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1. Different Methods for Assessing System Failure Criticality in the RAMI Approach

Author

E. Delchambre, D. van Houtte, D. Elbèze, Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)

Subjects
[SPI.OTHER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Schedule, Effects and Criticality Analysis, Computer science, 020209 energy, Monte Carlo method, Maintainability, Reliability block diagram, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Maintainability and Inspectability, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, Reliability (statistics), Civil and Structural Engineering, Criticality, Mechanical Engineering, Probabilistic logic, Availability, Reliability, Reliability engineering, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Failure mode and effects analysis, Failure Mode, Quantitative Schedule Risk Analysis
Abstract

International audience; In the Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, and Inspectability (RAMI) engineering approach used in nuclear fusion research, criticality identifies the failure modes that have the greatest impact on the availability of the studied system. Criticality is expressed as the product of the occurrence level with the severity level of failure modes. The analytical calculation shows that this formulation is equivalent to their availability provided that the duty cycle of basic functions is introduced to adjust the occurrence and the scales of occurrence and severity are homogeneous. To consolidate the results obtained with a Reliability Block Diagram analysis, we performed a probabilistic study using an advanced Monte Carlo simulation code: the Primavera® Quantitative Schedule Risk Analysis. This method associates failure modes with conditional activities in a schedule and provides the density distribution of failures and tornado graphs to identify the highest criticality failures. Statistical tests were performed for two operational systems, and we showed that the criticality evaluated with the RAMI approach was in good agreement with the results of the other methods. Thus, in many cases, the analytical formulas can be used during the Failure Mode, Effects, and Criticality Analysis to quickly assess availability by using a spreadsheet.

Published
2019

2. System level design of the ITER equatorial visible/infrared wide angle viewing system

Author

Eric Gauthier, C. Hidalgo, Marie-Hélène Aumeunier, Didier Elbèze, Fernando Mota, M. Kocan, Y. Peneliau, E. Delchambre, Vincent Martin, Roger Reichle, S. Larroque, Christophe Guillon, T. Loarer, David Blanchet, Luis Rios, Bruno Cantone, L. Letellier, Frederic Le Guern, A. Manzanares, Stéphane Balme, Marc Ferlet, and Florence Labasse

Subjects
Electronic system-level design and verification, Infrared, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Divertor, Detector, Port (circuit theory), 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Data acquisition, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Conceptual design, 0103 physical sciences, Thermography, Environmental science, General Materials Science, Aerospace engineering, 010306 general physics, business, Civil and Structural Engineering, Remote sensing
Abstract

The equatorial visible/infrared Wide Angle Viewing System (WAVS) is one of the ITER key diagnostics for machine protection. It has to monitor the Plasma Facing Components (PFCs) by infrared thermography and visible imaging. Foreseen to be installed in 4 equatorial port plugs to maximize the coverage of divertor, first wall, heating antennas and upper strike zone, the WAVS is composed of 15 lines of sight and 15 optical systems transferring the light along several meters from the PFCs through the port plug and interspace up to the detectors located in the port cell. After a conceptual design phase led by ITER Organization, the design is being further developed through a Framework Partnership Agreement signed between the European Domestic Agency, Fusion for Energy, and a consortium gathering CEA, CIEMAT (with INTA as third party) and Bertin Technologies company. First the WAVS measurement specifications are presented. Secondly the description of the current design is given both for the in-vessel system and for the ex-vessel one. The on-going neutronic studies are depicted as well as the cameras and data acquisition system foreseen for the back-end of the diagnostic.

Published
2017

3. Traveling wave array for DEMO with proof of principle on WEST

Author

Riccardo Ragona, E. Delchambre, J. Ongena, A. M. Messiaen, F. Durodié, Julien Hillairet, J.M. Bernard, M. Van Schoor, D. Van Eester, R. J. Dumont, Laboratory for Plasma Physics (LPP), Ecole Royale Militaire / Koninklijke Militaire School (ERM KMS), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)

Subjects
Coupling, WEST, ICRF, Computer science, Mechanical Engineering, [SPI.PLASMA]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Plasmas, Extrapolation, Effective radiated power, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Set (abstract data type), TWA, [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Proof of concept, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], 0103 physical sciences, Distributed antenna system, Electronic engineering, General Materials Science, Standing wave ratio, 010306 general physics, DEMO, Civil and Structural Engineering, Voltage
Abstract

International audience; To decrease the power density and associated high voltages, a distributed antenna system is proposed as ICRH system for the DEMO reactor. Among the different solutions, a layout made from a set of travelling wave array (TWA) sections is considered as the most promising [1, 2]. It optimizes coupling to the plasma, is load resilient and avoids large values for the VSWR in the feeding lines. The total radiated power scales as the number of independently fed sections such that high reliability can be expected. The TWA concept for ICRH is innovative and very different from the traditional IC antennas. A test on WEST should provide a proof of principle of the validity of the TWA approach together with a comparison with the existing WEST IC antennas. The chosen geometry of the TWA section is compatible with one unit of the complete set designed for a future reactor [3]. The paper describes the progress made in the preparation of a test on WEST along with the extrapolation for a future reactor like DEMO. A comparative modeling with the present antennas is also discussed and a preliminary RAMI analysis is introduced showing the promising positive impact of the TWA design on the RAMI scores.

Published
2019

4. RAMI approach as guidance for optimizing the design of the WEST machine protection system using IR thermography measurements

Author

E. Delchambre, X. Courtois, Jérôme Bucalossi, M.-H. Aumeunier, and D. van Houtte

Subjects
Ir thermography, Tokamak, Computer science, Mechanical Engineering, Divertor, Maintainability, West operation, Protection system, Reliability engineering, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Thermography, General Materials Science, Reliability (statistics), Civil and Structural Engineering, Remote sensing
Abstract

The WEST project (Tungsten (W) Environment in Steady State Tokamak) is targeted at minimizing risks in support of the ITER divertor strategy. Part of the machine protection system will be based on Short Wave InfraRed (SWIR) thermography diagnostic which consists in monitoring and controlling in real time the power load on the plasma facing components through the surface temperature measurements. The inherent availability objective of such a machine protection diagnostic is essential for WEST operation. A functional analysis of the IR system from highest level main functions down to basic operational functions has been developed. The availability of the initial design has been assessed by making a RAMI (Reliability, Availability Maintainability and Inspectability) analysis. Despite mitigation actions to reduce the frequency of potential failures and their time to repair, the availability required by the project could not be reached. With the aim of achieving the availability target, a recommendation was made to consider an alternative design. This paper presents a RAMI analysis of the IR thermography diagnostic whose results have led to modifying the design of antennas protection system to a more available system as required by the WEST project.

Published
2015

5. The ITER Equatorial Visible/Infra-Red Wide Angle Viewing System: Status of design and R&D

Author

Delphine Keller, V. Martin, Esther Rincon, P. Martín, Christophe Guillon, S. Salasca, Eric Gauthier, C. Hidalgo, Yann Corre, Rafael Vila, Roger Reichle, Yannick Peneliau, Luis Rios, A. Manzanares, M. Proust, Frederic Le Guern, Frederic Micolon, S. Larroque, Florence Labasse, Fernando Mota, Marc Ferlet, Javier Alonso, Fabrice Benoit, Marie-Hélène Aumeunier, David Blanchet, T. Loarer, E. Delchambre, José L. Pablos, Bertrand Peluso, M. Medrano, Didier van Houtte, Bruno Cantone, and Eduardo de La Cal

Subjects
Sight, Electronic system-level design and verification, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Conceptual design, Mechanical Engineering, Shutter, Divertor, Detector, Systems engineering, General Materials Science, Port (computer networking), Civil and Structural Engineering, Compensation (engineering)
Abstract

The Equatorial Visible/Infra-Red Wide Angle Viewing System (WAVS) is one of the ITER key diagnostics owing to its role in machine investment protection through the monitoring of Plasma Facing Components (PFCs) by Infra-Red thermography and visible imaging. Foreseen to be installed in 4 equatorial port plugs to maximize the coverage of divertor, first wall, heating antennas and upper strike zone, the WAVS will likely be composed of 15 lines of sight and 15 optical systems transferring the light along several meters from the PFCs through the port plug and interspace up to detectors located in the port cell. After a conceptual design phase led by ITER Organization, the design is being further developed through a Framework Partnership Agreement signed between the European Domestic Agency, Fusion for Energy, and a consortium gathering CEA, CIEMAT (with INTA as third party) and Bertin Technologies company. The next design step is the System Level Design (SLD) which will enable to consolidate the WAVS specifications as well as the performance realistically achievable (taking into account ITER and project constraints). The SLD has been preceded by a preparatory phase aiming at clarifying the WAVS functions and identifying critical prototyping. The outcomes of this preparatory phase are reported in this paper. First a review by the consortium of the WAVS measurement specifications is presented, for the purpose of a clearer separation of measurement parameters mandatory for machine protection (with stringent requirements) from those relevant for machine control and physics studies. Secondly the main features of the diagnostic are summarized, including a description of its current design, a preliminary analysis of its interfaces and a high level functional analysis. Finally the status of the R&D which may be necessary to validate the diagnostic design is presented. On the one hand, this R&D could consist in testing materials and coatings of optical components to characterize their behavior under the harsh environment of ITER. On the other hand R&D activities could concern prototyping and testing of subsystems of the diagnostic which have been identified as critical, such as the first mirrors and their associated devices (shutter and cleaning system) and the differential movement compensation system.

Published
2015

6. Scaling of carbon erosion in Tore Supra

Author

Yannick Marandet, G. Colledani, E. Tsitrone, C. Brosset, A. Beauté, M. Naiim-Habib, P. Genesio, J. P. Gunn, E. Delchambre, P. Monier-Garbet, R. Dachicourt, Yann Corre, M. Kubic, B. Pégourié, P. Börner, Detlev Reiter, T. Aniel, Eric Gauthier, and A. Martinez

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Scaling law, Toroid, chemistry.chemical_element, Fusion power, Tore Supra, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Limiter, Erosion, General Materials Science, Scaling, Carbon
Abstract

The scaling law for carbon erosion in Tore Supra previously established by Hogan et al. [1] (Φc(C/ s) = 5 × 1020 Pcond (MW), where Pcond is the conducted power) is revisited both from the experimental and the modelling point of view. New developments with the EIRENE code, that allow relating measured CII emission intensities to the total amount of carbon sputtered from the Toroidal Pumped Limiter, are presented. Recent measurements carried out at high input power show a good agreement with the database used to establish the scaling law.

