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Hemorrhoidal disease is one ofthe most common pathologies ofthe anorectal region, its specific weight in the structure of diseases ofthe colon is about 40%. Hemorrhoids are a socially significant disease, most often found in the able-bodied population. The reason for the development of hemorrhoids, on the one hand, is a violation of blood circulation in the cavernous corpuscles, due to which they increase and nodes form, and on the other hand, dystrophic changes in the ligamentous apparatus of hemorrhoids, in connection with which they gradually shift down and begin to fall out of the anal canal. One of the factors provoking the development of hemorrhoidal disease may be the presence of dissinergia of the pelvic floor muscles, which, in accordance with the Roman criteria IV, is part of the functional constipation syndrome. Not only dissinergia, but also high basal pressure in the anal canal (increased tone of the internal anal sphincter) can lead to stool retention. High rates of basal anal pressure can occur as a result of damage to the mucous membrane of the anal canal during straining, which leads to reflex spasm of the anal sphincter (anal continuity reflex). Thus, a vicious circle can form and thereby exacerbate constipation and the course of hemorrhoidal disease. Also, the relationship between dysenergic defecation and hemorrhoidal disease can be justified by the fact that physiotherapy aimed at correcting the work of the pelvic floor muscles contributes to better control over the manifestations of hemorrhoidal disease in complex therapy. The return of symptoms or, in other words, the recurrence of the disease in patients after surgery for hemorrhoids more often occurs with concomitant constipation. In accordance with clinical recommendations for the treatment of hemorrhoids, the use of an adequate amount of fluid and the intake of dietary fiber (fiber preparations) is indicated to normalize the activity of the gastrointestinal tract and eliminate constipation as part of complex therapy. If it is impossible to take dietary fiber, laxatives come to the fore of constipation therapy. This article presents clinical examples of the efficacy and safety of using sodium picosulfate.

Nowadays, there is a problem of a lack of computer power to conduct high-precision reactor analysis. There are several factors that increase the excessive computational load and make it difficult to calculate nuclear reactor full-scale models using Monte Carlo method. Among them is the large neutron-flux attenuation, which is observed in deep penetration problems. Various reduction techniques are used to increase the efficiency of Monte Carlo calculations in such tasks. It allows to reduce the statistical uncertainty of the functional evaluation without increasing the number of neutron histories. This work is devoted to study and testing of variance reduction techniques in the deep penetration problem. To demonstrate the possibility of using non-analogue Monte Carlo modeling a test problem was formulated. To quantify the efficacy of applying the variance reduction methods, FOM characteristic is considered, which is a function of the relative error in a flux estimate and the computational time of the simulation. The article considers non-analogue techniques implemented in the MCU (Monte Carlo Univarsal) and OpenMC codes. As part of the study, a module of the OpenMC code was developed that allows to automatically generate weight windows. It is shown that variance reduction techniques increase the calculation efficiency by several times, particularly, the weight windows method in OpenMC make it possible to achieve a 7-fold increase in the efficiency of neutron flux estimation with the same number of simulated histories. The formulated recommendations can be used in the calculation of innovative nuclear reactors full-scale models.

Electroencephalography (EEG) remain the key method to assess the functional state of the brain. In outpatient practice one of the most widespread EEG types is short-term or 'routine EEG', that means the registration of cerebral activity up to 30 minutes with carrying out of activation tests. The previously published 'Survey among Russian doctors on routine electroencephalography' has shown huge variability of methodology of routine EEG and caused a vibrant discussion. Thus, in the letter to editor 'Crisis of quantitative electroencephalography' by L. B. Ivanov, critical opinion was expressed about the requirement of such surveys, about the reference parameters of activation tests, and about insufficient education of functional diagnostic doctors, especially in the sphere of using quantitative EEG for diagnostics of psychiatric pathology.The manuscript presents new arguments regarding the expediency of a clear definition of the EEG terms and conditions and importance to develop official methodological guidelines for various EEG types in accordance with clinical guidelines.

