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The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation have developed a unique standard for Arctic diesel fuel, which implies attainment of low-temperature indices of diesel fuel below -65°C without additives. Because of its high commercial production, over the time from 2017 through 2020 PAO Slavneft-YaNOS (Slavneft-YaNOS PJSC) prepared experimental and semi-industrial batches of Arctic diesel fuel during several pilot-scale runs for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. This fuel has now been put into production.

Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation has developed unique standard for arctic diesel fuel which assumes achievement of low temperature indicators of fuel below minus 65°C without use of additives. Thanks to high production technology during the period 2016–2020 Slavneft-YANOS PJSC during several test-industrial runs has produced test and test-industrial consignments of arctic diesel fuel for Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. This fuel is now put into production line.

The results of studies of proton flux dynamics of the ring current and magnetic field in the middle of radiation belts during two strong magnetic storms in 2015 (March 17–18, 2015 and June 22–23, 2015) with a close amplitude of Dst-variations (∣Dstmax∣ ~ 200 nT) are presented. An analysis of the experimental data obtained on board two space vehicles named Van Allen Probes (earlier: Radiation Belt Storm Probes, RBSP), located at an orbit close to equatorial is performed. Modeling of the ring current and magnetic field in the frames of the paraboloid model of Earth’s magnetosphere А2000 is conducted. Confirmation of the existence of a mechanism for ring current development and, respectively, geomagnetic storm under the action of a strong pulse of solar-wind pressure is obtained as a result of comparative analysis of ring current dynamics and the magnetic field in the middle of radiation belts during the main phases of two storms in 2015. It is found that during the magnetic storm of June 22–23, 2015, the development of the ring current during the main phase continued despite the northward turn of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and the following period with positive Bz in the solar wind. The effect observed during June 22–23, 2015 is explained by the intensification of storm ring current due to a long and powerful pulse of the solar wind pressure that led to a nonadiabatic transport of the ring current particles to lower L shells.

Introduction . Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is characterized by the high (30–40 % of cases) frequency of lethal outcomes which at metastasis reaches 90 %. Lack of efficient diagnostics at early stages of a disease indicates the need of searching on new ccRCC markers. Objective : for definition of methylation role of some tumor suppressor microRNA (miRNA) genes in ccRCC pathogenesis and progression and marker identification for ccRCC diagnostics and metastasis predictions. Materials and methods. The alterations of methylation status of 10 miRNA genes were determined by methylation specific polymerase chain reaction in tumor DNA samples and matched histologically unchanged tissues from 70 patients with ccRCC, as well as in DNA samples of kidney tissues from 19 post-mortal individuals without cancer history. Methylation of MIR MIR-107, -130b and -148a genes in ccRCC was studied for the first time. Results. It was shown that 8 miRNA genes (MIR-9-1/3, -34b/c, -124a-1/2/3, -129-2, -130b) were methylated in ccRCC tumors with significantly higher frequency than in the matched histologically unchanged kidney tissues. It was established the association of methylation of 4 miRNA genes (MIR-107, -124a-3, -129-2, -130b) with ccRCC progression (stage, tumor size, differentiation grade), including metastasis in the lymph nodes or distant organs, revealed for MIR-107 and -129-2. The association of MIR-107 and -130b methylation with progression of ccRCC is shown for the first time. Potential marker systems are made for ccRCC diagnostics using tumor biopsy; according to the ROC analysis, systems from 4 and 5 genes (MIR-9-1, -4b/c, -124a-3, -129-2/with addition of MIR-130b) are characterized by high clinical sensitivity of 90 % and specificity of 94 % (area under ROC curve 0.93 and 0.94). Conclusion. The received results will form the basis of noninvasive ccRCC diagnostics further development. To conclude, it is shown the association of methylation of 9 miRNA genes with ccRCC pathogenesis and progression and its potential diagnostic value.