Published
2011

7. Surface temperature measurement in the medium and long wavelength infrared range on MAST

Author

J. L. Gardarein, A. Kirk, Estelle Gauthier, J.-M. Travere, V. Moncada, T. Loarer, G. DeTemmerman, E. Delchambre-Demoncheaux, G. Dunand, Matériaux et Mécanique des Composants (EDF R&D MMC), EDF R&D (EDF R&D), EDF (EDF)-EDF (EDF), Institut universitaire des systèmes thermiques industriels (IUSTI), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], 010302 applied physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Infrared, business.industry, Significant difference, Bulk temperature, 01 natural sciences, Temperature measurement, Molecular physics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Wavelength, Long wavelength, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, 13. Climate action, 0103 physical sciences, Surface roughness, General Materials Science, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Power flux, business
Abstract

19th International Conference on Plasma-Surface Interactions in Controlled Fusion Devices (PSI), Univ Calif, Gen Atom, San Diego, CA, MAY 24-28, 2010; International audience; Experiments and theoretical investigations of surface temperature measurement in the medium and long wavelength infrared range carried out on MAST show that a nonhomogenous surface temperature distribution due to the surface state (micro-metric hot-spots and/or surface roughness) can lead to a significant difference (up to similar to 40%) between both wavelengths. The over-estimation of the bulk temperature decreases with wavelength and the discrepancy observed on MAST can be reproduced using a hot-spot simulation model, by varying the dust size and the dust coverage such that a coverage of 0.2 parts per thousand with 1 mu m dust size which is consistent with the observations. The over-estimation of the bulk temperature is assessed at medium and long wavelength as a function of dust contribution (coverage/size). The effect is also assessed in different conditions (temperature of the bulk as well as the incident power flux). (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Published
2011

8. Fuel retention in impurity seeded long discharges in Tore Supra

Author

O. Meyer, M. Kocan, B. Pégourié, Yann Corre, S. Carpentier, Pascale Roubin, P. Monier-Garbet, P. Devynck, T. Loarer, J.C. Vallet, A. Grosman, Yannick Marandet, J. P. Gunn, J. Bucalossi, E. Delchambre, S. Brezinsek, E. Tsitrone, C. Brosset, and C. Balorin

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Argon, Chemistry, Radiochemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Fusion power, Tore Supra, Neon, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Deuterium, Impurity, General Materials Science, Seeding, Diffusion (business), Atomic physics
Abstract

In next step machines, tritium retention in the carbon walls is a major concern. In Tore Supra, long pulses with impurity seeding were developed to study deuterium retention in stationary conditions at low edge temperatures. A double feedback was implemented, with deuterium injection set on plasma density and impurity injection set on the radiated fraction. Long discharges (∼1 min) were obtained with radiated fractions in the range 60–80%. Neon and argon seeding were tested. In both cases, a small fraction of the injected impurity is transiently trapped in the wall, and released at the end of the shot. The deuterium retention rate decreases significantly with increasing radiated fraction, both for Ne and Ar seeding, in absolute and relative value (when related to D2 injection rate, or Dα recycling on the limiter). Interpretation is still an open question, as different retention mechanisms could be affected (implantation, codeposition, bulk diffusion).

Published
2009

9. Spatially resolved charge exchange flux calculations on the Toroidal Pumped Limiter of Tore Supra

Author

Yannick Marandet, S. Brezinsek, E. Tsitrone, R. Mitteau, A. Escarguel, Detlev Reiter, B. Pégourié, J. P. Gunn, P. Genesio, E. Delchambre, P. Börner, P. Monier-Garbet, and A. Beauté

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Toroid, Chemistry, Tore Supra, Nuclear physics, Flux (metallurgy), Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Deuterium, Physics::Plasma Physics, Limiter, Erosion, Particle, General Materials Science, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Atomic physics, Diffusion (business)
Abstract

A spatially resolved calculation of the charge exchange particle and energy fluxes on the Toroidal Pumped Limiter (TPL) of Tore Supra is presented, as a first step towards a better understanding and modelling of carbon erosion, migration, as well as deuterium codeposition and bulk diffusion of deuterium in Tore Supra. The results are obtained with the EIRENE code run in a 3D geometry. Physical and chemical erosion maps on the TPL are calculated, and the contribution of neutrals to erosion, especially in the self-shadowed area, is calculated.

Published
2009

10. Overview of the deuterium inventory campaign in Tore Supra: Operational conditions and particle balance

Author

E. Delchambre, F. Samaille, P. Hertout, F. Kazarian, B. Pégourié, S. Vartanian, C. Desgranges, M. Kočan, G. Dunand, P. Monier-Garbet, M. Richou, M. Mayer, J. Y. Pascal, A. Beauté, A. Martinez, James Paul Gunn, A. Ekedahl, E. Aréou, Suk-Ho Hong, F. Linez, A. Escarguel, Céline Martin, R. Sabot, E. Tsitrone, C. Gil, Cécile Arnas, P. Moreau, O. Meyer, P. Oddon, J. Lasalle, Yannick Marandet, P. Devynck, S. Bremond, L. Manenc, D. Douai, F. Saint-Laurent, Eric Gauthier, Y. Corre, F. Rimini, J. Bucalossi, J. Roth, C. Brosset, Pascale Roubin, and S. Carpentier

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Toroid, Chemistry, Nuclear engineering, Plasma, Fusion power, Tore Supra, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Deuterium, Limiter, Particle, General Materials Science, Saturation (chemistry)
Abstract

A specific experiment was performed in Tore Supra, dedicated to the search for consistency between wall inventories estimated from gas balance and post-mortem analysis and to the characterization of the D-retention mechanism. More than 160 similar discharges were performed, representing a cumulative time of 18 000 s of plasma with no intermediate conditioning procedure. The only significant operational issue was linked to the ejection of flakes from the plasma facing components, whose frequency increased dramatically during the campaign, triggering a plasma detachment phase followed by a disruption in number of cases. In-vessel inventory was increased by ∼3.1 × 1024 D, and constant retention rate (∼2.3 × 1020 D/s averaged over discharge duration) was measured, with no indication of wall saturation. First measurements on dismantled tiles of the Toroidal Pump Limiter (TPL) show [D]/[C] ratios ranging from 0.04 to 0.20, on a typical thickness of 15–20 μm. Extrapolated to the whole TPL, this yields an amount of ∼(1.5 ± 0.3) × 1024 D, i.e. ∼50% of the estimated in-vessel inventory.

Published
2009

11. Analysis of radiative disruptions in RF-heated Tore Supra plasmas using infrared imaging

Author

A. Ekedahl, R. Mitteau, G. Dunand, J.L. Schwob, B. Pégourié, E. Tsitrone, F.G. Rimini, P. Monier-Garbet, O. Meyer, E. Delchambre, Yann Corre, F. Saint-Laurent, and Jérôme Bucalossi

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Infrared, Chemistry, business.industry, Hot spot (veterinary medicine), Plasma, Tore Supra, Fusion power, Radiation, Nuclear physics, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Radiative transfer, Limiter, General Materials Science, business
Abstract

The precursors and following sequential events leading to radiative disruptions in Tore Supra have been analysed using infrared imaging, together with visible and ultraviolet spectroscopy of impurity species. A common feature observed prior to the disruptions is the appearance of a small (∼cm2) hot spot on the main plasma facing component, the Toroidal Pumped Limiter (TPL), clearly localised in a zone of thick carbon re-deposition (>100 μm). A MARFE (Multifaceted Asymmetric Radiation From the Edge) is often triggered, followed by disruption. Such hot spots have been observed in ∼24% of the analysed disruptions, which is consistent with the fact that only 4/18 (22%) of the total area of the TPL is monitored with infrared cameras. These results suggest that over-heating of thick carbon re-deposition layers may play a role in the operational limits (MARFE, disruption) encountered.

Published
2009

12. Overview of physics results from MAST

Author

B. Lloyd, R.J. Akers, F. Alladio, Y. Andrew, L.C. Appel, D. Applegate, K.B. Axon, N. Ben Ayed, C. Bunting, R.J. Buttery, P.G. Carolan, I. Chapman, D. Ciric, J.W. Connor, N.J. Conway, M. Cox, G.F. Counsell, G. Cunningham, A. Darke, E. Delchambre, R.O. Dendy, J. Dowling, B. Dudson, M. Dunstan, A.R. Field, A. Foster, S. Gee, L. Garzotti, M.P. Gryaznevich, A. Gurchenko, E. Gusakov, N.C. Hawkes, P. Helander, T.C. Hender, B. Hnat, D.F. Howell, N. Joiner, D. Keeling, A. Kirk, B. Koch, M. Kuldkepp, S. Lisgo, F. Lott, G.P. Maddison, R. Maingi, A. Mancuso, S.J. Manhood, R. Martin, G.J. McArdle, J. McCone, H. Meyer, P. Micozzi, A.W. Morris, D.G. Muir, M. Nelson, M.R. O'Brien, A. Patel, S. Pinches, J. Preinhaelter, M.N. Price, E. Rachlew, C.M. Roach, V. Rozhansky, S. Saarelma, A. Saveliev, R. Scannell, S.E. Sharapov, V. Shevchenko, S. Shibaev, K. Stammers, J. Storrs, A. Surkov, A. Sykes, S. Tallents, D. Taylor, N. Thomas-Davies, M.R. Turnyanskiy, J. Urban, M. Valovic, R.G.L. Vann, F. Volpe, G. Voss, M.J. Walsh, S.E.V. Warder, R. Watkins, H.R. Wilson, and M. Wisse

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Condensed Matter Physics
Published
2007

13. Surface modification and hydrogen isotope retention in CFC during plasma irradiation in the Tore Supra tokamak

Author

R. Mitteau, P. Shigin, L. B. Begrambekov, S. V. Vergazov, N. Titov, E. Tsitrone, T. Loarer, P. Moner-Garbet, J. Bucalossi, A. M. Zakharov, J.-Y. Pascal, C. Grisolia, C. Brosset, J. P. Gunn, E. Delchambre, and M. Lipa

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Chemistry, Radiochemistry, Analytical chemistry, Plasma, Fusion power, Tore Supra, Spectral line, Amorphous solid, law.invention, Carbon film, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, General Materials Science, Irradiation
Abstract

The uniform layer with thickness at least 50–100 μm was found on the CFC tiles from the inboard midplane after more than four years of tokamak operation. The upper part of the uniform layer was amorphous, but at the depth of ∼5 μm a structure consisting of micro-size regions with aromatic chains located parallel to the surface was found. Gradual transition from uniform layer to underlying CFC structure was observed. The reciprocating material probe was used for installation of CFC samples in the Tore Supra deuterium plasma. The thermal desorptional spectra of these samples are compared with the spectra of the samples irradiated in the laboratory stand and with the spectra of hydrogenated carbon film. The peculiarities of hydrogen isotope trapping under plasma irradiation and at the atmosphere are presented and discussed.