Influenza is one of the most urgent global health problems today. The influenza virus has immunosuppressive properties, which can lead to the development of secondary immunodeficiencies, interfering with the functioning of the interferon system activation, thus leading to impaired production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. IL-1 is the most important player in development of antiviral immunity. This cytokine plays an important role in boosting the expression of the MCP-1 and MCP-3 genes and maturation of macrophages and dendritic cells. Induction of IL-1 production occurs due to interaction of the ligand with Toll-like receptors. Currently, there is a lot of drugs aimed at the prevention and treatment of influenza infection. However, their use in some cases is difficult due to high mutational variability of the influenza virus, thus making it resistant to these drugs. Therefore, the issue of developing and creating effective methods to combat such infections is of particular importance. A promising approach to the treatment and prevention of viral respiratory infections may be connected with RNA interference. This process consists of degradation of foreign mRNA by small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules. The aim of the present study was to evaluate expression of the IL-1 gene upon transfection of miRNA complexes directed to the cellular FLT4, Nup98, Nup205 genes. Evaluation of changed viral reproduction was carried out using titration by CPE virus-containing fluid. Expression level of the IL-1 gene was determined by means of real-time RT-PCR. Assessment of the changes in viral reproduction allowed us to reveal that the use of all the miRNA complexes directed to the cellular genes lead to a significant decrease in viral reproduction on the 1st day after infection. Usage of Nup205 + FLT4 and FLT4 + Nup205 + Nup98 complexes proved to cause a decrease in viral reproduction on the second day as well (p 0.05), as compared with nonspecific and viral controls. When analyzing expression profile of the IL-1 gene, an increase in its expression was observed on the 1st day for all miRNA complexes and on the 2nd and 3rd days for the Nup98 + FLT4 and Nup205 + Nup98 complexes. In the course of the study, it was found that suppression of the cellular genes FLT4, Nup98 and Nup205 activities, which are necessary for viral reproduction, led to a significant decrease in viral activity and an increase in IL-1 expression.

This paper analyzes the methods and technologies for assessing the method of formation, composition, characteristics and features of corium, which is a mixture of nuclear and structural materials of the nuclear reactor core, formed as a result of an accident accompanied by partial or complete core melting. The study is based on data from the study of corium formed as a result of the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, which are in the public domain and are the result of the work of many scientific organizations around the world. Corium research is one of the main issues in the framework of improving nuclear safety in the future and is one of the objectives of the successful procedure for eliminating the consequences of the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. Without a detailed analysis of the neutronic, materials science, gravimetric and other characteristics of the corium, as well as the creation of a complex model of the corium that combines these data, it is impossible to organize an efficient and safe process for removing nuclear materials from the damaged units of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. The objective of this work is to combine the existing research results into a data set that allows modeling of the corium using neutronic calculation codes and includes such data as the size, density and morphology of corium samples and their approximate nuclide composition. Such modeling allows not only to perform tasks related to increasing the level of safety in the implementation of the procedure for eliminating the consequences of the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, but also to serve as an international benchmark for modeling a mixture containing nuclear materials.

Introduction. Sphincterotomy is a pathogenetically justified method of surgical treatment of chronic anal fissures with spasm of the sphincter, but the risk of anal incontinence can reach 44%. Therefore, other methods are being sought to eliminate spasm of the sphincter, and the greatest interest is the medical relaxation of the internal sphincter.Aim. To determine the efficacy and limitations of the use combined preparation in the form of a gel of 0.3% nifedipine and 2.0% lidocaine for the treatment of chronic anal fissure.Materials and methods. All patients included in the study were recommended to apply gel 2 times a day with an interval of 12 hours on the skin of the anus and inside the anal canal. In total, the results of treatment of 40 patients were analyzed.Results. Before the start of treatment, the average pain during defecation was 5 (4.5; 7), on the third day of treatment – 4 (4; 5), and on the 10th day – 2 (2; 3). By day 10, 80% (32) of patients refused to take painkillers. On day 21, complete epithelialization was observed in 31 (77.5%) patients. The average healing time of anal fissures was 17 ± 3 days. In patients with complete epithelization of anal fissures, according to the results of EMG on the 21st day of therapy, spontaneous wave activity was absent. In 9 patients, despite the reduction of pain, sphincter spasm persisted after therapy and cracks in the anal canal did not heal.Discussion. When analyzing the reasons that led to the ineffectiveness of the use of gel, it was revealed that in all cases, according to ultrasound studies, there were fibrous changes in the internal anal sphincter.Conclusion. Summarizing the above-mentioned, we can state that the use of a fixed-dose combination of 0.3% nifedipine and 2.0% lidocaine is effective for the treatment of chronic anal fissure with sphincter spasm.

