the method is very promising to be used for other small polar pollutants.
Published: 2020
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7. Biodegradation of third-generation organic antifouling biocides and their hydrolysis products in marine model systems

Author: Jasper T. Koning, Kai Bester, and Ulla E. Bollmann
Subjects: Biocide, Environmental Engineering, Biofouling, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Dichlofluanid, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, Antifouling biocides, 01 natural sciences, Transformation, Hydrolysis, chemistry.chemical_compound, Degradation, Environmental Chemistry, Waste Management and Disposal, Incubation, Sulfamide, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, Biodegradation, Pollution, Biodegradation, Environmental, chemistry, Environmental chemistry, Water/sediment systems, Degradation (geology), Water Pollutants, Chemical, Disinfectants
Abstract: The environmental fate for some selected antifouling biocides, dichlofluanid, tolylfluanid, tralopyril, and medetomidine, is relatively poorly understood with nearly all data derived from the assessment reports. Water/sediment systems and biofilms were used to determine biodegradation of the antifouling biocides. Dichlofluanid and tolylfluanid are known to hydrolyze to form DMSA (N,N-dimethyl-N′-phenylsulfamide) and DMST (N,N-Dimethyl-N′-(4-methylphenyl)sulfamide), respectively. DMSA did not show biodegradation, but it was shown to transform abiotically into N,N-dimethylsulfamide (N,N-DMS). In contrast, the structurally similar DMST did show biodegradation with a half-life of 5.78 days. The resulting transformation product of the biodegradation of DMST is also N,N-DMS. N,N-DMS accounted for the majority of the mass balance after 27 days in the water/sediment systems. Moreover, the biofilm systems also degraded both DMSA and DMST to N,N-DMS. The hydrolysis product of tralopyril, called BCCPCA (3-bromo-5-(4-chlorophenyl)−4-cyano-1 H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid), was not metabolized in the experiments and remained persistent. For this compound, a new log Kow of 2.47 was determined since the previously reported Kow value seemed to overestimate sediment partitioning. Medetomidine was removed from the water/sediment system, though, not significantly more than the control. However, a transformation product (medetomidine-acid) was detected in the incubation but not in the control, pointing to limited biodegradation. These results show that tolylfluanid can be rapidly removed by biodegradation in the marine environment, while dichlofluanid, tralopyril, and medetomidine remained in the system for a longer period of time. The prolonged stability of these biocides could mean that there is potential for accumulation in the environment. This potential is also there for the DMSA (dichlofluanid) and DMST (tolylfluanid) derived transformation product N,N-DMS, which was recalcitrant.
Published: 2021
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8. Laboratory and pilot evaluation of aquaporin-based forward osmosis membranes for rejection of micropollutants

Author: Ulla E. Bollmann, Johan Le Nepvou De Carfort, Sylvie Braekevelt, Rui Li, Kai Bester, and Shazad Hussain
Subjects: Osmosis, Environmental Engineering, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Forward osmosis, Aquaporin, Pilot Projects, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, Water recovery, Wastewater, Membrane bioreactor, Aquaporins, 01 natural sciences, Transmembrane pressure, Water Purification, Waste Management and Disposal, Effluent, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Civil and Structural Engineering, Chromatography, Biomimetic forward osmosis, Chemistry, Ecological Modeling, Membranes, Artificial, Pollution, 020801 environmental engineering, Membrane, Laboratory study, Micropollutants, Laboratories, Pilot Study
Abstract: Aquaporin-based forward osmosis (AQP FO) membranes were applied both in laboratory- and pilot-scale for removing micropollutants from water. The effect of operating parameters (feed flow, draw flow, and transmembrane pressure) on the i) rejection of micropollutants, ii) water flux, iii) reverse salt flux, and iv) water recovery of the AQP FO membrane modules was studied. Among the 21 micropollutants spiked, only four compounds, atenolol, propranolol, metoprolol, and citalopram, permeated through the AQP FO membranes to an extent that they could be quantified in the draw solutions of both the laboratory and pilot systems. The rejection rates, based on the full mass balance calculations, were between 96.1% and 99.7%, and all the other 17 compounds showed rejection exceeding 90% on both systems. The pilot AQP FO system was further employed for six days to treat effluent from a membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating municipal wastewater. 35 micropollutants were investigated. 27 of these were identified and quantified in the MBR effluent. Minute fractions of gabapentin, benzotriazole, and metoprolol were detected passing through the AQP FO membranes into the draw side with a constant rejection of around 99.2%, 95.4%, and 99.9%. Almost all other micropollutants’ minimum rejection rates exceeded 80%.
Published: 2021
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9. Short-term toxicity assessment of a triazine herbicide (terbutryn) underestimates the sensitivity of soil microorganisms

Author: Johannes Rousk, Kristian K. Brandt, Ulla E. Bollmann, Kai Bester, Erland Bååth, and David Fernández-Calviño
Subjects: Biocide, Bacterial growth, Microorganism, Soil Science, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Pesticide, Microbiology, Fungal growth, Ecotoxicological assessment, Time, Soil respiration, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Environmental chemistry, Toxicity, Respiration, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Substrate-induced respiration, Pesticides, Triazine
Abstract: Little is known about the impacts of persistent triazine herbicides and biocides on soil microorganisms. Terbutryntoxicity in soil microorganisms was studied using bacterial and fungal growth, substrate induced respiration(SIR) and basal respiration as ecotoxicological end-points. In the short-term (0–7 days), increasing concentrationsof terbutryn (0–800 mg kg􀀀 1) progressively inhibited bacterial and fungal growth by up to 33–36% (4 h)and 49–55% (7 days), whereas SIR and basal soil respiration remained unaffected. Following long-term (40 days)exposure to terbutryn, both bacterial and fungal growth were inhibited by up to 76–78%, and SIR was inhibitedby up to 53%. Hence, our results unexpectedly demonstrate time-cumulative microbial growth inhibition overextended time periods in soil and indicate that current ecotoxicological guidelines may underestimate risks posedby chemicals to soil microorganisms.
Published: 2021
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10. USE OF HISTORICAL AERIAL IMAGES FOR 3D MODELLING OF GLACIERS IN THE PROVINCE OF TRENTO

Author: M. Strudl, C. Casarotto, E. Bollmann, K. Legat, Daniela Poli, and K. Moe
Subjects: lcsh:Applied optics. Photonics, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:T, Orthophoto, lcsh:TA1501-1820, Stereoscopy, Terrain, Glacier, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Sample (graphics), lcsh:Technology, law.invention, Data set, Glaciology, Photogrammetry, law, lcsh:TA1-2040, lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract: Historical aerial images represent a source of information of great value for glacier monitoring, as they cover the area of interest at a well-defined epoch and allow for visual interpretation and metric analysis. Typically, the aerial images are used to produce orthophotos and manually digitize the perimeters of the glaciers for analysis of the surface extent of the glaciers, while the extraction of height information is more challenging due to data quality and characteristics. This article discusses the potential of historical aerial images for glacier modelling. More specifically, it analyses the impact of their coverage, radiometric- and geometric accuracy, state of preservation and completeness on the photogrammetric workflow. The data set used consists of scans of 300 (analog) aerial images acquired between August and October 1954 by the U.S. Air Force with a Fairchild KF7660 camera over the entire Province of Trento. For the modelling of the glaciers, different techniques such as manual stereoscopic measurement and dense image matching were tested on sample glaciers and the results were analysed in detail. Due to local radiometric saturation in a large part of the glacial surfaces and other disturbances affecting the historical images (e.g. scratches, scanning errors, dark shadows), dense image matching did not produce any valuable results, and stereo plotting could be used only on images (or image parts) with acceptable quality. The derived Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) were compared with a reference DTM obtained with dense image matching from digital aerial images acquired in September 2015 with an UltraCam Eagle sensor, and, for some glaciers, to a DTM obtained with dense image matching from scanned aerial images acquired in September 1983 with a RC30 analog camera. The differences between 1954 and 2015 DTMs showed values up to 70–80 m in height and a behaviour that is confirmed by the models employed by the glaciology experts in Trento.
Published: 2020

11. Abiotic fate of tolylfluanid and dichlofluanid in natural waters

Author: Kai Bester, Yi Cai, Ulla E. Bollmann, and Jasper T. Koning
Subjects: Biocide, DMST, Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Dichlofluanid, AQUATIC PHOTOCHEMISTRY, 010501 environmental sciences, Antifouling biocides, 01 natural sciences, Biofouling, chemistry.chemical_compound, Hydrolysis, Photochemical fate, DMSA, BOOSTER BIOCIDE DICHLOFLUANID, Environmental Chemistry, Organic matter, PHOTOLYSIS, SURFACE WATERS, Photodegradation, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, PHOTODEGRADATION, chemistry.chemical_classification, ENVIRONMENT, FURFURYL ALCOHOL, SINGLET OXYGEN, Singlet oxygen, DMS, DEGRADATION, Pollution, chemistry, Environmental chemistry, Seawater
Abstract: To prevent the growth of unwanted organisms on ship hulls, antifouling paints, containing biocides such as tolylfluanid (N-[dichlor(fluor)methyl]sulfanyl-N-(dimethylsulfamoyl)-4-methylaniline) and dichlofluanid (N-(dichlorfluormethylthio)-N′,N′-dimethyl-N-phenylsulfamid), are applied. There are concerns over their occurrence and fate in the marine environment due to long-term immersion in water. In the present study, the hydrolysis and photolysis of these compounds were investigated. Results showed that tolylfluanid and dichlofluanid hydrolyzed completely to their respective hydrolysis products DMST (N,N-dimethyl-N′-p-tolylsulfamide) and DMSA (N,N-dimethyl-N′-phenylsulfamide) in coastal water within 24 h. Furthermore, the transformation of tolylfluanid and dichlofluanid under natural sunlight was determined in selected marine waters (coastal water and sea water) in comparison to deionized water. The experiments revealed that photodegradation rates of DMST and DMSA in coastal water were higher than in sea water or deionized water. The indirect phototransformation of the hydrolysis products with selected reactive species (triplet state organic matter, singlet oxygen, and hydroxyl radicals) showed that DMST and DMSA mainly display triplet reactivity. The measured half-lives of the hydrolysis products in natural waters were 2.7 and 23 days, with DMST being considerably faster transformed than DMSA. However, several direct and indirect photoproducts have been newly identified and measured. DMS (N,N-dimethylsulfamide), was identified as the major phototransformation product in natural waters. It is generated by indirect photodegradation processes and exhibits potential persistence in the environment.
Published: 2020
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12. The occurrence of modern organic antifouling biocides in Danish marinas

Author: Jasper T. Koning, Kai Bester, and Ulla E. Bollmann
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Biocide, Tolylfluanid & DMST, Monitoring, Denmark, Dichlofluanid, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Biofouling, chemistry.chemical_compound, Paint, Dichlofluanid & DMSA, Irgarol 1051, Tralopyril, Marine environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Triazines, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Sediment, Pollution, chemistry, Aquatic environment, Environmental chemistry, Environmental science, Irgarol, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Disinfectants, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: Antifouling biocides are known to leach out of paints and into the aquatic environment. There is currently a data gap on the occurrence of the current antifouling biocides, as legislative changes caused a change in the antifouling market. Therefore, a comprehensive monitoring study was performed across 13 Danish marinas, both waters and sediments were analyzed, including a transect and a study with seasonal resolution. Three biocides, i.e., Medetomidine, Tralopyril, and DCOIT were not detected in any of the samples. More commonly found, in 11 of the 13 marinas, were the hydrolysis products of Dichlofluanid (DMSA) and Tolylfluanid (DMST). These biocides rapidly dropped in concentration and reached background levels around 200 m from the source. The antifouling biocide Irgarol 1051 was found in all sediment samples and half of all water samples. The concentrations of Irgarol were lower than previously monitored. The decrease can likely be attributed to legislative changes and its disapproval for use since 2016.
Published: 2020
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13. Author response for 'High‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry with post‐column pH modification: Independent pH optimization for chromatographic separation and electrospray ionization'

Author: null Ulla E. Bollmann and null Kai Bester
Published: 2020
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14. A comparison of the fate of diflufenican in agricultural sandy soil and gravel used in urban areas

Author: Christian Nyrop Albers, Sif B. Svendsen, Ulla E. Bollmann, Carsten S. Jacobsen, Lea Ellegaard-Jensen, Kai Bester, Pedro N. Carvalho, and Bjarne W. Strobel
Subjects: Biocide, Aging, Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, business.industry, Herbicides, Mineralisation, Sorption, Mineralization (soil science), 010501 environmental sciences, Pesticide, complex mixtures, 01 natural sciences, Pollution, Urban pesticides, Degradation, Agriculture, Environmental chemistry, Soil water, Biocides, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental science, business, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Diflufenican is used in both agricultural and urban areas to control weeds. However, in Europe pesticides are regulated using agricultural soil data only. Urban soils where the top layer is replaced by gravel (e.g. driveways, outdoor tiled areas) can evidently differ from agricultural soils in many biotic and physical properties. In the present study, we compared the degradation, mineralization, sorption and aging of diflufenican between an agricultural sandy soil to a gravel used in urban areas. Both diflufenican and its two main aerobic metabolites were investigated. Diflufenican and the metabolites degraded slower in gravel than in agricultural soil. One of the metabolites, 2-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]nicotinic acid (AE B107137 as identified by EFSA; further abbreviated as AE-B), was formed from the incubation of diflufenican in both soil and gravel, however, showing different formation patterns in the two materials: No accumulation of AE-B was determined in the soil, whereas in gravel, an accumulation of AE-B was determined over the full study period of 150 days. After 150 days, approximately 10% of the applied diflufenican was mineralised in the soil (cumulative), while it was not mineralised in the gravel. Diflufenican showed much stronger sorption to the soil than to the gravel, while the sorption of the metabolites was weaker than diflufenican in both soil and gravel. Within the experimental period, the influence of aging on the fate of diflufenican in soil and gravel is limited (
Published: 2020
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15. An exploratory study of benthic diatom communities in stormwater ponds of different land uses and varying biocide contamination

Author: Morten L. Fejerskov, Greta Minelgaite, Kai Bester, Diana Agnete Stephansen, Jes Vollertsen, Nikki van Alst, Asbjørn Haaning Nielsen, and Ulla E. Bollmann
Subjects: Built environment, Pollutants, Algae, Nitzschia, Taxonomic composition, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Stormwater, Drainage basin, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, 01 natural sciences, Retention basin, Ecosystem, Relative species abundance, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, Diatoms, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, biology.organism_classification, 020801 environmental engineering, Diatom, Navicula, Biocides, Environmental science
Abstract: Stormwater retention ponds receive a variety of urban and highway pollutants that may have adverse effects on water-dwelling organisms. In this exploratory study, the benthic diatom community composition at genus level of nine such ponds servicing highway, residential, industrial, and mixed industrial/residential catchments was examined. Thirteen biocides were measured in the pond water as one of the possible explanatory factors for diatom taxonomic variability. The uppermost 1 cm of sediment was sampled, and a total of 50 diatom genera were identified. Moderate to high similarities were found among the diatom communities of the ponds. Two genera, namely Navicula and Nitzschia, were the most abundant and accounted for 19–47% of the relative abundance in the ponds. Estimated relative abundances of diatom genera and measured biocide concentrations in the ponds were grouped according to land use. Highway ponds were found to be significantly different from ponds servicing residential and industrial catchments, while no significant differences were found between residential and industrial ponds. The presence of biocides alone could not explain diatom taxonomic variability, although some evidence was found that communities differed depending on the catchment type of the ponds. The results of this exploratory study are an important contribution to future works investigating stormwater diatom communities, where combined effects of biocides and other stormwater contaminants and community stressors, e.g., metals, PAHs, road salt, should be explicitly looked at.
Published: 2020
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16. High-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with post-column pH modification: Independent pH optimization for chromatographic separation and electrospray ionization

Author: Kai Bester and Ulla E. Bollmann
Subjects: Electrospray, Biocide, Chromatography, Chemistry, Electrospray ionization, 010401 analytical chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Tandem mass spectrometry, Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, High-performance liquid chromatography, Ion source, 0104 chemical sciences, Analytical Chemistry, Adduct, Spectroscopy
Abstract: Rationale In recent environmental research, multi-methods using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) have become more and more important for the analysis of organic micropollutants in environmental matrices. As the targeted compounds usually have different physicochemical properties, the optimization of these methods is challenging. Methods The pH in the electrospray of the mass spectrometer ion source was modified independently of the one used for the HPLC separation, using a post-column HPLC flow to make the spray acidic or alkaline. The method development was carried out manually in a systematic multistep way. Results The method used for the analysis of organic biocides (e.g., terbutryn, propiconazole, and isothiazolinones) was optimized. It was shown that the use of a neutral as well as an acidified gradient could not be optimized for all target compounds, whereas a neutral gradient with post-column acidification was optimum for all target compounds. Conclusions Acidic or alkaline post-column infusion allows pH optimization for ionization conditions, independent of the pH optimization for chromatographic separation. The introduction of an additional modifier might also allow the minimization of matrix effects or directed formation of sodium adducts, without affecting the chromatographic separation.
Published: 2020
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17. Leaching of 1,2,4-triazole from commercial barley seeds coated with tebuconazole and prothioconazole

Author: Christian Nyrop Albers, Anders R. Johnsen, Ulla E. Bollmann, and Nora Badawi
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Triazole, Hordeum, General Medicine, General Chemistry, Triazoles, Pesticide, Pollution, Fungicides, Industrial, Fungicide, chemistry.chemical_compound, Horticulture, Column experiment, chemistry, Seeds, Environmental Chemistry, media_common.cataloged_instance, Leachate, European union, Leaching (agriculture), Tebuconazole, media_common
Abstract: Seed dressing with fungicide or insecticide is a standard procedure for growing major crops, but very little is known about the leaching risk and the general fate of pesticides from coated seeds. Triazole fungicides are commonly used seed dressing fungicides and recently, there has been increasing concern that 1,2,4-triazole, a major degradation product of several triazole fungicides, may leach to groundwater in concentrations exceeding the 0.1 μg/L threshold limit of the European Union. We therefore carried out a laboratory column experiment with commercial barley seeds coated with the triazole fungicides tebuconazole and prothioconazole to study the fate of the fungicides and their degradation products, especially 1,2,4-triazole. Our experiment showed that the fungicides themselves were relatively immobile in the soil columns, but also that leaching of 1,2,4-triazole will occur no matter if tebuconazole or prothioconazole is used as seed dressing. Relatively high 1,2,4-triazole concentrations (up to 0.8 μg/L) were measured in the column leachates, but when the experiment was terminated after 63 days, a total of only 1 % of the fungicides was recovered as 1,2,4-triazole in the leachate. Our results suggest that seed dressing pesticides should be considered together with spray applications when estimating the total 1,2,4-triazole load from agriculture and that seed dressing pesticides and their degradation products should be included when evaluating leaching risks from pesticide applications in agriculture.
Published: 2022
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18. Ecotoxicological assessment of propiconazole using soil bacterial and fungal growth assays

Author: Ulla E. Bollmann, Kai Bester, Johannes Rousk, Kristian K. Brandt, David Fernández-Calviño, and Erland Bååth
Subjects: PH, Microorganism, TRIAZOLE FUNGICIDES, Soil Science, 010501 environmental sciences, Bacterial growth, Biology, Ecotoxicology, 01 natural sciences, TOXICITY, chemistry.chemical_compound, RATES, Food science, FIELD, Incubation, LEUCINE INCORPORATION, Fungicides, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Ergosterol, Ecology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, DEGRADATION, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), COMMUNITY, Fungicide, Propiconazole, Microbial activity, chemistry, Biocides, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Microcosm, Soil microorganisms
Abstract: Effects of the fungicide propiconazole on soil microorganisms were tested using [H-3] leucine incorporation and [C-14] acetate in ergosterol incorporation to measure bacterial and fungal growth inhibition, respectively. Growth was compared to basal respiration (BR) and substrate-induced respiration (SIR) in soil microcosms established according to the OECD 217 guideline. Fungal growth was most sensitive with IC50 values remaining around 300 mg kg(-1) during 40 days of incubation. SIR was initially less sensitive (IC50 1300 mg kg(-1)), but IC50 values progressively decreased over time to reach 380 mg kg(-1) after 40 days. Bacterial growth was affected at concentrations >= 200 mg kg(-1), but exhibited more complex dose-response relationships possibly due to a combination of direct toxicity, bacterial community adaptation, and competitive release from the more severely affected fungi. BR was either stimulated or not affected by propiconazole. Our results indicate that group-specific endpoints targeting microbial growth will improve ecotoxicological assessment of toxicants for environmental risk assessment. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Published: 2017
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19. Assessment of input of organic micropollutants and microplastics into the Baltic Sea by urban waters

Author: Marta Simon, Jes Vollertsen, Ulla E. Bollmann, and Kai Bester
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Pollution, Microplastics, Rain, media_common.quotation_subject, Stormwater runoff, Stormwater, Sewage, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, Wastewater, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Combined sewer overflows, Flame-retardants, Seawater, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Personal care compounds, Triclosan, Waste treatment, Environmental chemistry, Environmental science, Pharmaceuticals, Combined sewer, Sewage treatment, business, Microplastic particles, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: We assess how different micropollutants and microplastics, connected to wastewater are introduced into the Baltic Sea. The relevance of untreated wastewater, treated wastewater, treated and untreated rain runoff, as well as combined sewer overflow (CSO), is assessed in respect to mass balance, as well as relative inflows of micropollutants and -plastics into the Baltic Sea. To achieve this, modelling based on data on exemplary sewer systems and measured micropollutant concentrations in the single sources were used. Most compounds reach the receiving Baltic Sea via treated wastewater. A few exceptions are compounds that are removed to a very high extent in wastewater treatment plants. For these compounds, the emissions with stormwater (e.g., terbutryn) or untreated wastewater (e.g., triclosan) are dominating. Additionally, compounds that are discharged with the water that is running off urban surfaces are introduced into marine areas via rain runoff. These data are used to forecast a total mass load and concentrations that can be expected in the Baltic Sea. Massloads are expected to be between 0.1 and 5.9 t/a for triclosan and TCPP (tris (2-chloropropyl) phosphate) and 0.2 t/a for microplastic particles. The expected concentrations in open Baltic Sea waters range from 0.01 to 26 ng/L.
Published: 2019
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20. Aerobic dissipation of the novel cyanoacrylate fungicide phenamacril in soil and sludge incubations

Author: Søren Sejer Donau, Kai Bester, Ulla E. Bollmann, and Reinhard Wimmer
Subjects: Fusarium, Environmental Engineering, Triazoles/analysis, Fungicide, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, 0208 environmental biotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Fungicides, Industrial/analysis, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, Soil, law, Fusarium/drug effects, Environmental Chemistry, Soil Pollutants, Cyanoacrylates, Sewage/chemistry, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Tebuconazole, Soil Pollutants/analysis, Soil/chemistry, biology, Sewage, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Agriculture, General Medicine, General Chemistry, Biodegradation, Triazoles, biology.organism_classification, Pollution, 020801 environmental engineering, Cyanoacrylates/analysis, Fungicides, Industrial, Biodegradation, Environmental, chemistry, Cyanoacrylate, Environmental chemistry, Soil water, Degradation (geology), Environmental stability, Phenamacril
Abstract: The cyanoacrylate ethyl (2Z)-3-amino-2-cyano-3-phenylacrylate (phenamacril), has been introduced as an effective agent against several fungi species belonging to the Fusarium genus. However, in current literature, knowledge about the environmental behavior of this fungicide is limited and there are no data on the degradation in the environment. By performing tests on inherent degradability as well as degradation studies in soils this study provides the only published information regarding the environmental stability and degradation kinetics of this compound. Tests for inherent/ready biodegradation revealed the phenamacril is inherently degradable with zero order kinetics, even though the degradation is comparatively slow. Degradation of phenamacril in soil was found to occur following first order kinetics with a final plateau with a half live of 17.1 days (i.e. more rapidly than tebuconazole but less rapidly than octylisothiazolinone).
Published: 2019
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21. Multi-layered approach to determine diffusion coefficients through polymer films: Estimating the biocide release from paints

