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The review presents up-to-date information on the health effects of ambient fine particulate matter, obtained in large cohort epidemiological studies, as well as in meta-analysis of pooled data. In addition, it summarizes the current data on the potential pathological mechanisms and existing monitoring systems. The literature search used the Scopus, PubMed, Russian Science Citation Index databases for 19902020. The results of epidemiological studies carried out in different countries indicate that fine particles in ambient air pose a serious threat to health. Scientific publications assessing the health impact of particulate matter show a wide range of adverse effects from the increasing incidence of upper and lower respiratory tract diseases, including exacerbations of bronchial asthma, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, to a high incidence of myocardial infarction, strokes, diabetes mellitus type 2, as well as an increase in overall mortality from natural causes, mainly mortality from respiratory diseases, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, lung cancer. The effects of short-term exposures are described in more detail, while the effects of long-term exposure to fine particles are not well understood. Potential mechanisms of the harmful effects of fine particulate matter include oxidative stress, inflammatory reactions, disorders of autonomic regulation and heart rhythm, fine particles translocation through the alveolar barrier into the vascular bed with endothelial damage and thrombus formation, and genotoxicity. Ambient fine particulate matter is a manageable risk factor, and reductions in air pollution will have a significant impact on public health outcomes.

Diseases of the endocrine system are an urgent medical and social problem in connection with their widespread prevalence and negative growth trend throughout the world; they often accompany other chronic diseases and can lead to disability.Aim: to study the trends in the structure and characteristics of the morbidity of the population in the Republic of Tatarstan with diseases of the endocrine system.The study was based on the materials of the official statistics in the Republic of Tatarstan for the period 2014-2019, the methods of descriptive statistics and linear regression analysis were used. The indicators of the primary morbidity and prevalence of the endocrine system diseases among various age groups in the Republic of Tatarstan were studied.The retrospective analysis of the incidence of the endocrine system diseases in the population in the Republic of Tatarstan indicates the formation of stable negative trends in the growth of the prevalence of thyroid diseases, diabetes and obesity among all the groups under study. There is an increase in the primary incidence and prevalence of thyroid diseases among children (growth rate in 2019 compared to 2014 of 198.6 and 50.1% respectively) and adolescents (growth rate of 244.9% and 114.3% respectively), as well as an increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in these groups (growth rate of 500% and 269,2% respectively); an increase in both the primary incidence (growth rate of 200%) and the prevalence of hypothyroidism among children (growth rate of 183.5%), an increase in the prevalence of thyroiditis among adults (growth rate of 24.3%).The rate of increase in the primary incidence of obesity, over 6 years of observation, among children was 74.7%, among adolescents - 171.1%; among the adult population - 21.2%.To reverse negative trends in morbidity, we believe it is necessary to strengthen preventive work among all age groups to form healthy eating habits, maintain a normal body weight, take legislative decisions on mass prevention of iodine deficiency in endemic regions, as well as conduct some research aimed at assessing the impact of risk factors caused by the impact of endocrine disruptors on the health of the population of the Republic.

To assess the level of consumption of vitamins entering the body with food, vitamin and mineral complexes, and enriched food in the population of working age of the Republic of Tatarstan. The quantitative content of vitamin A and ß-carotene in the diet of men and women is 2 or more times lower than normal value. Indices of the daily intake of vitamin C are 3 times less than normal. Significant differences in the intake of vitamins with food depending on the group of physical activity were not revealed (p > 0.05). Combined deficiency of retinol, β-carotene, thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, and ascorbic acid can be traced in 86% of diets. 13.2% of women and 3.7% of men use vitamin and mineral complexes every day; 48% of respondents fail to use them, the rest (35.1%) persons use irregularly. The intake of vitamin and mineral complexes correlates with the average monthly income and the level of education of the respondents (p ≤ 0.05). 3% of respondents consume enriched food 1-2 times a week. The majority of respondents (73%) do not know about products with high nutritional value, the rest (24%), use enriched products 1-2 times a month. We have not found a relationship between the number of enriched products consumed, family income and education level (p > 0.05).

