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In comparison to enamel, bonding to normal dentin is a greater challenge because of its organic constituents, fluid-filled tubules, and variations in intrinsic composition. Bonding to sclerotic dentin is even more difficult. To evaluate the shear bond strengths of four adhesive systems to dentin substrates with different levels of mineralization, 120 extracted human teeth were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 40). After mid-coronal dentin was exposed, groups of specimens were artificially hypermineralized by immersion in a remineralizing solution, demineralized by means of an acetic acid demineralizing solution, or stored in distilled water to model sclerotic, carious, and normal dentin, respectively. Resin composite was bonded to dentin by use of commercial adhesive systems. After the specimens were thermocycled, shear bond strengths were determined in an Instron universal testing machine. Dentin substrates and resin/dentin interfaces were examined by SEM. For each adhesive system, the mean shear bond strength to normal dentin was significantly higher than that to either of the other substrates. Shear bond strengths to hypermineralized dentin were significantly higher than those to demineralized dentin with all adhesives except Prisma Universal Bond 3.

This study evaluated the effects of chemical biocides used to control dental unit waterline biofilm on the bond strength of resin to enamel. Sixty bovine teeth were randomly assigned to six treatment groups. One-way ANOVA revealed a significant difference in means (p0.001) and Tukey's multiple range test indicated that three of the experimental groups had significantly lower mean shear bond strengths than the control (p0.05). This finding suggests that dental unit waterline biocides may adversely affect adhesion of resin to enamel.

Polyethers are elastomeric materials commonly used for making precision impressions. They are hydrophilic, which facilitates the contact of the unset material with the intraoral tissue and the wetting of the impression by cast materials. The final hardness of this new impression material is reduced in an attempt to overcome rigidity of the set impression. A case is described involving the restoration of a fractured maxillary premolar and a single-phase impression technique using the new polyether impression material.

Currently, two approaches are available for bonding resin-based materials to dentin--total-etch and self-etch. The total-etch approach, using either a three-step or a two-step method, has been available for several years. Clinical studies have demonstrated excellent success rates for total-etch adhesives, but many clinicians report problems with postoperative sensitivity. The self-etch approach, which is relatively new to the US market, reduces the incidence of postoperative sensitivity. However, the long-term clinical performance of self-etch materials--particularly those that use a single solution to etch, prime, and bond--is not yet proven. This article provides an overview of the current options for bonding resin to dentin.

Polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) impression materials incorporating a polyether carbosilane wetting agent and mixed with an electronic mixing system (Pentamix) were clinically compared with traditionally delivered (i.e., automixed) PVS impression materials during routine use by 1,505 general and specialized dental practitioners evaluating more than 30,000 impressions. Each study participant selected 20 patients and used standard tooth-preparation procedures appropriate to the therapy required, supplied specific data on each case, and ultimately evaluated the marginal detail, fit, and success of the final restorations. The areas requiring evaluation upon completion of the final restorations were ranked between "excellent," "good," "poor," and "remake needed," among users of the PVS materials with the electronic mixing system. About 80% of the respondents rated the Pentamix system as easier to mix and deliver than the gun or hand-mixed systems and two thirds said it was faster to mix. The system also received high scores for hygienic delivery, ease of mixing, and clean-up.

To evaluate the effectiveness of a "one-bottle" dentin adhesive for reducing or eliminating hypersensitivity in exposed cervical dentin.Eight patients with hypersensitive teeth were enrolled in this clinical trial. The hypersensitive teeth included a total of 22 premolars and anterior teeth with exposed cervical dentin that was sensitive to cold or other stimuli. A single layer of PrimeBond 2.1, an acetone-based "one-bottle" adhesive, was applied to the cervical dentin and was light-cured. Sensitivity to compressed air and cold stimuli was determined immediately before and after treatment, and at periods ranging to 24 wks after treatment. Patient responses to the stimuli were timed, and were also evaluated by the use of a visual analogue scale.Application of a single coat of PrimeBond 2.1 significantly reduced cervical dentin hypersensitivity to both compressed air and cold stimuli immediately after treatment. The reduction in hypersensitivity remained significant at 24 wks after treatment.

To evaluate the effect of the inclusion of glutaraldehyde on the shear bond strength of new ethanol-based adhesives (Gluma Comfort BondDesensitizer, GCBD and Gluma Comfort Bond, GCB) versus acetone-based Gluma One Bond (GOB) and a conventional three-step adhesive as a control.Forty bovine incisors were mounted in acrylic, polished to 600-grit, and randomly assigned to four groups (n=10). Dentin was etched for 15 s using 35% phosphoric acid, rinsed, and lightly dried. After adhesive application and curing, Charisma composite was applied in a #5 gelatin capsule and light-cured. Specimens were loaded in shear using an Instron at 5 mm/min. Shear bond strengths were calculated by dividing failure load by bonded surface area. ANOVA showed a significant difference in means at P0.01, so Tukey's test was used for pairwise comparisons.Mean SBS (+/- SD, MPa) were: GOB: 8 (4.4)ab; GCB: 10 (4.4)ab; GCBD: 14 (6)bc; SBMP: 17.7 (6.4)c. Superscript letters indicate Tukey's homogeneous subsets (P0.05).

