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The article is devoted to the critical analysis of the criminal law institute of the judicial fine. Using statistical data and materials of judicial practice, the problems that arise in courts when solving private issues related to determining the size and timing of payment of a court fine are considered; difficulties arising from the formulation of the grounds for exemption from criminal liability with the appointment of a court fine; the nature and significance of a court fine are considered. It is suggested that through the institution of a judicial fine, the state seeks to replenish the budget, and the accused (suspect) — to avoid a criminal record. It is proposed to solve these problems through the promise of early removal of a criminal record in the case of voluntary and timely (advance) payment of a fine imposed as a criminal punishment

Abstract The capability of silver(I) cyclo-hexamethylenedithiocarbamate to concentrate gold(III) from solutions characterized by a high level of salinity (5.15 M NaCl) into the solid phase has been established. The double chloroform-solvated Au(III)–Ag(I) complex [Au{S2CN(CH2)6}2]2[AgCl2]Cl·2CHCl3 (I) was preparatively isolated as an individual form of binding of [AuCl4]– anions. The composition of the ionic structural units of compound I indicates that gold(III) binding from a solution to the solid phase is accompanied by the complete redistribution of the HmDtc ligands between the coordination spheres of Ag(I) and Au(III). Complex I characterized by IR spectroscopy, simultaneous thermal analysis, and X-ray structure analysis (CIF file CCDC no. 2051654) exhibits the supramolecular structure containing two oppositely charged pseudo-polymeric subsystems. Complex cations [Au{S2CN(CH2)6}2]+ and anions [AgCl2]– (in a ratio of 2 : 1) form a complicatedly organized cation-anionic pseudo-polymeric ribbon ({[Au(HmDtc)2]⋅⋅⋅[AgCl2]⋅⋅⋅[Au(HmDtc)2]}+)n due to secondary interactions Ag⋅⋅⋅S (3.2613 Å) and Au⋅⋅⋅Cl (3.2765 Å). The pseudo-polymeric ribbon consists of two rows of cations and a row of anions. The outer-sphere chloride ions combine the solvate chloroform molecules by two equivalent hydrogen bonds Cl⋅⋅⋅H–C yielding anion-molecular triads [Cl3CH⋅⋅⋅Cl⋅⋅⋅HCCl3]–, which are involved in the formation of the supramolecular ribbon due to the secondary Cl⋅⋅⋅Cl interactions (3.4058 Å) between the nonequivalent chlorine atoms of the nearest solvate molecules. The study of the thermal behavior of complex I makes it possible to determine the character of thermolysis and conditions for the quantitative regeneration of bound gold.

This article discusses the issues of medical rehabilitation of children with megaureter with concomitant neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Objective of the study: scientific substantiation of the use of selective chromotherapy in medical rehabilitation of children with megaureter with concomitant neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Materials and research methods: clinical observations and special studies were carried out in dynamics in 40 children, aged 1 to 7, with megaureter after ureteral surgery. Of these, 20 children made up the main group (received selective chromotherapy, blue spectrum); 20 children — the control group (without physiotherapy). Based on the studies carried out, a beneficial effect of medical rehabilitation with the inclusion of selective chromotherapy in children with megaureter and concomitant neurogenic bladder dysfunction was revealed. The inclusion of selective chromotherapy in the program of medical rehabilitation of children with megaureter contributed to a decrease in the activity of inflammation in the renal parenchyma (decrease in proteinuria, leukocyturia). Selective chromotherapy had a positive effect on the urodynamics of the lower urinary tract (reduction in the number of urgent urges and episodes of urinary incontinence, decreased frequency of urination, improved uroflowmetry indicators). The effectiveness of medical rehabilitation with the inclusion of selective chromotherapy was 80.0 %, while in the control group — 40.0 %.