Published
2007

14. Power load during disruption in MAST

Author

F. Lott, A. Kirk, E. Delchambre, and G. F. Counsell

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, business.industry, Plasma parameters, Chemistry, Analytical chemistry, Mechanics, Sawtooth wave, Plasma, Fusion power, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Heat flux, law, General Materials Science, Vertical displacement, business, Thermal energy
Abstract

The spatial distribution and temporal behaviour of thermal energy released during disruptions is a key issue for ITER. The most critical phase of the disruption process for plasma facing components is the thermal quench which describes the rapid loss of thermal energy at, or just before, the current redistribution. Power exhaust during disruption in MAST has been investigated using an infrared (IR) camera. The spatial distribution have shown strong toroidal and radial asymmetries depending on the event triggering the collapse of the energy such as locked mode, vertical displacement event (VDE) or big sawtooth. Disruption can be characterised comparing the heat load footprint, the broadening of heat flux width and the energy released in the phase prior to the thermal quench. This paper will present results from heat load pattern and will discuss the role of plasma parameters on power load during disruption.

Published
2007

15. Overview of MAST results

Author

G.F Counsell, R.J Akers, L.C Appel, D Applegate, K.B Axon, Y Baranov, C Brickley, C Bunting, R.J Buttery, P.G Carolan, C Challis, D Ciric, N.J Conway, M Cox, G Cunningham, A Darke, A Dnestrovskij, J Dowling, B Dudson, M.R Dunstan, E Delchambre, A.R Field, A Foster, S Gee, M.P Gryaznevich, P Helander, T.C Hender, M Hole, D.H Howell, N Joiner, D Keeling, A Kirk, I.P Lehane, S Lisgo, B Lloyd, F Lott, G.P Maddison, S.J Manhood, R Martin, G.J McArdle, K.G McClements, H Meyer, A.W Morris, M Nelson, M.R O'Brien, A Patel, T Pinfold, J Preinhaelter, M.N Price, C.M Roach, V Rozhansky, S Saarelma, A Saveliev, R Scannell, S Sharapov, V Shevchenko, S Shibaev, K Stammers, J Storrs, A Sykes, A Tabasso, S Tallents, D Taylor, M.R Tournianski, A Turner, G Turri, M Valovic, F Volpe, G Voss, M.J Walsh, J.R Watkins, H.R Wilson, M Wisse, and the MAST, NBI and ECRH Teams

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Condensed Matter Physics
Published
2005

16. Hot spot effect on infrared spectral luminance emitted by carbon under plasma particles impact

Author

E. Delchambre, P. Roubin, M. Missirlian, R. Reichle, and R. Mitteau

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Chemistry, Infrared, Analytical chemistry, Plasma, Tore Supra, Radiation, Luminance, Electron cyclotron resonance, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, General Materials Science, Pyrolytic carbon, Atomic physics, Power density
Abstract

During the last Tore Supra campaigns, an anomalous deformation in the near infrared spectrum of radiation has been observed on neutraliser underneath the Toroidal Pumped Limiter (TPL) on which we have observed the growth of carbon layer. The consequence is the difficulty to assess the surface temperature of the components and the power loaded. Laboratory experiment has been performed, using an Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ions source, to reproduce, characterize and explain this phenomenon. The luminance emitted by Carbon Fibre Composite (CFC) and pyrolytic graphite, have been observed under 95 keV of H+ bombardments. The amplitude of the deformation was found to depend on the type of material used and the power density of the incident power loaded. This paper presents the possible hot spots explanation. The experimental luminance deformation is reproduced and these results are validated using a thermal model of dust in radiative equilibrium.

Published
2005

17. Multichannel and multicolour infrared thermography in Tore Supra

Author

C. Desgrange, S. Henry, H. Roche, Roger Reichle, P. Messina, C. Balorin, D. Guilhem, C. Pocheau, and E. Delchambre

Subjects
Optical fiber, Materials science, business.industry, Imaging spectrometer, Physics::Optics, Field of view, Tore Supra, law.invention, Optics, Integrating sphere, law, Temporal resolution, Thermography, Prism, business, Instrumentation
Abstract

An imaging spectrometer using a sapphire prism as dispersing element has been conceived at Tore Supra for the spectral range of 1–4 μm. It measures simultaneously at various wavelengths the temperature on distributed high heat-flux elements under plasma impact with 36 optical fibers, four of which are ZrF4 fibers. It employs an InSb focal plane array detector (256*320 pixels) behind a silicon filter and a ZnS window yielding a dynamic range of 200–1500 °C with 20 ms temporal resolution. The fiber transmission and the spatial variation of gain and background of the camera are calibrated using a light source with integrating sphere. With a blackbody source one determines the nonlinearity of the average gain and controls its stability during operation. The spectral dispersion of about 24 nm/pixel is determined with interference filters and controlled with a spectral lamp. The measurements at various wavelengths allow to determine the temperature distribution in the field of view.

Published
2004

18. Near infrared spectra of carbon deposited layers from tore supra under plasma particle bombardment

Author

Jean-Marc Layet, Roger Reichle, E. Delchambre, T. Loarer, Nicolas Papageorgiou, Marcel Carrere, and Pascale Roubin

Subjects
Materials science, Tokamak, Near-infrared spectroscopy, Plasma, Radiation, Tore Supra, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Helicon, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Black-body radiation, Atomic physics, Luminescence
Abstract

During the 1999 experimental Tore-Supra campaign, an unexpected high near infrared (NIR) emission was observed when looking at carbonaceous surfaces under the impact of plasma and high energy ions: a radiation different from blackbody. Such an extra luminance phenomenon has now been produced in controlled way in laboratory experiments. Here we report on measurements using a helicon plasma source at LPIIM, Marseille. As with previous experiments on Tore Supra, the laboratory observed NIR spectra are different from simple blackbody radiation curves under certain conditions. Luminescence phenomenon is discussed to explain extra luminance from carbon surfaces under plasma particles impact.

Published
2004

19. Status of power balance monitoring for long pulse operation at Tore Supra

Author

C. Desgrange, L. Ducobu, M. Lipa, A. Saille, P. Bibet, Roger Reichle, C. Balorin, G. Martin, J. Schlosser, C. Pocheau, E. Delchambre, E. Tsitrone, E.W. Thomas, F. Faisse, D. Moulin, D. Guilhem, M. Jouve, A. Ekedahl, R. Mitteau, H. Roche, M. Chantant, Frederic Escourbiac, P. Messina, A. Geraud, J.C. Vallet, F. Saint-Laurent, and M. Goniche

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Nuclear engineering, Bolometer, Magnetic confinement fusion, Tore Supra, Fusion power, AC power, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Nuclear physics, law, Power Balance, Thermography, Limiter
Abstract

A short review of diagnostics and techniques for active power exhaust control is given from the point of view of experiences gained at Tore Supra. The physical and technological aspects are presented with the aim of illustrating strengths, difficulties and potential for future long pulse and steady state fusion devices such as W7X and ITER-FEAT. One of the main features of the Tore Supra approach to power exhaust control is the reliance on infrared (IR) thermography to survey nearly 100% of the high flux target zones. This is applied to the largest elements, the toroidal pump limiter and the heating antennae, by a number of IR endoscopes. For high flux target areas inaccessible to direct view, optical fibres in the IR and the near-IR range are used. The large wall panels, which evacuate the rest of the power, are controlled by calorimetry. Bolometry is used to achieve a complete power balance. These measurements can be inserted in control loops acting typically on the injected heating power or the radiation cooling.

Published
2003

20. Surface temperature measurements on Tokamak target plates with two types of infra red fibres

Author

L. Ducobu, C. Pocheau, H. Roche, F. Faisse, D. Guilhem, D. Moulin, E. Delchambre, E.W. Thomas, M. Jouve, and Roger Reichle

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Optical fiber, Infrared, Chemistry, business.industry, Near-infrared spectroscopy, Tore Supra, Fusion power, Temperature measurement, law.invention, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Thermography, General Materials Science, business
Abstract

Tore Supra has chosen to protect the most heavily solicited and actively cooled target plates by thermography using optical fibres. In consequence to previous experience [J. Nucl. Mater. 290–293 (2001) 701], the prototype periscope for the 2001 experimental campaign was equipped not only with silica fibres but also with a ZrF 4 fibre, transparent up to 4 μm. As then, the measurements in the mid infrared range give lower temperatures than the ones in the near infrared range. The silica fibres are more robust and easier to calibrate, which may justify to use both types side by side using a cross calibration formula. Measurements with an silica fibre embedded in the interior of the target plate exhibited only during discharges with LHCD heating sufficient signal levels to be spectrally analysed. Under these conditions the same kind of additional near infrared radiation as on the silica fibres looking at the exterior of the target plates was observed.

Published
2003

21. Thermography of target plates with near-infrared optical fibres at Tore Supra

Author

Roger Reichle, V. Basiuk, M. Druetta, A. Cambe, W. Hess, M. Chantant, V. Bergeaud, E. Delchambre, C. Pocheau, and Eric Gauthier

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, business.industry, Chemistry, Analytical chemistry, Tore Supra, Spectral line, Wavelength, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Thermal radiation, Thermography, Emissivity, General Materials Science, Black-body radiation, Spectroscopy, business
Abstract

First spectroscopic near-infrared thermography measurements in the range 0.9–1.95 μm performed with optical fibres are reported. Two set-ups served as test-beds for physical and technical questions for a security system based on fibre optical thermography. It was found that for the interesting temperature range above 600°C atomic and molecular line emission is negligible in comparison with thermal radiation. The observed near-infrared spectra are however different from simple blackbody radiation curves. They are explained by the coverage of the surface with dust and flakes. The dust particles are identified by their spectral emissivity falling off with the square of the wavelength. On one set-up, flakes were identifiable by fast cool-down times and confirmed by post-experiment inspection. In the absence of flakes, surface temperatures on a ripple protection plate were measured, that allowed to determine the mean energy of ripple trapped ions to be 200–300 keV.