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of phosphoric acid (PA) and a proprietary glutaraldehyde-HEMA aqueous solution (Gluma Desensitizer; GD) on dentin collagen. Specimens of demineralized bovine dentin collagen were treated with either 37% or 50% PA for 1 or 5 min. An additional set of specimens was treated with 37% PA for 1 min followed by GD for 1 min. All specimens were washed with distilled water, lyophilized. reduced with standardized NaB3H4, hydrolyzed with 6 M HCl and subjected to amino acid and cross-link analyses. The results demonstrated that the treatment of demineralized dentin with PA under the conditions tested did not significantly alter the collagen cross-links. The GD-treated samples showed reduction of free lysine (Lys) and hydroxylysine (Hyl) residues, as well as a decrease in the levels of collagen reducible cross-links. In addition, unidentified reducible compounds were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. These compounds may be derived from cross-links formed between GD-derived aldehyde and Lys/Hyl of collagen. The findings indicate that PA treatment does not significantly affect dentin collagen amino acid and cross-link composition, and that GD treatment affects dentin collagen amino acid and cross-link composition.

To evaluate the shear bond strengths of "one-bottle" adhesives to dentin when used with self-cured composite.100 bovine teeth were ground to expose superficial dentin, which was polished to 600-grit. The dentin was etched for 15 s with 35% phosphoric acid, rinsed, and blotted with tissue paper. The surface remained visibly moist for all specimens. The following adhesives were applied to the etched dentin according to manufacturers' directions: Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (in its visible light-cured [VLC] and self-cure modes) as a control, One-Step (VLC only), OptiBond Solo Plus (VLC only), PrimeBond NT (VLC) and PrimeBond NT Dual-Cure. For each adhesive, specimens were bonded with a self-cure composite, while 10 were bonded with a VLC composite as a control. After 24 hrs water storage, shear bond strengths were determined using an Instron universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, Tukey's test, and Student's t-tests.Using the light-cured composite, mean bond strengths ranged from 11.0 MPa for light-cured PrimeBond NT to 26.3 MPa for OptiBond Solo Plus. Using the self-cure composite, mean bond strengths ranged from 0.0 for light-cured PrimeBond NT to 21.4 MPa for One-Step. Two adhesives, light-cured PrimeBond NT and OptiBond Solo Plus, had significantly lower bond strengths when used with the self-cure composite.Some "one-bottle" dentin adhesives may not provide acceptable bonding to tooth structure when they are used with self-cure composites.

To evaluate the effect of different phosphoric acid concentrations (10% and 37%) on the microtensile bond strengths (microTBS) of three dentin adhesive systems with different solvents (ethanol, acetone, or none).Eighteen third molars divided into six groups were ground flat to expose superficial dentin, which was polished to 600-grit. The bonding procedure was initiated using either of two phosphoric acid gels (10% and 37%). Three adhesive systems - Single Bond (SB), PrimeBond NT (NT), and One Coat Bond (OC) - with different solvents (ethanol, acetone, or none, respectively) were used. After adhesive application, a cylinder of composite resin was built up. After 24 h water storage, each tooth was serially sectioned into thin rectangular sections (or "sticks") parallel to the long axis and with a mean cross-sectional area of 0.4 mm2. microTBS were determined using an Instron universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Duncan's test.Mean bond strengths ranged from 66.1 MPa for 10%/ H3PO4 and SB to 43.8 MPa for 37% H3PO4 and OC. SB and OC tended to have slightly higher bond strengths when 10% H3PO4 was used. NT with 37% H3PO4 had a significantly higher microTBS (54.6 MPa) than NT with 10% H3PO4 (44.4 MPa).Etching dentin with 37% H3PO4 resulted in a significantly higher mean microTBS for the acetone-based adhesive NT. For both the ethanol- and water-based adhesive (SB) and the solvent-free adhesive (OC), acid concentration did not significantly affect bond strength.