Author: Michal M. Urbanczyk, Ulla E. Bollmann, and Kai Bester
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Biocide, Environmental Engineering, Materials science, Mass flow, Geography, Planning and Development, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, Building and Construction, Polymer, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, chemistry, Leaching (chemistry), Scientific method, 021108 energy, Composite material, Diffusion (business), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: Biocides – added to facade coatings like paints and renders to reduce microbial growth on the outer surfaces of buildings – are known to leach into the environment, when the facades are getting in contact with rainwater. The leaching process is described as diffusion controlled process. Nevertheless, no comprehensive data on diffusion coefficients is available so far. The present study aimed for determining the diffusion coefficients in paint of eight biocides, applying an easy, reproducible method. The study was performed using a paint closely related to commercially available paints. It suggests a new method to determine diffusion coefficients in paint films by submerging paint films consisting of several layers with water for 1 h intervals over a period of 30 h. By determining the biocide concentrations in the water after the contacting time, the mass flow of biocides across the paint film was calculated. The resulting diffusion coefficients varied from (0.27 ± 0.07)·10−15 m2 s−1 for Cybutryn to (11.97 ± 3.14)·10−15 m2 s−1 for Diuron.
Published: 2019
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22. Photochemical fate of medetomidine in coastal and marine environments

Author: Jennifer N. Apell, Nicholas C. Pflug, Ulla E. Bollmann, Kristopher McNeill, and Yi Cai
Subjects: Biocide, Reaction mechanism, Environmental Engineering, Indirect photolysis, Radical, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Protonation, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, Antifouling biocides, Photochemistry, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, medicine, Triplet state, Photodegradation, Waste Management and Disposal, Ecosystem, Cycloaddition, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Civil and Structural Engineering, Photolysis, Singlet oxygen, Chemistry, Ecological Modeling, Photoproducts, Medetomidine, Pollution, 020801 environmental engineering, Europe, Kinetics, Water Pollutants, Chemical, medicine.drug
Abstract: Medetomidine has been authorized in ship hull paints as an antifouling biocide under the biocidal product regulation in Europe since 2016. Its release into marine systems causes concerns over persistence and toxicity. However, the environmental fate of medetomidine has not been fully investigated. In this study, the photodegradation of medetomidine under natural sunlight conditions was investigated using collected coastal and sea waters. In addition, the phototransformation of medetomidine with reactive species (i.e., singlet oxygen, excited triplet state organic matter, and hydroxyl radicals) under UVA light was examined. Photoproducts were isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), identified by a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (qTOF), and reaction mechanisms were proposed. The results show that medetomidine is a neutral base (pKa of protonated form = 7.2) that leads to two different protonation states in the aquatic environment. Photodegradation of neutral medetomidine was dominated by reaction with singlet oxygen, while protonated medetomidine was relatively photostable. The contribution of reactive species to the overall photodegradation of neutral medetomidine was calculated to provide an assessment of phototransformation of medetomidine. The half-live of medetomidine was < 1.5 days in natural waters (pHcoastal = 8.3; pHsea = 8.1) under sunlit near-surface conditions, suggesting that it is not persistent in the aquatic environment. Because medetomidine has a relatively short half-life in sunlit aquatic ecosystems, a number of products, such as 2-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)propanamide, can be formed by photochemical reactions of medetomidine, with unknown consequences for marine and coastal waters.
Published: 2021
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23. Enantioselective mixture toxicity of the azole fungicide imazalil with the insecticide α-cypermethrin in Chironomus riparius: Investigating the importance of toxicokinetics and enzyme interactions

Author: Kai Bester, Nina Cedergreen, Janna Kuhlmann, Kristoffer Dalhoff, Andreas Kretschmann, and Ulla E. Bollmann
Subjects: Insecticides, Environmental Engineering, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, 0208 environmental biotechnology, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Chironomidae, chemistry.chemical_compound, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Pyrethrins, Environmental Chemistry, Toxicokinetics, Animals, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors, Drug Interactions, Pesticides, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, EC50, Chironomus riparius, chemistry.chemical_classification, Mixture toxicity, Pyrethroid, ved/biology, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Imidazoles, Biological activity, Stereoisomerism, General Medicine, General Chemistry, Monooxygenase, Pollution, 020801 environmental engineering, Fungicides, Industrial, Synergy, Enantiomers, Biochemistry, chemistry, Chiral, Toxicity, Inactivation, Metabolic, Azole
Abstract: The fungicide imazalil is a chiral compound with one R- and one S-enantiomer. Enantiomers, while having the same chemical properties, can differ in their biological activity expressed as efficacy/toxicity as well as in their degradation kinetics and pathways. Azoles such as imazalil have been shown to synergize the effect of pyrethroid insecticides like α-cypermethrin through inhibition of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase responsible for pyrethroid detoxification. The aim of this study was to investigate, if the enantiomers of imazalil are selective in their synergistic potential in a mixture with a pyrethroid insecticide tested in Chironomus riparius. Potential enantioselectivity was studied on the level of uptake and elimination, inhibition of cytochrome P450 activity measured in vitro and in vivo and on synergistic potential of α-cypermethrin induced immobilization. Synergy was measured as an increase in α-cypermethrin toxicity after 144h applying a constant non-lethal imazalil concentration of 0.65 μmol/L. The R- and S-imazalil enantiomers increased α-cypermethrin toxicity from an EC50 of 1580 ± 980 pmol/L to an EC50 of 83 ± 10 pmol/L and 53 ± 8 pmol/L, respectively. The relatively small potency difference between imazalil enantiomers could not be explained by the in vitro cytochrome P450 inhibition, as the IC50 values were similar (0.11 ± 0.01 and 0.09 ± 0.01 μmol/L for R- and S-imazalil). Measuring in vivo P450 inhibition and the toxicokinetic of imazalil did not show a clear trend of selectivity towards one or the other enantiomer. The study therefore suggests that cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in detoxification in C. riparius are not enantioselective for imazalil.
Published: 2018
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24. Enhanced removal of pharmaceuticals in a biofilter: Effects of manipulating co-degradation by carbon feeding

Author: Ulla E. Bollmann, Pedro N. Carvalho, Hans Brix, Kai Bester, Liang Zhang, and Haitham EI-taliawy
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, CONSTRUCTED WETLAND, Biofiltration, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Sand filter, Sulfamethizole, 02 engineering and technology, Wastewater, 010501 environmental sciences, BANK FILTRATION, TRACE ORGANIC-CHEMICALS, Waste Disposal, Fluid, 01 natural sciences, Slow sand filter, ACTIVATED-SLUDGE, MICROPOLLUTANT REMOVAL, PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS, Bioreactors, Anti-Infective Agents, medicine, Bioreactor, Environmental Chemistry, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Chromatography, Bacteria, MICROBIAL COMMUNITY, Chemistry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, HYBRID BIOFILM, General Medicine, General Chemistry, Biodegradation, Pollution, Carbon, 020801 environmental engineering, WASTE-WATER TREATMENT, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Biofilms, Biofilter, Co-metabolism, PRIMARY SUBSTRATE COMPOSITION, Micropollutants, Sewage treatment, Water Pollutants, Chemical, medicine.drug
Abstract: Biofilm reactors are a promising biotechnology to eliminate pharmaceuticals from wastewater during tertiary treatment or in water works for drinking water production. This study aimed at investigating the effects of pulsed carbon feeding for promoting the co-degradation of indigenous pharmaceuticals from pre-treated wastewater in a fixed-bed porous biofilm reactor (slow sand filter). The addition of acetate (carbon source) resulted in three different enhancement/limitation effects, which were compound dependent: 1) atenolol and iohexol experienced enhanced co-degradation followed by constant (acetate independent) degradation; 2) metoprolol, iomeprol, diclofenac, propranolol and sulfamethizole co-degradation dependent on aerobic turnover, but inhibited at higher acetate concentrations (60–300 mg C/L); 3) sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim were removed independently of oxygen and acetate concentration. Carbamazepine, ditriazoic acid, iopromide; tramadol and venlavaxine were not removed at any acetate dosage. Biofilm reactors can be employed for polishing treated wastewater, and the addition of a primary carbon source can enhance the performance of the bioreactor.
Published: 2019
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25. Influence of pigments on phototransformation of biocides in paints

Author: Nicole Borho, Ulla E. Bollmann, Michal M. Urbanczyk, Ute Schoknecht, and Kai Bester
Subjects: Biocide, Environmental Engineering, Materials science, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Pigment, Reaction rate constant, Environmental Chemistry, Photodegradation, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, Carbendazim, Photodissociation, Pollution, chemistry, visual_art, Environmental chemistry, Titanium dioxide, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Degradation (geology), sense organs
Abstract: Biocides are commonly applied to construction materials such as facade renders and paints in order to protect them from microbial spoilage. These renders and paints are exposed to weathering conditions, e.g., sunlight and rain. Pigments are interacting intensively with the spectrum of the incoming light; thus, an effect of paint pigments on phototransformation rates and reaction pathways of the biocides is hypothesized.In this study, the phototransformation of four commonly used biocides (carbendazim, diuron, octylisothiazolinone (OIT) and terbutryn) in four different paint formulations differing solely in pigments (red and black iron oxides, white titanium dioxide, and one pigment-free formulation) were investigated. Paints surfaces were irradiated under controlled conditions. The results show that biocides degrade most rapidly in the pigment-free formulation. The degradation in the pigment-free formulation followed a first-order kinetic model with the respective photolysis rate constants: kp,Diuron = 0.0090 h−1, kp,OIT = 0.1205 h−1, kp,Terbutryn = 0.0079 h−1. Carbendazim concentrations did not change significantly. The degradation was considerably lower in the pigment-containing paints. The determination of several phototransformation products of terbutryn and octylisothiazolinone showed different transformation product ratios dependent on the pigment. Consequently, pigments not only reflect the incoming light, but also interact with the biocide photodegradation.
Published: 2018
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26. Leaching of biocides from polymer renders under wet/dry cycles – Rates and mechanisms

Author: Kai Bester, Ulla E. Bollmann, and Katarzyna Styszko
Subjects: Biocide, Environmental Engineering, Polymers, Surface Properties, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Silicones, Evaporation, chemistry.chemical_compound, Silicone, Environmental Chemistry, Leaching (agriculture), Water content, chemistry.chemical_classification, Acrylate, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Environmental engineering, Water, General Medicine, General Chemistry, Polymer, Pollution, Kinetics, Acrylates, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Volatilization, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Disinfectants
Abstract: In this study it was tested, which mechanism for the transport of biocides in polymeric renders is more relevant: (1) evaporative transports (meaning there is a flow of water through the material due to evaporation on the surface), which transports also the biocides to the surface, (2) transport through the polymer and (3) transport through water filled pores. It turned out that under the experimental conditions evaporative transport was not relevant, while transport through soaked (constantly wetted) renders was considerably faster than by other means. Additionally it turned out that also the equilibria were influenced by the water content. Differences in equilibria can be up to factor 10 between constantly wetted (soaked) and un-wetted materials. The two tested materials (one silicone and one acrylate render) had significantly different leaching behavior concerning equilibria and dynamics of mass flows, but for both the pre-wetted materials leached most.
Published: 2015
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27. Enantioselective uptake, translocation and degradation of the chiral pesticides tebuconazole and imazalil by Phragmites australis

Author: Kai Bester, Tao Lv, Ulla E. Bollmann, Hans Brix, Carlos A. Arias, Monica Escola Casas, and Pedro N. Carvalho
Subjects: Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, 010501 environmental sciences, Poaceae, Toxicology, Plant Roots, 01 natural sciences, Phragmites, chemistry.chemical_compound, Hydroponics, Journal Article, Pesticides, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Tebuconazole, 010401 analytical chemistry, Imidazoles, General Medicine, Triazoles, Pesticide, Propylene Glycol, Pollution, 0104 chemical sciences, Fungicide, Phytoremediation, Biodegradation, Environmental, chemistry, Wetlands, Bioaccumulation, Environmental chemistry, Shoot, Chlorophenols
Abstract: Phytoremediation of realistic environmental concentrations (10 μg L −1 ) of the chiral pesticides tebuconazole and imazalil by Phragmites australis was investigated. This study focussed on removal dynamics, enantioselective mechanisms and transformation products (TPs) in both hydroponic growth solutions and plant tissues. For the first time, we documented uptake, translocation and metabolisation of these pesticides inside wetland plants, using enantioselective analysis. Tebuconazole and imazalil removal efficiencies from water reached 96.1% and 99.8%, respectively, by the end of the experiment (day 24). Removal from the solutions could be described by first-order removal kinetics with removal rate constants of 0.14 d −1 for tebuconazole and 0.31 d −1 for imazalil. Removal of the pesticides from the hydroponic solution, plant uptake, within plant translocation and degradation occurred simultaneously. Tebuconazole and imazalil concentrations inside Phragmites peaked at day 10 and 5d, respectively, and decreased thereafter. TPs of tebuconazole i.e., (5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-pentanediol and 5-(3-((1H-1,2,4-Triazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylpentyl)-2-chlorophenol) were quantified in solution, while the imazalil TPs (α-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1H-imidazole-1-ethanol and 3-[1-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethoxy]-1,2-propanediol) were quantified in both solution and plant tissue. Pesticide uptake by Phragmites was positively correlated with evapotranspiration. Pesticide removal from the hydroponic solution was not enantioselective. However, tebuconazole was degraded enantioselectively both in the roots and shoots. Imazalil translocation and degradation inside Phragmites were also enantioselective: R -imazalil translocated faster than S -imazalil.
Published: 2017
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28. Biocide Runoff from Building Facades: Degradation Kinetics in Soil

Author: Hans Sanderson, Kai Bester, David Fernández-Calviño, Kristian K. Brandt, Ulla E. Bollmann, and Morten Swayne Storgaard
Subjects: Preservative, Biocide, Degradation kinetics, Rain, Food spoilage, Environmental engineering, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Chemistry, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Kinetics, Soil, Environmental chemistry, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental Chemistry, Degradation (geology), Environmental science, Microcosm, Surface runoff, Water Pollutants, Chemical, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Disinfectants
Abstract: Biocides are common additives in building materials. In-can and film preservatives in polymer-resin render and paint, as well as wood preservatives are used to protect facade materials from microbial spoilage. Biocides leach from the facade material with driving rain, leading to highly polluted runoff water (up to several mg L–1 biocides) being infiltrated into the soil surrounding houses. In the present study the degradation rates in soil of 11 biocides used for the protection of building materials were determined in laboratory microcosms. The results show that some biocides are degraded rapidly in soil (e.g., isothiazolinones: T1/2 < 10 days) while others displayed higher persistence (e.g., terbutryn, triazoles: T1/2 ≫ 120 days). In addition, mass balances of terbutryn and octylisothiazolinone were determined, including nine (terbutryn) and seven (octylisothiazolinone) degradation products, respectively. The terbutryn mass balance could be closed over the entire study period of 120 days and showed that ...
Published: 2017
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29. Photodegradation of octylisothiazolinone and semi-field emissions from facade coatings

Author: Michael P. Schlüsener, Kai Bester, Thomas A. Ternes, Greta Minelgaite, Jes Vollertsen, and Ulla E. Bollmann
Subjects: Preservative, Biocide, Multidisciplinary, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Stormwater, Biocides, building materials, transformation product identification, photodegradation kinetic, octhilinone, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, engineering.material, Pulp and paper industry, 01 natural sciences, Article, 020801 environmental engineering, Coating, engineering, Environmental science, Degradation (geology), Leachate, Leaching (agriculture), Photodegradation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Amongst others, 2-octyl-isothiazol-3(2 H)-one (OIT) is used as film preservative in water-based polymer resin paints and renders to prevent the growth of moulds and bacteria. It is known that biocides leach from facades with rainwater and end up in the environment via stormwater runoff. In the present study the leaching and fate of OIT used in facade coatings was determined under natural conditions. Potential phototransformation products were initially identified in laboratory experiments using UV-light. Afterwards, the leaching of OIT and seven degradation products were studied on artificial walls equipped with organic top coatings formulated with OIT. A mass balance, including the leached and remaining amounts of OIT and its seven transformation products, can explain up to 40% of the initial amount of OIT. The OIT remaining in the material after 1.5 yr is by far the largest fraction. The study shows that in the assessment of biocides in coating material, transformation products need to be taken into account both in leachate and remaining in the material. Furthermore, in case of volatile degradation products, the emissions to air might be relevant.
Published: 2017
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30. Cross-reactivity between methylisothiazolinone, octylisothiazolinone and benzisothiazolinone using a modified local lymph node assay

Author: Kai Bester, Trine Hilkjær Petersen, C. Menné Bonefeld, Jakob F. Schwensen, Carsten Geisler, Jeanne D. Johansen, Christina Agerbeck, Claus Zachariae, and Ulla E. Bollmann
Subjects: CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Dermatology, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, 010501 environmental sciences, Lymphocyte Activation, 01 natural sciences, Mice, 030207 dermatology & venereal diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Immune system, Methylisothiazolinone, medicine, Animals, Potency, Drug Interactions, Ear, External, Sensitization, Cell Proliferation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, B-Lymphocytes, Immunity, Cellular, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Local lymph node assay, Benzisothiazolinone, business.industry, Local Lymph Node Assay, Thiazoles, medicine.anatomical_structure, chemistry, Immunology, Mice, Inbred CBA, Female, Lymph Nodes, Lymph, business, CD8, Disinfectants
Abstract: BACKGROUND: In the light of the exceptionally high rates of contact allergy to the preservative methylisothiazolinone (MI), information about cross-reactivity between MI, octylisothiazolinone (OIT) and benzisothiazolinone (BIT) is needed.OBJECTIVES: To study cross-reactivity between MI and OIT, and, MI and BIT.METHODS: Immune responses to MI, OIT and BIT were studied in vehicle and MI-sensitised female CBA mice by a modified local lymph node assay. The inflammatory response was measured by ear thickness, cell proliferation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and CD19(+) B cells in the auricular draining lymph nodes.RESULTS: MI induced significant, strong, concentration-dependent immune responses in the draining lymph nodes following the sensitisation phase of three consecutive days. Groups of MI sensitised mice were challenged on day 23 with 0.4% MI, 0.7% OIT and 1.9% BIT; concentrations corresponding to their individual EC3-values. No statisticly significant difference in proliferation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells was observed between mice challenged with MI in comparison to mice challenged with BIT and OIT.CONCLUSION: Our data indicate cross-reactivity between MI, OIT and BIT, when the potency of the chemical was taken into account in choice of challenge concentration. This means that MI sensitised individuals may react to OIT and BIT if exposed to sufficient concentrations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Published: 2017
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31. Leaching of Terbutryn and Its Photodegradation Products from Artificial Walls under Natural Weather Conditions

Author: Thomas A. Ternes, Greta Minelgaite, Michael P. Schlüsener, Kai Bester, Ulla E. Bollmann, and Jes Vollertsen
Subjects: DYNAMICS, Biocide, Denmark, 0208 environmental biotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, URBAN, 01 natural sciences, Aquatic organisms, PESTICIDES, Paint, Environmental Chemistry, Leachate, Photodegradation, Weather, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Photolysis, Construction Materials, Triazines, General Chemistry, BIOCIDES, 020801 environmental engineering, WASTE-WATER TREATMENT, Environmental chemistry, Environmental science, Leaching (metallurgy), Water Pollutants, Chemical, Disinfectants
Abstract: Terbutryn is a commonly used biocide in construction materials. Especially polymer-resin-based renders and paints, used in external thermal insulation composite systems, are very susceptible to microbial deterioration. Previous studies have shown that biocides leach out of the material when contacted with rainwater; thus, they reach surface waters where they might have adverse effects on aquatic organisms. The knowledge on the long-term leaching performance and especially the formation and fate of degradation products is rare. In the present study, the leaching of terbutryn from artificial walls equipped with two types of render was observed for 19 months. Exposure time time In addition to concentration and mass load determinations for terbutryn, photodegradation products were identified and studied in the leachate and render. The results show that terbutryn leached mainly within the first 6-12 months. During the exposure, only 3% of the initial terbutryn was emitted to the runoff, while 64-80% remained in the coating. The overall mass balance could be closed by including several-degradation products. Contrary to expectations, the major fraction of transformation products remained in the material and was not washed off immediately, which is of high importance for the long-term assessment of biocides in coating materials.
Published: 2016
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32. Partition of biocides between water and inorganic phases of renders with organic binder

Author: Kai Bester, Ulla E. Bollmann, and Michal M. Urbanczyk
Subjects: Biocide, Environmental Engineering, 0208 environmental biotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, Talc, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, medicine, Environmental Chemistry, Partition (number theory), Kaolinite, Leaching (agriculture), Pesticides, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Mineral, Chemistry, Construction Materials, Sorption, Pollution, 020801 environmental engineering, Calcium carbonate, Environmental chemistry, Adsorption, Water Pollutants, Chemical, medicine.drug
Abstract: The use of biocides as additives for building materials has gained importance in the recent years. These biocides are applied, e.g., to renders and paints to prevent them from microbial spoilage. However, these biocides can leach out into the environment. In order to better understand this leaching, the partition of biocides between water and inorganic phases of render with organic binder was investigated. The partition constants of carbendazim, diuron, iodocarb, isoproturon, cybutryn (irgarol), octylisothiazolinone, terbutryn, and tebuconazole towards minerals typically used in renders, e.g. barite, calcium carbonate, marble, kaolinite, and talc were determined. Partition constants for calcium carbonate varied between 0.2mLg(-1) (diuron) and 5.2mLg(-1) (iodocarb), respectively. The results for barite and kaolinite were in a similar range and usually the compounds with high partition constants for one mineral also had high values for the other mineral. No sorption to marble at all was found. From all minerals investigated, only talc showed high partition for all studied biocides. Partition constants for talc varied from 21.3mLg(-1) (iodocarb) to 683.7mLg(-1) (tebuconazole), respectively. The comparison with render-water distribution constants of two artificially made renders showed that the distribution constants can be estimated based on partition constants of compounds for individual components of the render.
Published: 2016
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33. Test and analysis of hadronic interaction models with KASCADE event rates

