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The purpose of this research was to find out the correlation between reading self-efficacy and reading comprehension. The research applied correlational study which used quantitative design. The sample was 273 of twelfth grade students of science class at SMAN 5 Bengkulu. The data were collected by using two instruments: (1) the reading self-efficacy questionnaire which was used to measure the students’ reading self-efficacy and (2) reading comprehension test which was used to know the students’ reading comprehension. The correlation between the two variables was calculated by using Pearson Product Moment in SPSS 15. The result shows that there is a significant correlation between reading self-efficacy and reading comprehension. The score of significance level is < 0.05 (0.000 < 0.05) which means that H1 was accepted and H0 was rejected. So, it can be inferred that the higher the reading self-efficacy, the higher the reading comprehension. Keywords: Reading Comprehension; Self-Efficacy

The purpose of this work was identify the critically problems faced by the Sulam bayangan industry and formulated strategies to address them. The seven groups of Sulam Bayanagan in the kanagarian barung barung balantai were conducted in-depth interviews and used questionnaires with a SWOT analysis of potential internal and external analysis evaluations. The main problems found are the limited stock of Sulam Bayangan and marketing problems. The recommended strategy was to maximize the role of local government and form a community together and increase the skills of the priciples and maximize the use of social media for promotion. This effort can make the shadow embroidery industry a superior product of Pesisir Selatan. Keywords: SWOT, Improvement strategy, SME’S

The physics of quasi-one-dimensional systems deviates considerably from that of higher dimensional systems and is not yet completely understood. The phase diagram is surprisingly complicated and technologically highly interesting. This presentation focuses on the Pt(1 1 0) surface and halogen/Pt(1 1 0) adsorption systems as models for quasi-one-dimensional behaviour. The dimensional reduction results in a reduced screening and the onset of correlation effects despite the presence of the metallic bulk. Anomalous features in the electronic structure as probed by angle-resolved photoemission are observed and reveal indeed a significant correlation in the system. The phase diagram of the halogen/Pt(1 1 0) adsorption system is studied in detail by scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) spot profile analysis. Analysis of the experimental data reveals the presence of fluctuations over a surprisingly large range of the phase diagram. Counter-intuitively, the long-range order of a uniform room temperature phase is destructed as the temperature is lowered. At 50 K three different phases coexist in an anisotropic glassy state. The anomalous loss of long-range order upon cooling is attributed to an electronically driven instability.

Zone 2 flexor tendon repairs can require “venting” or partial resection of the A2 and/or A4 pulleys. We propose and biomechanically assess a technique used by the authors in which the A2 and A4 pulleys are divided and repaired using a V–Y plasty. Two groups of cadaveric fingers were used, one group for assessing the A2 pulley and the second for assessing the A4 pulley. Prepared fingers were mounted onto custom-made jigs, tested using a servohydraulic testing machine and assessed for load to failure. The loads obtained were 75N (SD = 26N) and 234N (SD = 73N) for the A4 and A2 pulleys, respectively. These loads are well in excess of those one would anticipate during a postoperative active mobilization protocol. Tendon pulley V–Y plasty creates a mechanically sound pulley and maintains sufficient cover of the underlying tendon. This technique provides access to perform a tendon repair and/or permits free tendon gliding post-repair, thus providing an attractive alternative to simply “venting”, or resecting, an otherwise troublesome pulley.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether increasing the size of the locking loop increased the repair strength of the cruciate 4-strand suture technique and to quantify the biomechanical properties that various peripheral suture techniques provide in the cruciate 4-strand suture technique. Methods Fifty-six deep flexor tendons harvested from adult sheep hind limbs were divided randomly into 7 groups of 8. Four groups were repaired using the cruciate core technique without a peripheral suture. The locking loops were set using 10%, 25%, 33%, or 50% of the tendon width and loaded to failure using a distraction rate of 20 mm/min. The 3 groups of tendons then were repaired by using the established optimal locking loop size. These 3 groups were combined with a simple running, cross-stitch, or the interlocking horizontal mattress (IHM) peripheral suture. Repairs were tested to failure and the load at a 2-mm gap, load at failure, and stiffness were determined for all samples. Results Repairs with locking loops of 25% had the greatest biomechanical properties with load to 2-mm gap formation, load to failure, and stiffness of 10 N, 46.3 N, and 3.9 N/mm, respectively. Those with 33%, 50%, and 10% locking loops followed. Repairs with 10% locking loops failed owing to the suture cut out of the tendon. All other groups failed because of suture breakage. By using the cruciate core technique with a 25% locking loop the IHM/cruciate combination was markedly better than both the cross-stitch/cruciate and simple running/cruciate combinations. Conclusions The ideal-sized bite of the locking loops for the cruciate repair is 25% of the tendon's width. Peripheral sutures are vital to the biomechanical properties of the repair. The IHM peripheral suture technique provided the greatest improvement in biomechanical properties.