To compare the in vitro shear bond strengths (SBS) of five simplified dentin adhesives. The tested hypothesis was that the recently introduced simplified adhesive systems would have similar or higher SBS than an existing simplified acetone-based adhesive used as a control.100 flat bonding sites were polished to 600-grit on the labial surface of bovine incisors mounted in acrylic resin. 50 teeth were ground to expose enamel, while the remaining 50 specimens were prepared to expose middle dentin. The specimens were randomly divided into five equal groups to be treated with simplified dentin adhesives: Dentastic Uno, EasyBond, Gluma One Bond, One Coat Bond, and One-Step (control). A composite post was bonded to each treatment area. After thermo-cycling, enamel and dentin shear bond strengths were determined using an Instron testing machine and the data were submitted to statistical analyses.Mean enamel bond strengths ranged from 14.6-28.4 MPa. One Coat Bond had the highest mean enamel SBS, but it was not significantly higher than those of Gluma One Bond and Dentastic Uno. EasyBond and One-Step had statistically similar mean enamel SBS and these were significantly lower than the mean enamel SBS of the other three adhesives. For dentin, mean SBS ranged from 14.8-21.7 MPa. Dentastic Uno had the highest mean dentin SBS, but it was not significantly greater than those of One Coat Bond and Gluma One Bond. Although One Step had the lowest mean dentin SBS, it was not significantly different from those of either EasyBond or Gluma One Bond.

Most one-bottle adhesives contain organic solvents (acetone or ethanol) that displace the water entrapped within the network of collagen fibers in etched dentin. Acetone and ethanol are volatile substances that could easily evaporate from bottles during use. The objective of this in vitro study was to assess the effects of repeated opening of bottles on dentin shear bond strengths of 4 adhesives.Eighty freshly extracted bovine incisors were mounted, polished to 600 grit, and randomly assigned to 8 groups (n = 10). After the application of the materials to 40 specimens at baseline, adhesive use was simulated by opening bottles for 1 minute, 2 times a day, for 3 weeks, except during weekends, when the bottles were kept refrigerated. After 3 weeks of simulated use, the same adhesives were applied to 40 additional specimens. Resin composite was applied to dentin in a No. 5 gelatin capsule and was light-cured. After 500 thermal cycles (5 degrees C to 55 degrees C), shear bond strength testing was performed with a universal testing machine at 0.5 cm/min.Adhesives containing ethanol or water had similar mean bond strengths at baseline and at 3 weeks. The acetone-based material had a significantly lower mean bond strength at 3 weeks than at baseline.Acetone-based adhesives may have a shorter useful life than ethanol- and water-based adhesives.

The exposure of dental pulp generally occurs as the result of accidental trauma or preparation techniques utilized during the restoration of carious lesions. While frank carious exposures are optimally treated with pulpectomy and root canal therapy, the ideal treatment of mechanically exposed pulps has remained controversial. This article describes the indications, clinical techniques, and prognosis for direct pulp capping and partial pulpotomy.

To compare the in vitro bond strengths of two acetone-based one-bottle dentin adhesives applied to four surface moisture conditions. The tested hypothesis was that wetting a dried dentin surface with an aqueous HEMA solution would result in bond strengths similar or higher than those obtained by leaving the surface moist as per manufacturers' instructions.Eighty flat dentin bonding sites were polished to 600-grit on middle dentin of the labial surface of bovine incisors mounted in acrylic resin. The specimens were equally and randomly divided between two acetone-based dentin adhesives (One-Step and PrimeBond 2.1) and four different levels of surface moisture (moist dentin, dentin dried for 1 s, dentin dried for 5 s, and dentin dried for 5 s followed by re-wetting with Aqua-Prep, an aqueous HEMA solution). A composite post was then adapted to the treated area and light-cured. After thermocycling, the bond strengths were determined by testing the specimens in shear. Field Emission SEM examinations were carried out to evaluate the effects of different treatments on the dentin-resin interface.Statistical analysis revealed that the application of One-Step resulted in similar mean shear bond strengths for the groups in which moisture was present on the dentin surface (12.0-14.2 MPa). The mean shear bond strengths for the group in which One-Step was applied to a dried dentin surface was significantly lower (6.0 MPa). For PrimeBond 2.1, the application of a re-wetting solution significantly increased mean shear bond strengths (13.9 MPa). The remaining three PrimeBond 2.1 groups yielded statistically similar mean bond strengths, regardless of the surface condition (6.6-8.1 MPa).

This article describes how at-home bleaching procedures affect teeth and restorative materials. Specifically, it discusses the effects of tooth-whitening systems on enamel surfaces, enamel and dentin bond strengths, marginal integrity, color, and other properties of restorative materials.

To compare the shear bond strengths of composite to dentin using conventional (three-component) and simplified (two-component) adhesive systems.100 bovine teeth were mounted in phenolic rings and ground to 600-grit to obtain 90 flat facial dentin surfaces and 10 flat facial enamel surfaces. The dentin specimens were assigned to nine treatment groups of 10 teeth each. Three groups were assigned to conventional, three-component bonding systems: All-Bond 2, OptiBond FL, and Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus. Six groups were assigned to simplified, two-component bonding systems: Clearfil Liner Bond 2, Fuji Bond LC, One-Step, OptiBond Solo, PrimeBond 2.1, and Tenure Quik with Fluoride. The enamel specimens were used as the control group with Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus Adhesive. Each ground surface was first conditioned according to the manufacturers' directions. After rinsing, the surface of each specimen was left visibly moist prior to application of the bonding system. Each bonding system was applied according to its manufacturer's directions. The corresponding composite restorative materials were applied in 4.4 mm diameter molds to the adhesive surface and light-cured from four directions. The completed specimens were stored in water 48 hours before testing. Shear bond strengths were measured using an Instron universal testing machine. Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison test.Mean shear bond strengths of the conventional systems ranged from 16.3 to 20.6 MPa. Mean shear bond strengths of the simplified systems ranged from 14.7 to 17.4 MPa. The mean shear bond strength of the control (enamel bonding) was 21.4 MPa. The mean shear bond strengths of the conventional and simplified systems were not significantly different from each other or from the control system.