Author: W. Hafemann, T. Antoni, J.R. Hörandel, J. Knapp, H. Bozdog, W.D. Apel, D. Martello, G. Schatz, E. Bollmann, H. J. Gils, Markus Roth, J. Milke, H. Ulrich, J. Engler, J. Wochele, J. Kempa, J.H. Weber, D. Heck, S. Zagromski, P. Matussek, A. Vardanyan, J. Oehlschläger, R. Haeusler, Ashot Chilingarian, J. Wentz, K. Bernlöhr, H.J. Mayer, F. Feßler, H.O. Klages, B. Vulpescu, J. Zabierowski, T. Thouw, M. Risse, P. Doll, H. Blümer, T. Wiegert, Hermann-Josef Mathes, R. Glasstetter, H. Rebel, Kai Daumiller, Karl-Heinz Kampert, M. Petcu, K. Bekk, T. Holst, F. Badea, C. Büttner, D. Mühlenberg, A. Haungs, I.M. Brancus, M., Risse, T., Antoni, W. D., Apel, F., Badea, K., Bekk, K., Bernlohr, H., Blumer, E., Bollmann, H., Bozdog, I. M., Brancu, C., Buttner, A., Chilingarian, K., Daumiller, P., Doll, J., Engler, F., Fessler, H. J., Gil, R., Glasstetter, R., Haeusler, W., Hafemann, A., Haung, D., Heck, J. R., Horandel, T., Holst, K. H., Kampert, J., Kempa, H. O., Klage, J., Knapp, Martello, Daniele, H. J., Mathe, P., Matussek, H. J., Mayer, J., Milke, D., Muhlenberg, J., Oehlschlager, M., Petcu, H., Rebel, M., Roth, G., Schatz, T., Thouw, H., Ulrich, A., Vardanyan, B., Vulpescu, J. H., Weber, J., Wentz, T., Wiegert, J., Wochele, J., Zabierowski, and S., Zagromski
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, KASCADE, biology, Hadron, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Venus, Elasticity (economics), biology.organism_classification, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Hadron calorimeter
Abstract: Based on the KASCADE multi-detector system with its large hadron calorimeter and using the CORSIKA simulation program with the implemented high-energy hadronic interaction models QGSJET, VENUS, DPMJET, SIBYLL, and HDPM, a method for the test of models by comparing el ent rates is described. Preliminary results show differences of the model predictions both among each other and when confronted with measurements. The rates are strongly influenced by the inelastic cross sections and the elasticity, especially by the contribution of diffractive dissociation. The discrepancy to measurements at primary energies below similar or equal to 3 (.) 10(13) eV can be reduced by increasing the non-diffractive inelastic cross section.
Published: 2001
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34. Search for signatures of magnetically-induced alignment in the arrival directions measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author: J. Abraham, P. Abreu, M. Aglietta, C. Aguirre, E. J. Ahn, D. Allard, I. Allekotte, J. Allen, P. Allison, J. Alvarez Muniz, M. Ambrosio, L. Anchordoqui, S. Andringa, A. Anzalone, C. Aramo, E. Arganda, S. Argir, K. Arisaka, F. Arneodo, F. Arqueros, T. Asch, H. Asorey, P. Assis, J. Aublin, M. Ave, G. Avila, A. Bacher, T. Backer, D. Badagnani, K. B. Barber, A. F. Barbosa, H. J. M. Barbosa, N. Barenthien, S. L. C. Barroso, B. Baughman, P. Bauleo, J. J. Beatty, T. Beau, B. R. Becker, K. H. Becker, A. Belletoile, J. A. Bellido, S. BenZvi, C. Berat, X. Bertou, P. L. Biermann, P. Billoir, O. Blanch Bigas, F. Blanco, C. Bleve, H. Blumer, M. Bohacova, E. Bollmann, H. Bolz, C. Bonifazi, R. Bonino, N. Borodai, F. Bracci, J. Brack, P. Brogueira, W. C. Brown, R. Bruijn, P. Buchholz, A. Bueno, R. E. Burton, N. G. Busca, K. S. Caballero Mora, D. Camin, L. Caramete, R. Caruso, W. Carvalho, A. Castellina, J. Castro, O. Catalano, G. Cataldi, L. Cazon, R. Cester, J. Chauvin, A. Chiavassa, J. A. Chinellato, A. Chou, J. Chudoba, J. Chye, P. D. J. Clark, R. W. Clay, E. Colombo, R. Conceicao, B. Connolly, F. Contreras, J. Coppens, A. Cordero, A. Cordier, U. Cotti, S. Coutu, C. E. Covault, A. Creusot, A. Criss, J. W. Cronin, J. Cuautle, A. Curutiu, S. Dagoret Campagne, R. Dallier, F. Daudo, K. Daumiller, B. R. Dawson, R. M. de Almeida, M. De Domenico, C. De Donato, S. J. de Jong, G. De La Vega, W. J. M. de Mello Junior, J. R. T. de Mello Neto, V. de Souza, K. D. de Vries, G. Decerprit, L. del Peral, O. Deligny, A. Della Selva, C. Delle Fratte, H. Dembinski, C. Di Giulio, J. C. Diaz, P. N. Diep, C. Dobrigkeit, J. C. D’Olivo, P. N. Dong, D. Dornic, A. Dorofeev, J. C. dos Anjos, M. T. Dova, D. D’Urso, I. Dutan, M. A. Du Vernois, R. Engel, M. Erdmann, C. O. Escobar, A. Etchegoyen, P. Facal San Luis, H. Falcke, G. Farrar, A. C. Fauth, N. Fazzini, F. Ferrer, A. Ferrero, B. Fick, A. Filevich, A. Filipcic, I. Fleck, S. Fliescher, R. Fonte, C. E. Fracchiolla, E. D. Fraenkel, W. Fulgione, R. F. Gama rra, S. Gambetta, B. Garcıa, D. Garcıa Gamez, D. Garcia Pinto, X. Garrido, H. Geenen, G. Gelmini, H. Gemmekeai, P. L. Ghia, U. Giaccari, K. Gibbs, M. Giller, J. Gitto, H. Glass, L. M. Goggin, M. S. Gold, G. Golup, F. Gomez Albarracin, M. Gomez Berisso, P. F. Gomez Vitale, P. Goncalves, M. Goncalves do Amaral, D. Gonzalez, J. G. Gonzalez, D. Gora, A. Gorgi, P. Gouffon, E. Grashorn, V. Grassi, S. Grebe, M. Grigat, A. F. Grillo, J. Grygar, Y. Guardincerri, N. Guardone, C. Guerard, F. Guarino, R. Gumbsheimer, G. P. Guedes, J. Gutierrez, J. D. Hague, V. Halenka, P. Hansen, D. Harari, S. Harmsma, S. Hartmann, J. L. Harton, A. Haungs, M. D. Healy, T. Hebbeker, G. Hebrero, D. Heck, C. Hojvat, V. C. Holmes, P. Homola, G. Hofman, J. R. Horandel, A. Horneffer, M. Horvat, M. Hrabovsky, H. Hucker, T. Huege, M. Hussain, M. Iarlori, A. Insolia, F. Ionita, A. Italiano, S. Jiraskova, M. Kaducak, K. H. Kampert, T. Karova, P. Kasper, B. Ke, B. Keilhauer, E. Kempq, H. Kern, R. M. Kieckhafer, H. O. Klages, M. . Kleifges, J. Kleinfeller, R. Knapik, J. Knapp, D. H. Koang, A. Kopmann, A. Krieger, O. Kromer, D. Kruppke Hansen, D. Kuempel, N. Kunka, A. Kusenko, G. La Rosa, C. Lachaud, B. L. Lago, P. Lautridou, M. S. A. B. Leao, D. Lebrun, P. Lebrun, J. Lee, M. A. Leiguide Oliveira, A. Lemiere, A. Letessier Selvon, M. Leuthold, I. Lhenry Yvon, R. Lopez, A. Lopez Aguera, K. Louedec, J. Lozano Bahilo, A. Lucero, H. Lyberis, M. C. Maccarone, C. Macolino, S. Maldera, M. Malek, D. Mandat, P. Mantsch, F. Marchetto, A. G. Mariazzi, I. C. Maris, H. R. Marquez Falcon, O. Martineau, O. Martınez Bravo, H. J. Mathes, J. Matthews, J. A. J. Matthews, G. Matthiae, D. Maurizio, P. O. Mazur, M. McEwen, R. R. McNeil, G. Medina Tanco, M. Melissas, D. Melo, E. Menichetti, A. Menshikov, R. Meyhandan, M. I. Micheletti, G. Miele, W. Miller, L. Miramonti, S. Mollerach, M. Monasor, D. Monnier Ragaigne, F. Montanet, B. Morales, C. Morello, J. C. Moreno, C. Morris, M. Mostafa, C. A. Moura, M. 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Ziolkowski, COLUCCIA, MARIA RITA, DE MITRI, Ivan, MARSELLA, GIOVANNI, MARTELLO, Daniele, PERRONE, Lorenzo, KVI - Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, Research unit Astroparticle Physics, AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire SUBATECH Nantes (SUBATECH), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), PIERRE AUGER, P., Abreu, M., Aglietta, E. 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F., Gama rra, B., Garcıa, D., Garcıa Gamez, X., Garrido, H., Geenen, G., Gelmini, H., Gemmekeai, K., Gibb, J., Gitto, L. M., Goggin, M., Gomez Berisso, P. F., Gomez Vitale, P., Goncalve, M., Goncalves do Amaral, D., Gora, V., Grassi, J., Grygar, N., Guardone, C., Guerard, F., Guarino, R., Gumbsheimer, J., Gutierrez, V., Halenka, S., Hartmann, M. D., Healy, G., Hebrero, G., Hofman, J. R., Horandel, M., Horvat, M., Hrabovsky, H., Hucker, M., Hussain, M., Iarlori, M., Kaducak, T., Karova, B., Ke, E., Kempq, H., Kern, Kleifges, M., R., Knapik, A., Kopmann, A., Krieger, O., Kromer, A., Kusenko, B. L., Lago, M. S. A. B., Leao, J., Lee, M. A., Leiguide Oliveira, M., Leuthold, R., Lopez, A., Lopez Aguera, M., Malek, F., Marchetto, Marsella, Giovanni, Martello, Daniele, O., Martineau, O., Martınez Bravo, M., Mcewen, R. R., Mcneil, R., Meyhandan, G., Miele, M., Mostafa, M., Mucchi, M. . A., Muller, F., Nerling, C., Newman Holme, D., Newton, D., Nicotra, L., Nozka, J., Oehlschlager, F., Ortolani, B., Oßwald, S., Parlati, M., Patel, V., Pavlidou, K., Payet, J., Pekala, Perrone, Lorenzo, A., Pichel, T., Pinto, O., Pisanti, J., Pochon, J., Pouryamout, L. Prado J., R., G., Raia, A., Redondo, H. C., Rei, S., Reucroft, F. A. S., Rezendem, C., Riviere, M. D., Robert, J., Ro driguez Martino, M. D., Rodrıguez Fria, B., Rouille d’Orfeuil, F., Sanchez, M., Santander, G., Schleif, T., Schmidt, P., Schovanek, F., Schroeder, F., Schussler, D., Semikoz, G., Sequiero, B. B., Siffert, A., Smiakowski, R., Smıda, A. G. K., Smith, B. E., Smith, T., Suomijarvi, A., Tamburro, T., Tarutina, O., Tascau, D., Tcherniakhovski, R., Ticona, B., Tome, I., Torre, P., Trapani, V., Tuci, E., Tusi, J. F., Valdes Galicia, I., Valino, L., Valore, J. R., Vazquez, R. A., Vazquez, D., Veberic, A., Velarde, T., Venter, L., Villasenor, G., Vitali, S., Vorobiov, L., Voyvodic, N., Wild, C., Wiebusch, B., Wilczynska, H., Wilczynski, C., Wileman, G., Worner, H., Wuac, A., Yushkov, Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes), APC - Astrophysique des Hautes Energies (APC - AHE), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)-Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Ahn, E., Albuquerque, I., Allard, D., Allekotte, I., Allen, J., Allison, P., Alvarez Castillo, J., Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Ambrosio, 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Subjects: [PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Field (physics), Astronomy, ultra-high energy cosmic rays, Pierre Auger Observatory, arrival directions, FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Cosmic Ray, Auger, Position (vector), 0103 physical sciences, FIELD, Pierre auger observatory, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Ultra-high energy cosmic ray, DETECTOR, Ciencias Exactas, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, Arrival directions, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, [SDU.ASTR.HE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Isotropy, Física, Astronomy and Astrophysics, ASTROFÍSICA, Ultra-high energy cosmic rays, Magnetic field, Experimental High Energy Physics, Data analysis, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, Física nuclear, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], RAIOS CÓSMICOS, Arrival direction, Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Ray
Abstract: We present the results of an analysis of data recorded at the Pierre Auger Observatory in which we search for groups of directionally-aligned events (or ‘multiplets’) which exhibit a correlation between arrival direc- tion and the inverse of the energy. These signatures are expected from sets of events coming from the same source after having been deflected by intervening coherent magnetic fields. The observation of several events from the same source would open the possibility to accurately reconstruct the position of the source and also measure the integral of the component of the magnetic field orthogonal to the trajectory of the cos- mic rays. We describe the largest multiplets found and compute the probability that they appeared by chance from an isotropic distribution. We find no statistically significant evidence for the presence of mul- tiplets arising from magnetic deflections in the present data., Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
Published: 2012
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35. Search for First Harmonic Modulation in the Right Ascension Distribution of Cosmic Rays Detected at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author: J. Abraham, P. Abreu, M. Aglietta, C. Aguirre, E. J. Ahn, D. Allard, I. Allekotte, J. Allen, P. Allison, J. Alvarez Muniz, M. Ambrosio, L. Anchordoqui, S. Andringa, A. Anzalone, C. Aramo, E. Arganda, S. Argir, K. Arisaka, F. Arneodo, F. Arqueros, T. Asch, H. Asorey, P. Assis, J. Aublin, M. Ave, G. Avila, A. Bacher, T. Backer, D. Badagnani, K. B. Barber, A. F. Barbosa, H. J. M. Barbosa, N. Barenthien, S. L. C. Barroso, B. Baughman, P. Bauleo, J. J. Beatty, T. Beau, B. R. Becker, K. H. Becker, A. Belletoile, J. A. Bellido, S. BenZvi, C. Berat, X. Bertou, P. L. Biermann, P. Billoir, O. Blanch Bigas, F. Blanco, C. Bleve, H. Blumer, M. Bohacova, E. Bollmann, H. Bolz, C. Bonifazi, R. Bonino, N. Borodai, F. Bracci, J. Brack, P. Brogueira, W. C. Brown, R. Bruijn, P. Buchholz, A. Bueno, R. E. Burton, N. G. Busca, K. S. Caballero Mora, D. Camin, L. Caramete, R. Caruso, W. Carvalho, A. Castellina, J. Castro, O. Catalano, G. Cataldi, L. Cazon, R. Cester, J. Chauvin, A. Chiavassa, J. A. Chinellato, A. Chou, J. Chudoba, J. Chye, P. D. J. Clark, R. W. Clay, E. Colombo, R. Conceicao, B. Connolly, F. Contreras, J. Coppens, A. Cordero, A. Cordier, U. Cotti, S. Coutu, C. E. Covault, A. Creusot, A. Criss, J. W. Cronin, J. Cuautle, A. Curutiu, S. Dagoret Campagne, R. Dallier, F. Daudo, K. Daumiller, B. R. Dawson, R. M. de Almeida, M. De Domenico, C. De Donato, S. J. de Jong, G. De La Vega, W. J. M. de Mello Junior, J. R. T. de Mello Neto, V. de Souza, K. D. de Vries, G. Decerprit, L. del Peral, O. Deligny, A. Della Selva, C. Delle Fratte, H. Dembinski, C. Di Giulio, J. C. Diaz, P. N. Diep, C. Dobrigkeit, J. C. D’Olivo, P. N. Dong, D. Dornic, A. Dorofeev, J. C. dos Anjos, M. T. Dova, D. D’Urso, I. Dutan, M. A. Du Vernois, R. Engel, M. Erdmann, C. O. Escobar, A. Etchegoyen, P. Facal San Luis, H. Falcke, G. Farrar, A. C. Fauth, N. Fazzini, F. Ferrer, A. Ferrero, B. Fick, A. Filevich, A. Filipcic, I. Fleck, S. Fliescher, R. Fonte, C. E. Fracchiolla, E. D. Fraenkel, W. Fulgione, R. F. Gama rra, S. Gambetta, B. Garcıa, D. Garcıa Gamez, D. Garcia Pinto, X. Garrido, H. Geenen, G. Gelmini, H. Gemmekeai, P. L. Ghia, U. Giaccari, K. Gibbs, M. Giller, J. Gitto, H. Glass, L. M. Goggin, M. S. Gold, G. Golup, F. Gomez Albarracin, M. Gomez Berisso, P. F. Gomez Vitale, P. Goncalves, M. Goncalves do Amaral, D. Gonzalez, J. G. Gonzalez, D. Gora, A. Gorgi, P. Gouffon, E. Grashorn, V. Grassi, S. Grebe, M. Grigat, A. F. Grillo, J. Grygar, Y. Guardincerri, N. Guardone, C. Guerard, F. Guarino, R. Gumbsheimer, G. P. Guedes, J. Gutierrez, J. D. Hague, V. Halenka, P. Hansen, D. Harari, S. Harmsma, S. Hartmann, J. L. Harton, A. Haungs, M. D. Healy, T. Hebbeker, G. Hebrero, D. Heck, C. Hojvat, V. C. Holmes, P. Homola, G. Hofman, J. R. Horandel, A. Horneffer, M. Horvat, M. Hrabovsky, H. Hucker, T. Huege, M. Hussain, M. Iarlori, A. Insolia, F. Ionita, A. Italiano, S. Jiraskova, M. Kaducak, K. H. Kampert, T. Karova, P. Kasper, B. Ke, B. Keilhauer, E. Kempq, H. Kern, R. M. Kieckhafer, H. O. Klages, M. . Kleifges, J. Kleinfeller, R. Knapik, J. Knapp, D. H. Koang, A. Kopmann, A. Krieger, O. Kromer, D. Kruppke Hansen, D. Kuempel, N. Kunka, A. Kusenko, G. La Rosa, C. Lachaud, B. L. Lago, P. Lautridou, M. S. A. B. Leao, D. Lebrun, P. Lebrun, J. Lee, M. A. Leiguide Oliveira, A. Lemiere, A. Letessier Selvon, M. Leuthold, I. Lhenry Yvon, R. Lopez, A. Lopez Aguera, K. Louedec, J. Lozano Bahilo, A. Lucero, H. Lyberis, M. C. Maccarone, C. Macolino, S. Maldera, M. Malek, D. Mandat, P. Mantsch, F. Marchetto, A. G. Mariazzi, I. C. Maris, H. R. Marquez Falcon, O. Martineau, O. Martınez Bravo, H. J. Mathes, J. Matthews, J. A. J. Matthews, G. Matthiae, D. Maurizio, P. O. Mazur, M. McEwen, R. R. McNeil, G. Medina Tanco, M. Melissas, D. Melo, E. Menichetti, A. Menshikov, R. Meyhandan, M. I. Micheletti, G. Miele, W. Miller, L. Miramonti, S. Mollerach, M. Monasor, D. Monnier Ragaigne, F. Montanet, B. Morales, C. Morello, J. C. Moreno, C. Morris, M. Mostafa, C. A. Moura, M. Mucchi, S. Mueller, M. . A. Muller, R. Mussa, G. Navarra, J. L. Navarro, S. Navas, P. Necesal, L. Nellen, F. Nerling, C. Newman Holmes, D. Newton, P. T. Nhung, D. Nicotra, N. Nierstenhoefer, D. Nitz, D. Nosek, L. Nozka, M. Nyklicek, J. Oehlschlager, A. Olinto, P. Oliva, V. M. Olmos Gilbaja, M. Ortiz, F. Ortolani, B. Oßwald, N. Pacheco, D. Pakk Selmi Dei, M. Palatka, J. Pallotta, G. Parente, E. Parizot, S. Parlati, S. Pastor, M. Patel, T. Paul, V. Pavlidou, K. Payet, M. Pech, J. Pekala, I. M. Pepe, R. Pesce, E. Petermann, S. Petrera, P. Petrinca, A. Petrolini, Y. Petrov, J. Petrovic, C. Pfendner, A. Pichel, R. Piegaia, T. Pierog, M. Pimenta, T. Pinto, V. Pirronello, O. Pisanti, M. Platino, J. Pochon, V. H. Ponce, M. Pontz, J. Pouryamout, L. Prado J.r., P. Privitera, M. Prouza, E. J. Quel, G. Raia, J. Rautenberg, O. Ravel, D. Ravignani, A. Redondo, H. C. Reis, S. Reucroft, B. Revenu, F. A. S. Rezendem, J. Ridky, S. Riggi, M. Risse, C. Riviere, V. Rizi, C. Robledo, M. D. Roberts, G. Rodriguez, J. Ro driguez Martino, J. Rodriguez Rojo, I. Rodriguez Cabo, M. D. Rodrıguez Frias, G. Ros, J. Rosado, T. Rossler, M. Roth, B. Rouille d’Orfeuil, E. Roulet, A. C. Rovero, F. Salamida, H. Salazar, G. Salina, F. Sanchez, M. Santander, C. E. Santo, E. M. Santos, F. Sarazin, S. Sarkar, R. Sato, N. Scharf, V. Scherini, H. Schieler, P. Schiffer, G. Schleif, A. Schmidt, F. Schmidt, T. Schmidt, O. Scholten, H. Schoorlemmer, J. Schovancova, P. Schovanek, F. Schroeder, S. Schulte, F. Schussler, D. Schuster, S. J. Sciutto, M. Scuderi, A. Segreto, D. Semikoz, G. Sequieros, M. Settimo, R. C. Shellard, I. Sidelnik, B. B. Siffert, A. Smiakowski, R. Smıda, A. G. K. Smith, B. E. Smith, G. R. Snow, P. Sommers, J. Sorokin, H. Spinka, R. Squartini, E. Strazzeri, A. Stutz, F. Suarez, T. Suomijarvi, A. D. Supanitsky, M. S. Sutherland, J. Swain, Z. Szadkowski, A. Tamashiro, A. Tamburro, T. Tarutina, O. Tascau, R. Tcaciuc, D. Tcherniakhovski, N. T. Thao, D. Thomas, R. Ticona, J. Tiffenberg, C. Timmermans, W. Tkaczyk, C. J. Todero Peixoto, B. Tome, A. Tonachini, I. Torres, P. Trapani, P. Travnicek, D. B. Tridapalli, G. Tristram, E. Trovato, V. Tuci, M. Tueros, E. Tusi, R. Ulrich, M. Unger, M. Urban, J. F. Valdes Galicia, I. Valino, L. Valore, A. M. van den Berg, J. R. Vazquez, R. A. Vazquez, D. Veberic, A. Velarde, T. Venters, V. Verzi, M. Videla, L. Villasenor, G. Vitali, S. Vorobiov, L. Voyvodic, H. Wahlberg, P. Wahrlich, O. Wainberg, D. Warner, S. Westerhoff, B. J. Whelan, N. Wild, C. Wiebusch, G. Wieczorek, L. Wiencke, B. Wilczynska, H. Wilczynski, C. Wileman, M. G. Winnick, G. Worner, H. Wuac, B. Wundheiler, T. Yamamoto, P. Younk, G. Yuan, A. Yushkov, E. Zas, D. Zavrtanik, M. Zavrtanik, I. Zaw, A. Zepeda, M. Ziolkowski, COLUCCIA, MARIA RITA, DE MITRI, Ivan, MARSELLA, GIOVANNI, MARTELLO, Daniele, PERRONE, Lorenzo, Guarino, Fausto, D'Urso, Domenico, Valore, Laura, M., Ambrosio, Aramo, Carla, The Pierre Auger, C. o. l. l. a. b. o. r. a. t. i. o. n. ., KVI - Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, Research unit Astroparticle Physics, APC - Astrophysique des Hautes Energies (APC - AHE), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)-Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Laboratoire SUBATECH Nantes (SUBATECH), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), APC - THEORIE, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut für theoretische Physik, Universität Hamburg (UHH)-Universität Hamburg (UHH), PIERRE AUGER, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)-Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut für theoretische Physik, Abreu, P, Aglietta, M, Ahn, E.J, Albuquerque, I.F.M, Allard, D, Allekotte, I, Allen, J, Allison, P, Alvarez Castillo, J, Alvarez-Muñiz, J, Ambrosio, M, Aminaei, A, Anchordoqui, L, Andringa, S, Antičić, T, Aramo, C, Arganda, E, Arqueros, F, Asorey, H, Assis, P, Aublin, J, Ave, M, Avenier, M, Avila, G, Bäcker, T, Balzer, M, Barber, K.B, Barbosa, A.F, Bardenet, R, Barroso, S.L.C, Baughman, B, Beatty, J.J, Becker, B.R, Becker, K.H, Bellido, J.A, Benzvi, S, Berat, C, Bertou, X, Biermann, P.L, Billoir, P, Blanco, F, Blanco, M, Bleve, C, Blümer, H, Boháčová, M, Boncioli, D, Bonifazi, C, Bonino, R, Borodai, N, Brack, J, Brogueira, P, Brown, W.C, Bruijn, R, Buchholz, P, Bueno, A, Burton, R.E, Caballero-Mora, K.S, Caramete, L, Caruso, R, Castellina, A, Cataldi, G, Cazon, L, Cester, R, Chauvin, J, Chiavassa, A, Chinellato, J.A, Chou, A, Chudoba, J, Clay, R.W, Coluccia, M.R, Conceião, R, Contreras, F, Cook, H, Cooper, M.J, Coppens, J, Cordier, A, Cotti, U, Coutu, S, Covault, C.E, Creusot, A, Criss, A, Cronin, J, Curutiu, A, Dagoret-Campagne, S, Dallier, R, Dasso, S, Daumiller, K, Dawson, B.R, De Almeida, R.M, De Domenico, M, De Donato, C, De Jong, S.J, De La Vega, G, De Mello Jr, W.J.M, De Mello Neto, J.R.T, De Mitri, I, De Souza, V, De Vries, K.D, Decerprit, G, Del Peral, L, Deligny, O, Dembinski, H, Denkiewicz, A, Di Giulio, C, Diaz, J.C, Díaz Castro, M.L, Diep, P.N, Dobrigkeit, C, D'Olivo, J.C, Dong, P.N, Dorofeev, A, Dos Anjos, J.C, Dova, M.T, D'Urso, D, Dutan, I, Ebr, J, Engel, R, Erdmann, M, Escobar, C.O, Etchegoyen, A, Facal San Luis, P, Falcke, H, Farrar, G, Fauth, A.C, Fazzini, N, Ferguson, A.P, Ferrero, A, Fick, B, Filevich, A, Filipčič, A, Fliescher, S, Fracchiolla, C.E, Fraenkel, E.D, Fröhlich, U, Fuchs, B, Gamarra, R.F, Gambetta, S, García, B, García Gámez, D, Garcia-Pinto, D, Gascon, A, Gemmeke, H, Gesterling, K, Ghia, P.L, Giaccari, U, Giller, M, Glass, H, Gold, M.S, Golup, G, Gomez Albarracin, F, Gómez Berisso, M, Gonalves, P, Gonzalez, D, Gonzalez, J.G, Gookin, B, Góra, D, Gorgi, A, Gouffon, P, Gozzini, S.R, Grashorn, E, Grebe, S, Griffith, N, Grigat, M, Grillo, A.F, Guardincerri, Y, Guarino, F, Guedes, G.P, Hague, J.D, Hansen, P, Harari, D, Harmsma, S, Harton, J.L, Haungs, A, Hebbeker, T, Heck, D, Herve, A.E, Hojvat, C, Holmes, V.C, Homola, P, Hörandel, J.R, Horneffer, A, Hrabovský, M, Huege, T, Insolia, A, Ionita, F, Italiano, A, Jiraskova, S, Kadija, K, Kampert, K.H, Karhan, P, Karova, T, Kasper, P, Kégl, B, Keilhauer, B, Keivani, A, Kelley, J.L, Kemp, E, Kieckhafer, R.M, Klages, H.O, Kleifges, M, Kleinfeller, J, Knapp, J, Koang, D.-H, Kotera, K, Krohm, N, Krömer, O, Kruppke-Hansen, D, Kuehn, F, Kuempel, D, Kulbartz, J.K, Kunka, N, La Rosa, G, Lachaud, C, Lautridou, P, Leão, M.S.A.B, Lebrun, D, Lebrun, P, Leigui De Oliveira, M.A, Lemiere, A, Letessier-Selvon, A, Lhenry-Yvon, I, Link, K, López, R, Lopez Agüera, A, Louedec, K, Lozano Bahilo, J, Lucero, A, Ludwig, M, Lyberis, H, MacOlino, C, Maldera, S, Mandat, D, Mantsch, P, Mariazzi, A.G, Marin, V, Maris, I.C, Marquez Falcon, H.R, Marsella, G, Martello, D, Martin, L, Martínez Bravo, O, Mathes, H.J, Matthews, J, Matthews, J.A.J, Matthiae, G, Maurizio, D, Mazur, P.O, Medina-Tanco, G, Melissas, M, Melo, D, Menichetti, E, Menshikov, A, Mertsch, P, Meurer, C, Mićanović, S, Micheletti, M.I, Miller, W, Miramonti, L, Mollerach, S, Monasor, M, Monnier Ragaigne, D, Montanet, F, Morales, B, Morello, C, Moreno, E, Moreno, J.C, Morris, C, Mostafá, M, Moura, C.A, Mueller, S, Muller, M.A, Müller, G, Münchmeyer, M, Mussa, R, Navarra, G, Navarro, J.L, Navas, S, Necesal, P, Nellen, L, Nelles, A, Nhung, P.T, Nierstenhoefer, N, Nitz, D, Nosek, D, Nožka, L, Nyklicek, M, Oehlschläger, J, Olinto, A, Oliva, P, Olmos-Gilbaja, V.M, Ortiz, M, Pacheco, N, Pakk Selmi-Dei, D, Palatka, M, Pallotta, J, Palmieri, N, Parente, G, Parizot, E, Parra, A, Parrisius, J, Parsons, R.D, Pastor, S, Paul, T, Pech, M, Pȩkala, J, Pelayo, R, Pepe, I.M, Perrone, L, Pesce, R, Petermann, E, Petrera, S, Petrinca, P, Petrolini, A, Petrov, Y, Petrovic, J, Pfendner, C, Phan, N, Piegaia, R, Pierog, T, Pieroni, P, Pimenta, M, Pirronello, V, Platino, M, Ponce, V.H, Pontz, M, Privitera, P, Prouza, M, Quel, E.J, Rautenberg, J, Ravel, O, Ravignani, D, Revenu, B, Ridky, J, Risse, M, Ristori, P, Rivera, H, Rivire, C, Rizi, V, Robledo, C, Rodrigues De Carvalho, W, Rodriguez, G, Rodriguez Martino, J, Rodriguez Rojo, J, Rodriguez-Cabo, I, Rodríguez-Frías, M.D, Ros, G, Rosado, J, Rossler, T, Roth, M, Rouillé-D'Orfeuil, B, Roulet, E, Rovero, A.C, Rühle, C, Salamida, F, Salazar, H, Salina, G, Sánchez, F, Santander, M, Santo, C.E, Santos, E, Santos, E.M, Sarazin, F, Sarkar, S, Sato, R, Scharf, N, Scherini, V, Schieler, H, Schiffer, P, Schmidt, A, Schmidt, F, Schmidt, T, Scholten, O, Schoorlemmer, H, Schovancova, J, Schovánek, P, Schroeder, F, Schulte, S, Schuster, D, Sciutto, S.J, Scuderi, M, Segreto, A, Semikoz, D, Settimo, M, Shadkam, A, Shellard, R.C, Sidelnik, I, Sigl, G, Śmiałkowski, A, Šmída, R, Snow, G.R, Sommers, P, Sorokin, J, Spinka, H, Squartini, R, Stapleton, J, Stasielak, J, Stephan, M, Stutz, A, Suarez, F, Suomijärvi, T, Supanitsky, A.D, Šuša, T, Sutherland, M.S, Swain, J, Szadkowski, Z, Szuba, M, Tamashiro, A, Tapia, A, Tacu, O, Tcaciuc, R, Tegolo, D, Thao, N.T, Thomas, D, Tiffenberg, J, Timmermans, C, Tiwari, D.K, Tkaczyk, W, Todero Peixoto, C.J, Tomé, B, Tonachini, A, Travnicek, P, Tridapalli, D.B, Tristram, G, Trovato, E, Tueros, M, Ulrich, R, Unger, M, Urban, M, Valdés Galicia, J.F, Valiño, I, Valore, L, Van Den Berg, A.M, Vargas Cárdenas, B, Vázquez, J.R, Vázquez, R.A, Veberič, D, Verzi, V, Videla, M, Villaseñor, L, Wahlberg, H, Wahrlich, P, Wainberg, O, Warner, D, Watson, A.A, Weber, M, Weidenhaupt, K, Weindl, A, Westerhoff, S, Whelan, B.J, Wieczorek, G, Wiencke, L, Wilczyńska, B, Wilczyński, H, Will, M, Williams, C, Winchen, T, Winders, L, Winnick, M.G, Wommer, M, Wundheiler, B, Yamamoto, T, Younk, P, Yuan, G, Zamorano, B, Zas, E, Zavrtanik, D, Zavrtanik, M, Zaw, I, Zepeda, A, Ziolkowski, M., J., Abraham, P., Abreu, M., Aglietta, C., Aguirre, E. J., Ahn, D., Allard, I., Allekotte, J., Allen, P., Allison, J., Alvarez Muniz, L., Anchordoqui, S., Andringa, A., Anzalone, C., Aramo, E., Arganda, S., Argir, K., Arisaka, F., Arneodo, F., Arquero, T., Asch, H., Asorey, P., Assi, J., Aublin, M., Ave, G., Avila, A., Bacher, T., Backer, D., Badagnani, K. B., Barber, A. F., Barbosa, H. J. M., Barbosa, N., Barenthien, S. L. C., Barroso, B., Baughman, P., Bauleo, J. J., Beatty, T., Beau, B. R., Becker, K. H., Becker, A., Belletoile, J. A., Bellido, S., Benzvi, C., Berat, X., Bertou, P. L., Biermann, P., Billoir, O., Blanch Biga, F., Blanco, C., Bleve, H., Blumer, M., Bohacova, E., Bollmann, H., Bolz, C., Bonifazi, R., Bonino, N., Borodai, F., Bracci, J., Brack, P., Brogueira, W. C., Brown, R., Bruijn, P., Buchholz, A., Bueno, R. E., Burton, N. G., Busca, K. S., Caballero Mora, D., Camin, L., Caramete, R., Caruso, W., Carvalho, A., Castellina, J., Castro, O., Catalano, G., Cataldi, L., Cazon, R., Cester, J., Chauvin, A., Chiavassa, J. A., Chinellato, A., Chou, J., Chudoba, J., Chye, P. D. J., Clark, R. W., Clay, E., Colombo, Coluccia, MARIA RITA, R., Conceicao, B., Connolly, F., Contrera, J., Coppen, A., Cordero, A., Cordier, U., Cotti, S., Coutu, C. E., Covault, A., Creusot, A., Cri, J. W., Cronin, J., Cuautle, A., Curutiu, S., Dagoret Campagne, R., Dallier, F., Daudo, K., Daumiller, B. R., Dawson, R. M., de Almeida, M., De Domenico, C., De Donato, S. J., de Jong, G., De La Vega, W. J. M., de Mello Junior, J. R. T., de Mello Neto, DE MITRI, Ivan, V., de Souza, K. D., de Vrie, G., Decerprit, L., del Peral, O., Deligny, A., Della Selva, C., Delle Fratte, H., Dembinski, C., Di Giulio, J. C., Diaz, P. N., Diep, C., Dobrigkeit, J. C., D’Olivo, P. N., Dong, D., Dornic, A., Dorofeev, J. C., dos Anjo, M. T., Dova, D., D’Urso, I., Dutan, M. A., Du Vernoi, R., Engel, M., Erdmann, C. O., Escobar, A., Etchegoyen, P., Facal San Lui, H., Falcke, G., Farrar, A. 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G., Winnick, G., Worner, H., Wuac, B., Wundheiler, T., Yamamoto, P., Younk, G., Yuan, A., Yushkov, E., Za, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zavrtanik, I., Zaw, A., Zepeda, M., Ziolkowski, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut für theoretische Physik