Актуальность: В настоящее время крайне важно выявить предикторы развития компетентного эмбриона, которые определяют его имплантационный потенциал. Предикторы в данном случае – это прогностические параметры, оценка которых в совокупности и будет являться инструментом ранжирования и селекции эмбрионов человека. Для стандартизации описания развития культивируемых in vitro эмбрионов человека нами введено понятие «Морфодинамический профиль эмбриона человека». Оно включает в себя совокупность выявленных нами морфокинетических состояний, расположенных на временной шкале в соответствии с моментом их регистрации. Все временные отсечки (точки) даются в хронологическом порядке относительно момента оплодотворения. Цель исследования – реализовать информационную систему с использованием технологий искусственного интеллекта, позволяющую производить автоматическое формирование морфодинамического профиля эмбриона человека на основании таймлапс-съёмки процесса культивирования эмбриона человека до стадии бластоцисты. Материалы и методы: Сбор визуальной информации о доимплантационном развитии эмбрионов человека до стадии бластоцисты (0 – 6 сутки от инсеминации) производился с использованием инкубатора для лабораторий ЭКО «Эмбриовизор» с системой таймлапс (гиперлапс) видеофиксации (ООО «ВЕСТТРЭЙД ЛТД», Россия). Культивирование эмбрионов осуществляется индивидуально в специальных микролунках чашек WOW (Vitrolife, Швеция). Сбор, разметка и подготовка визуальной информации о культивируемых эмбрионах человека проведены в лаборатории вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий (ВРТ) Клинического госпиталя ИДК ЗАО «Медицинская компания ИДК» (группа компаний «Мать и дитя», Самара, Россия) и медицинском центре «Семья» (Уфа, Россия). Разметка морфодинамического профиля производилась с использованием программного обеспечения EmbryoVisor (специализированная версия). Графические данные и информация о разметке выгружены на кластер SberCloud. Свёрточная нейронная сеть для решения задачи мультиклассовой классификации реализована на суперкомпьютере Кристофари кластера SberCloud. Результаты: На основании имеющейся базы данных нами разработана система формирования морфодинамического профиля эмбриона человека с учетом расстановки маркеров фиксируемых морфокинетических состояний. Заключение: Возможность фиксации основных морфодинамических событий и их оценка позволяют более комплексно подходить к оценке развивающихся эмбрионов, проводить их ранжирование, отбирая на перенос наиболее перспективный к имплантации эмбрион.

—Acoustic transmission data obtained in the laboratory experiment are used to identify stages of hydraulic fracture initiation, growth, and filling with a fracturing fluid. The laboratory setup allows for performing experiments with porous saturated samples made of artificial materials, with a diameter of 430 mm and height 70 mm. The model material was a mixture of gypsum and cement; the sample was saturated with water solution of gypsum and loaded by vertical and two independent horizontal stresses. Fracture was created by constant-rate injection of a viscous fluid through a cased hole in the center of the sample. Hydraulic fracture (HF) was monitored using ultrasonic pulses transmitted through the sample. The comparison of amplitude variations of ultrasonic pulses and injection pressure indicates that HF crack propagation initiates at lower pressure than maximum; HF crack grows faster than is filled with a fluid; after the crack volume is filled up with a fluid, fracture aperture expands. Once the injection stops, the crack closes when pressure in the wellbore decreases due to fluid leakage into the sample. It is shown that if the principal compressive stresses reorient, a secondary hydraulic fracture can appear provided that the primary fracture is perpendicular and secondary parallel to the well axis.

To test the hypothesis that animals from habitats exposed to high anthropogenic pressure are more successful in adapting to captivity, immature narrow-skulled voles trapped in different zones of Karasuk Research Station (Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals) and beyond its boundaries were kept under laboratory conditions. Voles trapped in the immediate vicinity of service and living buildings rapidly gained weight, but their mortality rate was higher than in voles trapped at the periphery of the station or beyond its territory. The highest survival rate was observed among voles from the periphery of the station, which were especially shy and socially affiliative. Thus, narrow-skulled voles born and grown under high anthropogenic pressure proved to adapt to captivity more easily, but their survival rate was lower than in voles from habitats exposed to moderate or weak anthropogenic pressure.

ABSTRACT: The study presents an analysis of the back-stress effect on precise determination of in-situ stresses in a model samples in laboratory experiments on hydraulic fracturing. Main stage of this study included the determination of the fracture closure pressure using standard methods and comparing this pressure with the minimum loads applied to the sample. The comparison showed the inequality of these values. To eliminate the identified discrepancy, it was proposed to take into account the back-stress effect. This stress occurs due to an increase in pore pressure when fluid is filtrated into the reservoir from a hydraulic fracture. It affects the walls of the fracture, contributing to its closure. The second part of the study was devoted to analysis of back-stress effect impact on estimation of maximum horizontal stress. In this work, we evaluated the influence of this effect on the determination of the minimum and maximum stresses in the medium in laboratory experiments on hydraulic fracturing. Some assumptions about how to account for back-stress in the calculation of minimum stresses were considered. It was found that taking into account the back-stress when calculating the horizontal stresses significantly reduces the difference between the calculated values and experimental data. 1. INTRODUCTION The problem of boundary conditions estimation emerges often when dealing with reservoir geomechanics problems (Zoback, 2007). First of all, contrary to the classical problems of mathematical physics, determination of stress-strain state of rock masses cannot be carried out with boundary conditions postulated at real boundaries of the rock mass, as there are no distinct boundaries constraining the rock mass within a single domain (Mukhamediev, 2015). Information necessary for stress estimation can be obtained only at discrete points – from seismic events analysis or wellbore data. This paper is focused on the latter – the problem of using wellbore data to understand the in-situ stresses at rock mass via estimating stresses existing in the well vicinity.