Several "one-bottle" dental adhesives recently have been introduced. These contain hydrophilic resin monomers that should readily wet tooth surfaces. Most also contain solvents that could increase enamel bond strengths by driving out residual moisture from enamel and increasing resin penetration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate bond strengths obtained by six one-bottle bonding agents and one conventional unfilled resin (control).Seventy bovine teeth were randomly assigned to seven groups of 10. Enamel was etched for 15 s with 35% phosphoric acid. Following application of the adhesive, composite resin was bonded using a gelatin capsule technique. Shear bond strengths to enamel were determined.Mean bond strengths ranged from 14.2 MPa for Syntac Single-Component to 27.8 MPa for Single Bond. The mean for Syntac Single-Component was significantly less than that of all other systems tested.The results of this study indicate that one-bottle bonding agents, with the exception of the Syntac material, provide enamel bond strengths at least equal to that of a conventional unfilled resin.

A blinded study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a dentist-prescribed, accelerated carbamide peroxide tooth-whitening system. Fifty-one patients with discolored teeth completed a clinical trial using an overnight bleaching regimen. One group used an experimental bleaching (whitening) regimen with 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching paste, and another group used the Colgate Platinum Professional Overnight Whitening System. The study included an initial 1-week control/compliance phase using a placebo gel, followed by a 1-week active phase using the assigned bleaching agent. The shade of each participant's maxillary anterior teeth was evaluated by 2 trained and calibrated evaluators at the start of the control/compliance phase, the beginning of the active phase, and days 3, 5, and 7 of the active phase. A value-oriented Vita shade guide with 16 rankings was used to measure color changes, and the number of shade guide units of change (delta sgu) was calculated. Potential side effects, such as tooth hypersensitivity and gingival irritation, also were assessed at each recall examination, as well as recorded by the patients in their daily diaries. At the end of the 7-day active phase, the mean delta sgu for the group using the experimental bleaching agent was 7.1 +/- 2.4, and for the Colgate Platinum Overnight group, the delta sgu was 7.5 +/- 2.2. There were no statistically significant (por = 0.05) differences between the results of both groups at the 0-, 3-, 5-, and 7-day evaluations. After 7 days, the change in shade guide units for both groups ranged from 3 to 13 units, far exceeding the minimum required change by the American Dental Association Guidelines (delta sgu = 2 units) for demonstrating efficacy. There was no statistical difference in the whitening achieved at day 5 vs. day 7 for either tooth-whitening group. There were no notable changes in any gingival, bleeding, or plaque indexes for the 50 patients completing the active phase. The number of days of mild tooth sensitivity during the active phase was 0.9 +/- 1.3 days for the experimental agent group and 1.1 +/- 1.5 days for the Colgate Platinum group.

The acid-etch technique for bonding composite resins to enamel has revolutionized the practice of pediatric restorative dentistry. Although bonding resins to dentin has proved to be a difficult challenge, ongoing advances have improved the reliability and predictability of dentinal adhesion. The purpose of this paper is to review the subject of dentin bonding; its development, current status, and clinical methods to improve performance.

This study evaluated the effect of multiple applications of the one-bottle adhesives PrimeBond, One-Step, and Tenure Quik on the shear bond strength of composite to dentin. In addition, the study examined the effects of surface moisture and dual-cure composite on bond strengths of One-Step and Tenure Quik respectively. The adhesive systems were bonded to the occlusal dentin of extracted human teeth. Control group specimens received only two applications of adhesive, as recommended by the manufacturers. Two experimental groups of each system received a greater number of adhesive applications. Additional experimental groups using only two adhesive applications were made to test modifications in surface moisture and composite type for One-Step and Tenure Quik. Shear bond strengths were determined using an Instron Universal Testing Machine. The mean shear bond strength of the PrimeBond control group was significantly greater than that of the other two control groups. Multiple applications of adhesive decreased the bond strength of each system, but the difference was significant only for four applications of One-Step. The method of moisture removal (compressed air or blotting) had no effect on shear bond strength of One-Step. The shear bond strength of Tenure Quik was not affected by the type of composite used. PrimeBond had significantly higher shear bond strengths to dentin than either One-Step or Tenure Quik. Both PrimeBond and One-Step had significantly higher bond strengths than Tenure Quik.