Aim: to improve the results of treatment of patients with hemorrhoidal disease of the 2nd and 3rd stages by using a diode laser with a wavelength of 1940 nm.Materials and methods. The study included 28 patients with hemorrhoids of the second or third stage. A new treatment method based on the use of a diode laser with a wavelength of 1940 nm was applied to all patients. This technique (laser hemorrhoidoplasty) provides for the thermal effect of laser radiation on the cavernous tissue of the internal hemorrhoid node and the terminal branches of the upper rectal artery. The intensity of postoperative pain syndrome was assessed and the clinical symptoms of hemorrhoidal disease manifestations were studied before and after surgery. To study the effectiveness of the proposed method and to assess the depth of thermal exposure to laser radiation, transrectal ultrasound with Dopplerography and pathomorphological examination were performed. The functional state of the rectal locking apparatus before surgery and in the postoperative period was assessed using sphincterometry. The quality of life of patients who underwent laser hemorrhoidoplasty was studied according to the SF 36 questionnaire.Results. Surgical intervention was performed under both local and spinal anesthesia. Intraoperative complications in the form of hemorrhoidal node bleeding were noted in 3 patients. In the early postoperative period, inflammatory edema of external hemorrhoids was diagnosed in 4 patients. The intensity of the pain syndrome was assessed on the VAS scale and by day 7 in 93 % of patients it did not exceed 1 point. All 28 patients were followed up within 1 to 6 months after the operation. All had no complaints characteristic of hemorrhoidal disease, no relapse of the disease was detected in any observation. Transrectal ultrasound with Dopplerography was performed, which made it possible to diagnose a 2–3-fold decrease in blood flow along the terminal branches of the upper rectal artery, and internal hemorrhoids determined earlier, before surgery, were not visualized already 1 month after surgery. According to sphincterometry, no violations of anal retention function were detected in all 28 patients.Conclusion. Surgical treatment of hemorrhoids of the 2nd and 3rd stages with the use of a diode laser with a wavelength of 1940 nm. with proper technical performance and the choice of optimal energy, it allows to achieve a good clinical effect. The proposed method of intervention ensures the absence of a pronounced pain syndrome, which does not lead to a significant decrease in the quality of life already in the early postoperative period and allows to shorten the period of labor rehabilitation. Laser hemorrhoidoplasty is a highly effective method of treating hemorrhoids at stages 2 and 3 of the disease and opens up the possibility of treatment on an outpatient basis.

The paper analyses L. A. Khodyakova’s contribution to methodology and emphasises the fundamental role of the principle of co-studying language and culture within the framework of cultural approach to teaching Russian and developing students’ speech. The study focuses on the ways to implement the above-mentioned principle in school practice proposed by L. A. Khodyakova as well as on the methods of linguistic and cultural text analysis and analytical-synthetic conversation. A lesson plan built on an excerpt from the novel «War and Peace» by L. N. Tolstoy and in compliance with L. A. Khodyakova’s recommendations is given as an illustration.

In the present article the author notes that the achievements of modern science in the field of biomedicine, in addition to ethical and moral issues, also raise the problem of determining the limits of state intervention in the regulation of the use of genomic and assisted reproductive technologies. This problem, to a certain extent, continues the discussion regarding the effect of public-law principles in the sphere of civil legislation.In this connection, the question arises about the right of the state to interfere in the decision-making process of parents regarding the birth of children through the use of appropriate technologies, to establish age and other restrictions on persons who resort to these technologies, to determine the specifics of parental legal relations for such persons, etc., that is, to a large extent intrude on the private sphere of the citizen, the sphere that constitutes the privacy of his life.The presented analysis of legislation and judicial practice shows that all states are currently in search of a fair balance between private and public interests in an area that has traditionally been governed exclusively by the private will of the person, in the sphere of the exercise of his or her reproductive right. That is why it is so difficult for society to perceive various interventions of public authorities, that is why it is so important that society does not perceive them as unfair.As a result, the author concludes that as a priority the interests of the weak party in the relationship arising from the use of genomic and assisted reproductive technologies should be considered and protected — the interests of the child born with such technologies, while not allowing violation of the rights to life and health of others involved in such relationships, unreasonable invasion of their privacy.