The clear-cell carcinoma of kidney is characterized by high rate of lethal outcomes. The lethality makes up to 16% in the first year after disease was diagnosed. The absence of efficient diagnostic at early stages (30% of all cases of clear-cell carcinoma of kidney are found out at late stages if there is metastatic disease) indicates the necessity of searching new biomarkers of clear-cell carcinoma of kidney. The disorders in methylation of regulatory genes of micro-RNA are one the causes of development of tumor. The purpose of the present study is to discover hyper-methylated genes of micro-RNA under clear-cell carcinoma of kidney and to evaluate their diagnostic and prognostic characteristics. The establishment of status of methylation of genes of micro-RNA in samples of DNA from tumor and unaltered tissue of 50 patients with clear-cell carcinoma of kidney was implemented using bisulfite conversion of DNA and subsequent methyl-specific polymerase chain reaction. The frequent hyper-methylation of seven genes of micro-RNA (miR-9-1/3, miR-124a-1/2/3, miR-34b/c, miR-129-2) in tumors of clear-cell carcinoma of kidney. Out of 7 analyzed genes of micro-RNA the systems of markers on 2-4 genes in each one were compiled. According ROC-analysis, the sensitivity of 4 markers systems reaches 88%, specificity - 94% (AUC 0.83-0.84). Furthermore, it is demonstrated that hyper-methylation of 5 genes of micro-RNA (miR-9-1/3, miR-124a-1/2/3, miR-34b/c, miR-129-2) is associated with parameters of progression of clear-cell carcinoma of kidney (stage, size of tumor, degree of differentiation, metastasis in lymph nodes on remote organs). Out of genes which hyper-methylation is associated with metastasis disease (miR-9-1/3, miR-124a-1/2/3, miR-34b/c, miR-129-2) 5 prognostic systems of markers were compiled and characterized. The hyper-methylation of gene miR-129-2 is a new efficient marker of prognosis of metastasis disease (sensitivity 75% and specificity 79%, AUC 0.77) that can be combined with markers discovered in other studies.

To date, there are more than 2000 known human miRNAs, each of which may be involved in the regulation of hundreds of protein-coding target genes. In turn, the methylation of CpG islands affects the miRNA gene expression. Our aim was to evaluate the role of methylation in the regulation of miRNA gene expression and, consequently, in the regulation of the expression of target genes in primary lung tumors. Using a common collection of samples of non-small-cell lung cancer, we have performed a comprehensive study, including an analysis of the methylation status and level of expression of some miRNA genes and their potential target genes on chromosome 3, i.e., RAR-beta2 and NKIRAS1. The increased frequency of methylation in lung tumors compared to histologically normal tissue was revealed for miR-9-1 and miR-34b/c genes with significant statistics (P < 0.05 by Fisher’s exact test) and for miR-9-3 and miR-193a was marginally significant (P < 0.1). A significant correlation was revealed between the changes in methylation and level of expression of miR-9-1 gene (P ≈ 5 × 10−12 by Spearman) in lung tumors, which suggests the role of methylation in the regulation of expression of these miRNA genes. Furthermore, a statistically significant negative correlation (P ≈ 3 × 10−12 to 5 × 10−13 by Spearman) was found between changes in the levels of expression of miR-9-1 and miR-17 and RAR-beta2 target genes, as well as between the changes in the level of expression of miR-17 and NKIRAS1 that were not previously analyzed. The inverse relationship between the levels of expression of miRNA genes and their target genes is consistent with the known mechanism of the suppression of the expression of protein-coding genes under the action of miRNA. For the first time, significant correlations (P ≈ 3 × 10−10 to 4 × 10−13 by Spearman) were shown between changes in the methylation status of miRNA genes (miR-9-1, miR-9-3, miR-34b/c, miR-193a) and the level of expression of the RAR-beta2 target gene and changes in the methylation status of miR-34b/c, and miR-193a and the level of expression of the NKIRAS1 target gene in the primary lung tumors, which suggests the possibility of indirect effects of the methylation of miRNA genes on the level of expression of target genes.

Methylation of promoter CpG islands and microRNA (miRNA) interactions with mRNAs of target genes are epigenetic mechanisms that play a crucial role in deregulation of gene expression and signaling pathways in tumors. Altered expression of six chromosome 3p genes (RARB(2), SEMA3B, RHOA, GPX1, NKIRAS1, and CHL1) and two miRNA genes (MIR-129-2 and MIR-9-1) was observed in primary clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCCs, 31-48 samples) by RT-PCR and qPCR. Significant downregulation (p0.05, Fisher's exact test) was observed for SEMA3B, NKIRAS1, and CHL1; and differential expression, for the other chromosome 3p and miRNA genes. Methylation-specific PCR with primers to RARB(2), SEMA3B, MIR-129-2, and MIR-9-1 showed that their methylation frequency was significantly (p0.05, Fisher's exact test) elevated in the ccRCC samples. Significant correlations between promoter methylation and expression were confirmed for SEMA3B and observed for the first time for RARB(2), GPX1, and MIR-129-2 in ccRCC (Spearman's correlation coefficient rs ranging 0.31-0.60, p0.05). The MIR-129-2 and RARB(2) methylation frequencies significantly correlated with ccRCC progression. MIR-129-2 methylation correlated with upregulation of RARB(2), RHOA, NKIRAS1, and CHL1 (rs ranging 0.35-0.53, p0.05). The findings implicate methylation in regulating RARB(2), SEMA3B, GPX1, and MIR-129-2 and indicate that miR-129-2 and methylation of its gene affect RARB(2), RHOA, NKIRAS1, and CHL1 expression.