Subjects: Large scale anisotripies, [PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Auger Experiment, Astronomy, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Phase (waves), FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, anisotropy, SURFACE DETECTOR, 01 natural sciences, Cosmic Ray, Auger, Large scale anisotropies, Observatory, Large scale anisotropie, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Ultra-high energy cosmic ray, Ciencias Exactas, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, Pierre Auger Observatory, FÍSICA DE PARTÍCULAS, Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, ORIGIN, [SDU.ASTR.HE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Física, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Ultra-high energy cosmic rays, ENERGY-SPECTRUM, Radiación cósmica, Anisotropía, Amplitude, Harmonics, Experimental High Energy Physics, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, ARRAY, Física nuclear, Right ascension, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: We present the results of searches for dipolar-type anisotropies in different energy ranges above 2.5 × 1017 eV with the surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory, reporting on both the phase and the amplitude measurements of the first harmonic modulation in the right-ascension distribution. Upper limits on the amplitudes are obtained, which provide the most stringent bounds at present, being below 2% at 99% C.L. for EeV energies. We also compare our results to those of previous experiments as well as with some theoretical expectations., We are very grateful to the following agencies and organizations for financial support: Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Fundación Antorchas, Gobierno De La Provincia de Mendoza, Municipalidad de Malargüe, NDM Holdings and Valle Las Leñas, in gratitude for their continuing cooperation over land access, Argentina; the Australian Research Council; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia (MCT), Brazil; AVCR, AV0Z10100502 and AV0Z10100522, GAAV, KJB300100801 and KJB100100904, MSMT-CRLA08016, LC527, 1M06002, and MSM0021620859, Czech Republic; Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Conseil Régional Ile-de-France, Département Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS), Département Sciences de l’Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS), France; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Finanzministerium Baden – Württemberg, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF), Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung,Nordrhein-Westfalen, Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst, Baden-Württemberg, Germany; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (MIUR), Gran Sasso Center for Astroparticle Physics (CFA), Italy; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Mexico; Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM), Netherlands; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Grant Nos. 1 P03 D 014 30 and N N202 207238, Poland; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal; Ministry for Higher Education, Science, and Technology, Slovenian Research Agency, Slovenia; Comunidad de Madrid, Consejería de Educación de la Comunidad de Castilla La Mancha, FEDER funds, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and Consolider-Ingenio 2010 (CPAN), Generalitat Valenciana, Junta de Andalucía, Xunta de Galicia, Spain; Science and Technology Facilities Council, United Kingdom; Department of Energy, Contract Nos. DE-AC02-07CH11359, DE-FR02-04ER41300, National Science Foundation, Grant No. 0450696, The Grainger Foundation, USA; ALFA-EC/ HELEN, European Union 6th Framework Program, Grant No. MEIF-CT-2005-025057, European Union 7th Framework Program, Grant No. PIEF-GA-2008-220240, and UNESCO.
Published: 2011
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36. Search for ultrahigh energy neutrinos in highly inclined events at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author: J. Abraham, P. Abreu, M. Aglietta, C. Aguirre, E. J. Ahn, D. Allard, I. Allekotte, J. Allen, P. Allison, J. Alvarez Muniz, M. Ambrosio, L. Anchordoqui, S. Andringa, A. Anzalone, C. Aramo, E. Arganda, S. Argir, K. Arisaka, F. Arneodo, F. Arqueros, T. Asch, H. Asorey, P. Assis, J. Aublin, M. Ave, G. Avila, A. Bacher, T. Backer, D. Badagnani, K. B. Barber, A. F. Barbosa, H. J. M. Barbosa, N. Barenthien, S. L. C. Barroso, B. Baughman, P. Bauleo, J. J. Beatty, T. Beau, B. R. Becker, K. H. Becker, A. Belletoile, J. A. Bellido, S. BenZvi, C. Berat, X. Bertou, P. L. Biermann, P. Billoir, O. Blanch Bigas, F. Blanco, C. Bleve, H. Blumer, M. Bohacova, E. Bollmann, H. Bolz, C. Bonifazi, R. Bonino, N. Borodai, F. Bracci, J. Brack, P. Brogueira, W. C. Brown, R. Bruijn, P. Buchholz, A. Bueno, R. E. Burton, N. G. Busca, K. S. Caballero Mora, D. Camin, L. Caramete, R. Caruso, W. Carvalho, A. Castellina, J. Castro, O. Catalano, G. Cataldi, L. Cazon, R. Cester, J. Chauvin, A. Chiavassa, J. A. Chinellato, A. Chou, J. Chudoba, J. Chye, P. D. J. Clark, R. W. Clay, E. Colombo, R. Conceicao, B. Connolly, F. Contreras, J. Coppens, A. Cordero, A. Cordier, U. Cotti, S. Coutu, C. E. Covault, A. Creusot, A. Criss, J. W. Cronin, J. Cuautle, A. Curutiu, S. Dagoret Campagne, R. Dallier, F. Daudo, K. Daumiller, B. R. Dawson, R. M. de Almeida, M. De Domenico, C. De Donato, S. J. de Jong, G. De La Vega, W. J. M. de Mello Junior, J. R. T. de Mello Neto, V. de Souza, K. D. de Vries, G. Decerprit, L. del Peral, O. Deligny, A. Della Selva, C. Delle Fratte, H. Dembinski, C. Di Giulio, J. C. Diaz, P. N. Diep, C. Dobrigkeit, J. C. D’Olivo, P. N. Dong, D. Dornic, A. Dorofeev, J. C. dos Anjos, M. T. Dova, D. D’Urso, I. Dutan, M. A. Du Vernois, R. Engel, M. Erdmann, C. O. Escobar, A. Etchegoyen, P. Facal San Luis, H. Falcke, G. Farrar, A. C. Fauth, N. Fazzini, F. Ferrer, A. Ferrero, B. Fick, A. Filevich, A. Filipcic, I. Fleck, S. Fliescher, R. Fonte, C. E. Fracchiolla, E. D. Fraenkel, W. Fulgione, R. F. Gama rra, S. Gambetta, B. Garcıa, D. Garcıa Gamez, D. Garcia Pinto, X. Garrido, H. Geenen, G. Gelmini, H. Gemmekeai, P. L. Ghia, U. Giaccari, K. Gibbs, M. Giller, J. Gitto, H. Glass, L. M. Goggin, M. S. Gold, G. Golup, F. Gomez Albarracin, M. Gomez Berisso, P. F. Gomez Vitale, P. Goncalves, M. Goncalves do Amaral, D. Gonzalez, J. G. Gonzalez, D. Gora, A. Gorgi, P. Gouffon, E. Grashorn, V. Grassi, S. Grebe, M. Grigat, A. F. Grillo, J. Grygar, Y. Guardincerri, N. Guardone, C. Guerard, F. Guarino, R. Gumbsheimer, G. P. Guedes, J. Gutierrez, J. D. Hague, V. Halenka, P. Hansen, D. Harari, S. Harmsma, S. Hartmann, J. L. Harton, A. Haungs, M. D. Healy, T. Hebbeker, G. Hebrero, D. Heck, C. Hojvat, V. C. Holmes, P. Homola, G. Hofman, J. R. Horandel, A. Horneffer, M. Horvat, M. Hrabovsky, H. Hucker, T. Huege, M. Hussain, M. Iarlori, A. Insolia, F. Ionita, A. Italiano, S. Jiraskova, M. Kaducak, K. H. Kampert, T. Karova, P. Kasper, B. Ke, B. Keilhauer, E. Kempq, H. Kern, R. M. Kieckhafer, H. O. Klages, M. . Kleifges, J. Kleinfeller, R. Knapik, J. Knapp, D. H. Koang, A. Kopmann, A. Krieger, O. Kromer, D. Kruppke Hansen, D. Kuempel, N. Kunka, A. Kusenko, G. La Rosa, C. Lachaud, B. L. Lago, P. Lautridou, M. S. A. B. Leao, D. Lebrun, P. Lebrun, J. Lee, M. A. Leiguide Oliveira, A. Lemiere, A. Letessier Selvon, M. Leuthold, I. Lhenry Yvon, R. Lopez, A. Lopez Aguera, K. Louedec, J. Lozano Bahilo, A. Lucero, H. Lyberis, M. C. Maccarone, C. Macolino, S. Maldera, M. Malek, D. Mandat, P. Mantsch, F. Marchetto, A. G. Mariazzi, I. C. Maris, H. R. Marquez Falcon, O. Martineau, O. Martınez Bravo, H. J. Mathes, J. Matthews, J. A. J. Matthews, G. Matthiae, D. Maurizio, P. O. Mazur, M. McEwen, R. R. McNeil, G. Medina Tanco, M. Melissas, D. Melo, E. Menichetti, A. Menshikov, R. Meyhandan, M. I. Micheletti, G. Miele, W. Miller, L. Miramonti, S. Mollerach, M. Monasor, D. Monnier Ragaigne, F. Montanet, B. Morales, C. Morello, J. C. Moreno, C. Morris, M. Mostafa, C. A. Moura, M. Mucchi, S. Mueller, M. . A. Muller, R. Mussa, G. Navarra, J. L. Navarro, S. Navas, P. Necesal, L. Nellen, F. Nerling, C. Newman Holmes, D. Newton, P. T. Nhung, D. Nicotra, N. Nierstenhoefer, D. Nitz, D. Nosek, L. Nozka, M. Nyklicek, J. Oehlschlager, A. Olinto, P. Oliva, V. M. Olmos Gilbaja, M. Ortiz, F. Ortolani, B. Oßwald, N. Pacheco, D. Pakk Selmi Dei, M. Palatka, J. Pallotta, G. Parente, E. Parizot, S. Parlati, S. Pastor, M. Patel, T. Paul, V. Pavlidou, K. Payet, M. Pech, J. Pekala, I. M. Pepe, R. Pesce, E. Petermann, S. Petrera, P. Petrinca, A. Petrolini, Y. Petrov, J. Petrovic, C. Pfendner, A. Pichel, R. Piegaia, T. Pierog, M. Pimenta, T. Pinto, V. Pirronello, O. Pisanti, M. Platino, J. Pochon, V. H. Ponce, M. Pontz, J. Pouryamout, L. Prado J.r., P. Privitera, M. Prouza, E. J. Quel, G. Raia, J. Rautenberg, O. Ravel, D. Ravignani, A. Redondo, H. C. Reis, S. Reucroft, B. Revenu, F. A. S. Rezendem, J. Ridky, S. Riggi, M. Risse, C. Riviere, V. Rizi, C. Robledo, M. D. Roberts, G. Rodriguez, J. Ro driguez Martino, J. Rodriguez Rojo, I. Rodriguez Cabo, M. D. Rodrıguez Frias, G. Ros, J. Rosado, T. Rossler, M. Roth, B. Rouille d’Orfeuil, E. Roulet, A. C. Rovero, F. Salamida, H. Salazar, G. Salina, F. Sanchez, M. Santander, C. E. Santo, E. M. Santos, F. Sarazin, S. Sarkar, R. Sato, N. Scharf, V. Scherini, H. Schieler, P. Schiffer, G. Schleif, A. Schmidt, F. Schmidt, T. Schmidt, O. Scholten, H. Schoorlemmer, J. Schovancova, P. Schovanek, F. Schroeder, S. Schulte, F. Schussler, D. Schuster, S. J. Sciutto, M. Scuderi, A. Segreto, D. Semikoz, G. Sequieros, M. Settimo, R. C. Shellard, I. Sidelnik, B. B. Siffert, A. Smiakowski, R. Smıda, A. G. K. Smith, B. E. Smith, G. R. Snow, P. Sommers, J. Sorokin, H. Spinka, R. Squartini, E. Strazzeri, A. Stutz, F. Suarez, T. Suomijarvi, A. D. Supanitsky, M. S. Sutherland, J. Swain, Z. Szadkowski, A. Tamashiro, A. Tamburro, T. Tarutina, O. Tascau, R. Tcaciuc, D. Tcherniakhovski, N. T. Thao, D. Thomas, R. Ticona, J. Tiffenberg, C. Timmermans, W. Tkaczyk, C. J. Todero Peixoto, B. Tome, A. Tonachini, I. Torres, P. Trapani, P. Travnicek, D. B. Tridapalli, G. Tristram, E. Trovato, V. Tuci, M. Tueros, E. Tusi, R. Ulrich, M. Unger, M. Urban, J. F. Valdes Galicia, I. Valino, L. Valore, A. M. van den Berg, J. R. Vazquez, R. A. Vazquez, D. Veberic, A. Velarde, T. Venters, V. Verzi, M. Videla, L. Villasenor, G. Vitali, S. Vorobiov, L. Voyvodic, H. Wahlberg, P. Wahrlich, O. Wainberg, D. Warner, S. Westerhoff, B. J. Whelan, N. Wild, C. Wiebusch, G. Wieczorek, L. Wiencke, B. Wilczynska, H. Wilczynski, C. Wileman, M. G. Winnick, G. Worner, H. Wuac, B. Wundheiler, T. Yamamoto, P. Younk, G. Yuan, A. Yushkov, E. Zas, D. Zavrtanik, M. Zavrtanik, I. Zaw, A. Zepeda, M. Ziolkowski, COLUCCIA, MARIA RITA, DE MITRI, Ivan, MARSELLA, GIOVANNI, MARTELLO, Daniele, PERRONE, Lorenzo, Guarino, Fausto, Valore, Laura, D'Urso, Domenico, Yushkov, Alexey, Aramo, Carla, The Pierre Auger, Collaboration, APC - Astrophysique des Hautes Energies (APC - AHE), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)-Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Laboratoire SUBATECH Nantes (SUBATECH), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), PIERRE AUGER, J., Abraham, P., Abreu, M., Aglietta, C., Aguirre, E. J., Ahn, D., Allard, I., Allekotte, J., Allen, P., Allison, J., Alvarez Muniz, M., Ambrosio, L., Anchordoqui, S., Andringa, A., Anzalone, C., Aramo, E., Arganda, S., Argir, K., Arisaka, F., Arneodo, F., Arquero, T., Asch, H., Asorey, P., Assi, J., Aublin, M., Ave, G., Avila, A., Bacher, T., Backer, D., Badagnani, K. B., Barber, A. F., Barbosa, H. J. M., Barbosa, N., Barenthien, S. L. C., Barroso, B., Baughman, P., Bauleo, J. J., Beatty, T., Beau, B. R., Becker, K. H., Becker, A., Belletoile, J. A., Bellido, S., Benzvi, C., Berat, X., Bertou, P. L., Biermann, P., Billoir, O., Blanch Biga, F., Blanco, C., Bleve, H., Blumer, M., Bohacova, E., Bollmann, H., Bolz, C., Bonifazi, R., Bonino, N., Borodai, F., Bracci, J., Brack, P., Brogueira, W. C., Brown, R., Bruijn, P., Buchholz, A., Bueno, R. E., Burton, N. G., Busca, K. S., Caballero Mora, D., Camin, L., Caramete, R., Caruso, W., Carvalho, A., Castellina, J., Castro, O., Catalano, G., Cataldi, L., Cazon, R., Cester, J., Chauvin, A., Chiavassa, J. A., Chinellato, A., Chou, J., Chudoba, J., Chye, P. D. J., Clark, R. W., Clay, E., Colombo, Coluccia, MARIA RITA, R., Conceicao, B., Connolly, F., Contrera, J., Coppen, A., Cordero, A., Cordier, U., Cotti, S., Coutu, C. E., Covault, A., Creusot, A., Cri, J. W., Cronin, J., Cuautle, A., Curutiu, S., Dagoret Campagne, R., Dallier, F., Daudo, K., Daumiller, B. R., Dawson, R. M., de Almeida, M., De Domenico, C., De Donato, S. J., de Jong, G., De La Vega, W. J. M., de Mello Junior, J. R. T., de Mello Neto, DE MITRI, Ivan, V., de Souza, K. D., de Vrie, G., Decerprit, L., del Peral, O., Deligny, A., Della Selva, C., Delle Fratte, H., Dembinski, C., Di Giulio, J. C., Diaz, P. N., Diep, C., Dobrigkeit, J. C., D’Olivo, P. N., Dong, D., Dornic, A., Dorofeev, J. C., dos Anjo, M. T., Dova, D., D’Urso, I., Dutan, M. A., Du Vernoi, R., Engel, M., Erdmann, C. O., Escobar, A., Etchegoyen, P., Facal San Lui, H., Falcke, G., Farrar, A. C., Fauth, N., Fazzini, F., Ferrer, A., Ferrero, B., Fick, A., Filevich, A., Filipcic, I., Fleck, S., Fliescher, R., Fonte, C. E., Fracchiolla, E. D., Fraenkel, W., Fulgione, R. F., Gama rra, S., Gambetta, B., Garcıa, D., Garcıa Gamez, D., Garcia Pinto, X., Garrido, H., Geenen, G., Gelmini, H., Gemmekeai, P. L., Ghia, U., Giaccari, K., Gibb, M., Giller, J., Gitto, H., Gla, L. M., Goggin, M. S., Gold, G., Golup, F., Gomez Albarracin, M., Gomez Berisso, P. F., Gomez Vitale, P., Goncalve, M., Goncalves do Amaral, D., Gonzalez, J. G., Gonzalez, D., Gora, A., Gorgi, P., Gouffon, E., Grashorn, V., Grassi, S., Grebe, M., Grigat, A. F., Grillo, J., Grygar, Y., Guardincerri, N., Guardone, C., Guerard, F., Guarino, R., Gumbsheimer, G. P., Guede, J., Gutierrez, J. D., Hague, V., Halenka, P., Hansen, D., Harari, S., Harmsma, S., Hartmann, J. L., Harton, A., Haung, M. D., Healy, T., Hebbeker, G., Hebrero, D., Heck, C., Hojvat, V. C., Holme, P., Homola, G., Hofman, J. R., Horandel, A., Horneffer, M., Horvat, M., Hrabovsky, H., Hucker, T., Huege, M., Hussain, M., Iarlori, A., Insolia, F., Ionita, A., Italiano, S., Jiraskova, M., Kaducak, K. H., Kampert, T., Karova, P., Kasper, B., Ke, B., Keilhauer, E., Kempq, H., Kern, R. M., Kieckhafer, H. O., Klage, Kleifges, M., J., Kleinfeller, R., Knapik, J., Knapp, D. H., Koang, A., Kopmann, A., Krieger, O., Kromer, D., Kruppke Hansen, D., Kuempel, N., Kunka, A., Kusenko, G., La Rosa, C., Lachaud, B. L., Lago, P., Lautridou, M. S. A. B., Leao, D., Lebrun, P., Lebrun, J., Lee, M. A., Leiguide Oliveira, A., Lemiere, A., Letessier Selvon, M., Leuthold, I., Lhenry Yvon, R., Lopez, A., Lopez Aguera, K., Louedec, J., Lozano Bahilo, A., Lucero, H., Lyberi, M. C., Maccarone, C., Macolino, S., Maldera, M., Malek, D., Mandat, P., Mantsch, F., Marchetto, A. G., Mariazzi, I. C., Mari, H. R., Marquez Falcon, Marsella, Giovanni, Martello, Daniele, O., Martineau, O., Martınez Bravo, H. J., Mathe, J., Matthew, J. A. J., Matthew, G., Matthiae, D., Maurizio, P. O., Mazur, M., Mcewen, R. R., Mcneil, G., Medina Tanco, M., Melissa, D., Melo, E., Menichetti, A., Menshikov, R., Meyhandan, M. I., Micheletti, G., Miele, W., Miller, L., Miramonti, S., Mollerach, M., Monasor, D., Monnier Ragaigne, F., Montanet, B., Morale, C., Morello, J. C., Moreno, C., Morri, M., Mostafa, C. A., Moura, M., Mucchi, S., Mueller, M. . A., Muller, R., Mussa, G., Navarra, J. L., Navarro, S., Nava, P., Necesal, L., Nellen, F., Nerling, C., Newman Holme, D., Newton, P. T., Nhung, D., Nicotra, N., Nierstenhoefer, D., Nitz, D., Nosek, L., Nozka, M., Nyklicek, J., Oehlschlager, A., Olinto, P., Oliva, V. M., Olmos Gilbaja, M., Ortiz, F., Ortolani, B., Oßwald, N., Pacheco, D., Pakk Selmi Dei, M., Palatka, J., Pallotta, G., Parente, E., Parizot, S., Parlati, S., Pastor, M., Patel, T., Paul, V., Pavlidou, K., Payet, M., Pech, J., Pekala, I. M., Pepe, Perrone, Lorenzo, R., Pesce, E., Petermann, S., Petrera, P., Petrinca, A., Petrolini, Y., Petrov, J., Petrovic, C., Pfendner, A., Pichel, R., Piegaia, T., Pierog, M., Pimenta, T., Pinto, V., Pirronello, O., Pisanti, M., Platino, J., Pochon, V. H., Ponce, M., Pontz, J., Pouryamout, L. Prado J., R., P., Privitera, M., Prouza, E. J., Quel, G., Raia, J., Rautenberg, O., Ravel, D., Ravignani, A., Redondo, H. C., Rei, S., Reucroft, B., Revenu, F. A. S., Rezendem, J., Ridky, S., Riggi, M., Risse, C., Riviere, V., Rizi, C., Robledo, M. D., Robert, G., Rodriguez, J., Ro driguez Martino, J., Rodriguez Rojo, I., Rodriguez Cabo, M. D., Rodrıguez Fria, G., Ro, J., Rosado, T., Rossler, M., Roth, B., Rouille d’Orfeuil, E., Roulet, A. C., Rovero, F., Salamida, H., Salazar, G., Salina, F., Sanchez, M., Santander, C. E., Santo, E. M., Santo, F., Sarazin, S., Sarkar, R., Sato, N., Scharf, V., Scherini, H., Schieler, P., Schiffer, G., Schleif, A., Schmidt, F., Schmidt, T., Schmidt, O., Scholten, H., Schoorlemmer, J., Schovancova, P., Schovanek, F., Schroeder, S., Schulte, F., Schussler, D., Schuster, S. J., Sciutto, M., Scuderi, A., Segreto, D., Semikoz, G., Sequiero, M., Settimo, R. C., Shellard, I., Sidelnik, B. B., Siffert, A., Smiakowski, R., Smıda, A. G. K., Smith, B. E., Smith, G. R., Snow, P., Sommer, J., Sorokin, H., Spinka, R., Squartini, E., Strazzeri, A., Stutz, F., Suarez, T., Suomijarvi, A. D., Supanitsky, M. S., Sutherland, J., Swain, Z., Szadkowski, A., Tamashiro, A., Tamburro, T., Tarutina, O., Tascau, R., Tcaciuc, D., Tcherniakhovski, N. T., Thao, D., Thoma, R., Ticona, J., Tiffenberg, C., Timmerman, W., Tkaczyk, C. J., Todero Peixoto, B., Tome, A., Tonachini, I., Torre, P., Trapani, P., Travnicek, D. B., Tridapalli, G., Tristram, E., Trovato, V., Tuci, M., Tuero, E., Tusi, R., Ulrich, M., Unger, M., Urban, J. F., Valdes Galicia, I., Valino, L., Valore, A. M., van den Berg, J. R., Vazquez, R. A., Vazquez, D., Veberic, A., Velarde, T., Venter, V., Verzi, M., Videla, L., Villasenor, G., Vitali, S., Vorobiov, L., Voyvodic, H., Wahlberg, P., Wahrlich, O., Wainberg, D., Warner, S., Westerhoff, B. J., Whelan, N., Wild, C., Wiebusch, G., Wieczorek, L., Wiencke, B., Wilczynska, H., Wilczynski, C., Wileman, M. G., Winnick, G., Worner, H., Wuac, B., Wundheiler, T., Yamamoto, P., Younk, G., Yuan, A., Yushkov, E., Za, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zavrtanik, I., Zaw, A., Zepeda, M., Ziolkowski, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Ahn, E., Albuquerque, I., Allard, D., Allekotte, I., Allen, J., Allison, P., Alvarez Castillo, J., Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Ambrosio, M., Aminaei, A., Anchordoqui, L., Andringa, S., Antičić, T., Anzalone, A., Aramo, C., Arganda, E., Arqueros, F., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Aublin, J., Ave, M., Avenier, M., Avila, G., Bäcker, T., Balzer, M., Barber, K., Barbosa, A., Bardenet, R., Barroso, S., Baughman, B., Bäuml, J., Beatty, J., Becker, B., Becker, K., Bellétoile, A., Bellido, J., Benzvi, S., Berat, C., Bertou, X., Biermann, P., Billoir, P., Blanco, F., Blanco, M., Bleve, C., Blümer, H., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Bonino, R., Borodai, N., Brack, J., Brogueira, P., Brown, W., Bruijn, R., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Burton, R., Caballero-Mora, K., Caramete, L., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalano, O., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cester, R., Chauvin, J., Cheng, S., Chiavassa, A., Chinellato, J., Chou, A., Chudoba, J., Clay, R., Coluccia, M., Conceição, R., Contreras, F., Cook, H., Cooper, M., Coppens, J., Cordier, A., Coutu, S., Covault, C., Creusot, A., Criss, A., Cronin, J., Curutiu, A., Dagoret-Campagne, S., Dallier, R., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B., De Almeida, R., De Domenico, M., De Donato, C., De Jong, S., De La Vega, G., De Mello Junior, W., De Mello Neto, J., De Mitri, I., De Souza, V., De Vries, K., Decerprit, G., Del Peral, L., Del Río, M., Deligny, O., Dembinski, H., Dhital, N., Di Giulio, C., Diaz, J., Díaz Castro, M., Diep, P., Dobrigkeit, C., Docters, W., D'Olivo, J., Dong, P., Dorofeev, A., Dos Anjos, J., Dova, M., D'Urso, D., Dutan, I., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C., Espadanal, J., Etchegoyen, A., Facal San Luis, P., Fajardo Tapia, I., Falcke, H., Farrar, G., Fauth, A., Fazzini, N., Ferguson, A., Ferrero, A., Fick, B., Filevich, A., Filipčič, A., Fliescher, S., Fracchiolla, C., Fraenkel, E., Fröhlich, U., Fuchs, B., Gaior, R., Gamarra, R., Gambetta, S., García, B., García Gámez, D., Garcia-Pinto, D., Gascon, A., Gemmeke, H., Gesterling, K., Ghia, P., Giaccari, U., Giller, M., Glass, H., Gold, M., Golup, G., Gomez Albarracin, F., Gómez Berisso, M., Gonçalves, P., Gonzalez, D., Gonzalez, J., Gookin, B., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gouffon, P., Gozzini, S., Grashorn, E., Grebe, S., Griffith, N., Grigat, M., Grillo, A., Guardincerri, Y., Guarino, F., Guedes, G., Guzman, A., Hague, J., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harmsma, S., Harrison, T., Harton, J., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Herve, A., Hojvat, C., Hollon, N., Holmes, V., Homola, P., Hörandel, J., Horneffer, A., Horvath, P., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Insolia, A., Ionita, F., Italiano, A., Jarne, C., Jiraskova, S., Josebachuili, M., Kadija, K., Kampert, K., Karhan, P., Kasper, P., Kégl, B., Keilhauer, B., Keivani, A., Kelley, J., Kemp, E., Kieckhafer, R., Klages, H., Kleinfeller, J., Knapp, J., Koang, D., Kotera, K., Krohm, N., Krömer, O., Kruppke-Hansen, D., Kuehn, F., Kuempel, D., Kulbartz, J., Kunka, N., Rosa, G., Lachaud, C., Lautridou, P., Leão, M., Lebrun, D., Lebrun, P., Leigui De Oliveira, M., Lemiere, A., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Link, K., López, R., Lopez Agüera, A., Louedec, K., Lozano Bahilo, J., Lu, L., Lucero, A., Ludwig, M., Lyberis, H., Maccarone, M., Macolino, C., Maldera, S., Mandat, D., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A., Marin, J., Marin, V., Maris, I., Marquez Falcon, H., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martin, L., Martinez, H., Martínez Bravo, O., Mathes, H., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Maurizio, D., Mazur, P., Medina-Tanco, G., Melissas, M., Melo, D., Menichetti, E., Menshikov, A., Mertsch, P., Meurer, C., Mićanović, S., Micheletti, M., Miller, W., Miramonti, L., Molina-Bueno, L., Mollerach, S., Monasor, M., Monnier Ragaigne, D., Montanet, F., Morales, B., Morello, C., Moreno, E., Moreno, J., Morris, C., Mostafá, M., Moura, C., Mueller, S., Muller, M., Müller, G., Münchmeyer, M., Mussa, R., Navarra, G., Navarro, J., Navas, S., Necesal, P., Nellen, L., Nelles, A., Neuser, J., Newton, D., Nhung, P., Niemietz, L., Nierstenhoefer, N., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Noka, L., Nyklicek, M., Oehlschläger, J., Olinto, A., Oliva, P., Olmos-Gilbaja, V., Ortiz, M., Pacheco, N., Pakk Selmi-Dei, D., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Palmieri, N., Parente, G., Parizot, E., Parra, A., Parsons, R., Pastor, S., Paul, T., Pech, M., Pekala, J., Pelayo, R., Pepe, I., Perrone, L., Pesce, R., Petermann, E., Petrera, S., Petrinca, P., Petrolini, A., Petrov, Y., Petrovic, J., Pfendner, C., Phan, N., Piegaia, R., Pierog, T., Pieroni, P., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Ponce, V., Pontz, M., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Quel, E., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravel, O., Ravignani, D., Revenu, B., Ridky, J., Riggi, S., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rivera, H., Rizi, V., Roberts, J., Robledo, C., Rodrigues De Carvalho, W., Rodriguez, G., Rodriguez Martino, J., Rodriguez Rojo, J., Rodriguez-Cabo, I., Rodríguez-Frías, M., Ros, G., Rosado, J., Rossler, T., Roth, M., Rouillé-D'Orfeuil, B., Roulet, E., Rovero, A., Rühle, C., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salesa Greus, F., Salina, G., Sánchez, F., Santo, C., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarkar, B., Sarkar, S., Sato, R., Scharf, N., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schiffer, P., Schmidt, A., Schmidt, F., Scholten, O., Schoorlemmer, H., Schovancova, J., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F., Schulte, S., Schuster, D., Sciutto, S., Scuderi, M., Segreto, A., Settimo, M., Shadkam, A., Shellard, R., Sidelnik, I., Sigl, G., Silva Lopez, H., Amiałkowski, A., Amída, R., Snow, G., Sommers, P., Sorokin, J., Spinka, H., Squartini, R., Stanic, S., Stapleton, J., Stasielak, J., Stephan, M., Strazzeri, E., Stutz, A., Suarez, F., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A., Aua, T., Sutherland, M., Swain, J., Szadkowski, Z., Szuba, M., Tamashiro, A., Tapia, A., Tartare, M., Taşcau, O., Tavera Ruiz, C., Tcaciuc, R., Tegolo, D., Thao, N., Thomas, D., Tiffenberg, J., Timmermans, C., Tiwari, D., Tkaczyk, W., Todero Peixoto, C., Tomé, B., Tonachini, A., Travnicek, P., Tridapalli, D., Tristram, G., Trovato, E., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Valdés Galicia, J., Valiño, I., Valore, L., Van Den Berg, A., Varela, E., Vargas Cárdenas, B., Vázquez, J., Vázquez, R., Veberič, D., Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Videla, M., Villaseñor, L., Wahlberg, H., Wahrlich, P., Wainberg, O., Walz, D., Warner, D., Watson, A., Weber, M., Weidenhaupt, K., Weindl, A., Westerhoff, S., Whelan, B., Wieczorek, G., Wiencke, L., Wilczyńska, B., Wilczyński, H., Will, M., Williams, C., Winchen, T., Winnick, M., Wommer, M., Wundheiler, B., Yamamoto, T., Yapici, T., Younk, P., Yuan, G., Yushkov, A., Zamorano, B., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zaw, I., Zepeda, A., Zimbres Silva, M., Ziolkowski, M., Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)-Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), KVI - Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, and Research unit Astroparticle Physics
Subjects: Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Solar neutrino, Astrophysics, UPPER LIMIT, PHOTON FRACTION, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, neutrino, Observatory, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, ORIGIN, [SDU.ASTR.HE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], pion, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Pierre Auger Observatory, COSMIC-RAYS, cosmic ray detectors, and other elementary particle detectors, Cosmic neutrino background, NEUTRINOS, Física nuclear, Neutrino, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FLUX, FERMI-LAT, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, [PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], TELESCOPE, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, EXTENSIVE AIR-SHOWERS, SURFACE DETECTOR, Cosmic Ray, Pion, muon, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Cosmic rays, Muon, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Física, and other elementary particles, Ultra-high energy cosmic rays, PERFORMANCE, neutrino flavor, air showers, surface detector, observatory, atmosphere, Auger, cosmic radiation, energy spectrum, 13. Climate action, High Energy Physics::Experiment
Abstract: Erratum: Phys. Rev. D 85, 029902(E) (2012) [http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.85.029902], The Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory is sensitive to neutrinos of all flavours above 0.1 EeV. These interact through charged and neutral currents in the atmosphere giving rise to extensive air showers. When interacting deeply in the atmosphere at nearly horizontal incidence, neutrinos can be distinguished from regular hadronic cosmic rays by the broad time structure of their shower signals in the water-Cherenkov detectors. In this paper we present for the first time an analysis based on down-going neutrinos. We describe the search procedure, the possible sources of background, the method to compute the exposure and the associated systematic uncertainties. No candidate neutrinos have been found in data collected from 1 January 2004 to 31 May 2010. Assuming an E^-2 differential energy spectrum the limit on the single flavour neutrino is (E^2 * dN/dE) < 1.74x10^-7 GeV cm^-2 s^-1 sr^-1 at 90% C.L. in the energy range 1x10^17 eV < E < 1x10^20 eV., We are very grateful to the following agencies and organizations for financial support: Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Fundación Antorchas, Gobierno De La Provincia de Mendoza, Municipalidad de Malargüe, NDM Holdings and Valle Las Leñas, in gratitude for their continuing cooperation over land access, Argentina; the Australian Research Council; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP), Fundaçao de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro(FAPERJ), Fundaçao de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP), Ministerio de Ciencia e Tecnologia (MCT), Brazil; AVCR AV0Z10100502 and AV0Z10100522, GAAV KJB100100904, MSMT-CRLA08016, LC527, 1M06002, and MSM0021620859, Czech Republic; Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Conseil Régional Ile-de-France, Département Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS), Département Sciences de l’Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS), France; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Finanzministerium Baden-Württemberg, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF), Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst, Baden- Württemberg, Germany; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (MIUR), Italy; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Mexico; Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM), Netherlands; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Grant Nos. 1 P03 D 014 30, N202 090 31/0623, and PAP/218/2006, Poland; Fundaçao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal; Ministry for Higher Education, Science, and Technology, Slovenian Research Agency, Slovenia; Comunidad de Madrid, Consejería de Educación de la Comunidad de Castilla La Mancha, FEDER funds, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and Consolider-Ingenio 2010 (CPAN), Xunta de Galicia, Spain; Science and Technology Facilities Council, United Kingdom; Department of Energy, Contract Nos. DEAC02-07CH11359, DE-FR02-04ER41300, National Science Foundation, Grant No. 0450696, The Grainger Foundation USA; ALFA-EC / HELEN, European Union 6th Framework Program, Grant No. MEIF-CT-2005-025057, European Union 7th Framework Program, Grant No. PIEF-GA-2008-220240, and UNESCO.
Published: 2011
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37. Anisotropy and chemical compositionof ultra-high energy cosmic rays usingarrival directions measured by thePierre Auger Observatory