Published
2001

22. Characterization of the carbon erosion on the limiter of Tore Supra

Author

S. Brezinsek, J.M. Travere, B. Pégourié, E. Tsitrone, Yann Corre, Yannick Marandet, J. P. Gunn, A. Ekedahl, P. Monier-Garbet, E. Delchambre, S. Carpentier, A. Escarguel, G. Dunand, A. Beauté, and V. Moncada

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Fusion power, Tore Supra, Characterization (materials science), Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Deuterium, Limiter, Erosion, General Materials Science, Spectral analysis, Atomic physics, Carbon
Abstract

This paper focuses on chemical erosion characterisation at Tore Supra by visible spectral analysis of carbon and deuterium transitions at the toroidal pumped limiter – the main source of carbon. A new image-processing tool for visible imaging analysis allows to identify carbon sources on the limiter. Spectrally resolved data have been also obtained on the limiter in particular the observation of the CD band (Gero band), related to chemical erosion. Erosion yields have been assessed and chemical erosion represents roughly 30% of the total carbon erosion.

Published
2009

24. Contribution of Tore Supra in preparation of ITER

Author

B. Saoutic, J. Abiteboul, L. Allegretti, S. Allfrey, J.M. Ané, T. Aniel, A. Argouarch, J.F. Artaud, M.H. Aumenier, S. Balme, V. Basiuk, O. Baulaigue, P. Bayetti, A. Bécoulet, M. Bécoulet, M.S. Benkadda, F. Benoit, G. Berger-by, J.M. Bernard, B. Bertrand, P. Beyer, A. Bigand, J. Blum, D. Boilson, G. Bonhomme, H. Bottollier-Curtet, C. Bouchand, F. Bouquey, C. Bourdelle, S. Bourmaud, C. Brault, S. Brémond, C. Brosset, J. Bucalossi, Y. Buravand, P. Cara, V. Catherine-Dumont, A. Casati, M. Chantant, M. Chatelier, G. Chevet, D. Ciazynski, G. Ciraolo, F. Clairet, M. Coatanea-Gouachet, L. Colas, L. Commin, E. Corbel, Y. Corre, X. Courtois, R. Dachicourt, M. Dapena Febrer, M. Davi Joanny, R. Daviot, H. De Esch, J. Decker, P. Decool, P. Delaporte, E. Delchambre, E. Delmas, L. Delpech, C. Desgranges, P. Devynck, T. Dittmar, L. Doceul, D. Douai, H. Dougnac, J.L. Duchateau, B. Dugué, N. Dumas, R. Dumont, A. Durocher, F.X. Duthoit, A. Ekedahl, D. Elbeze, M. El Khaldi, F. Escourbiac, F. Faisse, G. Falchetto, M. Farge, J.L. Farjon, M. Faury, N. Fedorczak, C. Fenzi-Bonizec, M. Firdaouss, Y. Frauel, X. Garbet, J. Garcia, J.L. Gardarein, L. Gargiulo, P. Garibaldi, E. Gauthier, O. Gaye, A. Géraud, M. Geynet, P. Ghendrih, I. Giacalone, S. Gibert, C. Gil, G. Giruzzi, M. Goniche, V. Grandgirard, C. Grisolia, G. Gros, A. Grosman, R. Guigon, D. Guilhem, B. Guillerminet, R. Guirlet, J. Gunn, O. Gurcan, S. Hacquin, J.C. Hatchressian, P. Hennequin, C. Hernandez, P. Hertout, S. Heuraux, J. Hillairet, G.T. Hoang, C. Honore, M. Houry, T. Hutter, P. Huynh, G. Huysmans, F. Imbeaux, E. Joffrin, J. Johner, L. Jourd'Heuil, Y.S. Katharria, D. Keller, S.H. Kim, M. Kocan, M. Kubic, B. Lacroix, V. Lamaison, G. Latu, Y. Lausenaz, C. Laviron, F. Leroux, L. Letellier, M. Lipa, X. Litaudon, T. Loarer, P. Lotte, S. Madeleine, P. Magaud, P. Maget, R. Magne, L. Manenc, Y. Marandet, G. Marbach, J.L. Maréchal, L. Marfisi, C. Martin, G. Martin, V. Martin, A. Martinez, J.P. Martins, R. Masset, D. Mazon, N. Mellet, L. Mercadier, A. Merle, D. Meshcheriakov, O. Meyer, L. Million, M. Missirlian, P. Mollard, V. Moncada, P. Monier-Garbet, D. Moreau, P. Moreau, L. Morini, M. Nannini, M. Naiim Habib, E. Nardon, H. Nehme, C. Nguyen, S. Nicollet, R. Nouilletas, T. Ohsako, M. Ottaviani, S. Pamela, H. Parrat, P. Pastor, A.L. Pecquet, B. Pégourié, Y. Peysson, I. Porchy, C. Portafaix, M. Preynas, M. Prou, J.M. Raharijaona, N. Ravenel, C. Reux, P. Reynaud, M. Richou, H. Roche, P. Roubin, R. Sabot, F. Saint-Laurent, S. Salasca, F. Samaille, A. Santagiustina, Y. Sarazin, A. Semerok, J. Schlosser, M. Schneider, M. Schubert, F. Schwander, J.L. Ségui, G. Selig, P. Sharma, J. Signoret, A. Simonin, S. Song, E. Sonnendruker, F. Sourbier, P. Spuig, P. Tamain, M. Tena, J.M. Theis, D. Thouvenin, A. Torre, J.M. Travère, E. Tsitrone, J.C. Vallet, E. Van Der Plas, A. Vatry, J.M. Verger, L. Vermare, F. Villecroze, D. Villegas, R. Volpe, K. Vulliez, J. Wagrez, T. Wauters, L. Zani, D. Zarzoso, X.L. Zou, Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux et Procédés (SIMaP), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dept. Accelerateurs - XFEL, Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut universitaire des systèmes thermiques industriels (IUSTI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Matériaux et Mécanique des Composants (EDF R&D MMC), EDF R&D (EDF R&D), EDF (EDF)-EDF (EDF), Association EURATOM-CEA (CEA/DSM/DRFC), Département de Recherche sur la Fusion Contrôlée (DRFC), Laboratoire d'Interaction Laser Matière (LILM), Département de Physico-Chimie (DPC), CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département de Physique Nucléaire (ex SPhN) (DPHN), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, School of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Division, ITER organization (ITER), CEA Cadarache, Centre de Thermique de Lyon (CETHIL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CEA ISIS, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-SIGMA Clermont (SIGMA Clermont)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville - FR 2488 (IRSTV), Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-EC. ARCHIT. NANTES-Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Eau et Environnement (IFSTTAR/GERS/EE), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre of Molecular and Structural Biomedicine (CBME)/Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), University of Algarve [Portugal], Laboratoire Lasers, Plasmas et Procédés photoniques (LP3), Centre d'Histoire 'Espaces et Cultures' (CHEC), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS), Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes-Angers (CRCNA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers (CHU Angers), PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-Hôtel-Dieu de Nantes-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Hôpital Laennec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Faculté de Médecine d'Angers-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), Centre d'investigation clinique en cancérologie (CI2C), IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN), Matériaux, ingénierie et science [Villeurbanne] (MATEIS), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Laboratoire d'Etude des Matériaux en Milieux Agressifs (LEMMA), Université de La Rochelle (ULR), CMCR des Massues, Croix rouge française, Laboratoire Procédés et Ingénierie en Mécanique et Matériaux (PIMM), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres (M2P2), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Réserve Naturelle Nationale Baie St-Brieuc, Réserves Naturelles de France-Réserves Naturelles de France, Géoazur (GEOAZUR 6526), Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Direction des Jardins botaniques et zoologiques, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Ambiente e per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile (DIASS), Dipartimento Ingn Ambiente & Sviluppo Soste, Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux de Montpellier (ICGM ICMMM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2), Equipe Dynamique des Systemes Complexes, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1, Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Laboratoire de physique des milieux ionisés et applications (LPMIA), Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy 1 (UHP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (UNICANCER/CRCL), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon], Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Service de Chimie Physique (SCP), Laboratoire des Adaptations Physiologiques aux Activités Physiques (LAPHAP), Université de Poitiers, Institut d'Electronique du Solide et des Systèmes ( InESS ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique ( IRFM ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux et Procédés ( SIMaP ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology ( Grenoble INP ) -Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble ( INPG ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire ( LAL ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) ( LMD ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -École polytechnique ( X ) -École des Ponts ParisTech ( ENPC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies ( FEMTO-ST ), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard ( UTBM ) -Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques ( ENSMM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Institut universitaire des systèmes thermiques industriels ( IUSTI ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ), EDF - R&D Department MMC and MAI, EDF R&D ( EDF R&D ), EDF ( EDF ) -EDF ( EDF ), Association EURATOM-CEA ( CEA/DSM/DRFC ), Département de Recherche sur la Fusion Contrôlée ( DRFC ), Laboratoire d'Interaction Laser Matière ( LILM ), Département de Physico-Chimie ( DPC ), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas ( LPP ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Observatoire de Paris-École polytechnique ( X ) -Sorbonne Universités-PSL Research University ( PSL ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut Jean Lamour ( IJL ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Département de Physique Nucléaire (ex SPhN) ( DPHN ), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers ( IRFU ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay, ITER [St. Paul-lez-Durance], ITER, Centre de Thermique de Lyon ( CETHIL ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon ( INSA Lyon ), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'Electronique et des Technologies de l'Information ( CEA-LETI ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Grenoble Alpes [Saint Martin d'Hères], Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand ( ICCF ), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 ( UBP ) -Sigma CLERMONT ( Sigma CLERMONT ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville ( IRSTV ), Université d'Angers ( UA ) -Université de Nantes ( UN ) -École Centrale de Nantes ( ECN ) -Université de La Rochelle ( ULR ) -EC. ARCHIT. NANTES-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Eau et Environnement ( IFSTTAR/GERS/EE ), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux ( IFSTTAR ) -PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans ( UNAM ), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires ( PIIM ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies ( LIST ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier ( ISEM ), Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire Lasers, Plasmas et Procédés photoniques ( LP3 ), Centre d'Histoire 'Espaces et Cultures' ( CHEC ), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 ( UBP ), École des hautes études en sciences sociales ( EHESS ), Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes ( CHU Nantes ), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie / Nantes - Angers ( CRCNA ), CHU Angers-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes ( CHU Nantes ) -Hôtel-Dieu de Nantes-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Hôpital Laennec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Faculté de Médecine d'Angers, Centre d'investigation clinique en cancérologie ( CI2C ), IFP Energies nouvelles ( IFPEN ), Matériaux, ingénierie et science [Villeurbanne] ( MATEIS ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon ( INSA Lyon ), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution ( ESE ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'Etude des Matériaux en Milieux Agressifs ( LEMMA ), Université de La Rochelle ( ULR ), Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes ( ISCR ), Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Croix-rouge française, Procédés et Ingénierie en Mécanique et Matériaux [Paris] ( PIMM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] ( CNAM ), Institut de Microélectronique, Electromagnétisme et Photonique - Laboratoire d'Hyperfréquences et Caractérisation ( IMEP-LAHC ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Savoie Mont Blanc ( USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] ) -Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble ( INPG ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology ( Grenoble INP ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres ( M2P2 ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Ecole Centrale de Marseille ( ECM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Géoazur ( GEOAZUR ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Université Nice Sophia Antipolis ( UNS ), Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Réserve de la Haute Touche, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ), Department of Information Technology ( INTEC ), Ghent University [Belgium] ( UGENT ), Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Ambiente e per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile ( DIASS ), Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux de Montpellier ( ICGM ICMMM ), Université Montpellier 1 ( UM1 ) -Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques ( UM2 ) -Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier ( ENSCM ) -Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Physique des milieux ionisés et applications ( LPMIA ), Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy 1 ( UHP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon ( CRCL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) ( BRGM ), Catalyse par les métaux, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers ( IC2MP ), Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Service de Chimie Physique ( SCP ), Laboratoire des Adaptations Physiologiques aux Activités Physiques ( LAPHAP ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon]-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-EC. ARCHIT. NANTES-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS)