MicroRNA regulates gene expression, is involved in many cellular processes, and plays an important role in the development of cancer. The regulation of the expression of miRNA genes can be achieved by methylating their CpG islands, which is shown in different types of tumors. The methylation of miRNA genes in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) has mainly been studied for the miR-9 and miR-34 families. The methylation of six miRNA genes (miR-124a-2, -124a-3, -9-1, -9-3, -34b/c, -129-2) was investigated with the use of representative set of CCRCC samples (46 cases). Methylation of three genes miR-124a-2, -124a-3, and -129-2 was studied in kidney tumors for the first time. Methylation analysis was performed using methyl specific PCR. It is shown that the frequency of methylation of six genes (miR-124a-2, -124a-3, -9-1, -9-3, -34b/c and -129-2) was significantly higher in tumor samples than in samples of histologically normal tissue (P3 x 10(-5) by Fisher's exact test). These results suggest the properties of tumor suppressors for the six miRNA genes indicated in CCRCC. We also found correlations between the methylation frequency of some miRNA genes and signs of the progression of CCRCC (tumor size, clinical stage, loss of differentiation, and metastasis).

Results of different x-ray methods applied in 151 patients early after operations for destructive pancreatitis were analyzed. The technique of fistulography is described. Plain roentgenography of the chest demonstrated changes in 77.4% cases, most often occurred disk-shaped atelectases and pleural effusion. Examination of the abdominal cavity revealed functional disorders in 69.8% cases, direct symptoms of purulent process -- in 52.9%, radiographic signs of aseptic sequestration -- in 47.1% patients. X-ray signs of purulent process in the retroperitoneal fat and aseptic sequestration of the infiltrate or fat are outlined. The value of fistulography for localization and determination of the shape of drained cavities, position of the drainage tubes in the cavity, condition of the adjacent tissue, progression of purulent process, adequacy of drain of the purulent cavities is shown. Based on the results of complex x-ray examination with ultrasound investigation and CT data, the indications to repeated procedure (surgery or additional drainage) were formulated in 82 (54.3%) of 151 patients.

Phlegmon of retroperitoneal cellular tissue as a complication of endoscopic papillosphincterotomy (PST) was observed in 9 patients. All these patients in the first several hours after PST complained of pains in epigastrium and right hypochondrium. 2 days later the signs of pyogenous intoxication appeared. For diagnosis of complications after PST roentgenological and radionuclide methods as well as US examination and computer tomography were used. For exploration of retroperitoneal phlegmon extraperitoneal approach was employed. The phlegmon cavity was drained by number of tubes TMMK and aspiration-lavage treatment 3 patients died.

The paper deals with the results of using the nonionic water soluble contrast agents ultravist 300 and ultravist 370 (Schoring, Germany) to examine the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in 21 patients with acute abdominal abnormality. GIT contrasting was made in 9 patients in the early postoperative period and in 12 patients on their admission to the Institute. The examinations revealed the high contrast rate of the above agent when administered into the stomach and upper small intestine, which excluded failure of gastroenteroanastomic sutures and the sutured gastric wall in 2 patients, established, in terms of gastric displacement and deformity, left-sided subdiaphragmatic abscess, and in terms of transposition of a portion of the gastric fornix into the pleural cavity, rupture of the left diaphragm, and to exclude diaphragmatic rupture with closed abdominal injury. The revealed important quality of ultravist within a short time (1-2 hours) to contrast the small intestine and enter the colon enabled differential diagnosis to be made between complete and partial small intestinal ileus and between early comissural small intestinal ileus and postoperative intestinal paresis. Ultravist contrast studies allowed the authors to avoid an emergency operative intervention and to follow up the resolution of ileus during medical therapy.

Based on the experience with treatment of 112 patients with retroperitoneal phlegmons of different etiology the authors distinguish and describe the diffuse and complicated forms of the disease. In treatment of phlegmons special importance is attached to the optimal surgical access. The article describes main principles of performing sanitation of the suppurative foci of the retroperitoneal space, variants of the aspiration-irrigation methods of treatment of the suppurative process. The authors believe that their original differentiated surgical method using different variants of the aspiration-irrigation drainage is effective in treatment of patients with retroperitoneal phlegmons. This method of treatment gave 23.2% lethality while after the traditional methods of treatment 90% of the patients died.