The article presents an overview of hygienic risk factors that affect the health of athletes. There were analyzed and ranked main risk factors for the health of athletes associated with physical culture and sports activities in 25 sports. During the research, 223 trainers were interviewed. As a result of the analysis, hygienic risk factors were concluded t0 be associated with microclimatic and other conditions in training and competition in halls/sports facilities are most often observed in cyclical sports (75.6%), sports games (63.3%), complex coordination sports (59.7%). Hygienic risk factors associated with compliance with personal hygiene, diet and drinking regimens are encountered in recreational sports (46.7%), martial arts (19.1%) and sports games (18.1%). Hygienic risk factors associated with sports equipment and inventory are more typical for recreational sports (40%), martial arts (32.8%) and hard-coordinated sports (28.6%).

The presented in the article the analysis of water schedule in student-athletes showed a low level of water consumption culture and the irrationality of the actual water schedule. According to the results of the survey revealed that 86.7% of boys-athletes and 67.2% of girls athletes were revealed to fail to keep a certain water schedule; 98.3% student-athletes are in a state of dehydration of the body. There are established correlations between the presence of dehydration of the body and symptoms such as fatigue and decreased performance (correlation coefficient 0.594, p = 0.01), the appearance of dryness in the morning on an empty stomach (correlation coefficient 0.512, p = 0.01).

The paper presents the data of the regional characteristics of the zinc content in the soil, products of plant and animal origin in the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan. The soil on the territory of the republic is established to be characterized by low values of the gross content of zinc (from 53.6 to 67.7 mg / kg of dry soil) and mobile forms of zinc (from 9.75 to 12.4 mg / kg of dry soil). This demonstrates the deficiency of this important trace element in the soil. The zinc content in animal products from 20 to 89% less than the average for the reference data, in plant products - from 10% to 360%. The study of nutrition found that the share of diets with normal zinc content is in men - 27.5%, in women - 22.5%. The average value of zinc in the blood serum of the population living on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan, was 490 ± 40.7 ug / l. This is below the norm. The deviations from the recommended values are observed in all groups, regardless of their level of physical activity. Zinc status of surveyed persons has been below the norm in 80% of cases.

The analysis of data on alimentary-dependent diseases among persons of the working age in the Republic of Tatarstan testifies to their steady growth. The proportion of deaths from diseases in the etiology of which nutrition plays a significant role over the period 2005-2015 was 77.9%. We have identified the main trend of eating behavior in each age group: high protein intake (in 75% of men and 81% of women) and fat (in 59% of women and 67% of men). A normal range of the body mass index (20.0-24.9), was noted in 44.3% of women and 44.7% of men. About 38% of the surveyed men and more than 2/3 of women (63.2%) do not have additional physical activity. As a result of the irrational eating behavior and low physical activity, the number of overweight men increased by 17.5% during the studied period. Only 20% of residents of the Republic of Tatarstan can be considered rational.

The paper presents data on the hygienic assessment of the content of heavy metals and petroleum products in the soil on the territory of oil-producing areas of the Republic of Tatarstan. The average total content of lead (10,1 mg/kg), cadmium (0.073 mg/kg), manganese (792.4 mg/kg), cobalt (14.2 mg/kg), chromium (87.6 mg/kg), nickel (65.2 mg/ kg), arsenic (8.0 mg/kg), copper (36.6 mg/kg) and zinc (521 mg/kg) in soil for agricultural purposes near objects oil production was shown not to exceed the established hygienic standards. Soil contamination with oil products leads to an increase in its toxicity and mutagenicity. Soil contamination with oil products at the level of as low as 30 mg/ kg leads to the gain in its toxicity (low toxicity) and mutagenicity (average) (specific gravity of germinated seeds was 70.7±0.67%, aberrations - 1.78±0.19%).

The prevalence of obesity and the number of residents registered in the Republic of Tatarstan tends to increase. Among women under 30 years of overweight occurs only in 13% of cases, from 30 to 55 years - 28%, in 55-60 years - 36%. With increasing body mass index self-assessment of quality of life of women is getting worse.

