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Background Stroke is a time dependent medical emergency1 that requires the coordinated action of the pre and in-hospital teams to improve the results.2 We present the epidemiological characteristics of the population requesting medical attention to a private EMS identified by the telephone operator with activation of a Prehospital Stroke Code (PSC). Method Observational, retrospective, cross-sectional and descriptive study based on records made through the App Stroke Code v1.0 (internal development) from 01/09/2018 to 31/1/2019. n=97 cases. The data was transferred to a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and to Epi Info v7.2.2.1 for analysis. Results PSC was activated in 97 cases. 58 has a suspected Stroke and in 39, the code was canceled by on-scene-EMS team due alternative prehospital diagnosis. The mean age was 78 y/o. 44patients (76%) consulted within three hours of the onset of symptoms. CINCINATTI-prehospital scale average on arrival was 2 points. 100% of patients with CINCITATTI 0–1 consulted after 3 hs (15) (p0.03). On patients with CINCINATTI-score of 3, 97% (p.0038) were hypertensive at the time of the consultation. No hypoglycaemia was found. Of the 58 suspected stroke cases, 16 received some form of reperfusion treatment (rTPA IV, thrombectomy-intraarterial rTPA or combination). The remainder 43 patients who did not receive reperfusion treatment were mainly due to: Alternative in-hospital diagnosis, out of therapeutic window and Intracranial bleeding. The average door to needle time was 37 minutes. Conclusion Patients more symptomatic consulted earlier 27% of the patients received reperfusion therapy, dramatically surpassing the average of our country (1% according to the RENACER registry3). References Saver JL. Time Is Brain - Quantified. Stroke 2006;37:263–266. Caputo LM, Jensen J, Whaley M, et al. How a CT-Direct Protocol at an American Comprehensive Stroke Center Led to Door-to-Needle Times Less Than 30 Minutes. The Neurohospitalist 2017, Vol. 7(2) 70–73. Sposato LA, Esnaola MM, Zamora R and the ReNACer Investigators. Quality of ischemic stroke care in emerging countries: the Argentinian National Stroke Registry (ReNACer). Stroke 2008 Nov;39(11):3036–41. Conflict of interest None. Funding None.

Purpose – To provide an overview of the guidance for proxy firms and investment advisers included in the Staff Legal Bulletin released this year by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) after its four-year comprehensive review of the proxy system. Design/methodology/approach – Discusses briefly the context in which the SEC’s review was conducted; the general themes of the guidance provided; the most notable aspects of the guidance; and the matters that were expected to be, but were not, addressed by the SEC. Findings – The guidance does not go as far in regulating proxy advisory firms as many had anticipated it would. The key obligations specified in the guidance are imposed on the investment advisers who engage the proxy firms. The responsibilities, policies and procedures mandated do not change the fundamental paradigm that has supported the influence of proxy firms – that is, investment advisers continue to be permitted to fulfill their duty to vote client shares in a “conflict-free manner” by voting based on the recommendations of independent third parties, and continue to be exempted from the rules that generally apply to persons who solicit votes or make proxy recommendations. Practical implications – The SEC staff states in the Bulletin that it expects that proxy firms and investment advisers will conform to the obligations imposed in the Bulletin “promptly, but in any event in advance of [the 2015] proxy season.” Originality/value – Practical guidance from experienced M&A lawyers.