Whey containing more than 50% of milk solids can be attributed to an insufficiently demanded raw material of the dairy industry. The restriction of its usage for food purposes is the high residual antigenicity of whey proteins. This work aimed to justify the possibility of using milk-containing products with whey protein hydrolysate, characterized by reduced residual antigenicity, in healthy and dietary diets. Experimental work was carried out at the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Dairy Industry, the Animal-Derived Food Technology department and the Core Facilities Centre "Control and Management of Energy-efficient Projects" at the FSBEI HE VSUET. Compositions were developed for a sports nutrition drink made from whey protein hydrolysate with the addition of fructose, and a milk-containing drink with the replacement of 30% skimmed milk necessary for standardization with whey protein hydrolysate. The chemical composition, physical, chemical and microbiological properties of the finished products were established. The reduction of the true protein content was proven to 1.33% for a sports nutrition drink and to 1.69% for a milk-containing drink. Peptides and proteins in the finished products have a molecular weight of less than 10 kDa, which indicates a decrease in their potential antigenicity. The developed beverages are characterized by a high content of biologically active peptides, macro- and microelements, as well as vitamins. Their quality and safety indicators meet the requirements of the TR CU 033/2013. These products can be used as part of dietary diets for people who are allergic to cow's milk proteins. The organization of their production will contribute to import substitution in the segment of low-allergenic dairy products.

The research aimed to justify the production of quark from a normalized mixture with whey protein hydrolysate using Advanced Technology (АТ) and acid coagulation to reduce the allergenicity of the finished product. The whey protein hydrolysate obtained with the help of the enzymes Promod 439L and Flavorpro 766MDP was proposed as a component of normalization and consistency stabilizer because it characterized by reduced allergenicity and a high content of biologically active peptides. The chemical composition of the finished product and its microbiological properties as well as microstructure were determined using standard arbitration and generally accepted research practices. It was found that the replacement of 30% of skimmed milk in the normalized mixture with whey protein hydrolysate has a positive effect on the consistency of the finished product and allows to reduce allergenicity at 50%. The excessive content of hydrophilic whey proteins, as well as peptides, contributes to the formation of consistency and moisture retention inside the dispersed system without syneresis. The experimental sample characterized by high concentration of living cells of starter microorganisms (more than 109CFU/gr) and high survival rate of the starter microflora during the storage (more than 4 times in comparison with the control sample). The additional proteolytic breakdown of milk proteins during the fermentation leads to the reduction of the antigenicity of proteins. The developed curd product can be recommended as part of dietary and general diets as biologically complete product with reduced allergenicity. This approach provides a closed cycle for processing raw materials at dairy enterprises.

The aim of the work was to assess how accurately specialists, performing EEG, apply the recommendations in their daily practice.Materials and Methods. An anonymous survey was conducted of 210 specialists in functional diagnostics and neurologists performing routine electroencephalography. The survey consisted of nine mandatory single-choice questions.Results. Only 9 respondents out of 210 (4.3%) perform routine EEG completely in accordance with the Recommendations of the Expert Council of Neurophysiology of the Russian Anti-Epileptic League on performing the routine EEG.' Of these, only three specialists (1.4% of the total number of respondents) answered that a functional diagnostics doctor is present throughout the entire examination.Conclusion: Despite the wide distribution and extensive experience in the use of EEG, there is no uniform practice of its implementation by doctors in the Russian Federation. Standardization of the methodology of its performance will increase confidence in EEG results among doctors of clinical specialties, increase the degree of inter-expert agreement among functional diagnostics physicians, and improve the quality of diagnosis of central nervous system diseases. To do this, it is necessary to develop webinar and educational programs on the methodology of EEG under the auspices of professional associations of doctors of functional diagnostics, neurophysiologists, neurologists.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is the primary method for functional assessment of the brain bioelectrical activity. It is the most effective for epilepsy diagnosing, and also used for localization of the epileptogenic zone in presurgical evaluation for pharmaco-resistant epilepsy and in critical care medicine. In practice, the most common type is a 'routine' EEG, the informative value of which depends largely on the accuracy of its performance. The paper briefly outlines the rules for performing a routine EEG and lists the most common mistakes that can affect its interpretation.