Subjects
Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Nuclear and High Energy Physics, [ PHYS ] Physics [physics], Plasma parameters, Ripple, Plasma, Tore Supra, Collisionality, Condensed Matter Physics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Computational physics, symbols.namesake, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, symbols, Langmuir probe, Electron temperature, 010306 general physics, Power density
Abstract

International audience; Tore Supra routinely addresses the physics and technology of very long-duration plasma discharges, thus bringing precious information on critical issues of long pulse operation of ITER. A new ITER relevant lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) launcher has allowed coupling to the plasma a power level of 2.7 MW for 78 s, corresponding to a power density close to the design value foreseen for an ITER LHCD system. In accordance with the expectations, long distance (10 cm) power coupling has been obtained. Successive stationary states of the plasma current pro le have been controlled in real-time featuring (i) control of sawteeth with varying plasma parameters, (ii) obtaining and sustaining a `hot core' plasma regime, (iii) recovery from a voluntarily triggered deleterious magnetohydrodynamic regime. The scrape-off layer (SOL) parameters and power deposition have been documented during L-mode ramp-up phase, a crucial point for ITER before the X-point formation. Disruption mitigation studies have been conducted with massive gas injection, evidencing the difference between He and Ar and the possible role of the q = 2 surface in limiting the gas penetration. ICRF assisted wall conditioning in the presence of magnetic eld has been investigated, culminating in the demonstration that this conditioning scheme allows one to recover normal operation after disruptions. The effect of the magnetic eld ripple on the intrinsic plasma rotation has been studied, showing the competition between turbulent transport processes and ripple toroidal friction. During dedicated dimensionless experiments, the effect of varying the collisionality on turbulence wavenumber spectra has been documented, giving new insight into the turbulence mechanism. Turbulence measurements have also allowed quantitatively comparing experimental results with predictions by 5D gyrokinetic codes: numerical results simultaneously match the magnitude of effective heat diffusivity, rms values of density uctuations and wavenumber spectra. A clear correlation between electron temperature gradient and impurity transport in the very core of the plasma has been observed, strongly suggesting the existence of a threshold above which transport is dominated by turbulent electron modes. Dynamics of edge turbulent uctuations has been studied by correlating data from fast imaging cameras and Langmuir probes, yielding a coherent picture of transport processes involved in the SOL.

Published
2011

25. Integrated software for imaging data analysis applied to edge plasma physic and operational safety

Author

V. Martin, E. Delchambre, V. Moncada, G. Dunand, J.M. Travere, Yann Corre, Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), and Martin, Vincent

Subjects
Computer science, data analysis, Image processing, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Software, Real-time Control System, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, 010306 general physics, Civil and Structural Engineering, Data processing, plasma operation, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Integrated software, [SPI.PLASMA]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Plasmas, [SPI.PLASMA] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Plasmas, Video processing, software design, image processing, Data access, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Systems engineering, Software design, imaging diagnostic, business
Abstract

Fusion tokamaks are complex devices requiring many diagnostics for real time control of the plasma and off-line physical analysis. In current tokamaks, imaging diagnostics have become increasingly used for these two purposes. Such systems produce a lot of data encouraging physicists to use shared tools and codes for data access and analysis. If general purpose software programs for data display and analysis are widely spread, a need exists in developing similar applications for quantitative imaging data analysis applied to plasma physic. In this paper, we introduce a new integrated software program, named wolff , dedicated to this task. The main contribution of this software is to gather under the same framework different functionalities for (1) data access and display, (2) signal, image, and video processing, and (3) quantitative analysis based on physical models. After an overview of existing solutions for data processing in the field of plasma data, we present the wolff architecture and its currently implemented features. The capabilities of the software are then demonstrated through three applications in the field of physical analysis (heat and particle flux calculations) and tokamak operational safety.

Published
2010

26. Thermographic study of heat load asymmetries during MAST L-mode discharges

Author

G. De Temmerman, Patrick Tamain, E. Delchambre, A. Kirk, J. Dowling, and S.W. Lisgo

Subjects
Materials science, Infrared, business.industry, Divertor, Condensed Matter Physics, Temperature measurement, Mast (sailing), Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Heat flux, Power ratio, Heat load, business, Medium wave
Abstract

A long wavelength range infrared (LWIR) camera has been installed on MAST to compliment the existing medium wave infrared (MWIR) system. Simultaneous LWIR/MWIR temperature measurements have been made in the lower and upper divertors of MAST. As expected, the LWIR system is less sensitive to disturbances from hot spots on the surface. A thorough correction of the surface effects using both systems has improved the reliability of the heat flux calculations in MAST. A careful assessment of the heat load asymmetries as a function of the magnetic geometry has been carried out during a variety of L-mode discharges (single and double null, reversed and forward field). In all cases, most of the energy arriving in the scrape-off layer goes to the outer divertor. The in/out power ratio is found to be different for lower and upper single-null discharges with more power going to the outer divertor in the latter case. In addition, it is found that the heat flux profile width is different in the upper and lower divertor. The heat flux profile width at the secondary strike point increases with increasing vertical bar delta r(sep)vertical bar.

Published
2010

27. Investigation of steady-state tokamak issues by long pulse experiments on Tore Supra

Author

Nicolas Crouseilles, R. Guirlet, J. Hourtoule, W. Xiao, J. L. Gardarein, Frédéric Schwander, E. Delchambre, A. Martinez, F. Bouquey, D. Boilson, M. Richou, L. Allegretti, V. Lamaison, T. Loarer, B. Lacroix, A. Vatry, W. Zwingmann, D. Ciazynski, J. Decker, P. Hertout, A. Bécoulet, R. Abgrall, M. Chatelier, B. Guillerminet, J. Lasalle, Yannick Marandet, M. Lipa, S. Nicollet, C. Reux, F. Benoit, E. Delmas, P. Reynaud, J. Y. Journeaux, F. Jullien, H. Bottollier-Curtet, Y. Buranvand, M. Schneider, D. Moreau, Karl Vulliez, M. Tena, P. Pastor, C. Le Niliot, S. Balme, G. Falchetto, V. Martin, L. Svensson, S. H. Hong, C. Laviron, M. Houry, J. M. Theis, S. Madeleine, T. Hutter, T. Salmon, L. Manenc, C. Bouchand, M. Davi, S. Rosanvallon, N. Dolgetta, Pascale Roubin, Eric Nardon, L.-G. Eriksson, B. Pégourié, D. Douai, O. Chaibi, Patrick Mollard, Didier Mazon, J. P. Gunn, Marie Farge, M. Prou, M. Thonnat, L. Begrambekov, J. Garcia, Philippe Ghendrih, L. Colas, Jacques Blum, J. Clary, P. Spuig, C. Gil, M. Kocan, Ph. Lotte, Paolo Angelino, B. Saoutic, M. Ottaviani, P. Devynck, X. Courtois, L. Doceul, Gilles Berger-By, Patrick Tamain, Marc Missirlian, K. Schneider, Yanick Sarazin, Lena Delpech, J.M. Ané, Pascale Hennequin, A. Durocher, Patrick Maget, P. Huynh, David Henry, P. Decool, Marc Goniche, F. Clairet, Julien Hillairet, A. Geraud, J. Signoret, Stéphane Heuraux, P. Bayetti, T. Gerbaud, X. L. Zou, Y. Peysson, H. Parrat, L. Million, Jérôme Bucalossi, S. Hacquin, Clarisse Bourdelle, F. Samaille, Bernard Bertrand, E. Sonnendruker, G. Chevet, A. Simonin, Ph. Cara, J. L. Maréchal, J. Johner, M. S. Benkadda, J. C. Hatchressian, R. Magne, J. Schlosser, A. Grosman, F. Brémond, R. Masset, Estelle Gauthier, S. Song, G. Giruzzi, M. Nannini, Caroline Hernandez, H.P.L. de Esch, P. Garibaldi, R. J. Dumont, Stanislas Pamela, M. Geynet, C. Nguyen, L. Zani, A. Casati, Cyrille Honoré, G. Gros, Fabrice Rigollet, A. Argouarch, Yann Corre, A. Marcor, H. Dougnac, E. Tsitrone, C. Grisolia, D. Pacella, Guillaume Latu, Céline Martin, T. Aniel, G. Darmet, R. Daviot, J.P. Martins, J. L. Farjon, P. Magaud, A. Ekedahl, Francesca Turco, D. Elbeze, P. Beyer, S. Carpentier, Roger Reichle, F. Faisse, X. Litaudon, R. Guigon, F.G. Rimini, F. Linez, L. Gargiulo, C. Fenzi-Bonizec, G. Marbach, Alexandre Torre, P. Monier-Garbet, N. Ravenel, Laure Vermare, J.-M. Travere, Xavier Garbet, R. Mitteau, H. Roche, C. Desgranges, V. Moncada, F. Villecroze, Jean-François Luciani, G. Ciraolo, F. Kazarian, J. Roth, C. Brosset, F. Saint-Laurent, H. Nehme, T. Parisot, Nicolas Fedorczak, F. Escourbiac, D. Guilhem, J. L. Duchateau, P. Moreau, O. Meyer, D. Yu, A. L. Pecquet, V. Petrzilka, E. Trier, Roland Sabot, G. T. A. Huysmans, G. T. Hoang, E. Joffrin, L. Meunier, P. Chantant, C. Portafaix, D. Voyer, J. C. Vallet, S. Salasca, J. L. Segui, A. Santagiustina, J.F. Artaud, G. Dunand, M. Lennholm, Frederic Imbeaux, V. Grandgirard, A. Escarguel, F. Leroux, Y. Lausenaz, P. Chappuis, V. Basiuk, F. Lott, Hinrich Lütjens, Sylvain Brémond, D. Villegas, Marina Becoulet, Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Centre de Physique Théorique [Palaiseau] (CPHT), École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Mathématiques de Bordeaux (IMB), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (Bordeaux INP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Association EURATOM-CEA (CEA/DSM/DRFC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X), and Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (Bordeaux INP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, fusion, Tokamak, MHD, Nuclear engineering, Cyclotron, Ultra-high vacuum, Electron, Tore Supra, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Nuclear physics, law, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], 0103 physical sciences, 52.35, 010306 general physics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Physics, Magnetic confinement fusion, plasma heating, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Magnetohydrodynamics
Abstract