Purpose – To inform on recent developments in shareholder activism, a phenomenon well-documented in North America and Europe and now spreading to Latin America, and summarize the key considerations for corporate boards. Design/methodology/approach – The article discusses a recent development involving Cartica Capital, a USA hedge fund and minority shareholder in CorpBanca, a Chilean bank pursuing a merger with Itau Unibanco Holding SA, Latin America’s biggest bank by market value, Cartica. Findings – Shareholder activism will continue to be an expanding global phenomenon. Practical implications – Boards must continue to plan accordingly when structuring a strategic transaction, both in and outside the USA market. Originality/value – Practical overview of recent developments in shareholder activism with a review of the key considerations for practitioners.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explain the implications of a June 11, 2008 decision by the US District Court for the Southern District of New York in CSX Corp. v. The Children's Investment Fund Management (UK) LLP concerning beneficial ownership and reporting obligations under Section 13(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for long parties to cash‐settled total return equity swaps.Design/methodology/approachThe paper summarizes the decision, discusses the court's analysis as written by Judge Lewis A. Kaplan, notes the court's limitation of its ruling to the facts of the case, explains why two funds that “compare notes” may be considered a group, discusses the permanent injunction against the defendants enjoining them from future violations of Section 13(d), and analyzes the implications of the judge's decision.FindingsA new decision by the federal district court in New York creates uncertainty regarding whether the long party to a cash‐settled total return equity swap will be deemed to beneficially own the publicly traded reference security for purposes of Section 13(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Holders of cash‐settled total return swaps have historically relied on the absence of the legal right to vote or dispose of the reference security as a basis not to file a 13D with respect to the shares referenced in those swap contracts. The new decision casts doubt on that reasoning, and finds that an investor that consciously structured its swap contracts to try to end‐run its otherwise applicable reporting obligations was deemed to beneficially own the shares subject to the swaps, and accordingly had violated Section 13(d) by failing to file a Schedule 13D in the required time.Practical implicationsThe ruling is important for financial institutions and investors who deal in derivatives such as equity swaps and who must determine whether and when reporting under Section 13(d) is required.Originality/valueThe paper is an analysis and provides guidance by experienced securities lawyers.

The purpose of this study was to identify efficient sampling methods for establishing accurate activity budgets for zoo animals. Seven cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) from two zoos were videotaped for multiple 90 min sessions, 3 to 4 days per week for 12 weeks. An activity budget was constructed for each animal using a continuous sampling method to analyze 30 hr of video recording of each animal. These master datasets, reflecting actual behavior, were re-sampled using interval sampling lengths of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 20 min, and cluster sampling protocols (periodic sessions of continuous sampling) of 10 min×3, 15 min×2, 20 min×1, 15 min×1 and 10 min×1 (min×repetitions/90 min sample period) to construct additional activity budgets for each animal. The Canberra similarity index was used to determine the statistical relationship between these activity budgets and those based on the master datasets. As interval length increased, there was a consequent decrease in the accuracy of the associated activity budgets as compared with the master dataset. No cluster sampling protocols yielded activity budgets as accurate as the four shortest interval lengths, but all cluster sampling protocols were more accurate than the three longest interval lengths. All the tested protocols varied in ability to accurately portray animal behavior. Overall, interval sampling provided superior behavioral representations at lower observer input. Results from this study will potentially facilitate the standardization of behavior monitoring protocols at zoos. Zoo Biol 29:416–431, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Choosing the appropriate long-term incentive program for your company requires defining a clear set of objectives, analyzing the company's strategy and philosophy, and considering various external factors.

The Medical Faculty of Kazan University was opened on May 2 (14), 1814. Up to 1888 this faculty was the only higher medical educational institution on the vast territory of our country, covering the basins of Volga and Kama, Ural, Siberia, Far East, Caucasus and Central Asia. Many Ural physicians, later famous medical scientists, were educated at Kazan University: A.A. Mislavsky, P.V. Rudanovsky, P.V. Kuznetsky, B.I. Kotelansky, B.P. Kushelevsky and A.T. Lidsky.

In crafting new paradigms to balance the often competing demands of technological advancement and privacy, it is critical to treat the issue from an international perspective. Differences in politics, culture and even views regarding the benefits of certain technological advances argue against the creation of a truly universal paradigm. Using the differing treatment of individual privacy and service provider liability as analytical paradigms, this article contends that the lack of international standards at this time might not be so problematic as appears at first glance. Regulation before a particular technology is understood can result in over- or under- protection of privacy rights. Moreover, the present lack of international standards allows for greater experimentation in crafting acceptable boundaries in privacy protection, including, critically, focusing on greater consumer awareness of the intersections between technology and privacy. The international implications of the intersections between technology and privacy will only continue to grow. Part of the solution is to begin to create an international dialogue with a goal to establishing a middle ground and to include multinational organizations as part of the dialogue.