Modern electrodiagnostics (ED) and ultrasound examination of the neuromuscular system dictates the need to use unified terminology in order to avoid inter-expert variability in describing the results of the study and drawing up a conclusion in accordance with international criteria. The results of a survey of clinical electromyography specialists and the methodology of translation of the latest version of the English-language glossary on electrodiagnostic medicine are presented.The purpose of the publication is to popularize the use of modern nomenclature among the professional community. An anonymous survey was conducted on the use of the most common terms ED. The translation of the latest English-language version of the glossary on ED and ultrasound examination of the neuromuscular system was carried out, followed by editing and discussion by an expert group. 236 people from 68 cities of Russia and neighboring countries took part in the survey. The survey results demonstrated maximum disunity, as well as conservatism in the use of terms. The nomenclature of ED terms was first compiled in 1980 by the American Association of Electromyography and Electrodiagnostics and subsequently regularly revised and supplemented in accordance with new data. The unification of terms is necessary for the standardization of conclusions, multicenter research and scientific publications.

Background Patients with celiac disease present with not only gastrointestinal symptoms but also extraintestinal manifestations such as anemia, osteopathy, dermatitis herpetiformis, and celiac neuropathy. Despite a fairly wide range of celiac neuropathies, we report a case of the acrodystrophic variant of celiac polyneuropathy, which has not been previously described. Case presentation A 41-year-old Ukrainian male suffered from symmetric, sensorimotor axonal polyneuropathy and encephalopathy associated with celiac disease, which is characterized by severe trophic disorders in the lower extremities (trophic ulcers, hyperkeratosis, and anhidrosis). Acrodystrophic changes in the lower extremities were due to both neurogenic and direct immunoinflammatory damaging effects. Clinical–electrophysiological dissociation was also noted, which was represented by a gross axonal lesion with the preservation of muscle strength. The absence of enteropathic manifestations was accompanied by the pronounced histological changes in the duodenal mucosa by IIIb stage of Marsh. A gluten-free diet in combination with membrane plasma exchange and intravenous pulse methylprednisolone was prescribed to reduce the severity of sensory disorders and regression of encephalopathy within 7 months. Conclusion Celiac disease may be a potential cause of neuropathy and encephalopathy in adult patients. Further immunosuppressive treatment protocols for both intestinal and extraintestinal manifestations of celiac disease are required.

Background. Electroencephalography is the main technique for assessing the functional state of the brain. Indications for EEG are diagnosis of paroxysmal states, prediction of the outcome of a pathological state, evaluation of bioelectrical activity if brain death is suspected. Up to 90 % of the native EEG in calm wakefulness in healthy individuals is occupied by “alpha activity”. In children in active wakefulness, the EEG pattern depends to a great extent on their age.Objective. The aim of the work was to assess EEG parameters in children aged 3–4 years in eyes-open resting state. Design and methods. 31 healthy participants aged 3–4 years were enrolled. EEG was registered for 30 minutes in a state of passive wakefulness in the supine position with open eyes. Average values of the power of the spectra for the alpha-rhythm, delta-rhythm and theta-rhythm in the frontal and temporal leads, as well as the ratio of the average power of alpha/theta and alpha/delta rhythms in the frontal and temporal leads were calculated.Results. Average power of the alpha-rhythm was significantly higher over the right frontal lobe than over the right frontal-temporal area, as well as average amplitude of it was significantly higher in F3-A1 than F7-A1, F4-A2 than F8-A2, which is associated with the articulatory praxis. Average alpha-rhythm power was significantly higher in T5-A1 than T3-A1 and T6-A2 than T4-A2, which corresponds to the recognition and naming of objects optically. Significant differences according to the total average power of the alpha- and theta-rhythms above the frontal and frontal-temporal regions reflect the relationship between the frontal cortex temporal lobes and the premotor zones, i.e. arcuate bundle, responsible for the “speech system”.Conclusion. The identified patterns can reflect the characteristics of the state of active wakefulness in a 3–4-year-old child and can be used for comparison in the future (both in the course of behavioral experiments and observation of patients with certain pathological processes).