This in vitro study evaluated the shear dentin bond strengths of EBS, a new three-component adhesive system containing an aqueous primer. Two other adhesive systems (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose and OptiBond FL) were included in the study for comparison. A simple tensile test and the effect of composite restorative material on shear bond strength were also evaluated.Eighty bovine teeth were obtained, embedded in acrylic, polished to 600 grit to form standardized dentin specimens, and randomly assigned to eight treatment groups. Resin composite was placed in gelatin capsules and bonded to dentin using the three adhesive systems. Each system was used according to manufacturers' instructions on dentin that was blotted to remain moist after etching. Each bonding system was used with its own manufacturer's composite material, and EBS and OptiBond FL were also used with a higher modulus composite, Z100. Specimens were stored in water for 24 hours, and bond strengths were determined using an Instron universal testing machine.EBS/Pertac II had a mean shear bond strength of 17.2 MPa, which was significantly less than Scotchbond Multi-Purpose/Z100 (22.5 MPa) but similar to OptiBond FL/Herculite (16.4 MPa). Shear bond strengths of EBS and OptiBond were only slightly higher when they were used with Z100 composite. Tensile bond strengths were less than shear bond strengths but were nearly identical for all three systems (range: 8.0-9.8 MPa).

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of various surface treatments used to enhance the bond strength of resin cements to two different laboratory-processed composite resins. Seventy specimens of a microfilled composite resin (Concept) and 70 specimens of a micro-hybrid composite resin (Herculite XRV) were fabricated in metal wells and subjected to heat (250 degrees F) and pressure (85 psi) curing. An additional 70 specimens of each material were fabricated in the shape of disks and also subjected to the same heat/pressure curing. All composite resins were subjected to one of seven treatment regimens. The like-treated specimens were then bonded together using dual-curing resin cement and a uniform seating force (106 gm). After 7 days, bonded specimens were thermocycled 1000 times at 5 and 55 degrees C, and debond shear strengths were determined on a Universal Testing Machine. The use of microabrasion (50 microns aluminum oxide at 60 psi) and ceramic layer deposition (30 microns aluminum oxide with a ceramic additive at 75 psi) consistently improved the shear bond strength of the resin cements to both composite resins. The other treatment combinations provided varying effects. In conclusion, microabrasion or ceramic layer deposition are preferred methods to enhance the bond of resin cements to composite resins.

To evaluate the effects of surface moisture and material viscosity on the shear bond strength of resin-modified glass ionomers to dentin.Sixty human teeth were mounted in phenolic rings and ground to obtain flat facial and lingual dentin surfaces. The specimens were assigned to six treatment groups. Three groups were first conditioned with 10% polyacrylic acid. On one surface of each specimen, dentin was left visibly moist prior to application of the restorative material. On the opposite surface the dentin was dried, but not desiccated, after conditioning. For these three groups, Fuji II LC resin-modified glass ionomer was mixed at powder/liquid (P/L) ratios of 1.4, 3.0 and 3.6 and applied to the conditioned dentin in 2.5 mm diameter molds. The other three groups were treated with Vitremer primer. One surface of each specimen was "dry" and one surface was "moist" before primer application. Vitremer restorative material was mixed at P/L ratios of 2.2, 2.5 and 2.8 and applied to the primed surfaces. Shear bond strengths were measured using a universal testing machine. Data were subjected to three-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons test.Mean shear bond strengths of the two materials ranged from 6.9 to 10.4 MPa and varied little regardless of the viscosity of the materials or the degree of surface moistness. The differences among viscosities and surface moistness were not statistically significant. IN this in vitro study, the shear bond strengths of two resin-modified glass ionomers were unaffected by the viscosity of the materials and the surface moisture of the dentin substrate.

To evaluate the effect of a low-viscosity surface-penetrating sealant on microleakage around Class V restorations.Box-shaped Class V preparations were made in the facial and lingual surfaces of 50 extracted human teeth. Occlusal margins were in enamel and gingival margins were in dentin/cementum. Preparations were restored with the following systems (n = 20): Dentin Conditioner + Fuji II LC; ProBond primer + VariGlass VLC; OptiBond + XRV Herculite; Scotchbond Multi-Purpose + Silux Plus; and Scotchbond Multi-Purpose + Restorative Z100. Half of the restorations in each group were randomly selected and sealed with Fortify resin immediately after finishing and polishing. Specimens were thermocycled 500x between 5 degrees and 55 degrees C and subjected to a silver nitrate microleakage test. Penetration of the silver nitrate tracer was evaluated and recorded using a 0-4 ordinal scale. Data were analyzed using non-parametric statistical tests.All of the restorative systems had very little leakage at enamel margins, regardless of whether the resin sealant was used. Each of the systems except VariGlass had minimal leakage at unsealed dentin margins also. Application of the resin sealant significantly reduced leakage at the interface between VariGlass and dentin or cementum, but had no effect on the other restorative systems.