Mid-shaft transverse osteotomies were performed in 18 cadaveric metacarpals and randomly divided into two groups. Using dorsally applied plates for repair, one group was secured using 6 mm unicortical screws, while bicortical screws were used in the second group. The metacarpals were tested to failure with a four-point bending protocol using a servo-hydraulic testing machine and a 1 kN load cell. The mean load to failure was 596 N (SD=142) for the unicortical and 541 N (SD=171) for the bicortical group. The stiffness was 333 N/mm (SD=116) for the unicortical and 458 N/mm (SD=158) for the bicortical group. Both load to failure and stiffness were not statistically significant between the two groups. Failure occurred by fracture at the screw-bone interface in all specimens: no screw pull-out was observed. No biomechanical advantage was found when using bicortical screws in metacarpal fracture plating.

Purpose: We introduce 2 interlocking circumferential flexor tendon suture techniques: the interlocking cross-stitch and the interlocking horizontal mattress repair and biomechanically tested them against 2 commonly used methods. Methods: Thirty-two deep digital flexor tendons harvested from sheep hindlimbs were transected sharply. These were repaired without a core suture using 4 different circumferential repair techniques: group 1, simple running; group 2, cross-stitch; group 3, interlocking cross-stitch; group 4, interlocking horizontal mattress. All tendons were tested to failure at a distraction rate of 20 mm/min. Load to 2-mm gap formation, stiffness, load to failure, and method of failure all were assessed. Results: The mean load to 2-mm gap formation was 22.8, 20.7, 20.0, and 26.1 N for groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The mean stiffness was 7.6, 8.1, 8.7, and 10.1 N/mm, and the mean load to failure was 30.9, 42.1, 49, and 52.9 N for groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between groups 2 and 3. Group 4, however, was statistically better than the others in all measured parameters (except group 3 in load to failure). Conclusions: The interlocking horizontal mattress was the best performer overall, with statistically greater loads to failure, 2-mm gap formation, and stiffness. This technique could be considered for use in any patient likely to begin an early postoperative finger mobilization program.

The growth of III–nitrides on Si(111) substrate by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy is addressed. Growth optimization of GaN layer is reported. Different III–N flux ratio, substrate temperature and buffer layer structures were chosen as optimization parameters. Significant improvement of the GaN properties is achieved using AlGaN/AlN buffers. Temperature-dependent Hall effect experiments show a complex behavior, whereby p- and n-type conductivity is observed.

Numerical simulations of AlN/GaN-based resonant tunnelling diode structures are presented, employing self-consistent real-time Green's functions. The simulated current-voltage characteristics show strong asymmetry effects due to polarization charges at the heterointerfaces in the double-barrier region.