An anal fissure is a longitudinal tear defect in the skin of the anal canal distal to the dentate line. Anal fissure is a socially significant disease that worsens the quality of life of patients. The spasm of the internal sphincter is a guiding pathogenetic mechanism in the development of chronic anal fissures. It leads to circulatory disorder in the anoderm and non-healing wounds. Treatment of chronic anal fissure, as a rule, is based on a decrease in the tone of the internal anal sphincter and in the modern arsenal of coloproctologists there are both surgical and pharmacological ways to eliminate spasm. Lateral internal sphincterotomy is still the gold standard for the definitive treatment of anal fissure, but anal incontinence is a serious complication of the procedure. This article presents an overview of the available modern means for drug relaxation of the internal anal sphincter and the authors' experience in using the first fixed-dose combination of 0.3% nifedipine and 2.0% lidocaine topical gel authorized for use in Russia in patients with the chief complaint of pain during and after a bowel movement that requires the use of analgesics. A spontaneous wave activity in the resting phase, which indicated the presence of anal sphincter spasm, was recorded in all patients. According to our observation, the complete healing of the anal fissure and the anal sphincter relaxation was instrumentally confirmed in 70% of patients.

Poly(urethane-imide) copolymers (PUICs) containing reactive carboxyl groups in hard imide segment were synthesized from poly(propylene glycol) with isocyanate end groups, 1,3-bis(3′,4′-dicarboxyphenoxy)benzene dianhydride, aromatic diamines 4,4′-bis(4″-aminophenoxy)diphenyl sulfone or 4,4′-bis-(4″-aminophenoxy)biphenyl, and 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid. The PUICs were covalently cross-linked using reactions of carboxyl groups with aromatic diisocyanates and 1,2,5,6-diepoxycyclooctane. The polymers obtained were studied by thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical analysis. It was shown that the structure of the cross-linking agents influences the properties of cross-linked PUICs. Changes in the mechanical loss factor (tg δ) were analyzed vs. chemical structure of the PUICs. The maximum tg δ values of the copolymers studied are in the range of 0.3–0.4, which suggests good damping capacity of these systems.

The morphological and physiological biochemical features of calcephytes Hedysarum grandiflorum Pall. and Hedysarum gmelinii Ledeb are investigated. The H. gmelinii plants are grown on a more moisturized and saline soil substrate. The leaf parameters of H. grandiflorum plants are characterized by a greater thickness and area and contained significantly more water compared to the leaves of H. gmelinii. The leaf mass per unit area of H. gmelinii is 1.5 times higher than that of H. grandiflorum. The pigment foundation of H. grandiflorum is more enriched with chlorophylls. The level of lipid peroxidation in H. grandiflorum plant cells is less than half of that of H. gmelinii. The activity of enzymes catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenolxidase, on the contrary, is higher in H. grandiflorum. In addition, H. grandiflorum leaf lipids are distinguished by a greater saturation of fatty acids (SFA) (46.0% of the amount of FA) than H. gmelinii (31.5%), but the concentration of α‑linolenic acid in the leaves of H. gmelinii is 1.5 times higher than H. grandiflorum. It is concluded that the existence of calciphyte plants in particular soil–climatic conditions imposes specific morphological, physiological, and biochemical features, even among closely related species such as H. grandiflorum and H. gmelinii.

Interrelation between the morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and productivity of potato plants was shown for the first time using the example of a mid-season-ripening variety (v.) Siversky and a mid-early Tretyakovka v. The yield of Siversky v. turned out to be 1.6 times higher than the yield of Tretyakovka. Aboveground biomass of Siversky v. was distinguished by an increased content of photosynthetic pigments, a greater variability of the protein and lipid metabolism indicators, and more intense oxidation processes and antioxidant protection, which can be the key to its greater productivity. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that the greatest relationship in the climatic conditions of central Russia in 2020 was found for productivity and such indicators as the stomata number per unit leaf area, the number of stems, and the content of pigments, phospholipids, neutral lipids, and water-soluble part of the protein. Thus, both morphological and physiological–biochemical properties can influence the course and direction of the production process, and, hence, the yield of a certain variety.