Crystalline bismuth(III) dithiocarbamato-chlorido complexes [Bi{S2CN(C3H7)2}Cl2] (I) and [Bi{S2CN(iso-C4H9)2}2Cl] (II) were prepared and comparatively studied by (13C, 15N) CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (CIF files CCDC nos. 1971976 and 1971975, respectively). The dithiocarbamate ligands are typically coordinated in the S,S'-iso- (I) or aniso- (II) bidentate-terminal mode. In each of the compounds, neighboring molecules are connected through one or two μ2-Cl– ligands into zigzag-like polymer chains, in which the central atom has sixfold coordination: [BiS2Cl4] (I) or [BiS4Cl2] (II). The binding unit in the polymer chains of I is a four-membered [Bi–(μ-Cl)2–Bi] metallocycle in the butterfly conformation (the dihedral angle is 140.51(3)°). Therefore, stronger binding of heteroleptic molecules in polymer chains leads to a considerably shorter interatomic Bi–Bi distances in I (4.0904(4) A) than in II (4.8772(4) A). The thermal behavior of heteroleptic bismuth(III) complexes was studied by simultaneous thermal analysis with recording of TG and DSC curves. Although the major product of thermal transformations of I and II is Bi2S3, the microprobe method also identified the presence of reduced bismuth and BiCl3.

This work is a natural continuation of the authors’ research of flow phenomena in the direction of increasing the dimension of the network-like region of change in the spatial variable. The possibility of practical use of the stability analysis of the differential-difference scheme to solve the problem of stabilization of wave phenomena in the engineering of the process of transfer of continuous media through network-like carriers (pipelines, gas and oil pipelines, industrial carriers of gas and petroleum products) is shown. Namely, if the scheme is stable, then sufficiently small changes in the initial data of the mathematical model of the process under study entail small changes in the solution of the difference problem, i.e. in practice do not lead to undesirable consequences; if the scheme is unstable, then small changes in the initial data can lead to arbitrarily large changes in the solution. During the operation of the above-mentioned industrial structures, wave phenomena inevitably arise, the consequence of which are various kinds of instabilities, entailing destruction of one or another nature. The results obtained are used in the digitalization of modern technological processes for the movement of liquid media and gases.

A new silver(I) cyclohexamethylene dithiocarbamate has been isolated in the form of a hexanuclear solvated cluster [Ag6{S2CN(CH2)6}6]·2CH2Cl2. Structure of the obtained compound has been elucidated by IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and simultaneous thermal analysis methods. Each of the dithiocarbamate ligands performs a μ3-bridging function, asymmetrically linking three silver atoms. The molecules of the complex are additionally stabilized by argentophilic Ag-Ag bonds (3.0204 A) formed by each of the silver atoms with two nearest neighbors. The multistage thermal decomposition process of the resulting complex includes desolvation and thermolysis of a six-nuclear cluster with the formation of Ag2S and elemental silver as intermediate and final products, respectively.

The article describes modern technologies of medical rehabilitation in children with a hyperactive bladder (HAB) aimed at the perfection of a urinary act at any levels of bladder innervation. Medical rehabilitation of children with HAB includes behavioral therapy and drug therapy. Physiotherapeutic methods are popular due to the effect on the basic links of pathogenesis, lack of adverse effects and possibility of use in infants. The complex treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunction uses a wide spectrum of physiotherapeutic methods aimed at the regulation of urination acts at the level of supraspinal and spinal urination centers, system of detrusor stabilizing reflexes and improvement of blood supply and metabolic trophic processes in the detrusor. Natural and preformed methods of physiotherapy are currently used along with exercise therapy, massage and biofeedback therapy.

Chemisorption synthesis on the basis of the binuclear compound [Bi2{S2CN(C3H7)2}6] (I) and preparative isolation of the ion-polymeric heteronuclear gold(III)-bismuth(III) complex ([Au{S2CN(C3H7)2}2 ...