Video display terminals (VDTs) have Gaussian display characteristics. Research suggests that patients accommodate differently to Gaussian images. In the present study, we asked if the accommodative response to the PRIO Computer Vision Tester (a Gaussian image) is different than the accommodative response to a Monocular Estimation Method (MEM) printed text target.A normally sighted prepresbyopic group of subjects (N = 60) was recruited from the student body of Nova Southeastern University. Low neutral retinoscopy was performed on each subject at a distance of 50 cm. using both the PRIO vision tester and an MEM target.The PRIO vision tester and the printed text provided essentially the same measures of accommodative response. In addition, the luminance of the PRIO dropped by nearly 40% over the course of 1 hour of intermittent use.The PRIO vision tester and traditional nearpoint retinoscopy provided essentially the same measures of accommodative response in prepresbyopic subjects. Further studies should be considered to evaluate whether the change in luminance of the PRIO system has any effect on the measurement of accommodative response.

Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) is an acutely devastating situation characterized by widespread thrombotic microangiopathy in the presence of elevated titers of antiphospholipid antibodies. We describe a 57-year old woman who underwent liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis and developed this malignant variant of the antiphospholipid syndrome.

Renal failure is a common finding in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the incidence, prognostic value of pre, intra and postoperative factors and severity of renal dysfunction in patients who undergo liver transplantation. Therefore, the records of 38 consecutive adult patients were reviewed. Renal failure was defined arbitrarily as an increase in creatinine (1.5 mg/dl) and/or blood urea (80 mg/dl). Three patients were excluded of the final analysis (1 acute liver failure and 2 with a survival lower than 72 hs.) Twenty one of the 35 patients has renal failure after orthotopic liver transplantation. Six of these episodes developed early, having occurred within the first 6 days. Late renal impairment occurred in 15 patients within the hospitalization (40 +/- 10 days) (Mean +/- SD). In he overall series, liver function, evaluated by Child-Pugh classification, a higher blood-related requirements and cyclosporine levels were observed more in those who experienced renal failure than those who did not (p0.05). Early renal failure was related with preoperative (liver function) and intraoperative (blood requirements) factors and several causes (nephrotoxic drugs and graft failure) other than cyclosporine were present in patients who developed late renal impairment. No mortality. No mortality was associated with renal failure. We conclude that renal failure a) is a common finding after liver transplantation, b) the pathogenesis of this complication is multifactorial and, c) in not related with a poor outcome.

The glycoprotein with the molecular weight of 82,500 D (Ag3) was extracted from the native membranes of fatty globules of human milk and was purified by isoelectrofocusing. Polyclonal antisera (PCA) as well as monoclonal antibodies (MoAb)-ICO-21, ICO-22, ICO-26, ICO-29 against this membrane antigen were produced. The localization of the antigen in the human normal and malignant tissues was tested by the immunochemical technique. Apical staining of the Ag3 was in the acinus and duct cells of the normal breast. Weak staining with the antibodies to Ag3 was revealed in the epithelium cells of ovaries, bronchi, kidney tubules and uterine tubes. The far more pronounced staining of the Ag3 with PCA and MCA was observed in the cell cytoplasma both in the primary and metastatic breast and ovarian tumours. The specificity of the MoAb to Ags suggests that they will be useful in the diagnosis of the malignant disease of the breast and ovary.

Tumor rechallenge following primary tumor excision elicits systemic anti-inflammation that occurs rapidly, affects granulocytes as well as macrophages and is more severe, longer in duration, and induced by fewer tumor cells than the macrophage specific anti-inflammatory effect sometimes seen after primary tumor challenge. Factors important in the pathogenesis of this abnormality are the following. First, primary tumor excision was required as defects did not occur when a second tumor was transplanted during primary tumor growth. Second, the abnormality was restricted to neoplastic cells since normal cells were unable to substitute for either primary or secondary tumor challenge. Third, the anti-inflammatory effect was not due to surgical trauma or local irritation. Fourth, defective inflammation occurred in syngeneic but not allogeneic rats, suggesting an immunological basis for the anti-inflammation. Fifth, elevated glucocorticoids, such as might be expected from an immunological reaction or release of IL-1, may be a contributing but not sole cause for the phenomenon.

A quantitative relationship is reported between the magnitude of the immune response of rats to sheep red blood cells and diminution of splenic norepinephrine (NE). A decrease in concentration and content of NE in the spleen on day 3 after immunization was evident in both high- and low-responder animals, whereas a diminished concentration of NE persisted only in the high responders. This continuing NE diminution in high-responder animals is associated with increase in spleen weight, probably attributable to blood accumulation. These findings are consonant with the concept that the sympathetic nervous system is involved in immunoregulation.