To determine whether the use of low-viscosity intermediate resins (LVR) reduces microleakage of dental adhesive systems.Wedge-shaped Class V cavities were prepared in sound extracted molars. Occlusal margins were in enamel and gingival margins were in dentin/cementum. Five adhesive systems (All-Bond 2, Clearfil Liner Bond 2, OptiBond, PrimeBond and Scotchbond Multi-Purpose) were applied to the preparations strictly according to manufacturers' directions on one side of the tooth and with the addition of LVR (OptiBond FL Adhesive or Protect Liner F) on the other. All cavities were restored with Z100 resin composite. Specimens were then stored in water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours, thermocycled 800x, stained with silver nitrate, sectioned, and evaluated for leakage. Marginal penetration of silver nitrate was scored on 0-3 scale.Statistical analysis (Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric ANOVA) revealed a significant difference (P0.0001) in leakage at dentin margins. Multiple pairwise comparisons of control groups revealed considerable overlapping between groups, but with a trend toward less leakage by OptiBond and Clearfil Liner Bond 2. Leakage of Scotchbond Multi-Purpose was significantly reduced when Protect Liner F was used.

The primary advantages of glass ionomer restorative materials are adhesion to tooth structure and release of fluoride. A new material has been recently introduced for the restoration of cervical lesions and Class I defects in primary teeth. The material combines the properties of glass ionomers with the advantages of a single-component, light-activated composite resin and is known as a "compomer". This new material contains two resins, instead of the acidic polymers found in conventional glass ionomers. The restorative material releases fluoride and can be infected directly into the cavity. With its own bonding agent, the compomer offers a simple and relatively rapid technique. The learning objective of this paper is to describe the utilization of the new restorative material in conjunction with a bonding agent to restore conservative cavity preparations in primary molars. Two clinical cases are used to illustrate the presentation.

To evaluate the bonding between resin composites and resin-modified glass ionomer restorative materials.Bar-shaped specimens of Fuji II LC, Photac-Fil, and Vitremer were fabricated in a mold. After application of unfilled resin, resin composite (either Silux Plus or Restorative Z100) was condensed into the mold against the glass ionomer substrate and was light-cured. These bonded specimens, as well as intact specimens of each material, were placed on a three-point bending apparatus and were loaded until failure using a Zwick testing machine. The transverse strength of each specimen was calculated.Mean transverse strengths of bonded specimens ranged from 50% to 78% of the transverse strength of the intact glass ionomer materials. The lowest transverse strength was 18.1 MPa, for Photac-Fil/Z100, and the highest was 29.6 MPa, for Fuji II LC/Silux. Statistical analysis indicated that the type of composite used had no significant effect on transverse strength. However, the type of resin-modified glass ionomer used was significant. Although there was much overlap between materials, bonded specimens made with Fuji II LC had the highest absolute strength, and those made with Photac-Fil had the lowest absolute strength. Bonded Vitremer specimens had the highest transverse strength relative to the cohesive strength of the material.

To evaluate the effect of topical fluoride gels on the microhardness of three glass ionomer cements.Cylinders of Ketac-Silver, Photac-Fil, and Fuji II LC were fabricated, stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 48 hours, and exposed to a neutral sodium fluoride gel (Karigel-N), and acidulated orthophosphoric acid gel (Karigel), and a stannous fluoride gel (Omni) at 37 degrees C for 36 hours. Knoop hardness was then recorded.Statistical analysis showed significant differences (P0.01) between groups related to material and treatment Ketac-Silver did not demonstrate significant differences in hardness, whereas exposure to APF decreased the Knoop hardness of Fuji II LC and Photac-Fil.

The development of adhesive agents for bonding composite to dentin has rapidly evolved in recent years. It is postulated that dentin bond strengths in the range of 17 MPa are sufficient to resist the polymerization shrinkage of composite resins. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strengths of the following dentin adhesive systems: All-Bond 2 (Bisco), Imperva Bond (Shofu), Optibond (Kerr), Permagen (Ultradent), ProBond (Caulk/Dentsply), and Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (3M). Sixty human molars (10 per group) were mounted in phenolic rings, and the occlusal surfaces were flat ground in dentin to 600 grit. The prepared dentin bonding sites were treated according to the directions for each of the systems evaluated. A gelatin capsule technique was used to bond Bis-Fil composite cylinders to the teeth. The specimens were stored in water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. Mean shear bond strengths were as follows: Scotchbond Multi-Purpose: 23.1 +/- 2.6 MPa, All-Bond 2: 21.4 +/- 7.8 MPa, Imperva Bond: 19.8 +/- 6.1 MPa, Optibond: 19.7 +/- 3.6 MPa, ProBond: 16.3 +/- 4.5 MPa, and Permagen: 16.2 +/- 3.0 MPa. There was not a significant difference (P0.05) in the bond strengths of Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, All-Bond 2, Imperva Bond, and Optibond. The bond strengths of Scotchbond Multi-Purpose and All-Bond 2 were significantly greater (P0.05) than ProBond and Permagen. Current-generation dentin adhesive systems have approached or exceeded the theoretical threshold value to resist contraction stresses during polymerization of resin materials.