Application limitations caused by the jitter of a laser guide star used for the compensation of atmospheric phase distortions are considered for Earth-based adaptive optoelectronic systems for the observation of natural and artificial space objects. The spatial coherence radii (Fried parameter) for which a laser beam remains within the isoplanatic angle under the jitter effect during guide star formation are estimated using locally homogeneous and isotropic atmospheric turbulence models. Beam deflections in two mutually orthogonal directions are considered to be distributed normally, and the probability of the beam remaining within the isoplanatic angle is considered to be subject to the Rayleigh law. The angular divergence of the deflected beam is estimated for a short exposure with a duration less than the atmosphere freezing time for the far and near fields of the emitting laser aperture.

The interchangeability of coagulation methods for determining the activity of recombinant blood clotting factor rFVIIa was assessed. Single-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) and comparison of the metrological characteristics of the methods led to the conclusion that results obtained by reproducing the methods of the European Pharmacopoeia and Generium were comparable and interchangeable. One method could be used to confirm that a drug conformed to regulations established using another method. The Generium method was chosen for introduction into national pharmacopoeial practice because it was more economical.

The crystalline nickel(II) di-i-amyl) dithiophosphate (Dtph), [Ni{S2P(O-i-C5H11)2}2] (I) was isolated on a preparative scale and characterized by 13C, 31P MAS NMR, and X-ray diffraction (CIF file CCDC no. 1469369). The χ2-statistic diagrams were constructed from full 31P CP/MAS NMR spectra for calculating the 31P chemical shift anisotropy: δ aniso = δ zz –δ iso and the asymmetry parameter η = (δ yy –δ xx )/(δ zz –δ iso ). The key structural unit of I is the centrosymmetric [Ni{S2P(O-i-C5H11)2}2] molecule in which the nickel atom coordinates two Dtph ligands in the isobidentate fashion. In molecule I, each carbon, oxygen, and sulfur atom is statistically disordered over two sites with equal occupancies. However, the disorder does not affect nickel and phosphorus. These results were interpreted as the presence in I of two [Ni{S2P(O-i-C5H11)2}2] molecules rotated through 21.0(1)° (the angle between the [NiS4] chromophore planes) relative to each other around the bisecting P–Ni–P axis passing through both four-membered [NiS2P] rings. The two molecules occupy crystal lattice sites with equal probabilities. The thermal behavior of I was studied by simultaneous thermal analysis under argon. The course of the thermal destruction of the complex was established, nickel pyrophosphate (Ni2P2O7) was identified as the final product of thermal transformations.

Objective: to analyze the possibilities of standard and additional methods for X-ray mammography (MG) in the comprehensive diagnosis of nonpalpable breast masses and preclinical cancers; to identify the important radiological signs of malignancy as predictors for the application of multislice spiral computed tomography/ magnetic resonance imaging (MSCT/MRI-MG), as well as invasive studies in premenopausal women. Material and methods. The investigation enrolled 423 pre-menopausal patients with nonpalpable breast masses; 129 women were found to have breast cancer. The diagnosis was verified by comprehensive clinical and instrumental examination using standard and additional methods for X-ray mammography, ultra-sonography, MRI, MSCT of the breast and biopsy. Significant radiological signs of malignancy of the lesions were detected and their diagnostic value was identified. Results. The use of additional diagnostic techniques for mammography contributes to the confident visualization of important radiological criteria for malignancy, enhances the informative value of by 5%, and promotes a decline in the number of unjustified biopsies by 11%. Conclusion. Problems in visualizing and categorizing nonpalpable breast masses necessitate additional diagnostic techniques for X-ray mammography. The identification and confident interpretation of important radiological criteria for benign or malignant lesions increase the diagnostic value of X-ray mammography: the sensitivity from 91% to 98%, specificity from 61% to 75%. MSCT-MG and MRI-MG demonstrate even higher efficiency: contrast-enhanced (CE) MSCT–MG (100% sensitivity, 99% specificity) and CE MRI–MG (100% sensitivity, 98% specificity). Sequential radiological and morphological studies improve the quality and efficiency of diagnosis of nonpalpable breast cancer.