Anergy associated with cancer or major surgery may derive from the systemic antileukocyte effect induced by local inflammatory reactions (counter-irritation). Since the mechanism of the latter phenomenon is unknown, we approached the problem by asking if tolerance develops to repeated local irritant injections. Our results demonstrate that both tolerance and cross-desensitization occur rapidly to inflammatory agents (inflammagens) such as proteose peptone, thioglycollate, and carrageenan but not to the mitogens Con A, PHA-P, or LPS which also induce local inflammation. We interpret this data as supporting the notion that a common mechanism underlies the counter-irritant action of inflammagens but that injection of mitogens induces an additional mechanism of anti-inflammation distinguished from the former by its lack of tolerance induction. Based upon cross-desensitization experiments, we show that the anti-inflammatory effect of surgical amputation is analogous to that induced by inflammagens. In contrast, the systemic anti-inflammatory effect of tumor bearing, like that induced by mitogens, resists cross-desensitization suggesting that its mediation is not caused solely by the mechanism common to the counter-irritant action of inflammagens or major surgery.

Inbred DA rats bearing a syngeneic 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced neoplasm had an early impairment of chronic inflammation as measured by the numbers of monocytes elicited in a 3-day peritoneal exudative response to a sterile peptone injection. Furthermore, an advanced malignant tumor was associated with a complete block in the rats' capacity to mobilize monocytes, despite the fact that white blood cell counts on peripheral blood showed increased numbers of monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) during tumor growth. In contrast to the defect in chronic inflammation, a normal or increased acute inflammatory reponse was observed during tumor growth as measured by the 9-hour peritoneal PMN response to a sodium caseinate injection. Quantitative chemotaxis measurements in vitro made with these same peritoneal exudate cells revealed severe impairment of marcophage chemotaxis but normal migration of PMN. Generation of macrophage chemotactic signals from blood of rats with advanced tumors was not impaired. Since the resident cells of the peritoneal cavity were, chemotactically, a poor-responding population, this defective response in vitro appeared to correlate with the cell defect observed in vivo in the monocyte inflammatory response to peptone.

The sequential character of T-lymphocyte development as it pertains to the stage at which self-tolerance is acquired was investigated. Three phases were studied, defined here as prethymic, intrathymic, and postthymic as determined by the timing of thymus implantation. The model utilized was the temporal pattern of skin graft rejection in thymusless BALB/c nude mice implanted with allogeneic, C57BL/6J, or syngeneic thymuses before or after skin grafting; in some instances, F(1) hybrid spleen cells were also given to newborns or young adults. These experiments in nude mice showed that, (a) self-tolerance could be established despite the absence of the host's own haplotype in the implanted thymus; (b) recently emigrated postthymic cells could already discriminate self from non-self; (c) specific neonatal tolerance could be induced in nudes by inoculation of F(1) hybrid cells; (d) nudes showed a higher capacity for induction of neonatal tolerance than did normal littermates. These findings indicate that the process of self-tolerance in the T cell's lineage begins during the prethymic state early in ontogeny.

A sexual-hormone-dependent neutrophil chemotactic factor(s), operative under physiological conditions, is described. Rat vaginal washouts were shown to be both chemotactic and chemokinetic for rat neutrophils in vitro, whereas macrophages were not attracted. Peak activity was observed at the end of estrus and preceded maximal neutrophil infiltration in the vagina. In order to mimic these events, gonadectomized animals were treated with estradiol for a week. They showed a similar peak of chemotactic activity 30-36 h after estradiol withdrawal, accompanied by a massive neutrophil accumulation. These data suggest that a decrease in estradiol level permits the expression of the chemotactic signal. There was no evidence for chemotaxis and/or migration inhibitors before and during estrus or during long-term estradiol treatment of gonadectomized rats. Induced neutrophil accumulation in the peritoneal cavity and chemotactic responsiveness of these cells in vitro were similar in all stages during the estrus cycle. Estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, and hydrocortisone neither promoted nor significantly inhibited the neutrophil migratory behavior over a wide range of concentrations. Our experiments suggest that the periodic neutrophil accumulation in the rat vagina after estrus is triggered by locally expressed chemotactic mechanisms that are controlled by sexual hormones. The data provide the first evidence that hormonal changes can control chemotactic factors and thus indirectly control cell migration.