The acid-etch technique for bonding composite resins to enamel has revolutionized the practice of restorative dentistry. The ability of clinicians to bond restorative materials to enamel has fundamentally changed such diverse areas as cavity preparation, caries prevention, and esthetic treatment options. Although bonding of resin to dentin has proved to be a difficult challenge, ongoing advances are improving the reliability and predictability of dentinal adhesion. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief history of enamel and dentinal bonding, as well as an overview of the current state of the art.

To evaluate the use of a silane coupling agent (Silane Bond Enhancer) for repair of a glass-filled hybrid resin composite (Herculite XR).Composite specimens (n = 20) were either air-abraded (AA) with an intraoral sandblaster (Microetcher), etched with 9.6% hydrofluoric acid (HF) (Porcelain Etch Gel), or treated with both methods (AA/HF). A silane coupling agent was applied to half of the specimens after these initial surface treatments. Composite repairs were completed by application of a phosphonate ester bonding agent (Bondlite) and resin composite (XRV Herculite). Transverse strengths of repaired specimens and intact (control) specimens were determined using an Instron.The mean bond strengths of repaired specimens ranged from 41% to 62% of the composite's cohesive strength. All repair strengths were significantly lower than the cohesive strength, but were not significantly different from each other. Silanation slightly improved the transverse strength of specimens repaired using the HF and AA/HF methods, but not those repaired using the AA procedure.

To evaluate the effects of wet and dry bonding on microleakage of Class V composite restorations.Cavity preparations were made in the buccal and lingual surfaces of 25 extracted human third molars. Half of each preparation was in enamel and the other half was in cementum/dentin. The preparations were randomly assigned to five groups for bonding with Scotchbond Dual-Cure (control), Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, or All-Bond 2. Scotchbond Multi-Purpose and All-Bond 2 were applied using both wet and dry techniques. All preparations were restored with a microfill composite after bonding. The specimens were thermocycled 300 times between 5 degrees and 55 degrees C and were subjected to a silver nitrate staining technique to detect marginal leakage.Specimens bonded with All-Bond 2 and Scotchbond Multi-Purpose had significantly less leakage than the control. However, there was no statistically significant difference between wet and dry bonding techniques for either material.

This study used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the effects of various acid conditioners (etchants) on dentine surfaces. The conditioners completely removed the smear layer from dentine and opened the dentinal tubules, but some also left debris or a reaction product on the surface. The study also evaluated the resin-dentine interfaces produced by five new-generation dentine bonding systems: All-Bond 2, Amalgambond, Gluma 2000, OptiBond, and Scotchbond Multi-Purpose. All-Bond 2, Amalgambond, OptiBond, and Scotchbond Multi-Purpose formed acid-resistant hybrid layers and intra-tubular resin tags when they were applied to visibly moist dentine.

The shades of several resin composite materials are keyed to the Vita Lumin shade guide. This study was designed to determine whether different composites of the same designated Vita shade were actually similar in color. A small-area colorimeter was used to compare the L*a*b* color parameters of three hybrid resin composites--Pertac-Hybrid, Prisma AP.H, and XRV Herculite. Four Vita shades (A2, B3, C2, and D3) of each material were evaluated. Color differences (delta E values) between composites of the same designated shade ranged from 2.07 for the A2 shades of Herculite and AP.H to 7.64 for the D3 shades of Herculite and Pertac. Color differences in this range are perceptible to many observers under ideal viewing conditions.

This study evaluated the shear bond strengths of a phosphate ester bonding agent, Clearfil Photo Bond, using different phosphoric acid gels to etch dentin. The study also tested the shear bond strength of the Clearfil Liner Bond system. Sixty extracted human molars were ground to expose mid-coronal dentin and were randomly assigned to six treatment groups. The first group was left unetched as a control. In the next four groups, dentin was etched with phosphoric acid gels: K-etchant (40% with silica thickener); Uni-Etch (polymer-thickened 32%); All-Etch (10%, polymer thickener); or Ultra-Etch (10%, silica thickener). Specimens in the sixth group were etched with 10/20 Ca, a gel with 10% citric acid and 20% calcium chloride. All specimens were bonded with Clearfil Photo Bond and XRV Herculite resin composite. Specimens in the final group also received SA Primer and Protect Liner. After thermocycling, shear bond strengths were determined using an Instron universal testing machine. Mean shear bond strengths ranged from 1.3 MPa (control) to 15.9 MPa (Clearfil Liner Bond). The shear bond strengths of specimens that had been etched with phosphoric acid gels were in the range of 5-8 MPa, and were not significantly affected by either acid concentration or thickener type. SEM examination showed that phosphoric acid demineralized dentin to a depth of 5 microns, while 10/20 Ca demineralized dentin to a depth of only 1-1.5 microns.