An evaluation and stability study of the original Russian human immunoglobulin standard intended for determining the anticomplementary activity and assessing the stability and acceptability of test results are reported. The certified values of the experimental anticomplementary activity of the negative control standard fell in the range 37.9 – 45.1%; of the positive control, 73.6 – 82.8% (for P = 0.95). Ashelf life of 1.5 years was justified based on the stability data of the standard sample. Introduction of the certified reference materials into the analysis of human immunoglobulin pharmaceutical preparation for intravenous administration during evaluation and quality control under government projects and confirmation of compliance with regulatory requirements will ensure that the determined anticomplementary properties are accurate.

Critical development needs for recombinant blood-coagulation factors (RBCFs) are reviewed. The production of less immunogenic drugs with suppressed induction of inhibitory antibodies and prolonged therapeutic effects resulting from an increased inactivation threshold is demonstrated to be a major need for designing new RBCF modifications differing in structure and composition from endogenous blood-coagulation factors while retaining their activity.

The reactions of iron(III) dibutyl and di-iso-butyl dithiocarbamates [Fe(S2CNR2)3] (R = C4H9, iso-C4H9) with anions [AuCl4]– in 2 M HCl are studied. The result of heterogeneous reactions of gold(III) chemisorption binding from a solution is the formation of gold(III)–iron(III) heteropolynuclear complexes of the ionic type. The crystal and supramolecular structures of polymer complexes ([Au{S2CN(C4H9)2}2][FeCl4]) n (I) and ([Au{S2CN(iso-C4H9)2}2][FeCl4]) n (II) are determined by X-ray diffraction analysis (CIF files CCDC 1407704 (I) and 1407802 (II)). The structure of complex I contains two centrosymmetrical structurally nonequivalent complex cations [AuS{2CN(C4H9)2}2]+ (A and B) and complex anion [FeCl4]–. Structure II is formed by three isomeric complex cations [Au{S2CN(iso-C4H9)2}2]+ (А, В, and С) and two anions [FeCl4]– related as conformers. The isomeric cations are involved in the formation of linear (…А…В…) n (in I) or zigzag (…А…В…А…С…) n (in II) polymer chains due to pairs of weak secondary interactions Au···S. The thermal behavior of the complexes is studied by simultaneous thermal analysis. Thermal destruction includes the thermolysis of the dithiocarbamate moiety of the complexes and anions [FeCl4]– with the reduction of gold(III), release of FeCl3, and partial formation of Fe2O3. The final thermolysis products are metallic gold and Fe2O3.

Posthepatectomy liver failure is one of the most serious complications of large liver resections.The analyzes the management and results of treatment of patients with severe posthepatectomy liver failure (Grade C ISGLS) in a specialized hepatosurgical department.In the period from January to December 2019, 175 liver resections were performed in the Department of liver and pancreatic surgery at the A.S. Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center. Major-volume liver resections (hemihepatectomies and resections of more than three liver segments) were performed in 80 (45%) patients. In 125 (71%) cases liver resctions were performed for malignant liver and bile duct diseases. Laparoscopic liver resections were performed in 77 (44%) patients.Postresection liver failure developed in 18 (10.2%) patients. Severe (class C according to ISGLS) developed in 6 (3.4%) patients. In the postoperative period (90-day mortality), 4 patients (2.3%) died, while in two patients, mortality was not associated with liver failure. Hyperbilirubinemia was observed for more than 5 days in 2 (33.3%), coagulopathy in 4 (66.6%), ascites in 5 (83.3%), encephalopathy in 5 (83.3%), hypoglycemia in 3 (50%), and uncontrolled sepsis in 2 (33.3%) patients, respectively. Correction of surgical complications was required in 100% of cases, which consisted in drainage of abscesses and abdominal bylomas, and the the bilio-digestive anastomosis fistulas. Inotropic support was required in all 6 (100%) patients, invasive ventilation in 4(66.6%), and extracorporeal detoxification in 5 (83.3%).Posthepatectomy liver failure is a complex problem even in a specialized center. A comprehensive approach to treatment allows to achieve noticeable results and reduce mortality.Пострезекционная печеночная недостаточность является одним из самых грозных осложнений больших резекций печени.Анализ ведения и результатов лечения пациентов с тяжелой степенью пострезекционной печеночной недостаточности (Grade C ISGLS) в специализированном гепатохирургическом отделении.В период с января по декабрь 2019 г. в отделении хирургии печени и поджелудочной железы МКНЦ им. А.С. Логинова было выполнено 175 резекций печени. Большие по объему резекции печени (гемигепатэктомия и резекция3 сегментов печени) были выполнены у 80 (45%) пациентов. У 125 (71%) больных резекции печени были проведены по поводу злокачественных заболеваний печени и желчных протоков. Лапароскопические резекции печени выполнены у 77 (44%) пациентов.Пострезекционная печеночная недостаточность развилась у 18 (10,2%) пациентов, тяжелая степень (класс С по ISGLS) — у 6 (3,4%). В послеоперационном периоде (90-дневная летальность) умерли 4 (2,3%) пациента, при этом у 2 из них летальность не была связана с печеночной недостаточностью. Гипербилирубинемия5 сут наблюдалась у 2 (33,3%) больных, коагулопатия — у 4(66,6%), асцит — у 5 (83,3%), энцефалопатия — у 5 (83,3%), гипогликемия — у 3 (50%), неконтролируемый сепсис — у 2 (33,3%). Коррекция хирургических осложнений потребовалась в 100% случаев, она заключалась в дренировании абсцессов и билом брюшной полости и зоны несостоятельности билиодигестивного анастомоза. Инотропная поддержка была необходима у всех 6 (100%) пациентов, инвазивная ИВЛ — у 4 (66,6%), экстрокорпоральная детоксикация — у 5 (83,3%).Пострезекционная печеночная недостаточность является сложной проблемой даже в специализированном центре. Комплексный подход в лечении позволяет добиться заметных результатов и снизить летальность.