Leukocyte accumulation at inflammatory sites probably involves chemotactic migration of the cells, and it is often presumed that abnormalities in cell accumulation derive from defective chemotaxis. The latter contention was examined by measuring the chemotactic response of leukocytes obtained from the circulation during conditions associated with depressed cellular inflammatory reactions. In two transplanted-tumor models induced by different chemical carcinogens in DA strain rats, monocyte chemotaxis was normal or enhanced while macrophage accumulation at inflammatory foci was severely curtailed. Late pregnancy in outbred Wistar rats depressed macrophage accumulation to peritoneal irritants while enhancing monocyte chemotaxis. Irritant-induced anti-inflammation (counterirritation) in Wistar rats decreased both polymorphonuclear leukocyte and macrophage accumulation during inflammation but enhanced the chemotactic activity of the corresponding cells obtained from the circulation. We concluded that in vitro chemotactic measurements were not predictive of cellular accumulation during inflammation in these conditions and that an intrinsic defect in chemotaxis was insufficient to explain anti-inflammation associated with cancer, pregnancy, or counterirritation.

A postulated immunoregulatory role for the autonomous nervous system was explored utilizing several in vivo and in vitro approaches. Local surgical denervation of the spleen in rats and general chemical sympathectomy by 6-hydroxydopamine combined with adrenalectomy yielded a similar removal of restraint expressed as enhancement in the number of PFC in response to immunization. Noradrenaline and the synthetic α-agonist clonidine which are, respectively, natural and artificial effector molecules of the sympathetic nervous system each strongly suppressed the in vitro induced immune response of murine spleen cells to SRBC. Further, radiometric-enzymatic assay of noradrenaline in the splenic pulp revealed a decrease in the content of this neurotransmitter just preceding the exponential phase of the immune response to SRBC (Days 3 and 4) in this site. Taken together, these findings point to a dynamic immunoregulatory relationship between the immune and sympathetic nervous system.

Macrophage tumoricidal activity requires a constant influx of macrophages but many transplanted cancers inhibit macrophage inflammatory responses. In this paper we address the issue of whether or not autochthonous tumors induced by either mammary tumor virus (MTV) in C3H/He mice or ultraviolet (u.v.) radiation in C3H/He or BALB/c mice also depress macrophage responses. Anti-inflammatory activity was not observed either prior to or during growth of these autochthonous tumors. Rather, the opposite was observed: strongly immunogenic u.v.-induced tumors which were rejected upon transplantation to syngeneic hosts had enhanced macrophage responses and more intratumoral macrophages than those mice whose tumors were transplantable. Transplantation of MTV-induced tumors selected for more aggressive tumors which had fewer intratumoral macrophages. In both MTV- and u.v.-induced tumors inflammatory responses of mice bearing serially transplanted tumors often differed from mice with autochthonous tumors. Our results demonstrate that anti-inflammation is probably not required for emergence and growth of these autochthonous tumors, that strongly immunogenic tumors may actually enhance macrophage responses and that the effect of tumor bearing on macrophage inflammation is a characteristic of the tumor, including its site and host of origin, its immunogenicity and its transplant generation.

An inverse relation between endogenous levels of glucocorticoids and splenic mass and cellularity was detected. Decreased endogenous corticosterone blood levels result in an increased number of immunoglobulin-secreting cells in the spleen, a fact that cannot be attributed only to the expansion of the lymphoid cell mass. The opposite phenomenon was observed in animals with high corticosterone blood levels, which showed reduced numbers of immunoglobulin-secreting cells. It is concluded that endogenous glucocorticoid levels contribute to the control of B cell activity and possibly to the interaction of these cells with other immunologic cells.