Author: J. Abraham, P. Abreu, M. Aglietta, C. Aguirre, E. J. Ahn, D. Allard, I. Allekotte, J. Allen, P. Allison, J. Alvarez Muniz, M. Ambrosio, L. Anchordoqui, S. Andringa, A. Anzalone, C. Aramo, E. Arganda, S. Argir, K. Arisaka, F. Arneodo, F. Arqueros, T. Asch, H. Asorey, P. Assis, J. Aublin, M. Ave, G. Avila, A. Bacher, T. Backer, D. Badagnani, K. B. Barber, A. F. Barbosa, H. J. M. Barbosa, N. Barenthien, S. L. C. Barroso, B. Baughman, P. Bauleo, J. J. Beatty, T. Beau, B. R. Becker, K. H. Becker, A. Belletoile, J. A. Bellido, S. BenZvi, C. Berat, X. Bertou, P. L. Biermann, P. Billoir, O. Blanch Bigas, F. Blanco, C. Bleve, H. Blumer, M. Bohacova, E. Bollmann, H. Bolz, C. Bonifazi, R. Bonino, N. Borodai, F. Bracci, J. Brack, P. Brogueira, W. C. Brown, R. Bruijn, P. Buchholz, A. Bueno, R. E. Burton, N. G. Busca, K. S. Caballero Mora, D. Camin, L. Caramete, R. Caruso, W. Carvalho, A. Castellina, J. Castro, O. Catalano, G. Cataldi, L. Cazon, R. Cester, J. Chauvin, A. Chiavassa, J. A. Chinellato, A. Chou, J. Chudoba, J. Chye, P. D. J. Clark, R. W. Clay, E. Colombo, R. Conceicao, B. Connolly, F. Contreras, J. Coppens, A. Cordero, A. Cordier, U. Cotti, S. Coutu, C. E. Covault, A. Creusot, A. Criss, J. W. Cronin, J. Cuautle, A. Curutiu, S. Dagoret Campagne, R. Dallier, F. Daudo, K. Daumiller, B. R. Dawson, R. M. de Almeida, M. De Domenico, C. De Donato, S. J. de Jong, G. De La Vega, W. J. M. de Mello Junior, J. R. T. de Mello Neto, V. de Souza, K. D. de Vries, G. Decerprit, L. del Peral, O. Deligny, A. Della Selva, C. Delle Fratte, H. Dembinski, C. Di Giulio, J. C. Diaz, P. N. Diep, C. Dobrigkeit, J. C. D’Olivo, P. N. Dong, D. Dornic, A. Dorofeev, J. C. dos Anjos, M. T. Dova, D. D’Urso, I. Dutan, M. A. Du Vernois, R. Engel, M. Erdmann, C. O. Escobar, A. Etchegoyen, P. Facal San Luis, H. Falcke, G. Farrar, A. C. Fauth, N. Fazzini, F. Ferrer, A. Ferrero, B. Fick, A. Filevich, A. Filipcic, I. Fleck, S. Fliescher, R. Fonte, C. E. Fracchiolla, E. D. Fraenkel, W. 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Timmermans, W. Tkaczyk, C. J. Todero Peixoto, B. Tome, A. Tonachini, I. Torres, P. Trapani, P. Travnicek, D. B. Tridapalli, G. Tristram, E. Trovato, V. Tuci, M. Tueros, E. Tusi, R. Ulrich, M. Unger, M. Urban, J. F. Valdes Galicia, I. Valino, L. Valore, A. M. van den Berg, J. R. Vazquez, R. A. Vazquez, D. Veberic, A. Velarde, T. Venters, V. Verzi, M. Videla, L. Villasenor, G. Vitali, S. Vorobiov, L. Voyvodic, H. Wahlberg, P. Wahrlich, O. Wainberg, D. Warner, S. Westerhoff, B. J. Whelan, N. Wild, C. Wiebusch, G. Wieczorek, L. Wiencke, B. Wilczynska, H. Wilczynski, C. Wileman, M. G. Winnick, G. Worner, H. Wuac, B. Wundheiler, T. Yamamoto, P. Younk, G. Yuan, A. Yushkov, E. Zas, D. Zavrtanik, M. Zavrtanik, I. Zaw, A. Zepeda, M. Ziolkowski, COLUCCIA, MARIA RITA, DE MITRI, Ivan, MARSELLA, GIOVANNI, MARTELLO, Daniele, PERRONE, Lorenzo, J., Abraham, P., Abreu, M., Aglietta, C., Aguirre, E. J., Ahn, D., Allard, I., Allekotte, J., Allen, P., Allison, J., Alvarez Muniz, M., Ambrosio, L., Anchordoqui, S., Andringa, A., Anzalone, C., Aramo, E., Arganda, S., Argir, K., Arisaka, F., Arneodo, F., Arquero, T., Asch, H., Asorey, P., Assi, J., Aublin, M., Ave, G., Avila, A., Bacher, T., Backer, D., Badagnani, K. B., Barber, A. F., Barbosa, H. J. M., Barbosa, N., Barenthien, S. L. C., Barroso, B., Baughman, P., Bauleo, J. J., Beatty, T., Beau, B. R., Becker, K. H., Becker, A., Belletoile, J. A., Bellido, S., Benzvi, C., Berat, X., Bertou, P. L., Biermann, P., Billoir, O., Blanch Biga, F., Blanco, C., Bleve, H., Blumer, M., Bohacova, E., Bollmann, H., Bolz, C., Bonifazi, R., Bonino, N., Borodai, F., Bracci, J., Brack, P., Brogueira, W. C., Brown, R., Bruijn, P., Buchholz, A., Bueno, R. E., Burton, N. G., Busca, K. S., Caballero Mora, D., Camin, L., Caramete, R., Caruso, W., Carvalho, A., Castellina, J., Castro, O., Catalano, G., Cataldi, L., Cazon, R., Cester, J., Chauvin, A., Chiavassa, J. A., Chinellato, A., Chou, J., Chudoba, J., Chye, P. D. J., Clark, R. W., Clay, E., Colombo, Coluccia, MARIA RITA, R., Conceicao, B., Connolly, F., Contrera, J., Coppen, A., Cordero, A., Cordier, U., Cotti, S., Coutu, C. E., Covault, A., Creusot, A., Cri, J. W., Cronin, J., Cuautle, A., Curutiu, S., Dagoret Campagne, R., Dallier, F., Daudo, K., Daumiller, B. R., Dawson, R. M., de Almeida, M., De Domenico, C., De Donato, S. J., de Jong, G., De La Vega, W. J. M., de Mello Junior, J. R. T., de Mello Neto, DE MITRI, Ivan, V., de Souza, K. D., de Vrie, G., Decerprit, L., del Peral, O., Deligny, A., Della Selva, C., Delle Fratte, H., Dembinski, C., Di Giulio, J. C., Diaz, P. N., Diep, C., Dobrigkeit, J. C., D’Olivo, P. N., Dong, D., Dornic, A., Dorofeev, J. C., dos Anjo, M. T., Dova, D., D’Urso, I., Dutan, M. A., Du Vernoi, R., Engel, M., Erdmann, C. O., Escobar, A., Etchegoyen, P., Facal San Lui, H., Falcke, G., Farrar, A. C., Fauth, N., Fazzini, F., Ferrer, A., Ferrero, B., Fick, A., Filevich, A., Filipcic, I., Fleck, S., Fliescher, R., Fonte, C. E., Fracchiolla, E. D., Fraenkel, W., Fulgione, R. F., Gama rra, S., Gambetta, B., Garcıa, D., Garcıa Gamez, D., Garcia Pinto, X., Garrido, H., Geenen, G., Gelmini, H., Gemmekeai, P. L., Ghia, U., Giaccari, K., Gibb, M., Giller, J., Gitto, H., Gla, L. M., Goggin, M. S., Gold, G., Golup, F., Gomez Albarracin, M., Gomez Berisso, P. F., Gomez Vitale, P., Goncalve, M., Goncalves do Amaral, D., Gonzalez, J. G., Gonzalez, D., Gora, A., Gorgi, P., Gouffon, E., Grashorn, V., Grassi, S., Grebe, M., Grigat, A. F., Grillo, J., Grygar, Y., Guardincerri, N., Guardone, C., Guerard, F., Guarino, R., Gumbsheimer, G. P., Guede, J., Gutierrez, J. D., Hague, V., Halenka, P., Hansen, D., Harari, S., Harmsma, S., Hartmann, J. L., Harton, A., Haung, M. D., Healy, T., Hebbeker, G., Hebrero, D., Heck, C., Hojvat, V. C., Holme, P., Homola, G., Hofman, J. R., Horandel, A., Horneffer, M., Horvat, M., Hrabovsky, H., Hucker, T., Huege, M., Hussain, M., Iarlori, A., Insolia, F., Ionita, A., Italiano, S., Jiraskova, M., Kaducak, K. H., Kampert, T., Karova, P., Kasper, B., Ke, B., Keilhauer, E., Kempq, H., Kern, R. M., Kieckhafer, H. O., Klage, Kleifges, M., J., Kleinfeller, R., Knapik, J., Knapp, D. H., Koang, A., Kopmann, A., Krieger, O., Kromer, D., Kruppke Hansen, D., Kuempel, N., Kunka, A., Kusenko, G., La Rosa, C., Lachaud, B. L., Lago, P., Lautridou, M. S. A. B., Leao, D., Lebrun, P., Lebrun, J., Lee, M. A., Leiguide Oliveira, A., Lemiere, A., Letessier Selvon, M., Leuthold, I., Lhenry Yvon, R., Lopez, A., Lopez Aguera, K., Louedec, J., Lozano Bahilo, A., Lucero, H., Lyberi, M. C., Maccarone, C., Macolino, S., Maldera, M., Malek, D., Mandat, P., Mantsch, F., Marchetto, A. G., Mariazzi, I. C., Mari, H. R., Marquez Falcon, Marsella, Giovanni, Martello, Daniele, O., Martineau, O., Martınez Bravo, H. J., Mathe, J., Matthew, J. A. J., Matthew, G., Matthiae, D., Maurizio, P. O., Mazur, M., Mcewen, R. R., Mcneil, G., Medina Tanco, M., Melissa, D., Melo, E., Menichetti, A., Menshikov, R., Meyhandan, M. I., Micheletti, G., Miele, W., Miller, L., Miramonti, S., Mollerach, M., Monasor, D., Monnier Ragaigne, F., Montanet, B., Morale, C., Morello, J. C., Moreno, C., Morri, M., Mostafa, C. A., Moura, M., Mucchi, S., Mueller, M. . A., Muller, R., Mussa, G., Navarra, J. L., Navarro, S., Nava, P., Necesal, L., Nellen, F., Nerling, C., Newman Holme, D., Newton, P. T., Nhung, D., Nicotra, N., Nierstenhoefer, D., Nitz, D., Nosek, L., Nozka, M., Nyklicek, J., Oehlschlager, A., Olinto, P., Oliva, V. M., Olmos Gilbaja, M., Ortiz, F., Ortolani, B., Oßwald, N., Pacheco, D., Pakk Selmi Dei, M., Palatka, J., Pallotta, G., Parente, E., Parizot, S., Parlati, S., Pastor, M., Patel, T., Paul, V., Pavlidou, K., Payet, M., Pech, J., Pekala, I. M., Pepe, Perrone, Lorenzo, R., Pesce, E., Petermann, S., Petrera, P., Petrinca, A., Petrolini, Y., Petrov, J., Petrovic, C., Pfendner, A., Pichel, R., Piegaia, T., Pierog, M., Pimenta, T., Pinto, V., Pirronello, O., Pisanti, M., Platino, J., Pochon, V. H., Ponce, M., Pontz, J., Pouryamout, L. Prado J., R., P., Privitera, M., Prouza, E. J., Quel, G., Raia, J., Rautenberg, O., Ravel, D., Ravignani, A., Redondo, H. C., Rei, S., Reucroft, B., Revenu, F. A. S., Rezendem, J., Ridky, S., Riggi, M., Risse, C., Riviere, V., Rizi, C., Robledo, M. D., Robert, G., Rodriguez, J., Ro driguez Martino, J., Rodriguez Rojo, I., Rodriguez Cabo, M. D., Rodrıguez Fria, G., Ro, J., Rosado, T., Rossler, M., Roth, B., Rouille d’Orfeuil, E., Roulet, A. C., Rovero, F., Salamida, H., Salazar, G., Salina, F., Sanchez, M., Santander, C. E., Santo, E. M., Santo, F., Sarazin, S., Sarkar, R., Sato, N., Scharf, V., Scherini, H., Schieler, P., Schiffer, G., Schleif, A., Schmidt, F., Schmidt, T., Schmidt, O., Scholten, H., Schoorlemmer, J., Schovancova, P., Schovanek, F., Schroeder, S., Schulte, F., Schussler, D., Schuster, S. J., Sciutto, M., Scuderi, A., Segreto, D., Semikoz, G., Sequiero, M., Settimo, R. C., Shellard, I., Sidelnik, B. B., Siffert, A., Smiakowski, R., Smıda, A. G. K., Smith, B. E., Smith, G. R., Snow, P., Sommer, J., Sorokin, H., Spinka, R., Squartini, E., Strazzeri, A., Stutz, F., Suarez, T., Suomijarvi, A. D., Supanitsky, M. S., Sutherland, J., Swain, Z., Szadkowski, A., Tamashiro, A., Tamburro, T., Tarutina, O., Tascau, R., Tcaciuc, D., Tcherniakhovski, N. T., Thao, D., Thoma, R., Ticona, J., Tiffenberg, C., Timmerman, W., Tkaczyk, C. J., Todero Peixoto, B., Tome, A., Tonachini, I., Torre, P., Trapani, P., Travnicek, D. B., Tridapalli, G., Tristram, E., Trovato, V., Tuci, M., Tuero, E., Tusi, R., Ulrich, M., Unger, M., Urban, J. F., Valdes Galicia, I., Valino, L., Valore, A. M., van den Berg, J. R., Vazquez, R. A., Vazquez, D., Veberic, A., Velarde, T., Venter, V., Verzi, M., Videla, L., Villasenor, G., Vitali, S., Vorobiov, L., Voyvodic, H., Wahlberg, P., Wahrlich, O., Wainberg, D., Warner, S., Westerhoff, B. J., Whelan, N., Wild, C., Wiebusch, G., Wieczorek, L., Wiencke, B., Wilczynska, H., Wilczynski, C., Wileman, M. G., Winnick, G., Worner, H., Wuac, B., Wundheiler, T., Yamamoto, P., Younk, G., Yuan, A., Yushkov, E., Za, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zavrtanik, I., Zaw, A., Zepeda, and M., Ziolkowski
Subjects: cosmic ray experiments, ultra high energy cosmic ray
Abstract: The Pierre Auger Collaboration has reported evidence for anisotropy in the dis- tribution of arrival directions of the cosmic rays with energies E > Eth = 5.5×10^19 eV. These show a correlation with the distribution of nearby extragalactic objects, including an appar- ent excess around the direction of Centaurus A. If the particles responsible for these excesses at E > Eth are heavy nuclei with charge Z, the proton component of the sources should lead to excesses in the same regions at energies E/Z. We here report the lack of anisotropies in these directions at energies above Eth/Z (for illustrative values of Z = 6, 13, 26). If the anisotropies above Eth are due to nuclei with charge Z, and under reasonable assumptions about the acceleration process, these observations imply stringent constraints on the allowed proton fraction at the lower energies.
Published: 2011