Among the urgent problems of pediatrics, chronic constipation occupies one of the leading positions due to its high prevalence (20-40%) and the possibility of complications. Conductive cryotherapy, used separately and in combination with percutaneous electroneurostimulation, is a promising technology for the treatment of chronic constipation in children.Scientific evidence of the use of conductive cryotherapy and its combined effect with percutaneous electroneurostimulation in children with chronic constipation.We examined 80 children aged 3-15 years (average age 8±2 years) suffering from chronic constipation: 35 (43.8%) boys, 45 (56.2%) girls. In 47 (58.8%) children, chronic constipation of the hypotonic type (HT) was detected, in 33 (41.2%) - chronic constipation of the spastic type (ST). Children were divided into 4 groups, comparable in number, age, gender and clinical manifestations. Patients of all groups received basic treatment: laxative diet, probiotics, choleretic drugs, enzymes. Patients of the main group used the combined effect of conduction cryotherapy and percutaneous electroneurostimulation - cryoelectroneurostimulation. Conduction cryotherapy was prescribed for children of the 1st comparison group, percutaneous electroneurostimulation was assigned to the 2nd comparison group. Patients in the control group received only basic therapy. In order to assess the effectiveness of impact of physical factors, clinical and functional examinations of children were carried out before treatment, immediately after the course of treatment, and also 3, 6 and 12 months later after treatment.The highest treatment efficacy was found in children of the main group with HT and ST (91.6 and 87.5%, respectively) after cryoelectronic neurostimulation. Conduction cryotherapy was most effective for the treatment of ST (77.7%). The results of the study made it possible to develop an algorithm for the prescription of percutaneous electroneurostimulation and conduction cryotherapy, depending on the type of dyskinetic disorders of the colon in children. All children, regardless of the type of chronic constipation, are prescribed to use the combined effects of physical factors (cryoelectroneurostimulation), percutaneous electroneurostimulation is recommended for HT, conductive cryotherapy - for ST.The higher therapeutic effectiveness of the combined use of conduction cryotherapy and percutaneous electroneurostimulation in various types of dyskinetic disorders in children has been proved according to immediate and long-term results of treatment. An algorithm is proposed for differential use of conduction cryotherapy and percutaneous electroneurostimulation taking into account the type of dyskinetic disorders of the colon.Среди актуальных проблем педиатрии хронический запор занимает одну из лидирующих позиций в связи с высокой распространенностью (20—40%) и возможностью развития осложнений. Кондукционная криотерапия, применяемая раздельно и в сочетании с чрескожной электронейростимуляцией, является перспективной технологией лечения хронического запора у детей.Научное обоснование применения кондукционной криотерапии и ее сочетанного воздействия с чрескожной электронейростимуляцией при хроническом запоре у детей.Обследованы 80 детей в возрасте 3—15 лет (средний возраст 8±2 года), страдающих хроническим запором: 35 (43,8%) мальчиков, 45 (56,2%) девочек. У 47 (58,8%) детей был выявлен хронический запор гипотонического типа (ГЗ), у 33 (41,2%) — хронический запор спастического типа (СЗ). Дети были разделены на 4 группы, сопоставимые по численности, возрасту, полу и клиническим проявлениям. Пациенты всех групп получали базисное лечение: послабляющую диету, пробиотики, желчегонные препараты, ферменты. Пациентам основной группы применялось сочетанное воздействие кондукционной криотерапии и чрескожной электронейростимуляции — криоэлектронейростимуляция. Детям 1-й группы сравнения была назначена кондукционная криотерапия, 2-й группы сравнения — чрескожная электронейростимуляция. Пациенты контрольной группы получали только базисную терапию. С целью оценки эффективности воздействия физических факторов проводились клинико-функциональные обследования детей до лечения, непосредственно после курса лечения, а также через 3, 6 и 12 мес.Наиболее высокая эффективность лечения была установлена у детей основной группы при ГЗ и СЗ (91,6 и 87,5% соответственно) при применении криоэлектронейростимуляции. Кондукционная криотерапия оказалась наиболее эффективна для лечения СЗ (77,7%). Результаты исследования позволили разработать алгоритм назначения чрескожной электронейростимуляции и кондукционной криотерапии в зависимости от типа дискинетических расстройств толстой кишки у детей. Всем детям, независимо от типа хронического запора, показано применение сочетанного воздействия физических факторов (криоэлектронейростимуляция), чрескожная электронейростимуляция рекомендована при ГЗ, кондукционная криотерапия — при СЗ.Доказана более высокая терапевтическая эффективность сочетанного применения кондукционной криотерапии и чрескожной электронейростимуляции при различных типах дискинетических расстройств у детей по непосредственным и отдаленным результатам лечения. Предложен алгоритм дифференцированного назначения кондукционной криотерапии и чрескожной электронейростимуляции с учетом типа дискинетических нарушений толстой кишки.