The paper presents data on the hygienic assessment of the content of heavy metals and petroleum products in the soil on the territory of oil-producing areas of the Republic of Tatarstan. The average total content of lead (10,1 mg/kg), cadmium (0.073 mg/kg), manganese (792.4 mg/kg), cobalt (14.2 mg/kg), chromium (87.6 mg/kg), nickel (65.2 mg/ kg), arsenic (8.0 mg/kg), copper (36.6 mg/kg) and zinc (521 mg/kg) in soil for agricultural purposes near objects oil production was shown not to exceed the established hygienic standards. Soil contamination with oil products leads to an increase in its toxicity and mutagenicity. Soil contamination with oil products at the level of as low as 30 mg/ kg leads to the gain in its toxicity (low toxicity) and mutagenicity (average) (specific gravity of germinated seeds was 70.7±0.67%, aberrations - 1.78±0.19%).

The presented in the article the analysis of water schedule in student-athletes showed a low level of water consumption culture and the irrationality of the actual water schedule. According to the results of the survey revealed that 86.7% of boys-athletes and 67.2% of girls athletes were revealed to fail to keep a certain water schedule; 98.3% student-athletes are in a state of dehydration of the body. There are established correlations between the presence of dehydration of the body and symptoms such as fatigue and decreased performance (correlation coefficient 0.594, p = 0.01), the appearance of dryness in the morning on an empty stomach (correlation coefficient 0.512, p = 0.01).

In the paper there are presented data concerning the experience of the implementation of educational programs for schoolchildren "Being healthy is fashionable ". The program has been tested in the territory of the Penza Region. The awareness of students about the factors affecting health was shown to increase by 15,8% over three years of the realization of the program. The number of students taking systematic participation in sports competitions has increased by 3.8%, going in for various sports and physical exercises in sports sections and circles has increased by 2.6%. The prevalence of regular smoking among schoolchildren decreased by 4.1%.

In the paper there are presented data on the hygienic evaluation of the air pollution in the city of Kazan as a risk factor for the public health. The largest contribution to the air pollution in the city of Kazan was shown to be endowed by vehicles. The proportion of vehicle emissions in total emissions in the city in 2012 amounted to 71.4%. According to monitoring data the average annual concentrations of pollutant substances in 2012 exceeded the hygienic standards for benzo (a) pyrene--in 2.5 times, soot--2.2 times, nitrogen dioxide--1.8 times, formaldehyde--1.7 times. The risk of inhalation exposure is assessed as high, the greatest contribution to the risk is contributed by suspended matter PM2.5, soot and nitrogen dioxide.

In the paper there is presented the hygienic evaluation of the implementation of the program aimed at the improvement of the water supply of the population in the oil-producing regions of the Republic of Tatarstan. As a result of the implementation of measures it managed to improve the quality of drinking water in terms of chemical harmlessness and to reduce the risk to public health. Currently following factors as quality of the water from water sources, the mismatch of sanitary protection zone to requirements of sanitary legislation and the failure of regime measures in its territory, water quality deterioration during transportation and the inadequacies in the laboratory control were shown to make the highest contribution to the disadvantage of centralized drinking water systems.

There was shown the actuality of the problem of the safety of reagents used for water treatment. There have been analyzed several composite reagents used in Russia in the Practice of Water-Supplying Treatment. In technical specifications for these reagents, there was no information on the origin, composition and properties of modifying additives 'M', the synthetic polyelectrolytes level (%). Up to date, there are no available analytical methods permitting to determine reliably the content of polymers and monomers at the levels actually present in water after application of synthetic polyelectrolytes. It is necessary to strengthen the control over the use of synthetic polyelectrolytes in water-supplying practice.

The state of water resources and the conditions of water supply to population in oil-producing areas in the republic of Tatarstan are discussed. It is noted that a large set of environmental-protection and sanitaryhygienic measures aimed at the conservation of water resources and the improvement of water supply to the population is in progress in the territories of oil-producing regions.