The paper is concerned with the results of a combined x-ray study of 36 patients with phlegmon of retroperitoneal fat (RF). The x-ray procedure was described, potentialities and effectiveness of each method (panoramic polypositional investigation of the chest and peritoneal cavity, a contrast study of the G.I. tract) were shown. X-ray semeiotics of phlegmon of RF of different sites, the main differential and diagnostic signs to distinguish between phlegmon and accumulation of gases of other sites and its causes, were described in detail. The accuracy of phlegmon detection with these methods was 97.2%; phlegmon was detected in 35 of 36 patients.

A program of combined radio-ultrasound diagnosis of acute pancreatitis was developed. Altogether 1257 patients were investigated over time, of them various complications were found in 303 (24%). The accuracy of detection of acute pancreatitis was 92%, that of purulent complications was 93%, that of false pancreatic cysts was 98.2%. Ultrasound and roentgenological semiotics of various types of complications of pancreatitis was described. Ultrasound investigation was shown to be the most important one in the diagnosis of patients with acute pancreatitis.

The paper is concerned with analysis of the results of x-ray examination of 78 patients with enterocutaneous fistulas of various etiology and site. The authors have shown the characteristic features of x-ray examination of patients in whom the fistulas were at the acute phase of their development. They have also defined the diagnostic value of the employed methods and their efficacy for the diagnosis not only of fistulas but also of related complications (inflammatory infiltrates and abscesses of the abdominal cavity, fatty phlegmon, purulent "fillings", complicated fistulas, etc.). During combined x-ray investigation accurate diagnosis of fistulas was established in 97.4% of the patients, purulent complications were revealed in 94.6%.

Specific features of diagnostics and surgical treatment of injuries of the duodenum in 41 patients with open and closed traumas of the abdomen are described. A wide access by means of mobilization of the right colic flexure should be used for the revision of the duodenum. In cases with closed injuries of the duodenum, in addition to maintenance of its reliable decompression, it is necessary to exclude the intestine from the passage of the gastric content. In order to prevent postoperative pancreatitis cholecystostoma should be made.

The article discusses clinical experience of the Sklifosovsky Emergency Ambulance Service Institute in establishing early diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in the last decade. Over 3,000 patients were examined; they were admitted to the Institute for acute pancreatitis the diagnosis of which was made according to the program of complex diagnosis at the stage of the admission department and during the first three days of the hospital stage. The decisive role in establishing the diagnosis is attached to the clinical manifestations, medical history, amylasuria, and obligatory radiological and ultrasonographic examination (USE). The characteristic radiological and ultrasonic signs of various forms of acute pancreatitis are described. Radiological pleuro-pulmonary signs were found in 15.1% of patients with the edematous and in 42% of those with destructive pancreatitis. Specific indirect signs during radiography of the abdominal organs were registered in almost 80% of cases of acute pancreatitis. Informativeness of USE in acute pancreatitis was 95.4%, and it also made it possible to identify the clinico-morphological form of the disease. It is emphasized that USE must be undertaken in the first hours of the patient's admittance to the clinic. The suggested complex program of early diagnosis may be used in essence in all emergency ambulance service hospitals.

Medical genetic study of the population of Altai Republic (Russia) has been performed. The population sample comprises 203 148 subjects, including 59 196 Altaians, 134 972 Russians, and 8980 Kazakhs. For each nosological group, the loads of Mendelian pathology with different modes of inheritance and their prevalence rates in urban and rural populations have been determined. Thirty-six autosomal dominant (AD) diseases have been found in a total of 121 subjects, with hereditary syndromes being the most prevalent. Autosomal recessive (AR) pathology is represented by 24 diseases found in 158 subjects, with metabolic disorders being the most prevalent; and X-linked pathology, by four diseases in nine subjects. The prevalence rate has been calculated for each nosological form in the district where it has been found. The loads of AD, AR, and X-linked pathologies in the urban population were, respectively, 2.98 and 9.62 per 1000 people and 0.56 per 1000 men in Altaians; 0.86 and 0.94 per 1000 people and 0.23 per 1000 men in Russians; 0.34 and 1.16 per 1000 people in Kazakhs. In the rural population, the genetic load has been calculated for each district. The spectrum of hereditary pathology in the populations studied is described.