To analyze the possibilities of standard and additional methods for X-ray mammography (MG) in the comprehensive diagnosis of nonpalpable breast masses and preclinical cancers; to identify the important radiological signs of malignancy as predictors for the application of multislice spiral computed tomography/ magnetic resonance imaging (MSCT/MRI-MG), as well as invasive studies in premenopausal women.The investigation enrolled 423 pre-menopausal patients with nonpalpable breast masses; 129 women were found to have breast cancer. The diagnosis was verified by comprehensive clinical and instrumental examination using standard and additional methods for X-ray mammography, ultra-sonography, MRI, MSCT of the breast and biopsy. Significant radiological signs of malignancy of the lesions were detected and their diagnostic value was identified.The use of additional diagnostic techniques for mammography contributes to the confident visualization of important radiological criteria for malignancy, enhances the informative value of by 5%, and promotes a decline in the number of unjustified biopsies by 11%.Problems in visualizing and categorizing nonpalpable breast masses necessitate additional diagnostic techniques for X-ray mammography. The identification and confident interpretation of important radiological criteria for benign or malignant lesions increase the diagnostic value of X-ray mammography: the sensitivity from 91% to 98%, specificity from 61% to 75%. MSCT-MG and MRI-MG demonstrate even higher efficiency: contrast-enhanced (CE) MSCT–MG (100% sensitivity, 99% specificity) and CE MRI–MG (100% sensitivity, 98% specificity). Sequential radiological and morphological studies improve the quality and efficiency of diagnosis of nonpalpable breast cancer.

The present article is focused on the modern technologies for the medical rehabilitation of the children presenting with the hyperactive urinary bladder (UB) designed to promote the act of urination in the children at all levels of bladder innervation.The present article is focused on the modern technologies for the medical rehabilitation of the children presenting with the hyperactive urinary bladder (UB) designed to promote the act of urination in the children at all levels of bladder innervation.

A study was carried out on the effect of both the temperature of the reaction medium and structure of the initiator (N-hydroxyphthalimides) on the tacticity of the polymethyl methacrylate obtained under radical polymerization conditions. An increase in the amount of hydroxyl groups in the N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) molecule leads to an increase in syndiotactic sequences in the macromolecule. The Fordham equation was used to calculate the differences in the activation enthalpies and entropies for addition in the iso and syndio positions in the presence of various N-hydroxyphthalimides. In all cases, formation of a syndiotactic polymer is favored.