The main results of the Tore Supra experimental programme in the years 2007–2008 are reported. They document significant progress achieved in the domain of steady-state tokamak research, as well as in more general issues relevant for ITER and for fusion physics research. Three areas are covered: ITER relevant technology developments and tests in a real machine environment, tokamak operational issues for high power and long pulses, and fusion plasma physics. Results presented in this paper include test and validation of a new, load-resilient concept of ion cycotron resonance heating antenna and of an inspection robot operated under ultra-high vacuum and high temperature conditions; an extensive experimental campaign (5 h of plasma) aiming at deuterium inventory and carbon migration studies; real-time control of sawteeth by electron cyclotron current drive in the presence of fast ion tails; ECRH-assisted plasma start-up studies; dimensionless scalings of transport and turbulence; transport experiments using active perturbation methods; resistive and fast-particle driven MHD studies. The potential role of Tore Supra in the worldwide fusion programme before the start of ITER operation is also discussed.

Published
2009

28. Concept And Development Of Instruments For ITER Thermography

Author

R. Reichle, J. M. Badie, C. Balorin, S. Carpentier, Y. Corre, M. Davi, E. Delchambre, C. Desgrange, F. Escourbiac, S. Fougerolle, J. L. Gardarein, E. Gauthier, S. Gicquel, D. Guilhem, D. Hernandez, M. Jouve, C. Le Niliot, Th. Loarer, A. Martin, S. Martinez, J. P. Martins, J. B. Migozzi, J. C. Patterlini, C. Pocheau, F. Rigollet, H. Roche, J. L. Sans, S. Salasca, J. M. Travere, C. Walker, Giuseppe Gorini, Francesco P. Orsitto, Elio Sindoni, and Marco Tardocchi

Subjects
Optics, Materials science, Plasma heating, business.industry, Thermography, Iter tokamak, Systems engineering, business
Abstract

We give here a short overview of the status of the development for ITER thermography as performed by the CEA‐Cadarache and some of its collaboration partners. The topics that have been included in this synthesis are the status of the optical design, the role of multi‐wavelength mesurements, multicolour pyroreflectometry, photothermal methods, and reflection simulations and measurements.

Published
2008

29. Radiative power in Tore Supra and its link with Zeff

Author

T. Aniel, Jérôme Bucalossi, P. Monier-Garbet, P. Devynck, J.C. Vallet, E. Delchambre, O. Meyer, and T. Wauters

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Tore Supra, Radiation, Condensed Matter Physics, Effective nuclear charge, chemistry, Limiter, Radiative transfer, Atomic physics, Scaling, Helium
Abstract

In this paper, a database of L-mode plasmas with Greenwald density fractions smaller than 0.8 is used to analyse the parametric dependences of the radiative power and the effective charge Z eff. It is found that the radiative power has a linear dependence on the total power and a linear fit is derived. In order to understand this parametric dependence, the changes in the radial extension of the radiation are studied with the help of bolometry measurements and it is found that the increase in P rad with P tot can be explained by an increase in the neutral source of impurities (basically carbon erosion) during additional heating. A comparison of deuterium and helium plasmas shows that they radiate the same amount at the same total power. Significant positive deviations from the fit of the radiative power are observed for high ratios of Cu XIX/⟨n e⟩. Z eff is also found to depend roughly linearly on the total power. The link found between Z eff and P rad is compatible with that of multimachine scaling (Matthews et al 1997 J. Nucl. Mater. 241–243 450). These results are obtained in a limiter machine, running in L-mode in the case where carbon is the dominant impurity.

Published
2012

30. Performance of pyroreflectometry in a reflective environment

Author

D. Hernandez, Estelle Gauthier, Marie-Hélène Aumeunier, E. Delchambre, and T. Loarer

Subjects
Materials science, Optics, Thermal radiation, business.industry, Reflection (physics), Emissivity, Aerospace engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, business, Temperature measurement, Mathematical Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Abstract

The ITER environment raises issues related to surface temperature measurements of plasma-facing components, which will be metallic with low and changing emissivity. Indeed, in-situ temperature measurement has to deal with the emissivity variation as well as the surrounding thermal radiation. In this paper, we numerically assess the performance of the bicolor pyroreflectometry method in such an environment by numerically simulating parasitic reflection.

Published
2011

31. Operational limits during high power long pulses with radiofrequency heating in Tore Supra

Author

F.G. Rimini, L. Manenc, F. Kazarian, B. Pégourié, D. Douai, F. Samaille, M. Goniche, R. Mitteau, P. Moreau, V. Basiuk, O. Meyer, L. Colas, Annika Ekedahl, Jérôme Bucalossi, Suk-Ho Hong, G. Dunand, J.L. Schwob, P. Monier-Garbet, R. J. Dumont, E. Delchambre, Sylvain Brémond, L. Millon, Yann Corre, F. Saint-Laurent, Frederic Imbeaux, G. Giruzzi, E. Tsitrone, and Gilles Lombard

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Materials science, Power capability, Nuclear engineering, Ripple, Plasma, Radiation, Tore Supra, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Power (physics), law, Radiofrequency heating
Abstract

Issues related to the limitations and optimization of long pulse operation at high radiofrequency (RF) power levels in the Tore Supra tokamak are presented. An increasing operational limitation was encountered during the experimental campaigns in 2006–2007, affecting the high power and long pulse performance. This limitation was characterized by the sudden appearance of a multifaceted asymmetric radiation from the edge (MARFE), often followed by a disruption. The analyses revealed that the limitation could be linked to over-heating and flaking of the carbon re-deposition layers on the main plasma facing components (PFCs). The carbon deposits on all PFCs were therefore completely removed during the winter shutdown 2007–2008. Following this, a remarkable improvement in the injected power capability was observed, resulting in almost 12 MW of injected power during 10 s, without any of the previous signs of limitation (MARFE, disruption). Furthermore, the RF antennas are subject to localized heat loads due to RF sheath effects and interaction by fast particles, effects which need to be minimized in particular for long pulse operation. Experimental results concerning the heat load on the antennas, caused by fast ion losses in the presence of magnetic ripple, are presented in this paper.

Published
2009

32. Deuterium inventory in Tore Supra: reconciling particle balance and post-mortem analysis

Author

J. Y. Pascal, Y. Corre, J. Bouvet, Pascale Roubin, F. Rimini, Suk-Ho Hong, F. Saint-Laurent, Yannick Marandet, Estelle Gauthier, B. Pasquet, P. Monier Garbet, S. Vartanian, J. Bucalossi, S. Carpentier, F. Linez, M. Mayer, A. Martinez, James Paul Gunn, T. Dittmar, D. Douai, F. Samaille, C. Grisolia, H. Roche, F. Kazarian, E. Tsitrone, A. Grosman, E. Delchambre, I. Roure, T. Loarer, P. Moreau, O. Meyer, S. Rosanvallon, M. Kocan, A. Escarguel, Wolfgang Jacob, H. Khodja, J. Roth, Ph. Ghendrih, C. Brosset, A. Ekedahl, B. Pégourié, and Lionel Desgranges

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Nuclear engineering, Magnetic confinement fusion, Tore Supra, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Nuclear physics, law, Nuclear reaction analysis, Limiter, Erosion, Particle, Environmental science, Stage (hydrology)
Abstract

Fuel retention, a crucial issue for next step devices, is assessed in present-day tokamaks using two methods: particle balance performed during shots and post-mortem analysis carried out during shutdowns between experimental campaigns. Post-mortem analysis generally gives lower estimates of fuel retention than integrated particle balance. In order to understand the discrepancy between these two methods, a dedicated experimental campaign has been performed in Tore Supra to load the vessel walls with deuterium (D) and monitor the trapped D inventory through particle balance. The campaign was followed by an extensive post-mortem analysis phase of the Tore Supra limiter. This paper presents the status of the analysis phase, including the assessment of the D content in the castellated tile structure of the limiter. Indeed, using combined surface analysis techniques, it was possible to derive the relative contributions of different zones of interest on the limiter (erosion, thick deposits, thin deposits), showing that the post-mortem inventory is mainly due to codeposition (90% of the total), in particular due to gap deposits. However, deuterium was also evidenced deep into the material in erosion zones (10% of the total). At the present stage of the analysis, 50% of the inventory deduced from particle balance has been found through post-mortem analysis, a significant progress with respect to previous studies (factor 8–10 discrepancy). This shows that post-mortem analysis can be consistent with particle balance provided specific procedures are implemented (dedicated campaign followed by extensive post-mortem analysis). Both techniques are needed for a reliable assessment of fuel retention in tokamaks, giving complementary information on how much and where fuel is retained in the vessel walls.