Whey proteins has the highest biological value among all proteins, but the main disadvantage of their use in food technologies is the presence of antigenic epitopes in the molecules that can cause allergic reactions in the human body. The most efficient way to reduce the allergenicity of whey proteins is their enzymatic hydrolysis, which leads to the destruction of antigenic sites and the release of biologically active peptides, including those with antioxidant effects. The purpose of the research is the determination of the whey proteins hydrolysis efficiency in an ultrafiltration concentrate (UF-concentrate) of cheese whey to reduce its allergenicity, as well as to establish the antioxidant activity of the obtained hydrolysate. The experimental studies were carried out at the Core Facilities Centre "Structural and Functional Research of Proteins and RNA" at the FSBSI "Institute of Protein of the Russian Academy of Sciences", as well as "Control and Management of Energy-efficient Projects" at FSBEI HE VSUET. Evaluation of the effectiveness of exposure to whey proteins in the UF-concentrate of cheese whey was carried out by the molecular weight distribution, length and charge of hydrolysis products. ?-lactoglobulin’s derivatives containing from 5 to 17 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 561 to 1943 Da were found in the finishing hydrolysate. At the same time, hydrolysis made it possible to increase the mass fraction of short-chain peptides, including those with antioxidant properties. As a result of the whey proteins proteolysis in the UF-concentrate of cheese whey, its antioxidant activity increased by 2 times. The degree of hydrolysis of the main allergenic protein, ?-lactoglobulin, was 90-91%. The obtained hydrolysate of whey proteins can be recommended for use in the technology of various assortment groups of dairy products for dietary food with reduced allergenicity and antioxidant effect.

The purpose of the research is to substantiate the choice of enzyme preparations Promod 523MDP, Promod 439L, Flavorpro 766MDP, and Flavorpro 750MDP (Biocatalysts Limited, UK) and to determine the effective time of whey proteins hydrolysis in an ultrafiltration concentrate (UF-concentrate) of cheese whey for reducing their allergenicity based on the analysis of kinetic constants of the proteolysis reaction. Experimental studies were carried out with samples of cheese whey UF-concentrate with a total protein mass fraction at least 3.0% obtained with the use of industrial ultrafiltration unit MMS Swissflow UF with ceramic membranes under the conditions of the PSC Dairy Plant “Voronezhskii”. They were preliminarily subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis for 8 hours at a constant temperature, based on the dosage data, the optimum pH and the temperature of the used enzymes, recommended by the manufacturer. The specificity constant Vmax/Km was used to estimate the effectiveness of the enzyme preparations, which characterizes the constants of all stages of the hydrolysis reaction. The highest proteolysis rate has a mixture of Promod 439L and Flavorpro 766MDP in the ratio of 1.5 and 3.0%, respectively, of the total protein content in the substrate. Microscopy results showed an increasing in the solubility of nitrogen-containing components after hydrolysis due to a decreasing in hydrophobic areas on the surface of peptides. The resulting hydrolysate can be applied in the technology of a wide range of dairy products to reduce their residual antigenicity by partially replacing skim milk in the formulation.

The relationship is studied between the physiological and biochemical characteristics of different ecological halophyte groups and their adaptive strategies (determined by the type of adaptation to soil salinity, type of photosynthesis, and life form). It is found that the key parameters that determine the formation of different adaptation strategies of halophytes are the rate of CO2 gas exchange, content of chlorophylls a + b, and cell membrane permeability. At the same time, different adaptation strategies of halophytes significantly differ in the pattern and range of variation in their physiological and biochemical characteristics, which indicates different manifestations of adaptation mechanisms and deeper ecological differentiation of individual halophyte species and groups.