This in vitro study examined the effects of chlorhexidine on dentin surfaces and on the bond strengths of composite to dentin. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the chlorhexidine solution deposited debris on the surface and within the tubules of etched dentin but chlorhexidine had no significant effect on the shear bond strengths of composite to dentin using the All-Bond 2 adhesive system.

This study evaluated the shear bond strengths of resin composite to dentin using Kanca's "total-etch" technique (etching with 37% phosphoric acid, application of Tenure Solutions A and B, and application of Scotchbond 2 Adhesive). Bonding was done under different conditions, to specimens with or without hydrostatic pressure. Shear bond strengths were 20.1 MPa to dentin under simulated physiologic pressure, and 15.2 MPa to dentin without pressure.

This in vitro study evaluated the microleakage of Class V resin composite restorations bonded with All-Bond 2 Universal Dental Adhesive and Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Dental Adhesive System. For comparison, other restorations were placed with Scotchbond 2 Light Cure Dental Adhesive or with no bonding agent. Class V cavities were restored with either one or two increments of resin composite to determine whether the restorative method affected microleakage. A silver nitrate staining technique was used to detect marginal leakage. There was no leakage at the etched enamel margins in any treatment group. All-Bond 2 had significantly less leakage at the gingival margins than the other two dentin adhesives. Scotchbond Multi-Purpose had less leakage than Scotchbond 2, which was not statistically different from the control (no bonding agent). Incremental filling significantly reduced leakage only in the control group.

This study evaluated the effects of etching time on bond strengths of composite to enamel. Proximal surfaces of extracted molars were etched with either a conventional etchant (35% phosphoric acid) or one of two dentin/enamel conditioners, 10% maleic acid (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Etchant), or a solution of oxalic acid, aluminum nitrate, and glycine (Gluma 12 Conditioner). Each agent was applied for 15, 30, or 60 seconds. Specimens etched with 35% phosphoric acid had the highest mean bond strengths at each etching time. At the manufacturer's recommended application times, the other two agents gave significantly lower shear bond strengths than phosphoric acid.

Recently, simple radiometers for measuring the intensity of dental curing lights have been introduced. This study examined the relationship among light intensity measurements by three radiometers, distance of curing tip from composite resin, and resin polymerization (as indicated by microhardness). Light intensity measurements, which decreased with increasing distance from the curing tip, were strongly correlated with composite resin hardness. Reduced light intensity produced softer composite resin, particularly on the bottom of specimens (2-mm depth). The different radiometers provided similar indications of the changes in light intensity at various curing distances.

This double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial was designed to evaluate the efficacy and soft tissue effects of nightguard (mouthguard) vital bleaching. Subjects were assigned to one of two treatment groups, overnight (insertion of mouthguard at bedtime) or 3-hour (replenishment of test solution at hourly intervals for a total of 3 hours exposure daily). The experimental solutions included two products that are specifically designed for tooth bleaching, one product that is marketed as an oral antiseptic, and a control solution (glycerin). Each subject participated for a 3-week period. Tooth color analysis (shade determination) was done at baseline and the end of the treatment. Gingival and Plaque Indices were recorded at baseline and at the end of each week of study. Results indicated that the bleaching treatment was effective in most cases and caused no tissue inflammation or significant tooth sensitivity. The mean Gingival and Plaque Indices were generally lower (denoting improvement) at the end of treatment. Patient satisfaction with the procedure was high.

Many dental adhesive systems now rely on simultaneous etching of enamel and dentin. Instead of the traditional 35-40% phosphoric acid, new etchants (including 10% maleic acid, 10% phosphoric acid, and oxalic acid/aluminum nitrate) are used. This in vitro study determined the shear bond strengths of resin composite to enamel which was etched with these agents according to manufacturers' instructions. The control etchant, 35% phosphoric acid, gave a mean bond strength of 24.5 MPa. 10% maleic acid and 10% phosphoric acid had significantly lower shear bond strengths (13.2 MPa). Gluma 12 Conditioner (oxalic acid/aluminum nitrate) had a mean bond strength of 6.3 MPa, which was significantly less than the other etchants. Bond strengths for each etchant were not affected by the type of unfilled resin used.

This in vitro study evaluated the shear bond strengths of five adhesive systems bonded to dentin with and without simulated physiologic hydrostatic pressure. To simulate pulpal pressure, bonding procedures were done on extracted teeth connected to a hydration apparatus. Bond strengths were significantly less for each adhesive system under simulated physiologic conditions. Amalgambond had significantly higher bond strengths than Clearfil Photo Bond, Gluma, Scotchbond 2, or Tenure, either with or without simulated pulpal pressure.