Published
2009

33. Effect of micrometric hot spots on surface temperature measurement and flux calculation in the middle and long infrared

Author

G. F. Counsell, A. Kirk, and E. Delchambre

Subjects
Materials science, business.industry, Infrared, Bulk temperature, Flux, Hot spot (veterinary medicine), Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Temperature measurement, Molecular physics, Wavelength, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Heat flux, business
Abstract

The non-uniformity of the target temperature due to micrometric hot spots (Hermann et al 2004 Phys. Scr. T 111 98) is an explanation for the experimental fact that near-infrared measurements yield higher temperature values than mid-infrared measurements (Hildebrandt et al 2003 InfraMation 2003 Proc. (Las Vegas, USA, October 2003), Delchambre et al 2005 J. Nucl. Mater. 337–339 1069). The issue of micrometric hot spot disturbance in the surface temperature (Tsurf) measurement and heat load calculation is addressed in this paper. The theoretical investigation at 3, 5 and 12 µm and experiments in the range 3.5–5 µm indicate that the surface state can play an important role in the non-uniform heating surface and consequently in the overestimation of the bulk temperature. The contribution of the hot spots to temperature measurements and flux calculations has been simulated at different wavelengths. Calculations show that (1) the overestimation of the bulk temperature decreases with the wavelength and (2) the overestimation depends on the temperature difference, ΔT, between the bulk and the micrometric hot spots. In addition, experiments have been carried out in order to compare the flux calculations at different wavelengths on different graphite (polished, dusty). The results obtained are very sensitive to the surface state pointing out the difficulties in improving the heat flux calculation model, since the surface state can change during the plasma discharges. This paper shows that the problem of non-homogenous surface temperature can be significantly diminished on working at longer wavelengths.

Published
2009

34. Active control of the H-mode transition on MAST

Author

G. Cunningham, A. Kirk, Nbi Teams, Y. Andrew, P. G. Carolan, P. Molchanov, A. R. Field, S. P. Voskoboynikov, H. F. Meyer, V. A. Rozhansky, and E Delchambre

Subjects
Physics, Toroid, business.industry, Power load, Divertor, Plasma, Spherical tokamak, Condensed Matter Physics, Active control, Ion, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Electric field, Atomic physics, business
Abstract

In the presence of strong ?-particle heating, active control of the formation or the properties of the edge transport barrier (ETB) might be necessary to meet the confinement and exhaust needs of burning fusion plasmas. In particular, the sensitive dependences on the magnetic configuration and divertor geometry are suitable candidates for controlling the ETB. Using both methods on the Mega Amp?re Spherical Tokamak (MAST) short L-mode periods of a few milliseconds duration have been introduced into strongly heated H-modes.In double null configuration a vertical plasma shift by ?Z < 2.5?cm opposite to the ion ?B-drift direction led to L-mode periods of 15?ms < ?tL < 20?ms length. The peak power load to the targets at the H?L transition was a factor of 2 below that measured during edge localized modes (ELMs). At the H?L transition a rapid change in toroidal He?II velocity indicating a fast collapse of the radial electric field within was observed spanning a wider radial region than the collapse during ELMs. In single null configuration the change in the connection length of the outer divertor leg by 2?m < ?Lc < 4?m led to L-mode periods of 2?ms < ?tL < 5?ms duration. In both cases fluid modelling indicates a more negative Er and consequently an increase in the E ? B shear in the L-mode just inside the last closed flux surface due to the changes to the magnetic geometry, which lead to improved H-mode access.The active control techniques demonstrated here may help to develop suitable scenarios for future devices and improve the understanding of the physics determining the ETB.

Published
2007

35. Long Discharge Particle Balance and Fuel Retention in Tore Supra

Author

E. Delchambre, T. Loarer, H. Khodja, E. Tsitrone, B. P gouri, J. Bucalossi, Céline Martin, J. P. Gunn, C. Lafon, Ph. Parent, Roger Reichle, C. Brosset, and Pascale Roubin

Subjects
Leading edge, Materials science, Deuterium, Limiter, Particle, Flux, Growth rate, Plasma, Tore Supra, Atomic physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Mathematical Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Abstract

In the new CIEL configuration of Tore Supra, all the plasma facing components are actively cooled. The surface area of the wall that is covered with carbon measures about 15 m2 (2 to 4 m2 of which in close interaction with the plasma). Steady-state plasma conditions up to 4 min 25 s have been maintained in this configuration. In these experiments, the required gas injection to maintain the prescribed density remains constant during the whole discharge. The exhausted flux is also constant and equal to 40 ÷ 50% of the injected flux. Therefore, 50 ÷ 60% of the injected particles remain trapped in the vessel, the total retention being proportional to the plasma duration. Since the amount of gas recovered between shots or by He-glow discharges does not always balance the injected gas, it follows that a quantity of deuterium remains indefinitely trapped in the vessel, which appears as an infinite reservoir. This reservoir is believed to be dominated by co-deposited layers, as observed in several places of the vessel. The thickest deposits (up to 800 µm) are observed on the leading edge of the neutralizers of the pump limiter. They display a column-like shape (typical growth rate ~20 nm/s) and have a graphite-like structure. Their deuterium concentration is D/C ~ 1%. Conversely, in regions that are shadowed from the direct plasma flux, the deposits show a smoother shape and their deuterium content is typically ~10 ÷ 15%.

Published
2004

36. Evolution of Carbon Tiles During Repetitive Long Pulse Operation in TORE SUPRA

Author

E. Delchambre, E. Tsitrone, T. Loarer, Frederic Escourbiac, D. Guilhem, M. Mitteau, J.C. Vallet, C. Brosset, P. Chappius, Roger Reichle, M. Lipa, A. Grosman, J. Schlosser, and J.J. Cordier

Subjects
Steady state, Materials science, Tokamak, Toroid, Nuclear engineering, Plasma, Tore Supra, Condensed Matter Physics, Temperature measurement, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, law.invention, Heat flux, law, Limiter, Mathematical Physics
Abstract

Two experimental campaigns (2001 and 2002) have been carried out with the tokamak Tore Supra since the complete upgrade of all plasma facing components. The toroidal pumped limiter (TPL) allows reliable steady state operation at significant injected power (up to 8.5 MW peak, 4.3 minutes at 3 MW). One of the first and main result is related to the abundance and diversity of carbonaceous deposits on plasma facing surfaces. They have been observed on the TPL on surfaces close to the plasma frontier. On neutralisers located at pumping ducts under the limiter, a layer builds up rapidly and the thickness reaches 840 µm after 2.3 hours of plasma. These deposits and layers distort the infrared measures and the deduction of the incident heat flux from the temperature is difficult. A simple 1D thermal calculation tool linked to the database has been developed and is used to allow flexible analysis. On the TPL, the aim is to evaluate the ageing of the bond between the tile and the metallic cooling structure from the surface temperature measurement. So far, no evidence of ageing has been observed after the two first years of operation.

Published
2004

37. Thermal Behaviour of Deposited Carbon Layers on the Neutraliser Plates in Tore Supra

Author

G. Martin, N. Vignal, A. Durocher, J.J. Cordier, R. Mitteau, J. Schlosser, J.C. Vallet, E. Delchambre, Roger Reichle, and E. Tsitrone

Subjects
Materials science, Toroid, Orders of magnitude (temperature), Tore Supra, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Magnetic flux, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Thermal, Limiter, Particle, Atomic physics, Mathematical Physics, Deposition (law)
Abstract

The temperature measured on the surface of particle neutralisers of Tore Supra, i.e. the target plates under the toroidal pump limiter that channel particles into the pumping ducts, is significantly higher than expected because of thick carbon deposits formed on those plates. With growing deposit thickness their temperature and cooling time constants increase. Lower hybrid current drive heating and gas puffing seem to enhance the layer growth. The deposits form at first isolated hillocks giving rise to an enhanced luminance in the near infrared range. Later on, they may form continuous films (with black-body like spectra) which may flake off again distorting the spectra. The thermal behaviour of thick continuous films can be described by a radiative model. The conducted power flux density to the neutralisers for which this model is in accordance with the measurements is of the order of 0.1 MW/m2 in ohmic discharges. This requires characteristic scrape-off layer decay lengths of 7 to 8 mm as far as 5 cm outside the last closed magnetic flux surface. The thermal diffusivities deduced with this model from observations in Tore Supra and from laboratory experiments show values 2 to 3 orders of magnitude below the values characteristic for carbon fibre composites.

