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In this study, a measurement and verification (M&V) cost minimisation model is proposed to deal with both the M&V modelling and sampling uncertainties. In order to find the optimal solutions in terms of the modelling accuracy level, and the sample size, the M&V cost that includes the modelling cost, sampling cost, and overhead cost is formulated as the objective function, in which the modelling cost is developed as a function of the modelling accuracy in terms of the coefficient of variation of the room mean square error (CV(RMSE)), and the sampling cost, which is directly related to the sample size. In order to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed model, an optimal M&V modelling and sampling strategy is designed for a traffic intersection lamp retrofit project. In addition, partial optimal M&V plans designed with optimal sampling but non-optimal modelling solutions, or with optimal modelling but non-optimal sampling solutions are employed as the benchmark. Comparisons between the optimal and non-optimal solutions show advantageous cost savings performance in the execution of sampling and modelling activities for the case study. More precisely, the optimal solutions reduce the sampling cost by 55% and the total M&V cost by 14% against the solutions obtained by optimal modelling but non-optimal sampling solutions. To test the applicability and flexibility of the proposed model for the cost-effective design of similar traffic light retrofit projects, simulations have been carried out to evaluate the model performance when applying the model to M&V projects with different characteristics. The simulation results show that the proposed model is able to offer flexible trade-offs between the modelling and sampling uncertainties; namely, using more accurate baseline models and smaller sample sizes or less accurate baseline models but greater sample sizes to accommodate different practical needs in executing M&V projects with different characteristics. The major cont

There are many reasons why energy efficiency projects are carried out; to reduce electricity and water usage, cut greenhouse gas emissions and to promote the conservation of biodiversity. A common factor is that humans are the ones that make a major contribution towards achieving goals set for energy efficiency projects. As such, humans should be targeted when campaigning for a change of any policy concerning energy efficiency. It is often assumed that the "end use" technology is what achieves energy efficiency. This is not true; people and "use of the technology" consume energy and therefore determine the viability of the energy efficiency of the project. In most researches, the human aspect is not taken into consideration and the behaviour of people is assumed to be generic towards thinking of energy efficiency projects. Generalising how energy efficiency projects affect the entire population is a mistake and as such, the actual targets of the projects may be missed. Studying the social structures of society will reveal the actual impact each individual has on his/her society when an energy efficiency project is carried out. It is therefore important to determine the expected energy savings by dividing the savings into two categories; direct and indirect savings. Mathematical models to determine the impact each individual has on his/her neighbours within a social network are formulated. The models are derived from the study of energy, information theory and social networks. From these models, the expected energy saved indirectly through information propagation of the energy efficiency project is determined. The advantages of this research can be extended to the identification of potential customers in residential mass roll-out programs and the adoption of demand response programs.

"In this thesis the author investigated the use of a Q-learning based path planning algorithm to investigate how effective it is in saving energy. It is important to pursue any means to save energy in this day and age, due to the excessive exploitation of natural resources and in order to prevent drops in production in industrial environments where less downtime is necessary or other applications where a mobile robot running out of energy can be costly or even disastrous, such as search and rescue operations or dangerous environment navigation. The study was undertaken by implementing a Q-learning based path planning algorithm in several unstructured and unknown environments. A cell decomposition method was used to generate the search space representation of the environments, within which the algorithm operated. The results show that the Q-learning path planner paths on average consumed 3.04% less energy than the A* path planning algorithm, in a square 20% obstacle density environment. The Q-learning path planner consumed on average 5.79% more energy than the least energy paths for the same environment. In the case of rectangular environments, the Q-learning path planning algorithm uses 1.68% less energy, than the A* path algorithm and 3.26 % more energy than the least energy paths. The implication of this study is to highlight the need for the use of learning algorithm in attempting to solve problems whose existing solutions are not learning based, in order to obtain better solutions."

