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Agglomeration of the bed materials is one of the significant problems in the biomass fluidized bed combustion, especially for agricultural waste with a very high content of sodium and potassium oxides in the ash, which can form fusible eutectic with silicon oxides. The study of the agglomeration conditions of the bed materials for four types of biomass was carried out. The influence of temperature on the proportion of formed agglomerates was established. It is shown that at concentrations of alkaline elements in the bed (more than 0.4 %) agglomeration occurs even at low temperatures of 750-800 o C. Replacement of sand (part of sand) with iron oxides leads to a sharp decrease in the proportion of formed agglomerates even under conditions of potassium and sodium concentration of more than 1 %. The microstructure and chemical composition of agglomerated particles were studied using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive microanalysis system. New data on the structure of the surface layer of agglomerated particles are obtained.

The results of experiments on primary fragmentation of wood biomass particles during fast pyrolysis in an inert medium at different temperatures are presented. Growth of temperature and initial size in the range t = 800 – 950°C increases the probability and intensity of fragmentation in the process of rapid pyrolysis of wood particles. Oblong particles are more prone to fragmentation than quasi-circular (cubic) particles with the same equivalent diameter. The critical diameter of fragmentation for spruce wood particles at a process temperature of 950 °C is dv0 =18-19 mm at the ratio of longitudinal and transverse size h/a =1 and is in the range of 7-9 mm at h/a =8. Study of microstructure and chemical composition of coke particles (fragmentes) by microscope with SEM analysis showed existence of thin outer layer (0-15 μm) on the particle faces, containing increased quantity of mineral components. Microspheres with a size of 13-23 μm and increased content of sulfur were detected on the particle faces, resulting at 950°C. Coinciding of maximum and minimum of chlorine, sodium and potassium content in the outer layer denotes on existence of sodium and potassium chlorides on the surface of coke particles. Results of experimental studies of physical and chemical processes occurring between the fuel ash and the bed materials under prolonged temperature exposure were obtained. The aim of these studies was to determine the time and proportion of agglomerated (sintered) particles of several types of biomass depending on the bed temperature. The experiments were carried out in a furnace on biomass ash, sand and mixture of sand and ash. First experiments showed a clear dependence of the temperature of agglomeration beginning on the potassium concentration in the bed and gave the boundary values of the concentrations and temperatures in the bed.

Addition of an amphipathic bee venom peptide, melittin, to sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles isolated from rabbit skeletal muscles resulted in a fast (1 min) blue shift in the fluorescence maximum of the melittin--SR membrane complex. Over the following 45 min the position of the fluorescence maximum did not change, but the fluorescence intensity of the melittin--SR membrane complex decreased by approximately 35% with rate constant 0.14 min-1. Melittin rapidly quenched the isotropic signal in the EPR spectrum of spin-labeled stearic acid added to SR membranes. Further changes in the spectral parameters of the spin probe bound to SR membranes in the presence of melittin indicated an increase of the viscosity of the probe microenvironment (empiric parameter T/eta was decreased by approximately 35% with rate constant 0.11 min-1). The surface potential of SR membranes measured using a pH-sensitive dye, neutral red, decreased after melittin addition from -60 to -30 mV. It was demonstrated with the use of a cross-linking agent, cupric o-phenanthroline, that melittin induced slow aggregation of Ca-ATPase protein in SR membranes; the content of enzyme in the monomeric form decreased with rate constant 0.14 min-1. It is concluded that melittin binds rapidly to SR membranes, inducing slow changes in Ca-ATPase conformation and oligomeric state as well as structural transitions in the lipid bilayer of SR membranes.

Important conditions for improving the productiveness of the overall activity of the soviets, for monitoring the observance of laws, government resolutions, for the soviets' own decisions, and for consolidating links with the masses are the observance by each and every soviet of people's deputies of party decisions aimed at strengthening the leadership of the bodies of people's control, the full and proper use of their powers to this effect, and the elimination of flaws and formalism in their work.

1. The solid phases Cu(OH)2, CuO2 · H2O, · and CuO2 · H2O2 · H2O, found in a study of the ternary system, and also CuO2 that was synthesized were examined by thermal analysis and active oxygen liberation curves were plotted. 2. The sequence of the processes in the thermal decomposition of all the compounds given was studied. 3. Anhydrous CuO2 is most stable and decomposes at 110–120° to form CuO and O2. 4. The formation of CuO2 by dehydration of CuO2 · H2O2 · H2O was confirmed by thermal analysis data and Debye-Scherrer x-ray diffraction patterns. 5. The compounds CuO2 · H2O and CuO2 · H2O2 · H2O should be regarded as hydroperoxides of the type Cu(OOH) (OH) and Cu(OOH) (OH) · H2O2.

1. The system Cu(OH)2-H2O2-H2O has been studied by a solubility method at temperatures of -36°, -20°, 0° and 20°. 2. In addition to the peroxidic compound of copper formerly known, CuO2 · H2O, the existence of a new compound with a higher content of active oxygen, CuO2 · H2O2 · H2O has been established, this being formed at higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide in the liquid phase. 3. A polythermal diagram constructed for the temperature range -36° to +20°, giving the limits of equilibrium existence of the solid phases ice, cupric hydroxide, CuO2 · H2O, and CuO2 · H2O2 · H2O, has been obtained. 4. The solid phases of peroxide type obtained have been submitted to additional thermal studies. The compound CuO2· H2O2 · H2O has served as a basis for the synthesis of anhydrous cupric peroxide, CuO2.