The database “Objects for Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes from Nuclear Fuel Cycle Enterprises” has been developed. Criteria were chosen for assessment of the hazard of storage and disposal (SD) objects for staff and population, and parameters based on these criteria were suggested: local hazard parameter and geospheric hazard parameter. To calculate the latter parameter, it is recommended to use simple models of radionuclide egress into the geosphere. The database can be used as an effective tool for ranging of SD objects of nuclear fuel cycle (NFC) enterprises in the order of decreasing hazard parameters. The use of a procedure for ranging of SD objects, tested with one of NFC enterprises as example, makes it possible to reveal the most hazardous SD objects at NFC enterprises and to decide on priority in decommissioning.

Alginic acid azide is synthesized and its stability in aqueous solutions in dependence on keeping duration and solution pH is studied. Reaction of the azide with aromatic amines is explored.

The paper describes the results of studies into the processes of deformation of rock masses near protected objects and in mine workings of the Tashtagol iron-ore deposit, carried out with the conventional geodetic methods and the GPS-techniques. It is shown that rock mass movements in the periods of large-scale blasting mostly take place along flat-dipping tectonic faults and in the line of action of maximal stresses in the intact rock mass.

Alginic acid hydrazide was prepared, and its reactions with aromatic aldehydes were studied. The effect of a substituent in the benzene ring of the aldehyde on the number of arylidene groups introduced into the polymer was examined.

Crystalline adducts of zinc and copper(II) dithiocarbamate (Dtc) complexes with dialkylamines [M(NHR′2)(S2CNR2)2] (M = Zn, 63Cu, 65Cu; R = CH3, C2H5, or R2 = (CH2)4O; R′ = C2H5, C3H7) have been preparatively isolated. The structures and spectral properties of the adducts have been studied by EPR and 13C and 15N MAS NMR. Chemisorption of bases on powders of dinuclear dithiocarbamates leads to their dissociation into monomeric adducts. Computer simulation demonstrates that the experimental EPR spectra of isotope-substituted copper(II) adducts have an individual character. The geometry of the copper polyhedra is intermediate between a trigonal bipyramid (TBP) and a tetragonal pyramid (TP). The TBP and TP contributions have been quantified based on EPR data. 13C and 15N MAS NMR data show that the Dtc ligands incorporated into the zinc adduct molecule are structurally nonequivalent. The dependence of the isotropic 15N chemical shifts of the Dtc groups on the alkyl substituents at the nitrogen atom is interpreted based on the concept of joint manifestation of the (+)inductive effect of the alkyl substituents and the mesomeric effect of the Dtc groups.

Crystalline adducts of zinc and copper(II) dithiocarbamate complexes with dibutyl-and diisobutylamines of the general formula [M(NHR′2)(S2CNR2)2] (M = Zn, 63Cu, and 65Cu; R = CH3 and C2H5; R2 = (CH2)4O; R′ = C4H9 and i-C4H9) were synthesized. Their structures and spectroscopic properties were studied by EPR and solid-state natural abundance 13C and 15N CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy. Experimental EPR data and computer-assisted modeling confirmed the individual character of copper(II) adducts. The geometries of the copper coordination polyhedra were found to be intermediate between a tetragonal pyramid and a trigonal bipyramid (TBP). The contributions from TBP to the geometries of the adducts obtained were calculated from the EPR data. According to the X-ray diffraction data, the adduct of zinc diethyldithiocarbamate with diisobutylamine exists in two isomeric forms. The 13C and 15N CP/MAS NMR signals were assigned to the atomic positions in two crystallographically independent conformer molecules.

An approach to information modeling of geodynamic processes in a rock mass is proposed. The mathematical methods developed for 3D modeling of geomechanical objects are based on the triangulation by the defined set of revision points obtained from layouts of levels; the information model data base design is described. The information model implementation for the conditions of the Tashtagol ore deposit is presented.

The temperature dependence of the heat capacity of an alternating copolymer of bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene and carbon monoxide in the temperature range 6–550 K (with an error of 0.2–0.5% at 6–350 K and 0.5–1.5% at 330–550 K) was studied by the adiabatic vacuum and dynamic calorimetry. Physical transformations of the copolymer in the studied temperature region were identified, and their thermodynamic characteristics were determined. The combustion energy of the copolymer at 298.15 K was measured in a calorimeter with a static bomb and isothermal jacket. The thermodynamic functions for a region of 0–550 K, enthalpy of combustion, and thermodynamic parameters of copolymer formation from simple substances at T = 298.15 K and p = 101.325 kPa were calculated from the obtained experimental data. The new results and earlier published data were used for the calculation of the thermodynamic characteristics of the alternate copolymerization of bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene and CO under standard pressure for a region of 0–350 K for the bulk reaction.