In the paper there is presented the hygienic assessment of the effectiveness of the implementation of a program aimed at improving conditions of the water supply in the oil producing regions of the Republic of Tatarstan. As a result of realization of measures it was able to improve the quality of drinking water in terms of chemical safety and to reduce the risk to public health. For the present time the following factors: water quality of the water source, the mismatch of sanitary protective zone to requirements of sanitary laws and failure to comply with security measures on its territory, deterioration of water quality during transport and imperfection of laboratory control monitoring were shown to make the highest contribution to the disadvantage of centralized drinking water systems.

In the paper the hygienic characteristics of groundwaters used for drinking water supply of the population of the Republic of Mari El is presented The features of the quality of groundwaters in different areas of the country have been detected, the causes of the deterioration of drinking water, which can act as a risk to public health have been shown.

The effect of production of low-gravity oil and natural bitumen on the state of atmospheric air is studied. At the territory of intensive production of low-gravity oil and natural bitumen the factors of the effect connected with impact sources of air pollution are revealed. The sanitary and hygienic recommendations and measures on improving atmospheric air and strengthening health of population are developed.

The materials in this work are focused on analysis of current ideas regarding migration of polymeric substances from packaging materials to the drinking water during storage and transport. Recently, a large number of studies was devoted to the negative effects of phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) on living organisms. A lot of evidence of their harmful effects has been accumulated. Negative effects of phthalates and BPA on the reproductive, endocrine and nervous systems have been proved.

Hygienic characteristics of ground water used for drinking water supply of the Republic of Mari El is presented in the article. The features of the quality of ground water in different areas of the country have been revealed, the causes of the deterioration of drinking water which can act as a risk to public health have been shown.

The paper gives the experience in introducing a new disinfection method based on the relationships between the saprophytic microflora of a complex of antigenic slime organisms and most pathogenic microorganisms to neutralize waste waters of the Kazanorgsintez production association. This method makes it possible to prevent all side effects of chlorination, to improve the sanitary state of a water object, and to optimize self-purification processes; and its introduction into practice can yield considerable economic benefits. This method meets the current hygienic and ecological requirements and aims at rationally using natural resources and protecting human health.

The paper provides the hygienic characteristics of the underground waters used for water supply of the population of oil-producing regions in the Republic of Tatarstan (RT). The most common indicators of poor-quality drinking water of centralized water-supply systems from underground sources are shown to be its high mineralization, hardness, and higher than normal hygiene levels of chlorides, sulfates, and iron. The primary reason for drinking water quality deterioration is a high (as high as 70%) wear of water mains. It is noted that industrially based sanitary-and-hygienic and nature-conservative measures to improve water supply conditions for the population are being implemented under the financial backing of OAO "Tatneft" in the oil-producing regions. Considerable development-and-survey work is under way to detect and approve underground water reserves; underground reserves of fresh water have been today industrially introduced for the water supply of the towns of Zainsk, Bugulma, Nurlat, and the industrial community of Urussu. More than 400 springs and sources have been constructed, by meeting all the sanitary-and-hygienic requirements.

The paper provides the hygienic characteristics of soil resources on the territory of oil-producing regions in the Republic of Tatarstan (RT). Soil pollution with heavy metals and oil was evaluated. Oil at the detectable concentrations was shown to cause changes in the physiochemical properties of soil, to impair its self-purification, to increase the resistance of soil pollutants, thus deteriorating the ecological-and-hygienic state of soil as a whole. The soils on the territory of oil-producing regions in RT were observed to be characterized by the low levels and poor ratio of essential trace elements, such as copper, zinc, and chromium. Significant soil manganese concentrations, the presence of arsenic and lead may be considered as factors aggravating the problem associated with deficiency of essential trace elements in the body and with the generation of endocrine biopathotype.