Introduction: the paper deals with the problem of civil rights protection when using genomic technologies in the field of artificial human reproduction. Breakthrough advances in medical and biological science set the state an important task of developing an effective system of legal guarantees aimed at ensuring a fair balance of interests of the parties to the relevant relationship and third parties, protecting the rights and interests of an individual, preventing human biotechnological engineering for the purposes of eugenic practice, etc. According to the author, special attention should be paid to the problem of protecting the rights of the child when using genomic technologies, including preimplantation genetic testing. Purpose: to solve the problem of developing the conceptual foundations of civil rights protection under civil law when using genomic technologies in the field of artificial human reproduction, which involves researching the grounds and peculiarities of applying methods of civil rights protection when using genomic technologies, in particular the technology of preimplantation genetic testing, which will make it possible to productively use these constructions; to create a uniform law enforcement practice in this area. Methods: general scientific, interdisciplinary methods common to the science of civil law and biomedicine (e.g. mathematical method, logical method) and methods specific to each of these sciences; logical, comparative legal, formal legal methods. Results: the author has studied the following: the available Russian and foreign regulatory framework and doctrinal sources on the protection of civil rights, especially the rights of the child, in the field of genomic technologies application; the implementation of the methods of protecting civil rights when using genomic technologies and, in particular, protecting the rights of the child, with attention focused on the specific features of the parties involved in legal relations in this area; the peculiarities of the legal nature of civil liability in the considered category of disputes. Conclusions: the paper provides conclusions reflecting the author's conceptual view of the problem of civil rights protection under civil law when using genomic technologies, in particular, the technology of preimplantation genetic testing. There were determined the directions for improving legislation in relation to persons born as a result of artificial reproduction with the use of genomic technologies; the limits of genomic technologies application in the field of reprogenetics and the conditions of liability in case of their violation were justified.

Background. Population ageing is ongoing in the Russian Federation. Demographic changes may influence the age structure and dynamics of epidemiological rates of chronic skin disorders, as well as the need of elderly patients in specialized medical care. Aims. To study the dynamics of number of cases, incidence and prevalence of psoriasis, and the dynamics of the number of hospital admissions for psoriasis among elderly population (males 60 years and older, females 55 years and older) in 20102019 in the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. Analysis of federal statistic surveillance data, psoriasis prevalence and incidence rates among different age groups of population. Results. In the Russian Federation there is an increase in absolute number of cases, prevalence and incidence rates of psoriasis among elderly population. There is an increase in the number of hospital admissions due to psoriasis among patients with psoriasis of this age. Conclusions. An increase of the number and proportion of cases of psoriasis among elderly population is due to both, an increase of prevalence and incidence rates in this age group and population ageing. There is a high need in specialized medical care among elderly population with psoriasis.

INTRODUCTION . Beta-catenin is a structural protein of adhering junction and intercalated discs of cardiomyocytes as well as the main intracellular messenger of the canonical WNT (cWNT) signaling pathway. The dysregulation of the cWNT signaling and the rearrangement of the cardiomyocyte cytoskeleton accompany the cardiovascular disorders in chronic kidney disease (CKD). THE AIM : to investigate the expression and distribution of β-catenin, calcineurin A, and TGF-β1 in the myocardium of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with CKD, sham operated SHR and Wistar Kyoto rats of the corresponding age. MATERIAL AND METHODS . Systolic blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), myocardial mass index (MMI), creatinine concentration (Cr), myocardial beta-catenin expression and renal Klotho expression, morphological light-optical study of kidney and myocardium tissues was performed in sham operated (SO) Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY), spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and SHR with 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx). RESULTS . SHR rats showed higher values of BP, MMI, cardiomyocyte diameter, myocardial fibrosis area, and lower Klotho levels compared to WKY rats. Nx SHR had lower kidney function and renal Klotho expression, higher BP and MMI compared to SHR. An increase in the cardiomyocytes diameter and the area of myocardial fibrosis was accompanied by the overexpression of β-catenin, calcineurin A, and TGF-β1 in the myocardium. CONCLUSION . The upregulation of canonical Wnt signaling and cellular programs of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy mediated by Klotho deficiency can be involved in myocardial remodeling in chronic renal dysfunction.

Fifteen species of rare calciphyte plants growing in Samara Oblast were studied. The most variable of the studied quantitative parameters (acyl lipids, pigments, phenolic compounds) were lipids and phenolic compounds, in contrast to pigments and fatty acids.