Inflammation in progress at one site decreases edema formation at a second and separate inflammatory focus. This clinically important phenomenon is known as counter-irritation. Since its effect on leukocyte responses has not been defined, we investigated in rats the systemic anti-inflammatory effect of local irritant injection on cellular emigration, particularly monocytes. Macrophage accumulation at a subcutaneous inflammatory site was severely depressed by prior intraperitoneal irritant injection despite continued macrophage accumulation in the peritoneal cavity and normal circulating monocyte levels. The phenomenon also existed in the peritoneal cavity to subcutaneously administered irritants and involved PMNs as readily as macrophages. Anti-inflammation occurred only when the counter-irritant was injected before or simultaneously with the measured inflammatory response while the degree and duration of inhibition depended upon the nature and amount of counter- irritant injected. These studies demonstrate that local inflammation inhibits leukocyte reactivity. Transplantation of syngeneic tumor but not normal cells also produced a depression in macrophage inflammatory responses. This inhibition differed from counter-irritation by not affecting granulocytes and by being transient despite tumor persistence.

Concepts and facts concerning immune-neuroendocrine interactions are discussed. The immune response elicits endocrine, autonomic, and brain functional changes. These changes can be mediated by soluble factors released by activated immunologic cells. As a result of these immune-neuroendocrine interactions the content of powerful agents such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides in the microenvironment of immunologic cells is modified. This leads to external immunoregulatory signals imposed upon autoregulatory mechanisms.

This article reports findings from a content analysis of press coverage of U.S. House, U.S. Senate, and gubernatorial election campaigns in twelve metropolitan newspapers for a one-month period in the autumn of 1982. The primary focus of the research is upon which public policy issues were most extensively covered in each type of race in each newspaper. It was found that House and Senate campaign agendas exhibit some similarity, although certain issues are emphasized in one area and ignored in others. Gubernatorial campaign press agendas are quite specific to the states in which they occur. The dominant issues in the congressional races can be categorized as the political economy of the Reagan presidency. It is argued that the press issue agendas are largely derived from the established institutional agendas of the political system, rather than from the press itself.

The immune system is generally viewed as being regulated by a variety of mechanisms 'from within'. This internal regulation is conceived to be mediated by different subsets of T cells, by antibodies including their idiotypic determinants, monokines, yphokines, etc., which appear in a given sequence and quantity. This autoregulation confers a high degree of autonomy on the immune system. However, processes essentialfor thefunctioning of immunological cells, such as metabolism, transport of substances, allosteric changes in membranes, lymphoid cell proliferation and transformation, and lymphokine synthesis (for bibliography, see Ref. 1), are affected by several hormones and neurotransmitters. These facts constitute by themselves good arguments for another kind of regulation, one 'from without' (a term used by Medawar in 1973) which is, as Hugo Besedovsky, Adriana del Rey and Ernst Sorkin have proposed, superimposed upon and interwoven with autoregulation. This postulate requires the existence of information channels between the immune system and the central nervous system, i. e. that they should know about each other. The apparently lofty title of this presentation raises a number of critical questions about the workings of the immune system in its natural environment. Here the authors discuss these questions: What do immune cells know about the brain? What does the brain know about the immune system? How do the brain and the immune system communicate with each other? Are brain-immune system interactions linked in regulatory feedback circuits?

Fibrinogen was purified from the plasma of four different animal species. Homogeneity of the preparations was demonstrated by analytical ultracentrifugation, electrophoresis on cellulose acetate and immunoelectrophoresis,. Fibrinogen was converted to fibrin by thrombin and the resulting clot was lyzed using plasmin. The products of lysis were found to be strongly chemotactic for neutrophils. Neither plasmin alone nor fibrinogen by itself exerted a chemotactic effect. The results provide experimental evidence for a direct correlation between the process of fibrinolysis and chemotactic attraction of leukocytes. This system is discussed in terms of providing an explanation for the cellular response observed in numerous clinical situations where the levels of fibrin degradation products are increased.

Es wird die Synthese eines mit 35S indizierten 2-(p-Aminobenzolsulfonamido)-thiazols (ST) angedeutet und dessen Aufnahme durch Escherichia coli beschrieben.

SummaryMigration of rabbit granulocytes or mononuclear cells from peritoneal exudates through filter membranes has been studied using Boyden's technique for measuring chemotaxis. Migration depends on 1) the cell type, 2) the pore size of the filter, and 3) the physicochemical properties of the filter. For measuring chemotaxis the pore size should be at least 3 μ for granulocytes and 8 μ for mononuclear cells.