The dynamics of medical demographic indicators from 1996 to 2005 on the territory of 12 administrative petroleum producing administrative areas of the Republic of Tatarstan was analyzed and examined. Factually, in all the petroleum producing areas the decrease in the birth rate indicators was registered. On average, the rate of decrease on the investigated territory consisted 18%. The lower birth rate indicators against the background of the higher levels of mortality are the cause of unnatural decrease of population. The analysis of the overall coefficient of mortality revealed that during the last decade the adverse tendency towards increase of this indicator is established. In the structure of the causes of population mortality on the petroleum producing areas the leading positions belong to the diseases of circulatory system, traumas and intoxications, neoplasms. The study revealed that in the development of the long-term characteristics of the medical demographic indicators of the population living in the petroleum producing areas of the Republic of Tatarstan the age structure, the social economic situation, the population's quality of life and the condition of the components of ecologic system play a substantial part.

The paper presents a procedure for quantitative sociomedical and hygienic assessment of the quality of life. Several combinations of factors that have the greatest influence on the quality of life and human health: medicodemographic indices; the prevalence and incidence rates of all classes of diseases in different age population groups; health care quality; socioeconomic conditions; natural, climatic, and sanitary conditions; quality of the population's nutrition; sociological assessment of living conditions. Based on the performed study, the indicators were estimated by each combination of factors. The quantitative determination of the integrated index of life quality may be used to assess the socioeconomic position, the health status of the population in some administrative districts and regions over time.

The paper gives hygienic characteristics of water supplying conditions in the oil-producing areas of the Republic of Tatarstan. A long-term intensive oil-field development, without taking into account its environmental influence, is shown to have resulted in the pollution of water resources and broken the conditions of water consumption by the population. There has been a considerable increase in the total mineralization (1.8-2.3 g/l) of rivers, the levels of chlorides (300-1200 mg/l) and sulfates (300-1800 mg/l), and the salinity of springs. The implementation of nature-conserving and sanitary-and-hygienic measures have stabilized and improved the qualitative composition of water sources used for drinking water supply in the oil-producing areas of the Republic of Tatarstan, leading to a marked trend for improving water supplying conditions and accordingly the quality of the population's life.

The paper presents the results of an analysis of the efficiency of sanitary and environment-protective measures relating the ambient atmosphere in the oil-producing areas of the Republic of Tatarstan. It characterizes the environment-protective activity of the PJSC "Tatneft", gives a sanitary evaluation of the quality of the ambient air in the oil-producing areas. It has been ascertained that the improvement of manufacturing technology and the construction of gas and dust catching units on the oil-producing facilities reduce atmospheric pollutant emissions. The levels of hydrocarbons, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide have been substantially decreased. At present, the influence of oil-producing facilities on the quality of the ambient air is 17-19%; the main source of atmospheric pollution is motor transport (its influence on atmospheric pollution is 40-56%). At present versus 1989-1995, the degree of pollution and the mutagenic potential of the ambient air are reduced, which suggests the efficiency of sanitary and environment-protective measures implemented by the PJSC "Tatneft".

The paper deals with the impact of production of heavy oil and natural bitumens on the environment and human health. It provides a sanitary characteristics of the degree of ambient air pollution, the quality of reservoir and drinking water and soil in the areas of production of heavy oil and natural bitumens. Human health was studied in all age groups by medical and demographic indices and diseases. Hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, carbon oxide were found to be the leading pollutants in these areas. Production of heavy oil and natural bitumens pollutes surface and underground water-bearing horizons, which is a cause of worse conditions for the population to use water due to a 1.8-fold increase in water hardness and a 1.2-fold increase in the content of sulfates, chlorides, and nitrates, as compared to 1987-1991. The production of heavy oil and natural bitumens is a large source of soil pollution. The greatest soil pollution was observed in the areas of bitumen production by intraseam burning and vapour-heat exposure. There was a relationship of respiratory disorders to sulphur dioxide (r = 0.5-0.73) and hydrogen sulfide (r = 0.6-0.82), of blood and blood-forming organ diseases to nitrogen oxide (r = 0.58-0.79), and of nervous and sensory diseases to sulphur dioxide (r = 0.73-0.82). The study provided sanitary recommendations for environmental sanitation and health promotion in the areas of production of heavy oil and natural bitumens.