38. The Lateral Trigger Probability function for UHE Cosmic Rays Showers detected by the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author: J. Abraham, P. Abreu, M. Aglietta, C. Aguirre, E. J. Ahn, D. Allard, I. Allekotte, J. Allen, P. Allison, J. Alvarez Muniz, M. Ambrosio, L. Anchordoqui, S. Andringa, A. Anzalone, C. Aramo, E. Arganda, S. Argir, K. Arisaka, F. Arneodo, F. Arqueros, T. Asch, H. Asorey, P. Assis, J. Aublin, M. Ave, G. Avila, A. Bacher, T. Backer, D. Badagnani, K. B. Barber, A. F. Barbosa, H. J. M. Barbosa, N. Barenthien, S. L. C. Barroso, B. Baughman, P. Bauleo, J. J. Beatty, T. Beau, B. R. Becker, K. H. Becker, A. Belletoile, J. A. Bellido, S. BenZvi, C. Berat, X. Bertou, P. L. Biermann, P. Billoir, O. Blanch Bigas, F. Blanco, C. Bleve, H. Blumer, M. Bohacova, E. Bollmann, H. Bolz, C. Bonifazi, R. Bonino, N. Borodai, F. Bracci, J. Brack, P. Brogueira, W. C. Brown, R. Bruijn, P. Buchholz, A. Bueno, R. E. Burton, N. G. Busca, K. S. Caballero Mora, D. Camin, L. Caramete, R. Caruso, W. Carvalho, A. Castellina, J. Castro, O. Catalano, G. Cataldi, L. Cazon, R. Cester, J. Chauvin, A. Chiavassa, J. A. Chinellato, A. Chou, J. Chudoba, J. Chye, P. D. J. Clark, R. W. Clay, E. Colombo, R. Conceicao, B. Connolly, F. Contreras, J. Coppens, A. Cordero, A. Cordier, U. Cotti, S. Coutu, C. E. Covault, A. Creusot, A. Criss, J. W. Cronin, J. Cuautle, A. Curutiu, S. Dagoret Campagne, R. Dallier, F. Daudo, K. Daumiller, B. R. Dawson, R. M. de Almeida, M. De Domenico, C. De Donato, S. J. de Jong, G. De La Vega, W. J. M. de Mello Junior, J. R. T. de Mello Neto, V. de Souza, K. D. de Vries, G. Decerprit, L. del Peral, O. Deligny, A. Della Selva, C. Delle Fratte, H. Dembinski, C. Di Giulio, J. C. Diaz, P. N. Diep, C. Dobrigkeit, J. C. D’Olivo, P. N. Dong, D. Dornic, A. Dorofeev, J. C. dos Anjos, M. T. Dova, D. D’Urso, I. Dutan, M. A. Du Vernois, R. Engel, M. Erdmann, C. O. Escobar, A. Etchegoyen, P. Facal San Luis, H. Falcke, G. Farrar, A. C. Fauth, N. Fazzini, F. Ferrer, A. Ferrero, B. Fick, A. Filevich, A. Filipcic, I. Fleck, S. Fliescher, R. Fonte, C. E. Fracchiolla, E. D. Fraenkel, W. 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J., Ahn, D., Allard, I., Allekotte, J., Allen, P., Allison, J., Alvarez Muniz, M., Ambrosio, L., Anchordoqui, S., Andringa, A., Anzalone, C., Aramo, E., Arganda, S., Argir, K., Arisaka, F., Arneodo, F., Arquero, T., Asch, H., Asorey, P., Assi, J., Aublin, M., Ave, G., Avila, A., Bacher, T., Backer, D., Badagnani, K. B., Barber, A. F., Barbosa, H. J. M., Barbosa, N., Barenthien, S. L. C., Barroso, B., Baughman, P., Bauleo, J. J., Beatty, T., Beau, B. R., Becker, K. H., Becker, A., Belletoile, J. A., Bellido, S., Benzvi, C., Berat, X., Bertou, P. L., Biermann, P., Billoir, O., Blanch Biga, F., Blanco, C., Bleve, H., Blumer, M., Bohacova, E., Bollmann, H., Bolz, C., Bonifazi, R., Bonino, N., Borodai, F., Bracci, J., Brack, P., Brogueira, W. C., Brown, R., Bruijn, P., Buchholz, A., Bueno, R. E., Burton, N. G., Busca, K. S., Caballero Mora, D., Camin, L., Caramete, R., Caruso, W., Carvalho, A., Castellina, J., Castro, O., Catalano, G., Cataldi, L., Cazon, R., Cester, J., Chauvin, A., Chiavassa, J. A., Chinellato, A., Chou, J., Chudoba, J., Chye, P. D. J., Clark, R. W., Clay, E., Colombo, Coluccia, MARIA RITA, R., Conceicao, B., Connolly, F., Contrera, J., Coppen, A., Cordero, A., Cordier, U., Cotti, S., Coutu, C. E., Covault, A., Creusot, A., Cri, J. W., Cronin, J., Cuautle, A., Curutiu, S., Dagoret Campagne, R., Dallier, F., Daudo, K., Daumiller, B. R., Dawson, R. M., de Almeida, M., De Domenico, C., De Donato, S. J., de Jong, G., De La Vega, W. J. M., de Mello Junior, J. R. T., de Mello Neto, DE MITRI, Ivan, V., de Souza, K. D., de Vrie, G., Decerprit, L., del Peral, O., Deligny, A., Della Selva, C., Delle Fratte, H., Dembinski, C., Di Giulio, J. C., Diaz, P. N., Diep, C., Dobrigkeit, J. C., D’Olivo, P. N., Dong, D., Dornic, A., Dorofeev, J. C., dos Anjo, M. T., Dova, D., D’Urso, I., Dutan, M. A., Du Vernoi, R., Engel, M., Erdmann, C. O., Escobar, A., Etchegoyen, P., Facal San Lui, H., Falcke, G., Farrar, A. C., Fauth, N., Fazzini, F., Ferrer, A., Ferrero, B., Fick, A., Filevich, A., Filipcic, I., Fleck, S., Fliescher, R., Fonte, C. E., Fracchiolla, E. D., Fraenkel, W., Fulgione, R. F., Gama rra, S., Gambetta, B., Garcıa, D., Garcıa Gamez, D., Garcia Pinto, X., Garrido, H., Geenen, G., Gelmini, H., Gemmekeai, P. L., Ghia, U., Giaccari, K., Gibb, M., Giller, J., Gitto, H., Gla, L. M., Goggin, M. S., Gold, G., Golup, F., Gomez Albarracin, M., Gomez Berisso, P. F., Gomez Vitale, P., Goncalve, M., Goncalves do Amaral, D., Gonzalez, J. G., Gonzalez, D., Gora, A., Gorgi, P., Gouffon, E., Grashorn, V., Grassi, S., Grebe, M., Grigat, A. F., Grillo, J., Grygar, Y., Guardincerri, N., Guardone, C., Guerard, F., Guarino, R., Gumbsheimer, G. P., Guede, J., Gutierrez, J. D., Hague, V., Halenka, P., Hansen, D., Harari, S., Harmsma, S., Hartmann, J. L., Harton, A., Haung, M. D., Healy, T., Hebbeker, G., Hebrero, D., Heck, C., Hojvat, V. C., Holme, P., Homola, G., Hofman, J. R., Horandel, A., Horneffer, M., Horvat, M., Hrabovsky, H., Hucker, T., Huege, M., Hussain, M., Iarlori, A., Insolia, F., Ionita, A., Italiano, S., Jiraskova, M., Kaducak, K. H., Kampert, T., Karova, P., Kasper, B., Ke, B., Keilhauer, E., Kempq, H., Kern, R. M., Kieckhafer, H. O., Klage, Kleifges, M., J., Kleinfeller, R., Knapik, J., Knapp, D. H., Koang, A., Kopmann, A., Krieger, O., Kromer, D., Kruppke Hansen, D., Kuempel, N., Kunka, A., Kusenko, G., La Rosa, C., Lachaud, B. L., Lago, P., Lautridou, M. S. A. B., Leao, D., Lebrun, P., Lebrun, J., Lee, M. A., Leiguide Oliveira, A., Lemiere, A., Letessier Selvon, M., Leuthold, I., Lhenry Yvon, R., Lopez, A., Lopez Aguera, K., Louedec, J., Lozano Bahilo, A., Lucero, H., Lyberi, M. C., Maccarone, C., Macolino, S., Maldera, M., Malek, D., Mandat, P., Mantsch, F., Marchetto, A. G., Mariazzi, I. C., Mari, H. R., Marquez Falcon, Marsella, Giovanni, Martello, Daniele, O., Martineau, O., Martınez Bravo, H. J., Mathe, J., Matthew, J. A. J., Matthew, G., Matthiae, D., Maurizio, P. O., Mazur, M., Mcewen, R. R., Mcneil, G., Medina Tanco, M., Melissa, D., Melo, E., Menichetti, A., Menshikov, R., Meyhandan, M. I., Micheletti, G., Miele, W., Miller, L., Miramonti, S., Mollerach, M., Monasor, D., Monnier Ragaigne, F., Montanet, B., Morale, C., Morello, J. C., Moreno, C., Morri, M., Mostafa, C. A., Moura, M., Mucchi, S., Mueller, M. . A., Muller, R., Mussa, G., Navarra, J. L., Navarro, S., Nava, P., Necesal, L., Nellen, F., Nerling, C., Newman Holme, D., Newton, P. T., Nhung, D., Nicotra, N., Nierstenhoefer, D., Nitz, D., Nosek, L., Nozka, M., Nyklicek, J., Oehlschlager, A., Olinto, P., Oliva, V. M., Olmos Gilbaja, M., Ortiz, F., Ortolani, B., Oßwald, N., Pacheco, D., Pakk Selmi Dei, M., Palatka, J., Pallotta, G., Parente, E., Parizot, S., Parlati, S., Pastor, M., Patel, T., Paul, V., Pavlidou, K., Payet, M., Pech, J., Pekala, I. M., Pepe, Perrone, Lorenzo, R., Pesce, E., Petermann, S., Petrera, P., Petrinca, A., Petrolini, Y., Petrov, J., Petrovic, C., Pfendner, A., Pichel, R., Piegaia, T., Pierog, M., Pimenta, T., Pinto, V., Pirronello, O., Pisanti, M., Platino, J., Pochon, V. H., Ponce, M., Pontz, J., Pouryamout, L. Prado J., R., P., Privitera, M., Prouza, E. J., Quel, G., Raia, J., Rautenberg, O., Ravel, D., Ravignani, A., Redondo, H. C., Rei, S., Reucroft, B., Revenu, F. A. S., Rezendem, J., Ridky, S., Riggi, M., Risse, C., Riviere, V., Rizi, C., Robledo, M. D., Robert, G., Rodriguez, J., Ro driguez Martino, J., Rodriguez Rojo, I., Rodriguez Cabo, M. D., Rodrıguez Fria, G., Ro, J., Rosado, T., Rossler, M., Roth, B., Rouille d’Orfeuil, E., Roulet, A. C., Rovero, F., Salamida, H., Salazar, G., Salina, F., Sanchez, M., Santander, C. E., Santo, E. M., Santo, F., Sarazin, S., Sarkar, R., Sato, N., Scharf, V., Scherini, H., Schieler, P., Schiffer, G., Schleif, A., Schmidt, F., Schmidt, T., Schmidt, O., Scholten, H., Schoorlemmer, J., Schovancova, P., Schovanek, F., Schroeder, S., Schulte, F., Schussler, D., Schuster, S. J., Sciutto, M., Scuderi, A., Segreto, D., Semikoz, G., Sequiero, M., Settimo, R. C., Shellard, I., Sidelnik, B. B., Siffert, A., Smiakowski, R., Smıda, A. G. K., Smith, B. E., Smith, G. R., Snow, P., Sommer, J., Sorokin, H., Spinka, R., Squartini, E., Strazzeri, A., Stutz, F., Suarez, T., Suomijarvi, A. D., Supanitsky, M. S., Sutherland, J., Swain, Z., Szadkowski, A., Tamashiro, A., Tamburro, T., Tarutina, O., Tascau, R., Tcaciuc, D., Tcherniakhovski, N. T., Thao, D., Thoma, R., Ticona, J., Tiffenberg, C., Timmerman, W., Tkaczyk, C. J., Todero Peixoto, B., Tome, A., Tonachini, I., Torre, P., Trapani, P., Travnicek, D. B., Tridapalli, G., Tristram, E., Trovato, V., Tuci, M., Tuero, E., Tusi, R., Ulrich, M., Unger, M., Urban, J. F., Valdes Galicia, I., Valino, L., Valore, A. M., van den Berg, J. R., Vazquez, R. A., Vazquez, D., Veberic, A., Velarde, T., Venter, V., Verzi, M., Videla, L., Villasenor, G., Vitali, S., Vorobiov, L., Voyvodic, H., Wahlberg, P., Wahrlich, O., Wainberg, D., Warner, S., Westerhoff, B. J., Whelan, N., Wild, C., Wiebusch, G., Wieczorek, L., Wiencke, B., Wilczynska, H., Wilczynski, C., Wileman, M. G., Winnick, G., Worner, H., Wuac, B., Wundheiler, T., Yamamoto, P., Younk, G., Yuan, A., Yushkov, E., Za, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zavrtanik, I., Zaw, A., Zepeda, and M., Ziolkowski
Subjects: Hybrid detector, Surface detector, Extensive Air Shower, Trigger performance, Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Ray
Abstract: In this paper we introduce the concept of Lateral Trigger Probability (LTP) function, i.e., the probability for an Extensive Air Shower (EAS) to trigger an individual detector of a ground based array as a function of distance to the shower axis, taking into account energy, mass and direction of the primary cosmic ray. We apply this concept to the surface array of the Pierre Auger Observatory consisting of a 1.5 km spaced grid of about 1600 water Cherenkov stations. Using Monte Carlo simulations of ultra-high energy showers the LTP functions are derived for energies in the range between 10^17 and 10^19 eV and zenith angles up to 65 degree. A parametrization combining a step function with an exponential is found to reproduce them very well in the considered range of energies and zenith angles. The LTP functions can also be obtained from data using events simultaneously observed by the fluorescence and the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory (hybrid events). We validate the Monte Carlo results showing how LTP functions from data are in good agreement with simulations.
Published: 2011