Background: Duplication of the popliteal and superficial femoral veins (PV, SFV) is a normal variant previously reported in up to 25% of limbs. Little clinical significance, however, has been attributed to this apparently common anomaly. The present study was designed to determine the incidence of duplications in individuals presenting for venous incompetence studies, and whether their presence could, in theory, act as a predisposing factor to deep venous thrombosis (DVT) formation. Methods: Duplex ultrasound examinations were performed in which venous duplications were actively searched for and recorded. The diameters of both limbs of any duplicated system and the single vessel immediately distal to it were recorded. Using these measurements, the changes in total cross-sectional area (CSA) associated with these anomalies were calculated. In addition, with the knowledge that the volume flow rate must remain constant, the velocity changes associated with such systems were calculated. Results: A total of 248 limbs from 177 patients was scanned. Duplications were found in 39 (15.7%) of these limbs. Of these, 30 limbs (77%) involved only the SFV, seven (18%) involved both the SFV and PV, and two (5%) involved only the PV. Short-segment SFV duplications were used to calculate the percentage change in total CSA and therefore blood flow velocities. Of the 13 (33%) suitable for such calculations, and calculating for each individual duplicated system, a mean increase in the vessel’s total CSA of 42%, which corresponded to a theoretical decrease in blood flow velocity of 36%, was found. Conclusion: The present study confirms the significantly high incidence of duplications of the PV and SFV and raises the possibility of the potential for DVT formation secondary to changes in flow velocities.

The interaction of Cl with Pt(110) was studied in UHV by scanning tunneling microscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, temperature- programmed desorption, and DFT calculations. Up to half a monolayer (ML) of Cl forms an adsorbate structure. Compression to higher local coverages leads to erosion of Pt atoms from the top layer and formation of PtCl(4) pentamers. Anneating results in heating of the Pt defects and formation of a long- range-ordered PtCl(4)/Cl/Pt(110) adlayer that is remarkably simitar to the adtayer structure found after deposition of [PtCl(4)](2-) from an electrolyte onto Au(100). Coadsorption of 0.5 ML of Cl with CO initiates PtCl(4) formation, but no volatile compounds are formed under these conditions. In similar experiments with Br, the original Pt surface is left intact, even if Br is compressed to local coverages of 0.75 ML, in agreement with the expected tower corrosion activity of Br.

Serum copper and zinc concentrations of 506 (414 males and 92 females) apparently healthy Greek blood donors aged 18-60 years old were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean copper and zinc concentrations were 115.46 ± 23.56 μg/dl and 77.11 ± 17.67 μg/dl, respectively. The mean value for copper and zinc in females was higher than in males, although the difference for zinc was smaller than the one observed for copper. When the subjects were divided into various age groups there appeared to be some increase in copper concentration as a function of age, whereas zinc concentration did not change. There were no significant variations in serum copper and zinc concentrations due to place of residence, occupation and socioeconomic status. This study is the first one evaluating the serum status of copper and zinc in healthy Greeks and it has shown that they are at the highest concentration range for copper and the lowest for zinc compared to literature data on copper and zinc levels for various countries. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

This chapter provides a review of the current knowledge in tendon repair, healing, and rehabilitation, which would clearly be incomplete without first reviewing tendon anatomy in the hand.

Purpose Little data exist comparing the strength of traditional methods of fixation in a flexor digitorum profundus tendon with the use of a suture anchor. In vitro cyclic testing simulating a passive mobilization protocol was used to compare the repair of a flexor digitorum profundus tendon using a single micro-Mitek anchor (Mitek, Westwood, MA) or a modified Bunnell 2-strand pullout technique using a monofilament or a braided polyester suture. Methods Twenty-four fresh-frozen cadaveric fingers were divided randomly into 4 repair groups (n = 6 each): a micro-Mitek with a 3–0 braided polyester suture or a 3–0 monofilament suture, or a modified Bunnell technique with a 3–0 braided polyester suture or a 3–0 monofilament suture. After repair the specimens were loaded cyclically from 2 to 15 N at 5 N/s, for a total of 500 cycles. Gap formation at the tendon-bone interface was assessed every 100 cycles. Samples were tested to failure at the completion of 500 cycles. Results No specimens failed catastrophically during cyclic testing. A significantly greater gap formed using the monofilament sutures compared with the braided polyester sutures with both repair techniques. Load to failure in the modified Bunnell technique was superior to the micro-Mitek with both suture types. The modified Bunnell technique using a braided polyester suture was superior to the monofilament suture whereas the suture type did not alter the properties of the micro-Mitek repair. Conclusions Significant gap formation with the use of a monofilament suture may be of concern. The use of a braided polyester suture when removal of the pullout suture is required as in the Bunnell technique also needs to be considered.