Published
2004

38. Science and technology research and development in support to ITER and the Broader Approach at CEA

Author

A. Bécoulet, G.T. Hoang, J. Abiteboul, J. Achard, T. Alarcon, J. Alba-Duran, L. Allegretti, S. Allfrey, S. Amiel, J.M. Ané, T. Aniel, G. Antar, A. Argouarch, A. Armitano, J. Arnaud, D. Arranger, J.F. Artaud, D. Audisio, M. Aumeunier, E. Autissier, L. Azcona, A. Back, A. Bahat, X. Bai, B. Baiocchi, D. Balaguer, S. Balme, C. Balorin, O. Barana, D. Barbier, A. Barbuti, V. Basiuk, O. Baulaigue, P. Bayetti, C. Baylard, S. Beaufils, A. Beaute, M. Bécoulet, Z. Bej, S. Benkadda, F. Benoit, G. Berger-By, J.M. Bernard, A. Berne, B. Bertrand, E. Bertrand, P. Beyer, A. Bigand, G. Bonhomme, G. Borel, A. Boron, C. Bottereau, H. Bottollier-Curtet, C. Bouchand, F. Bouquey, C. Bourdelle, J. Bourg, S. Bourmaud, S. Brémond, F. Bribiesca Argomedo, M. Brieu, C. Brun, V. Bruno, J. Bucalossi, H. Bufferand, Y. Buravand, L. Cai, V. Cantone, B. Cantone, E. Caprin, T. Cartier-Michaud, A. Castagliolo, J. Belo, V. Catherine-Dumont, G. Caulier, J. Chaix, M. Chantant, M. Chatelier, D. Chauvin, J. Chenevois, B. Chouli, L. Christin, D. Ciazynski, G. Ciraolo, F. Clairet, R. Clapier, H. Cloez, M. Coatanea-Gouachet, L. Colas, G. Colledani, L. Commin, P. Coquillat, E. Corbel, Y. Corre, J. Cottet, P. Cottier, X. Courtois, I. Crest, R. Dachicourt, M. Dapena Febrer, C. Daumas, H.P.L. de Esch, B. De Gentile, C. Dechelle, J. Decker, P. Decool, V. Deghaye, J. Delaplanche, E. Delchambre-Demoncheaux, L. Delpech, C. Desgranges, P. Devynck, J. Dias Pereira Bernardo, G. Dif-Pradalier, L. Doceul, Y. Dong, D. Douai, H. Dougnac, N. Dubuit, J.-L. Duchateau, L. Ducobu, B. Dugue, N. Dumas, R. Dumont, A. Durocher, F. Duthoit, A. Ekedahl, D. Elbeze, A. Escarguel, J. Escop, F. Faïsse, G. Falchetto, J. Farjon, M. Faury, N. Fedorzack, P. Féjoz, C. Fenzi, F. Ferlay, P. Fiet, M. Firdaouss, M. Francisquez, B. Franel, J. Frauche, Y. Frauel, R. Futtersack, X. Garbet, J. Garcia, J. Gardarein, L. Gargiulo, P. Garibaldi, P. Garin, D. Garnier, E. Gauthier, O. Gaye, A. Geraud, M. Gerome, V. Gervaise, M. Geynet, P. Ghendrih, I. Giacalone, S. Gibert, C. Gil, S. Ginoux, L. Giovannangelo, S. Girard, G. Giruzzi, C. Goletto, R. Goncalves, R. Gonde, M. Goniche, R. Goswami, C. Grand, V. Grandgirard, B. Gravil, C. Grisolia, G. Gros, A. Grosman, J. Guigue, D. Guilhem, C. Guillemaut, B. Guillerminet, Z. Guimaraes Filho, R. Guirlet, J. P. Gunn, O. Gurcan, F. Guzman, S. Hacquin, F. Hariri, F. Hasenbeck, J.C. Hatchressian, P. Hennequin, C. Hernandez, P. Hertout, S. Heuraux, J. Hillairet, C. Honore, G. Hornung, M. Houry, I. Hunstad, T. Hutter, P. Huynh, V. Icard, F. Imbeaux, M. Irishkin, L. Isoardi, J. Jacquinot, J. Jacquot, G. Jiolat, M. Joanny, E. Joffrin, J. Johner, P. Joubert, L. Jourd'Heuil, M. Jouve, C. Junique, D. Keller, C. Klepper, D. Kogut, M. Kubič, F. Labassé, B. Lacroix, Y. Lallier, V. Lamaison, R. Lambert, S. Larroque, G. Latu, Y. Lausenaz, C. Laviron, R. Le, A. Le Luyer, C. Le Niliot, Y. Le Tonqueze, P. Lebourg, T. Lefevre, F. Leroux, L. Letellier, Y. Li, M. Lipa, J. Lister, X. Litaudon, F. Liu, T. Loarer, G. Lombard, P. Lotte, M. Lozano, J. Lucas, H. Lütjens, P. Magaud, P. Maget, R. Magne, J.-F. Mahieu, P. Maini, P. Malard, L. Manenc, Y. Marandet, G. Marbach, J.-L. Marechal, L. Marfisi, M. Marle, C. Martin, V. Martin, G. Martin, A. Martinez, P. Martino, R. Masset, D. Mazon, N. Mellet, L. Mercadier, A. Merle, D. Meshcheriakov, P. Messina, O. Meyer, L. Millon, M. Missirlian, J. Moerel, D. Molina, P. Mollard, V. Moncada, P. Monier-Garbet, D. Moreau, M. Moreau, P. Moreau, P. Morel, T. Moriyama, Y. Motassim, G. Mougeolle, D. Moulton, G. Moureau, D. Mouyon, M. Naim Habib, E. Nardon, V. Négrier, J. Nemeth, C. Nguyen, M. Nguyen, L. Nicolas, T. Nicolas, S. Nicollet, E. Nilsson, B. N'Konga, F. Noel, A. Nooman, C. Norscini, R. Nouailletas, P. Oddon, T. Ohsako, F. Orain, M. Ottaviani, M. Pagano, F. Palermo, S. Panayotis, H. Parrat, J.-Y. Pascal, C. Passeron, P. Pastor, J. Patterlini, K. Pavy, A.-L. Pecquet, B. Pégourié, C. Peinturier, T. Pelletier, B. Peluso, V. Petrzilka, Y. Peysson, E. Pignoly, R. Pirola, C. Pocheau, E. Poitevin, V. Poli, S. Poli, F. Pompon, I. Porchy, C. Portafaix, M. Preynas, P. Prochet, M. Prou, A. Ratnani, D. Raulin, N. Ravenel, S. Renard, B. Ricaud, M. Richou, G. Ritz, H. Roche, P. Roubin, C. Roux, K. Ruiz, F. Sabathier, R. Sabot, A. Saille, F. Saint-Laurent, R. Sakamoto, S. Salasca, T. Salmon, F. Samaille, S. Sanchez, A. Santagiustina, B. Saoutic, Y. Sarazin, P. Sardain, J. Schlosser, M. Schneider, J. Schwob, J. Segui, N. Seguin, G. Selig, D. Serret, J. Signoret, A. Simonin, M. Soldaini, B. Soler, C. Soltane, S. Song, F. Sourbier, J. Sparagna, P. Spitz, P. Spuig, A. Storelli, A. Strugarek, P. Tamain, M. Tena, J. Theis, O. Thomine, D. Thouvenin, A. Torre, L. Toulouse, J. Travère, E. Tsitrone, B. Turck, J. Urban, J.-C. Vallet, J. Vallory, A. Valognes, J. Van Helvoirt, S. Vartanian, J.-M. Verger, L. Vermare, C. Vermare, D. Vezinet, K. Vicente, J. Vidal, N. Vignal, T. Vigne, F. Villecroze, E. Villedieu, B. Vincent, B. Volpe, D. Volpe, R. Volpe, J. Wagrez, H. Wang, T. Wauters, O. Wintersdorff, E. Wittebol, B. Zago, L. Zani, D. Zarzoso, Y. Zhang, W. Zhong, X.L. Zou, Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Physique Théorique [Palaiseau] (CPHT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X), École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Engineering, Tokamak, business.industry, Superconducting magnet, Tore Supra, Condensed Matter Physics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Phase (combat), 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Procurement, Runaway electrons, law, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], 0103 physical sciences, Systems engineering, 010306 general physics, business, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Équipe 107 : Physique des plasmas chauds; International audience; In parallel to the direct contribution to the procurement phase of ITER and Broader Approach, CEA has initiated research & development programmes, accompanied by experiments together with a significant modelling effort, aimed at ensuring robust operation, plasma performance, as well as mitigating the risks of the procurement phase. This overview reports the latest progress in both fusion science and technology including many areas, namely the mitigation of superconducting magnet quenches, disruption-generated runaway electrons, edge-localized modes (ELMs), the development of imaging surveillance, and heating and current drive systems for steady-state operation. The WEST (W Environment for Steady-state Tokamaks) project, turning Tore Supra into an actively cooled W-divertor platform open to the ITER partners and industries, is presented.

39. Active control of the H-mode transition on MAST.

Author

H Meyer, Y Andrew, P G Carolan, G Cunningham, E Delchambre, A R Field, A Kirk, P Molchanov, V Rozhansky, S Voskoboynikov, the MAST, and NBI Teams

Subjects
DIFFUSION, PLASMA gases, ELECTRIC fields, ELECTROMAGNETIC fields
Abstract

In the presence of strong a-particle heating, active control of the formation or the properties of the edge transport barrier (ETB) might be necessary to meet the confinement and exhaust needs of burning fusion plasmas. In particular, the sensitive dependences on the magnetic configuration and divertor geometry are suitable candidates for controlling the ETB. Using both methods on the Mega Ampére Spherical Tokamak (MAST) short L-mode periods of a few milliseconds duration have been introduced into strongly heated H-modes.In double null configuration a vertical plasma shift by DZ < 2.5 cm opposite to the ion [?]B-drift direction led to L-mode periods of 15 ms < DtL < 20 ms length. The peak power load to the targets at the H-L transition was a factor of 2 below that measured during edge localized modes (ELMs). At the H-L transition a rapid change in toroidal He II velocity indicating a fast collapse of the radial electric field within \Delta t_{E_r} \approx 0.3\,{\rm ms} was observed spanning a wider radial region than the collapse during ELMs. In single null configuration the change in the connection length of the outer divertor leg by 2 m < DLc < 4 m led to L-mode periods of 2 ms < DtL < 5 ms duration. In both cases fluid modelling indicates a more negative Er and consequently an increase in the E × B shear in the L-mode just inside the last closed flux surface due to the changes to the magnetic geometry, which lead to improved H-mode access.The active control techniques demonstrated here may help to develop suitable scenarios for future devices and improve the understanding of the physics determining the ETB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2008

40. Isolated peritoneal carcinomatosis in prostate cancer: from a successful hormonal management to a review of the literature.

Author

Delchambre E, Rysselinck S, Pairet G, Confente C, and Seront E

Abstract

Metastases from prostate cancer involve mainly the bone compartment. However, visceral metastases are found in up to 49% of metastatic patients, occurring mainly in late stages of the disease, and are correlated with poor outcome. Peritoneal carcinomatosis is rarely described in literature, particularly when not associated with other distant metastatic lesions. We present the management of a patient with prostate cancer progressing on androgen deprivation therapy with description of omental involvement on 68 Ga PSMA-PET. There was no ascite or other distant lesion, reflecting thus a specific tropism of the cancer in this patient who had no history of prostate surgery. Abiraterone acetate resulted in a long-lasting complete response. We also present a review focusing on this entity., Competing Interests: Financial & competing interests disclosure The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties. No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript., (© 2021 Emmanuel Seront.)

Published
2021
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41. Gastric Perforation due to Giant Trichobezoar in a 13-Year-Old Child.

Author

Marique L, Wirtz M, Henkens A, Delchambre E, Rezaï M, Venet C, and Staudt JP

Subjects
Abdomen, Acute etiology, Adolescent, Bezoars complications, Bezoars surgery, Female, Humans, Stomach Diseases etiology, Stomach Diseases surgery, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Bezoars diagnostic imaging, Stomach Diseases diagnostic imaging, Trichotillomania complications
Abstract

Trichotillomania and trichotillophagia can cause the formation of enormous intragastric hairballs. We report the case of a 13-year-old girl who was brought to the emergency service for evaluation of an acute abdomen. Abdominal CT scanner showed a giant gastric trichobezoar which had to be removed by susombilical laparotomy and transverse gastrotomy. This case illustrates the fairly uncommon perforation risk of these gastric bezoars.

Published
2017
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