39. On the scent of the knee — air shower measurements with KASCADE

Author: J.H. Weber, H. Rebel, G. Schatz, T. Holst, R. Obenland, Jörg R. Hörandel, C. Büttner, F. Feßler, H.O. Klages, Markus Roth, M. Risse, J. Engler, P. Doll, E. Bollmann, H. Ulrich, T. Thouw, F. Badea, Kai Daumiller, M. Petcu, T. Antoni, Alexandru Bercuci, R. Haeusler, Marcio Aparecido Muller, H.J. Gils, H. J. Mathes, J. Oehlschläger, A. Iwan, H. Blümer, H. Schieler, Karl-Heinz Kampert, J. Wentz, H.J. Mayer, K. Bekk, Gernot Maier, J. Wochele, D. Heck, I.M. Brancus, J. Knapp, A. Haungs, J. Zabierowski, J. Milke, J. Scholz, H. Bozdog, B. Vulpescu, R. Glasstetter, Ashot Chilingarian, and W. D. Apel
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Air shower, KASCADE, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Published: 2002
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40. Muon density measurements with the KASCADE central detector

Author: J. Milke, Gernot Maier, E. Bollmann, H. Rebel, J. Wochele, F. Feßler, T. Thouw, J. Oehlschläger, R. Haeusler, T. Holst, D. Heck, H. Blümer, T. Antoni, H.J. Mayer, A. Haungs, J. Zabierowski, Jörg R. Hörandel, S. Zagromski, Ashot Chilingarian, G. Schatz, Markus Roth, Karl-Heinz Kampert, M. Risse, P. Doll, J. Engler, H. J. Mathes, H. Ulrich, F. Badea, J. Kempa, J. Knapp, Marcio Aparecido Muller, H. Bozdog, J. Wentz, W. D. Apel, S. H. Sokhoyan, H.J. Gils, M. Petcu, H.O. Klages, K.U. Köhler, J. Scholz, Kai Daumiller, J.H. Weber, I.M. Brancus, K. Bekk, Konrad Bernlöhr, C. Büttner, B. Vulpescu, and R. Glasstetter
Subjects: Physics, Range (particle radiation), Muon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Monte Carlo method, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Spectral line, Nuclear physics, Air shower, KASCADE, Angle of incidence (optics)
Abstract: Frequency distributions of local muon densities in high-energy extensive air showers (EAS) are presented as signature of the primary cosmic ray energy spectrum in the knee region. Together with the gross shower variables like shower core position, angle of incidence, and the shower sizes, the KASCADE experiment is able to measure local muon densities for two different muon energy thresholds. The spectra have been reconstructed for various core distances, as well as for particular subsamples, classified on the basis of the shower size ratio N μ / N e . The measured density spectra of the total sample exhibit clear kinks reflecting the knee of the primary energy spectrum. While relatively sharp changes of the slopes are observed in the spectrum of EAS with small values of the shower size ratio, no such feature is detected at EAS of large N μ / N e ratio in the energy range of 1–10 PeV. Comparing the spectra for various thresholds and core distances with detailed Monte Carlo simulations the validity of EAS simulations is discussed.
Published: 2002
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41. A non-parametric approach to infer the energy spectrum and the mass composition of cosmic rays

Author: W. Hafemann, T. Antoni, H. J. Mathes, Gernot Maier, H. Blümer, T. Wiegert, K. H. Kampert, K. Bekk, Konrad Bernlöhr, Markus Roth, M. Risse, I.M. Brancus, J. Milke, P. Doll, J. Wentz, Kai Daumiller, G. Schatz, J. Engler, J. Scholz, A. Haungs, J. Oehlschläger, Ashot Chilingarian, J. Wochele, M. Petcu, T. Thouw, J. Knapp, J. Zabierowski, D. Heck, H. Rebel, T. Holst, H. Bozdog, H.J. Gils, F. Feßler, A. Vardanyan, H.O. Klages, H.J. Mayer, H. Ulrich, W. D. Apel, S. Zagromski, D. Mühlenberg, Jörg R. Hörandel, J. Kempa, E. Bollmann, F. Badea, Marcio Aparecido Muller, R. Haeusler, J.H. Weber, C. Büttner, B. Vulpescu, and R. Glasstetter
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Physics, Range (particle radiation), Muon, Air shower, KASCADE, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Hadron, Monte Carlo method, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Interaction model
Abstract: The experiment KASCADE observes simultaneously the electron–photon, muon, and hadron components of high-energy extensive air showers (EAS). The analysis of EAS observables for an estimate of energy and mass of the primary particle invokes extensive Monte Carlo simulations of the EAS development for preparing reference patterns. The present studies utilize the air shower simulation code corsika with the hadronic interaction models VENUS, QGSJet and Sibyll, including simulations of the detector response and efficiency. By applying non-parametric techniques the measured data have been analyzed in an event-by-event mode and the mass and energy of the EAS inducing particles are reconstructed. Special emphasis is given to methodical limitations and the dependence of the results on the hadronic interaction model used. The results obtained from KASCADE data reproduce the knee in the primary spectrum, but reveal a strong model dependence. Owing to the systematic uncertainties introduced by the hadronic interaction models no strong change of chemical composition can be claimed in the energy range around the knee.
Published: 2002
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42. Polyacrylate-water partitioning of biocidal compounds: enhancing the understanding of biocide partitioning between render and water

Author: Yi Ou, Stefan Trapp, Philipp Mayer, Ulla E. Bollmann, and Kai Bester
Subjects: Biocide, Octanols, Environmental Engineering, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Chemie, Acrylic Resins, Phase (matter), Paint, Environmental Chemistry, Organic chemistry, Partition (number theory), Leaching (agriculture), chemistry.chemical_classification, Chemistry, Construction Materials, Phenylurea Compounds, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Water, General Medicine, General Chemistry, Polymer, Pollution, Chemical engineering, Filtration, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Disinfectants
Abstract: In recent years, the application of polymer-based renders and paints for facade coatings of buildings has risen enormously due to the increased mounting of thermal insulation systems. These materials are commonly equipped with biocides – algaecides, fungicides, and bactericides – to protect the materials from biological deterioration. However, the biocides need to be present in the water phase in order to be active and, hence, they are flushed of the material by rain water. In order to increase the knowledge about the partitioning of biocides from render into the water phase, partition constants between the polymer – in this case polyacrylate – and water were studied using glass fibre filters coated with polyacrylate. The polyacrylate–water partition constants (log K AcW ) of ten biocides used in construction material varied between 1.66 (isoproturon) and 3.57 (dichloro- N -octylisothiazolinone). The correlation of the polyacrylate–water partition constants with the octanol–water partition constants is significant, but the polyacrylate–water partition constants were predominantly below octanol–water partition constants ( K ow ). The comparison with render-water distribution constants showed that estimating the leaching of biocides from render based on polymer–water partitioning is a useful and practical tool.
Published: 2014
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43. New priority substances of the European Water Framework Directive: Biocides, pesticides and brominated flame retardants in the aquatic environment of Denmark

Author: Katrin Vorkamp, Susanne Boutrup, Rossana Bossi, Ulla E. Bollmann, and Kai Bester
Subjects: Biocide, Environmental Engineering, Heptachlor, Heptachlor Epoxide, Denmark, Fresh Water, Cypermethrin, Toxicology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Water Pollution, Chemical, Environmental Chemistry, media_common.cataloged_instance, Animals, Seawater, European union, Pesticides, Waste Management and Disposal, media_common, Flame Retardants, Hexabromocyclododecane, Bifenox, Fishes, Pollution, chemistry, Environmental chemistry, Brominated flame retardant, Environmental science, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Disinfectants, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: The biocides cybutryn (Irgarol) and terbutryn, the herbicides aclonifen and bifenox, the insecticides cypermethrin and heptachlor/heptachlor epoxide and the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are new priority substances of the Water Framework Directive of the European Union. In order to gain knowledge about their presence in the aquatic environment in an off-season situation with regard to pesticide and biocide applications, these substances were analysed in freshwater, seawater and fish samples from Denmark. Aclonifen, bifenox, cypermethrin and heptachlor were below the limits of detection (LODs) in all samples. However, the LODs for cypermethrin and heptachlor exceeded the annual average environmental quality standards (AA-EQSs). Cybutryn, terbutryn, heptachlor epoxide and HBCD were detected in the majority of samples, with detection frequencies of 100% for heptachlor epoxide and HBCD in water and 90% in fish. No concentration was above maximum allowable concentration (MAC)-EQS values, but AA-EQS values were exceeded for all four compounds by several samples, including 100% of the water samples with regard to heptachlor epoxide. Methodological issues remain for cypermethrin, and to a certain extent for heptachlor/heptachlor epoxide, for which water LODs were above AA-EQSs although a water volume of 12 L was combined with very sensitive high resolution mass spectrometry.
Published: 2014
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44. Dynamics of biocide emissions from buildings in a suburban stormwater catchment - Concentrations, mass loads and emission processes

Author: Jes Vollertsen, Kai Bester, Jan Carmeliet, and Ulla E. Bollmann
Subjects: Mecoprop, Biocide, Environmental Engineering, Separated sewer, Stormwater, Fac ̧ade coatings, 0207 environmental engineering, Drainage basin, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Rainwater harvesting, chemistry.chemical_compound, Water Movements, Terbutryn, 020701 environmental engineering, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Civil and Structural Engineering, Hydrology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Molecular Structure, Carbendazim, Ecological Modeling, First flush, Environmental engineering, Water, Pollution, 6. Clean water, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Biocides, Housing, Environmental science, Gases, Surface runoff, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Disinfectants, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: Biocides such as isothiazolinones, carbamates, triazines, phenylureas, azoles and others are used to protect the surfaces of buildings, e.g. painted or unpainted render or wood. These biocides can be mobilized from the materials if rainwater gets into contact with these buildings. Hence, these biocides will be found in rainwater runoff (stormwater) from buildings that is traditionally managed as “clean water” in stormwater sewer systems and often directly discharged into surface waters without further treatment. By means of a 9 month event-based high resolution sampling campaign the biocide emissions in a small suburban stormwater catchment were analysed and the emission dynamics throughout the single rain events were investigated. Five out of twelve of the rain events (peak events) proved significantly higher concentrations than the rest (average) for at least one compound. Highest median concentrations of 0.045 and 0.052 μg L −1 were found for terbutryn and carbendazim, while the concentrations for isoproturon, diuron, N-octylisothiazolinone, benzoisothiazolinone, cybutryn, propiconazole, tebuconazole, and mecoprop were one order of magnitude lower. However, during the peak events the concentrations reached up to 1.8 and 0.3 μg L −1 for terbutryn and carbendazim, respectively. Emissions of an averaged single family house into the stormwater sewer turned out to be 59 and 50 μg event −1 house −1 terbutryn and carbendazim, respectively. Emissions for the other biocides ranged from 0.1 to 11 μg event −1 house −1 . Mass load analysis revealed that peak events contributed in single events as much to the emissions as 11 average events. However, the mass loads were highly dependent on the amounts of rainwater, i.e. the hydraulic flow in the receiving sewer pipe. The analysis of the emission dynamics showed first flush emissions only for single parameters in three events out of twelve. Generally biocides seemed to be introduced into the stormwater system rather continuously during the respective events than in the beginning of them. Mass flows during the events did correlate to driving rain, whereas mass loads neither correlated to the length or the intensity of rainfall nor the length of dry period.
Published: 2014
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45. Recent results of KASCADE phenomenology of extensive air showers

Author: W. Hafemann, T. Antoni, B. Vulpescu, J. Knapp, S. Zagromski, T. Thouw, Markus Roth, H. Bozdog, J. Wochele, J. Engler, T. Wiegert, R. Glasstetter, D. Heck, D. Mühlenberg, A. Vardanyan, D. Martello, E. Bollmann, J. Kempa, R. Haeusler, Hermann-Josef Mathes, M. Petcu, K. Bernlöhr, J.H. Weber, J.R. Hörandel, H. Ulrich, C. Büttner, Kai Daumiller, W.D. Apel, F. Badea, T. Holst, J. Wentz, J. Oehlschläger, H. Rebel, Karl-Heinz Kampert, M. Risse, A. Haungs, I.M. Brancus, K. Bekk, P. Matussek, J. Milke, H.J. Mayer, J. Zabierowski, F. Feßler, H. Blümer, H.O. Klages, G. Schatz, H. J. Gils, Ashot Chilingarian, and P. Doll
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Muon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Hadron, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Observable, Cosmic ray, Electron, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Nuclear physics, Air shower, KASCADE, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Phenomenology (particle physics)
Abstract: KASCADE (KArlsruhe Shower Core and Array DEtector) is a multi-detector setup to observe the electromagnetic, muonic and hadronic air shower components simultaneously in the energy region around the “knee” of the primary spectrum. Its main aim is to determine energy spectrum and composition of hadrons in primary cosmic rays. This is attempted by registring a large number of observables for each EAS including measurements of electrons, muons and hadrons. This contribution gives a short description of the experiment and then presents some results on the lateral distributions of various particle types and on the spectrum of hadrons. The status of our analyses to determine mass composition is presented in an accompanying contribution by A. Haungs.
Published: 2001
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46. Towards the energy spectrum and composition of primary cosmic rays in the knee region: methods and results at KASCADE

Author: J. Wochele, D. Heck, J. Milke, J. Knapp, A. Vardanyan, A. Haungs, J. Wentz, H. Bozdog, B. Vulpescu, W.D. Apel, J.R. Hörandel, T. Thouw, J. Zabierowski, R. Glasstetter, W. Hafemann, T. Wiegert, Ashot Chilingarian, H. Ulrich, M. Petcu, T. Antoni, I.M. Brancus, Markus Roth, D. Martello, P. Matussek, E. Bollmann, J. Engler, H.J. Mayer, J. Kempa, R. Haeusler, J. Oehlschläger, K. Bernlöhr, C. Büttner, T. Holst, Hermann-Josef Mathes, D. Mühlenberg, Kai Daumiller, H. Blümer, S. Zagromski, F. Badea, H. Rebel, Karl-Heinz Kampert, M. Risse, P. Doll, H.O. Klages, F. Feßler, G. Schatz, H. J. Gils, K. Bekk, and J.H. Weber
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Hadron, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Nuclear physics, Core (optical fiber), Air shower, KASCADE, Primary (astronomy), Energy spectrum, High Energy Physics::Experiment, human activities
Abstract: KASCADE (KArlsruhe Shower Core and Array DEtector) is a multi-detector setup to observe the electromagnetic, muonic and hadronic air shower components simultaneously at primary energies in the region of the “knee”. A large number of observables per single shower are registered. The main aims of the experiment are the determination of the primary energy spectrum around the “knee” and the energy variation of the chemical composition. The measurements reveal an increasing mean mass of the primary cosmic rays above the observed kink, and a sharper knee for the light primary component than for the all-particle spectrum, and the absence of a knee for the heavy component between 1 and 10 PeV.
Published: 2001
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47. Estimation of the chemical composition in the 'knee' region from the muon/electron ratio in EAS