Purpose: Common methods of repair of zone 1 flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) or extensor tendon avulsion or laceration are the modified Bunnell pullout and suture anchor techniques. While these techniques have extensive use clinically, results show a 75% fair to poor outcome. We present a simple technique for repairing these injuries and discuss its rationale. Methodology: A retrospective analysis was undertaken on a consecutive cohort of 5 patients that were treated by the relatively simple method of (1) securing the FDP tendon stump with a 4-0 Fibreloop suture in a standard Kessler suture configuration (2) creation of transosseous tunnels and (3) passing the sutures through the base of the distal phalanx and then tying them volar to the FDP tendon stump, which effectively results in a 4 strand tendon and 4 strand transosseous suture repair. Results: Six month follow up of MCP, PIP, and DIP joint flexion was 99%, 95%, and 86% of that of the uninjured side, respectively, with no complications. All patients were able to return to their pre-injury level of functioning and employment, with no further operations required. This technique has also been employed when repairing open mallet finger injuries. Additionally, similar principles are used when repairing volar plate avulsion injuries. Conclusion: The technique avoids the morbidity associated with both the pullout button and suture anchor techniques, while providing an inexpensive, and highly reproducible, four-strand biomechanically sound repair that allows an early active mobilization protocol to maximize return of function.

When adsorbed on the strongly anisotropic Pt(110) surface Br forms a sequence of (n × 1) structures. In the present study we investigate the (4 × 1) structure by scanning tunneling microscopy, quantitative low-energy electron diffraction and density-functional calculations. We show that the optimal structural model contains essentially the same adsorption sites as the (3 × 1) structure, but with a different preference. The positions of the substrate atom are consistent with a frozen surface phonon of fourfold periodicity, suggesting that the phase diagram can be understood on the basis of a tunable charge density wave (Swamy et al 2001 Phys. Rev. B 86 1299). The structure could also be explained by assuming short-range interactions only, but evidence is presented that adsorbate-adsorbate interactions mediated by quasi-one-dimensional surface resonances play a major role in both cases.

Finding and investigating low-dimensional model systems is essential to improve the understanding of metals with strong electron correlation. Here, we show that suitably chosen transition metal surfaces can provide such model systems. Comparing the band structure from density functional theory (DFT) with angular resolved photoemission (ARPES) for Pt(110), we give evidence for a low-dimensional surface resonance. Details of the band topology and fingerprints of low-dimensional behaviour are presented.

Competing electronic interactions can be used to tune materials into different phases with interesting and sometimes exotic properties, ranging from magnetic long-range order to superconductivity. Such electronic interactions are particularly pronounced in low-dimensional systems, where electronic correlation is enhanced. On surfaces, the electronic states are easily accessible for manipulation by doping, adsorption or quantum confinement. A deliberate shift of the Fermi surface of 2D or 1D electron states can have a significant influence on chemical activity, adsorbate–adsorbate interactions, surface diffusion etc. More strikingly, it may drive phase transitions and can perhaps be used to realize Peierls-distorted, magnetically ordered and even superconducting phases in two dimensions. Using the Br/Pt(110) system as a case study, the possibility and the problems of a (quasi)continuous variation of a Peierls phase by Fermi surface tuning are examined.