Author: J.H. Weber, J. Engler, E. Bollmann, J.R. Hörandel, D. Miihlenberg, J. Milke, F. Fessler, R. Haeusler, H. Keim, K. Daumiller, H.J. Mayer, A. Haungs, H. Ulrich, A. Chilingarian, J. Zabierowski, J. Kempa, D. Heck, D. Wochele, F. Badea, H. Schieler, T. Holst, J. Wentz, I.M. Brâncu, J. Oehlschläger, T. Antoni, M. Petcu, H.J. Gils, J. Unger, W.D. Apel, K. Bekk, H.O. Klages, J. Knapp, T. Wiegert, F.K. Schmidt, P. Doll, K. Bernlöhr, T. Thouw, H. Leibrock, B. Vulpescu, R. Glasstetter, H. Rebel, M. Risse, S. Zagromski, J. Wochele, M. Roth, Tadeusz Wibig, G. Schatz, W. Hafemann, H. Bozdog, H.J. Mathes, and K.-H. Kampert
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Muon, biology, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Hadron, Interaction model, Venus, Electron, biology.organism_classification, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Nuclear physics, Air shower, KASCADE, Particle
Abstract: New data on the muon/electron ratio derived from the KASCADE extensive air shower experiment are presented. This ratio is known to be the most sensitive parameter in the determination of the mass of the primary particle when using ground array data. The particle numbers are measured with the KASCADE array comprising 500 m 2 of e/γ- and 620 m 2 of μ - detectors. The primary mass is inferred on an event-by-event basis by comparing the experimental data to corresponding EAS simulations. We observe a change towards a heavier composition with increasing energy above the knee. The sensitivity of this result to the specific hadronic interaction model employed in the simulations (e.g. VENUS and QGSJET) is discussed.
Published: 1999
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48. Properties and performance of the prototype instrument for the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author: J. Gitto, B. Wilczynska, Miguel Mostafá, S. Nigro, D. Allard, Zbigniew Szadkowski, P. Gouffon, W. E. Slater, Rodrigo Pelayo, T. Dang-Quang, A. Cordero, Danilo Zavrtanik, Matthias Kleifges, H. Spinka, M. Trombley, G. Maurin, A. Carreño, Germano Guedes, F. Cohen, G. Martin, Olivier Deligny, Paul Sommers, Gennaro Miele, Tanguy Pierog, C. Aramo, M. Videla, K. Gibbs, R. Baggio, R. Andrews, R. Meyhandan, D. Nicotra, R. Mussa, N. Playez, Karl-Heinz Kampert, Antonio Insolia, Q. Zhu, M. Lucano, G. Rodriguez, Luigi Rosa, Nicolo Cartiglia, A. C. Rovero, Maria Giller, J. Abraham, C. J. Todero Peixoto, Vincenzo Rizi, Antonella Castellina, S. Ranchon, Martina Bohacova, T. Yamamoto, Bárbara María Civit, Nadia Pastrone, Carlos Escobar, P. V.M. Da Silva, M. Cuautle, J. J. Beatty, Norbert Kunka, D. Nitz, G. Matthiae, M. Ambrosio, L. Voyvodic, H. Gemmeke, Carlo Vigorito, M. Patel, Agueda Castagna de Vargas, Antoine Letessier-Selvon, M. A. L. de Oliveira, Jose Chinellato, G. Raia, P. Walker, C. Germain-Renaud, John Swain, Y. Ma, C. Guerard, D. Supanitsky, M. Prouza, G. Wieczorek, L. G. Dos Santos, A. Cordier, K. Arisaka, D. Pham-Ngoc, P. Eschstruth, R. López, Bianca Keilhauer, E. Ponce, Corbin Covault, Alejandro Luis Veiga, Piotr Homola, Helio Nogima, J. C. Arteaga, E. Menichetti, I. Lhenry-Yvon, Alexander Grillo, Petr Schovanek, P. Pham-Trung, Enrique Zas, L. A. de Carvalho, D. Warner, R. Gumbsheimer, A. Fernandez, A. Chou, E. H. Pasaye, M. Richten, Jan Pękala, Hans Klages, A. Chiavassa, V. Verzi, Lorenzo Cazon, C. Morello, S. Coutu, S. Román, Miroslav Hrabovsky, C. H. Wiebusch, Arnulfo Zepeda, Norberto Fazzini, H. Bluemer, A. Lopez Agüera, K. Smith, Y. Jerónimo, A. Dye, Marta Anguiano, A. F. Barbosa, Dariusz Gora, C. Pryke, P. Bello, Alberto Filevich, G. Parente, Manuel Nuñez, Markus Roth, John Matthews, S. L. C. Barroso, F. Meyer, E. Bollmann, H. Glass, Marco Aglietta, T. A. Porter, Marcos Santander, Juan Carlos D'Olivo, P. Clark, F. V. Siguas, Peter Mazur, T. Vo-Van, J. Knapp, E. Cormier, Gaetano Salina, Ricardo Vázquez, Carola Dobrigkeit, A. Risi, M. Chiosso, S. Reucroft, P. Tuckey, E. Moreno, D. Barnhill, Miroslav Palatka, N. Smetniansky-De Grande, A. V. Dorofeev, Fausto Guarino, Piera Luisa Ghia, M. Vlcek, Paul M. Mantsch, Anderson Fauth, W. Fulgione, Peter L. Biermann, X. Bai, P.F. Manfredi, Alan Watson, E. Berman, Etienne Parizot, T. Bergmann, J. C. Meza, Luis N. Epele, N. Martínez, G. J. Thornton, Hermann-Josef Mathes, D. Hoffer, A. Della Selva, C. Grunfeld, Paolo Privitera, Darko Veberič, Rossella Caruso, Mohammed A Mohammed, J.M. Brunet, D.V. Camin, Carlos Hojvat, J. Alvarez Muñiz, P. Matussek, Ralph Engel, H. Nassini, L. Perrone, Jonny Kleinfeller, M. Mcewen, J.N. Capdevielle, J. Chye, Ernesto Kemp, I. C. Aguirre, Warner A. Miller, S. Ostaptchenko, J. F. Valdés, Daw Don Cheam, Tristan Beau, A. Menshikov, A. Tamashiro, J. W. Cronin, C. Medina, A. de Capoa, Jan Ridky, D. Monnier-Ragaigne, G. Tristram, M. Melocchi, C. Uribe Estrada, L. Villaseñor, P. Facal San Luis, Heiko Geenen, Markus Risse, U. Cotti, N. Chávez, Sergio Sciutto, R. R. McNeil, M. G. Do Amaral, M. Gómez Berisso, R. C. Shellard, Carla Bonifazi, Jose A. Bellido, Isabel Pedraza, D. Melo, Federico Suarez, Ofelia Pisanti, D. Nosek, Sergio Petrera, F. Sánchez, A. Pérez-Lorenzana, Kai Daumiller, L. Jiang, A. Ferrero, M. Zavrtanik, Daniel R Claes, H. Bui-Duc, D. Ravignani, Chao Zhang, Lukas Nellen, Beatriz García, P. Petrinca, J. Rodriquez, Sabrina Casanova, C. Song, Roger W Clay, V. de Souza, T. Thouw, Stefano Argiro, Luis A. Anchordoqui, L. Prado Junior, E. Gámez, R. Cester, P.W. Cattaneo, P. S. Allison, S. Atulugama, Catherine Newman-Holmes, Maria-Teresa Dova, T. Waldenmaier, T. Suomijärvi, K. H. Becker, A. G. Mariazzi, M. Kutschera, A. Filipčivč, J. Cotzomi, P.F. Gómez Vitale, J. Darling, Jeffrey Brack, Humberto Ibarguen Salazar, Dieter Heck, Martin Urban, M. D. Roberts, Antonio Velarde, V. Scherini, R. Fonte, M. Horvat, G. Navarra, Pierre Darriulat, F. Nerling, Jose M Hernandez, Brian Fick, M. J. Markus, R. Sato, C. Vargas, J. C. dos Anjos, M. Ave, E. Casimiro, M. Boratav, Gualberto Avila, P. Bauleo, Ingomar Allekotte, Michael DuVernois, Angela V. Olinto, Gustavo Medina-Tanco, G. Sequeiros-Haddad, V. Tunnicliffe, L. Manhaes, S. Jaminion, J. S. Díaz, J. Lloyd-Evans, B. Revenue, E. Marques, C. Robledo, José Eduardo Martinez, E. Shibuya, J. A.J. Matthews, Xavier Bertou, N. R. Wild, Alberto Etchegoyen, T. Ohnuki, J. S. Gonzalez, J. Grygar, Iuri Muniz Pepe, A. Cillis, Francois Vernotte, D. Tscherniakhovski, L. De Bruijn, S. Dagoret-Campagne, J. B. Rafert, Gregory R Snow, P. Billoir, Henrique M. J. Barbosa, John L. Harton, N. Peshman, T. Paul, M. C. Medina, Valerio Re, O. Martineau, D. Maurizio, R. Ticona, A. Goodwin, R. Biral, Carmen García, W. Tkaczyk, F. Hasenbalg, Antonella Boselli, M. Lapolla, V. Cabrera, M. Kaducak, Michael Albrow, Lodovico Ratti, Bruce R. Dawson, J. Rodriquez Martino, A. K. Tripathi, Rafael E. Luna, J. M. G. Castro, C. Lachaud, Thomas McCauley, M. E. Mancenido, H. C. Reis, A. Creusot, O. Martinez, Andreas Kopmann, V. Grassi, Henryk Wilczyński, M., Ambrosio, Aramo, Carla, DELLA SELVA, Angelo, Guarino, Fausto, Miele, Gennaro, Pisanti, Ofelia, The Pierre Auger, C. o. l. l. a. b. o. r. a. t. i. o. n., J., Abraham, M., Aglietta, I. C., Aguirre, M., Albrow, D., Allard, I., Allekotte, P., Allison, J., Alvarez Muniz, M. G., do Amaral, L., Anchordoqui, R., Andrew, M., Anguiano, J. C., dos Anjo, C., Aramo, S., Argiro, K., Arisaka, J. C., Arteaga, S., Atulugama, M., Ave, G., Avila, R., Baggio, X., Baib, A. F., Barbosa, H. M. J., Barbosa, D., Barnhill, S. L. C., Barroso, P., Bauleo, J., Beatty, T., Beau, K. H., Becker, J. A., Bellido, P., Bello, T., Bergmann, E., Berman, X., Bertou, P., Biermann, P., Billoir, R., Biral, H., Bluemer, M., Bohacova, E., Bollmann, C., Bonifazi, M., Borat, A., Boselli, J., Brack, J. M., Brunet, H., Bui Duc, V., Cabrera, D. V., Camin, J. N., Capdevielle, A., Carreno, N., Cartiglian, R., Caruso, L. A., de Carvalho, S., Casanovabk, E., Casimiro, A., Castellina, J., Castrol, P. W., Cattaneo, L., Cazon, R., Cester, N., Chavez, D., Cheam, A., Chiavassa, J. A., Chinellato, M., Chiosso, A., Chou, J., Chye, A., Cilli, B., Civit, D., Clae, P. D. J., Clark, R. W., Clay, F., Cohen, A., Cordero, A., Cordier, E., Cormier, J., Cotzom, U., Cotti, S., Coutu, C. E., Covaul, A., Creusot, J. W., Cronin, M., Cuautl, S., Dagoret Campagne, T., Dang Quang, P., Da Silva, J., Darling, P., Darriulat, K., Daumiller, B. R., Dawson, L., de Bruijn, A., De Capoa, M. A. L., de Oliveira, V., de Souza, A., Della Selva, O., Deligny, J. C., Diaz, C., Dobrigkeit, J. C., D’Olivo, A., Dorofe, M. T., Dova, A., Dyeam, M. A., Duvernoi, R., Engel, L. N., Epele, P., Eschstruth, C. O., Escobar, A., Etchegoyen, P., Facal San Lui, A. C., Fauth, N., Fazzini, A., Fernandez, A. M. J., Ferrero, B., Fick, A., Filevich, A., Filipcicat, R., Fonteaw, W., Fulgione, E., Gamez, B., Garcia, C. A., Garcia, H., Geenen, H., Gemmeke, C., Germain Renaud, P. L., Ghia, K., Gibb, M., Giller, J., Gitto, H., Gla, M., Gomez Berissof, P. F., Gomez Vitale, J., Gonzalez, D., Gora, A., Goodwin, P., Gouffon, V., Grassi, A. F. Grillo C., Grunfeld, J., Grygar, F., Guarino, G., Guede, C., Guerard, R., Gumbsheimer, J. L., Harton, F., Hasenbalg, D., Heck, J. M., Hernandez, D., Hoffer, C., Hojvat, P., Homola, M., Horvat, M., Hrabovsky, A., Insolia, S., Jaminion, Y., Jeronimo, L., Jiang, M., Kaduca, K. H., Kampert, B., Keilhauerx, E., Kemp, H., Klage, M., Kleifge, J., Kleinfeller, J., Knapp, A., Kopmann, N., Kunka, M., Kutschera, C., Lachaud, M., Lapolla, A., Letessier Selvon, I., Lhenry Yvon, J., Lloyd Evan, R., Lopez, A., Lopez Aguera, M., Lucano, R., Luna, Y., Mab, M. E., Mancenido, P. F., Manfredi, L., Manhae, P., Mantsch, A. G., Mariazzi, M. J., Marku, G., Martin, O., Martineau, J., Martinez, N., Martineza, O., Martınez, H. J., Mathe, J. A. J., Matthew, J., Matthewsa, G., Matthiae, E., Marque, P., Matussek, G., Maurin, D., Maurizio, P., Mazur, T., Mccaulely, M., Mcewen, R. R., Mcneil, C., Medina, M. C., Medina, G., Medina Tanco, D., Melo, M., Melocchi, E., Menichetti, A., Menshikova, F., Meyer, R., Meyhandan, J. C., Mez, G., Miele, W., Miller, M., Mohammed, D., Monnier Ragaigne, C., Morello, E., Moreno, M., Mostafa, R., Mussa, H., Nassin, G., Navarra, L., Nellena, F., Nerling, C., Newman Holme, D., Nicotra, S., Nigro, D., Nitz, H., Nogim, D., Nosek, M., Nunezl, T., Ohnuki, A., Olinto, S., Ostaptchenko, M., Palatka, G., Parente, E., Parizot, E. H., Pasaye, N., Pastrone, M., Patel, T., Paulk, I., Pedraza, J., Pekala, R., Pelay, I. M., Pepeb, A., P!erez Lorenza, Perrone, Lorenzo, N., Peshmana, S., Petrera, P., Petrinca, D., Pham Ngoc, P., Pham Trung, T., Pierog, O., Pisanti, N., Playez, E., Ponce, T. A., Porter, L., Prado Junior, P., Privitera, M., Prouza, C. L., Pryke, J. B., Raferta, G., Raia, S., Ranchon, L., Ratti, D., Ravignani, V., Re, H. C., Rei, S., Reucrof, B., Revenueu, M., Richter, J., Ridkya, A., Risi, M., Risse, V., Rizi, M. D., Robert, C., Robled, G., Rodriguez, J., Rodriquezaw, J., Rodriquez Martinoab, S., Rom!anl, L., Rosa, M., Roth, A. C., Rovero, H., Salaza, G., Salina, F., Sanchez, M., Santander, L. G., dos Santo, R., Sato, P., Schovaneka, V., Scherini, S. J., Sciutto, G., Sequeiros Haddada, R. C., Shellard, E., Shibuya, F. V., Sigua, W., Slater, N., Smetniansky De Grande, K., Smith, G. R., Snowal, P., Sommer, C., Song, H., Spink, F., Suarez, T., Suomijarvi, D., Supanitsky, J., Swaink, Z., Szadkowski, A., Tamashiro, G. J., Thornton, T., Thou, R., Ticon, W., Tkaczyk, C. J., Todero Peixoto, A., Tripathio, G., Tristram, M., Trombleya, D., Tscherniakhovski, P., Tuckey, V., Tunnicliffe, M., Urban, C., Uribe Estrada, J. F., Valde, A., Varga, C., Varga, R., Vazquez, D., Veberic, A., Veiga, A., Velard, F., Vernottebe, V., Verzi, M., Videla, C., Vigorito, L. M., Villasenorai, M., Vlceka, L., Voyvodi, T., Vo Vanap, T., Waldenmaier, P., Walker, D., Warner, A. A., Watson, Wiebusch, C. h., G., Wieczore, B., Wilczynska, H., Wilczynski, N. R., Wild, T., Yamamoto, E., Za, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zavrtanik, A., Zeped, C., Zhang, Q., Zhu, Physique Corpusculaire et Cosmologie - Collège de France (PCC), Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), PIERRE AUGER, and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photomultiplier, Osservatorio Pierre Auger, Cosmic ray, Auger observatory, Astrophysics, Settore ING-INF/01 - Elettronica, 01 natural sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Data acquisition, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, Extensive air showers, 010306 general physics, Ultra high energy cosmic rays, Instrumentation, Cosmic rays, Pierre Auger Observatory, Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Raggi Cosmici di altissima energia, Física, Stage (hydrology), Prototype instrument, Field conditions
Abstract: Construction of the first stage of the Pierre Auger Observatory has begun. The aim of the Observatory is to collect unprecedented information about cosmic rays above 10^18 eV. The first phase of the project, the construction and operation of a prototype system, known as the engineering array, has now been completed. It has allowed all of the sub-systems that will be used in the full instrument to be tested under field conditions. In this paper, the properties and performance of these sub-systems are described and their success illustrated with descriptions of some of the events recorded thus far., La lista completa de autores puede verse en el archivo asociado., Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
Published: 2004
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49. AUGER FD: Detector response to simulated showers and real event topologies

Author: J. Abraham, M. Aglietta, I. C. Aguirre, M. Albrow, D. Allard, I. Allekotte, P. Allison, J. Alvarez Muniz, M. G. do Amaral, M. Ambrosio, L. Anchordoqui, R. Andrews, M. Anguiano, J. C. dos Anjos, C. Aramo, S. Argiro, K. Arisaka, J. C. Arteaga, S. Atulugama, M. Ave, G. Avila, R. Baggio, X. Baib, A. F. Barbosa, H. M. J. Barbosa, D. Barnhill, S. L. C. Barroso, P. Bauleo, J. Beatty, T. Beau, K. H. Becker, J. A. Bellido, P. Bello, T. Bergmann, E. Berman, X. Bertou, P. Biermann, P. Billoir, R. Biral, H. Bluemer, M. Bohacova, E. Bollmann, C. Bonifazi, M. Borat, A. Boselli, J. Brack, J. M. Brunet, H. Bui Duc, V. Cabrera, D. V. Camin, J. N. Capdevielle, A. Carreno, N. Cartiglian, R. Caruso, L. A. de Carvalhos, S. Casanovabk, E. Casimiro, A. Castellina, J. Castrol, P. W. Cattaneo, L. Cazon, R. Cester, N. Chavez, D. Cheam, A. Chiavassa, J. A. Chinellato, M. Chiosso, A. Chou, J. Chye, A. Cillis, B. Civit, D. Claes, P. D. J. Clark, R. W. Clay, F. Cohen, A. Cordero, A. Cordier, E. Cormier, J. Cotzom, U. Cotti, S. Coutu, C. E. Covaul, A. Creusot, J. W. Cronin, M. Cuautl, S. Dagoret Campagne, T. Dang Quang, P. Da Silva, J. Darling, P. Darriulat, K. Daumiller, B. R. Dawson, L. de Bruijn, A. De Capoa, M. A. L. de Oliveiras, V. de Souza, A. Della Selva, O. Deligny, J. C. Diaz, C. Dobrigkeit, J. C. D’Olivo, A. Dorofe, M. T. Dova, A. Dyeam, M. A. DuVernois, R. Engel, L. N. Epele, P. Eschstruth, C. O. Escobar, A. Etchegoyen, P. Facal San Luis, A. C. Fauth, N. Fazzini, A. Fernandez, A. M. J. Ferrero, B. Fick, A. Filevich, A. Filipcicat, R. Fonteaw, W. Fulgione, E. Gamez, B. Garcia, C. A. Garcia, H. Geenen, H. Gemmeke, C. Germain Renaud, P. L. Ghia, K. Gibbs, M. Giller, J. Gitto, H. Glass, M. Gomez Berissof, P. F. Gomez Vitale, J. Gonzalez, D. Gora, A. Goodwin, P. Gouffon, V. Grassi, A. F. Grillo C. Grunfeld, J. Grygar, F. Guarino, G. Guedes, C. Guerard, R. Gumbsheimer, J. L. Harton, F. Hasenbalg, D. Heck, J. M. Hernandez, D. Hoffer, C. Hojvat, P. Homola, M. Horvat, M. Hrabovsky, A. Insolia, S. Jaminion, Y. Jeronimo, L. Jiang, M. Kaduca, K. H. Kampert, B. Keilhauerx, E. Kemps, H. Klages, M. Kleifges, J. Kleinfeller, J. Knapp, A. Kopmann, N. Kunka, M. Kutschera, C. Lachaud, M. Lapolla, A. Letessier Selvon, I. Lhenry Yvon, J. Lloyd Evans, R. Lopez, A. Lopez Aguera, M. Lucano, R. Luna, Y. Mab, M. E. Mancenido, P. F. Manfredi, L. Manhae, P. Mantsch, A. G. Mariazzi, M. J. Markus, G. Martin, O. Martineau, J. Martinez, N. Martineza, O. Martınez, H. J. Mathes, J. A. J. Matthews, J. Matthewsa, G. Matthiae, E. Marques, P. Matussek, G. Maurin, D. Maurizio, P. Mazur, T. McCaulely, M. McEwen, R. R. McNeil, C. Medina, M. C. Medina, G. Medina Tanco, D. Melo, M. Melocchi, E. Menichetti, A. Menshikova, F. Meyer, R. Meyhandan, J. C. Mez, G. Miele, W. Miller, M. Mohammed, D. Monnier Ragaigne, C. Morello, E. Moreno, M. Mostafa, R. Mussa, H. Nassin, G. Navarra, L. Nellena, F. Nerling, C. Newman Holmes, D. Nicotra, S. Nigro, D. Nitz, H. Nogim, D. Nosek, M. Nunezl, T. Ohnuki, A. Olinto, S. Ostaptchenko, M. Palatka, G. Parente, E. Parizot, E. H. Pasaye, N. Pastrone, M. Patel, T. Paulk, I. Pedraza, J. Pekala, R. Pelay, I. M. Pepeb, A. P!erez Lorenza, N. Peshmana, S. Petrera, P. Petrinca, D. Pham Ngoc, P. Pham Trung, T. Pierog, O. Pisanti, N. Playez, E. Ponce, T. A. Porter, L. Prado Junior, P. Privitera, M. Prouza, C. L. Pryke, J. B. Raferta, G. Raia, S. Ranchon, L. Ratti, D. Ravignani, V. Re, H. C. Reis, S. Reucrof, B. Revenueu, M. Richter, J. Ridkya, A. Risi, M. Risse, V. Rizi, M. D. Roberts, C. Robled, G. Rodriguez, J. Rodriquezaw, J. Rodriquez Martinoab, S. Rom!anl, L. Rosa, M. Roth, A. C. Rovero, H. Salaza, G. Salina, F. Sanchez, M. Santander, L. G. dos Santos, R. Sato, P. Schovaneka, V. Scherini, S. J. Sciutto, G. Sequeiros Haddada, R. C. Shellard, E. Shibuya, F. V. Siguas, W. Slater, N. Smetniansky De Grande, K. Smith, G. R. Snowal, P. Sommers, C. Song, H. Spink, F. Suarez, T. Suomijarvi, D. Supanitsky, J. Swaink, Z. Szadkowski, A. Tamashiro, G. J. Thornton, T. Thou, R. Ticon, W. Tkaczyk, C. J. Todero Peixoto, A. Tripathio, G. Tristram, M. Trombleya, D. Tscherniakhovski, P. Tuckey, V. Tunnicliffe, M. Urban, C. Uribe Estrada, J. F. Valdes, A. Varga, C. Vargas, R. Vazquez, D. Veberic, A. Veiga, A. Velard, F. Vernottebe, V. Verzi, M. Videla, C. Vigorito, L. M. Villasenorai, M. Vlceka, L. Voyvodi, T. Vo Vanap, T. Waldenmaier, P. Walker, D. Warner, A. A. Watson, C.h. Wiebusch, G. Wieczore, B. Wilczynska, H. Wilczynski, N. R. Wild, T. Yamamoto, E. Zas, D. Zavrtanik, M. Zavrtanik, A. Zeped, C. Zhang, Q. Z.h.u., PERRONE, Lorenzo, J., Abraham, M., Aglietta, I. C., Aguirre, M., Albrow, D., Allard, I., Allekotte, P., Allison, J., Alvarez Muniz, M. G., do Amaral, M., Ambrosio, L., Anchordoqui, R., Andrew, M., Anguiano, J. C., dos Anjo, C., Aramo, S., Argiro, K., Arisaka, J. C., Arteaga, S., Atulugama, M., Ave, G., Avila, R., Baggio, X., Baib, A. F., Barbosa, H. M. J., Barbosa, D., Barnhill, S. L. C., Barroso, P., Bauleo, J., Beatty, T., Beau, K. H., Becker, J. A., Bellido, P., Bello, T., Bergmann, E., Berman, X., Bertou, P., Biermann, P., Billoir, R., Biral, H., Bluemer, M., Bohacova, E., Bollmann, C., Bonifazi, M., Borat, A., Boselli, J., Brack, J. M., Brunet, H., Bui Duc, V., Cabrera, D. V., Camin, J. N., Capdevielle, A., Carreno, N., Cartiglian, R., Caruso, L. A., de Carvalho, S., Casanovabk, E., Casimiro, A., Castellina, J., Castrol, P. W., Cattaneo, L., Cazon, R., Cester, N., Chavez, D., Cheam, A., Chiavassa, J. A., Chinellato, M., Chiosso, A., Chou, J., Chye, A., Cilli, B., Civit, D., Clae, P. D. J., Clark, R. W., Clay, F., Cohen, A., Cordero, A., Cordier, E., Cormier, J., Cotzom, U., Cotti, S., Coutu, C. E., Covaul, A., Creusot, J. W., Cronin, M., Cuautl, S., Dagoret Campagne, T., Dang Quang, P., Da Silva, J., Darling, P., Darriulat, K., Daumiller, B. R., Dawson, L., de Bruijn, A., De Capoa, M. A. L., de Oliveira, V., de Souza, A., Della Selva, O., Deligny, J. C., Diaz, C., Dobrigkeit, J. C., D’Olivo, A., Dorofe, M. T., Dova, A., Dyeam, M. A., Duvernoi, R., Engel, L. N., Epele, P., Eschstruth, C. O., Escobar, A., Etchegoyen, P., Facal San Lui, A. C., Fauth, N., Fazzini, A., Fernandez, A. M. J., Ferrero, B., Fick, A., Filevich, A., Filipcicat, R., Fonteaw, W., Fulgione, E., Gamez, B., Garcia, C. A., Garcia, H., Geenen, H., Gemmeke, C., Germain Renaud, P. L., Ghia, K., Gibb, M., Giller, J., Gitto, H., Gla, M., Gomez Berissof, P. F., Gomez Vitale, J., Gonzalez, D., Gora, A., Goodwin, P., Gouffon, V., Grassi, A. F. Grillo C., Grunfeld, J., Grygar, F., Guarino, G., Guede, C., Guerard, R., Gumbsheimer, J. L., Harton, F., Hasenbalg, D., Heck, J. M., Hernandez, D., Hoffer, C., Hojvat, P., Homola, M., Horvat, M., Hrabovsky, A., Insolia, S., Jaminion, Y., Jeronimo, L., Jiang, M., Kaduca, K. 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C., Rovero, H., Salaza, G., Salina, F., Sanchez, M., Santander, L. G., dos Santo, R., Sato, P., Schovaneka, V., Scherini, S. J., Sciutto, G., Sequeiros Haddada, R. C., Shellard, E., Shibuya, F. V., Sigua, W., Slater, N., Smetniansky De Grande, K., Smith, G. R., Snowal, P., Sommer, C., Song, H., Spink, F., Suarez, T., Suomijarvi, D., Supanitsky, J., Swaink, Z., Szadkowski, A., Tamashiro, G. J., Thornton, T., Thou, R., Ticon, W., Tkaczyk, C. J., Todero Peixoto, A., Tripathio, G., Tristram, M., Trombleya, D., Tscherniakhovski, P., Tuckey, V., Tunnicliffe, M., Urban, C., Uribe Estrada, J. F., Valde, A., Varga, C., Varga, R., Vazquez, D., Veberic, A., Veiga, A., Velard, F., Vernottebe, V., Verzi, M., Videla, C., Vigorito, L. M., Villasenorai, M., Vlceka, L., Voyvodi, T., Vo Vanap, T., Waldenmaier, P., Walker, D., Warner, A. A., Watson, Wiebusch, C. h., G., Wieczore, B., Wilczynska, H., Wilczynski, N. R., Wild, T., Yamamoto, E., Za, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zavrtanik, A., Zeped, C., Zhang, and Q. Z. h., U.
Subjects: Raggi cosmici di altissima energia, Osservatorio Pierre Auger, Tecniche di simulazione e di misura di energia
Abstract: The performance of the Auger Fluorescence telescope is discussed on the basis of a mass production chain. In order to get a realistic estimate of the detector resolution, a large number of fully simulated CORSIKA showers have been used for this study. The propagation through the atmosphere and the detector response are taken into account and simulated in detail. Results for the the case of monocular reconstruction are presented here. No quality cuts for the event reconstruction have been applied so far. Finally, a schematic overview of the expected event topologies is given together with the display of a real event recently collected.
Published: 2004

50. Desorption of biocides from renders modified with acrylate and silicone

Author: Katarzyna Styszko, Ulla E. Bollmann, Kai Bester, and Timothy Wangler
Subjects: Biocide, Acrylate, Environmental Engineering, Carbendazim, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Inorganic chemistry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Silicones, Water, Sorption, General Medicine, General Chemistry, Pollution, chemistry.chemical_compound, Silicone, chemistry, Acrylates, Models, Chemical, Desorption, Environmental Chemistry, Organic chemistry, Leaching (agriculture), Water Pollutants, Chemical, Tebuconazole, Disinfectants
Abstract: Biocides are used in the building industry to prevent algal, bacterial and fungal growth on polymericrenders and thus to protect buildings. However, these biocides are leached into the environment. To better understand this leaching, the sorption/desorption of biocides in polymeric renders was assessed. In this study the desorption constants of cybutryn, carbendazim, iodocarb, isoproturon, diuron, dichloro-N-octylisothiazolinone and tebuconazole towards acrylate and silicone based renders were assessed at different pH values. At pH 9.5 (porewater) the constants for an acrylate based render varied between 8 (isoproturon) and 9634 (iodocarb) and 3750 (dichloro-N-octylisothiazolinone), respectively. The values changed drastically with pH value. The results for the silicone based renders were in a similar range and usually the compounds with high sorption constants for one polymer also had high values for the other polymer. Comparison of the octanol water partitioning constants (Kow) with the render/water partitioning constants (Kd) revealed similarities, but no strong correlation. Adding higher amounts of polymer to the render material changed the equilibria for dichloro-N-octylisothiazolinone, tebuconazole, cybutryn, carbendazim but not for isoproturon and diuron.
Published: 2013
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