The goal of this study is to assess the potential of the Stirling engine in alternative energy applications including combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) and novel waste heat recovery (WHR) technologies. A first and second law model is developed to quantify Stirling engine performance and realize the crucial parameters in Stirling engine design. In addition, analysis of systems employing the Stirling engine as a prime mover can help justify particular design interests for the engine regarding certain applications. A model of a CCHP system is developed with a Stirling engine prime mover. Sensitivity analysis is performed on the CCHP system to gain a deeper understanding of how each component affects the overall performance of the CCHP system. The main objective of these analyses is to provide information on the feasibility of Stirling CCHP on the basis of primary energy consumption and cost. Finally, the potential of the Stirling engine as a waste heat recovery device is investigated. A thermodynamic model is developed to provide estimates of Stirling engine performance based on an available waste heat stream from any specific heat source, while suggesting practical design constraints on the engine based on bounds from the second law. These results are provided to strengthen the feasibility of the Stirling engine as a bottoming prime mover rather than the central power plant.

CONTENTS: Names and status of team members Issue or problem being addresses Background information Proposed Project for Summer 2007 Anticipated amelioration or implementation project to follow up on the assessment, including estimated cost and long-term cost savings (if any) to the Colleges, and evaluation processes Proposes itemized budget for Summer 2007 project.

Sam Brunswick, (Claremont McKenna College '07), student researcher for the 5-College Sustainability Audit, delivering the first presentation, "An Introduction to Environmental Sustainability at the Claremont Colleges," at Sustainability Presentations Day, Beckman Auditorium, Harvey Mudd College.

Recycling cans at Appleby Hall, typical of the Claremont McKenna College dorms.

Claire O'Hanlon, (Harvey Mudd College '09), student researcher for the "5-College Sustainability Audit," presenting "All That We Can't Leave Behind! Emissions, Waste, and Recycling at the Claremont Colleges," at Sustainability Presentations Day, Thursday, Beckman Auditorium, Harvey Mudd College. Slide on screen: "Carbon Heelprints."

Herbie Huff, (Harvey Mudd College '07), student researcher for the "5-College Sustainability Audit," presenting. "The Triple Bottom Line! Water and Landscaping at the Claremont Colleges," at Sustainability Presentations Day, Beckman Auditorium, Harvey Mudd College.

CONTENTS: Team Members Issue Addressed Background Information Proposed Activities for Summer 2007 Anticipated implementation Project Budget for Summer 2007.

CONTENTS: Team leader Team members Issue to be addressed Background information Proposed project Anticipated follow-up implementation Proposed itemized budget.

Kelley Hodges, (Harvey Mudd College '09, left) and Corina Tom, (Harvey Mudd College '08, right), student researchers for the "5-College Sustainability Audit," presenting "All That We Can't Leave Behind! Emissions, Waste, and Recycling at the Claremont Colleges," at Sustainability Presentations Day, Beckman Auditorium, Harvey Mudd College. Slide on screen: "Current Waste and Recycling System."

Water-conserving planting at the Richard C. Seaver Biology Building, Pomona College. The Seaver Biology Building has been awarded a silver certificate from the U.S. Green Building Council under its Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) criteria.

Brian N. Hilton, Research Associate and Adjunct Faculty Member, School of information Systems and Technology, Claremont Graduate University and audience. Slide on screen: "CGU Urban Ecosystem Analysis - Step 2: Tree Inventory Data Collection" from the presentation, "Urban Ecosystem Analysis Using GIS" at Sustainability Presentations Day, Beckman Auditorium, Harvey Mudd College.

This team documented the historical usage of key resources and utilities - electricity, natural gas, and water - in order to establish baselines against which to compare future usage, and to identify targets for conservation programs. The team also studied emissions, waste disposal, and recycling programs with the ultimate goal of assessing the feasibility of achieving carbon neutrality within the next decade or two. Finally the team developed recommendations for creating a more sustainable Claremont Colleges Community.

Students place plants for the Harvey Mudd College Landscape Clinic Demonstration Garden. Students shown are Marci LaViolette, (Harvey Mudd College IPS Environmental Engineering '02), (foreground, kneeling); Greg Alexander, (Harvey Mudd College Biology '01) foreground, standing; and Tracy van Cort, (Harvey Mudd College Math/Linguistics '01) background.

This table contains the raw results of Brian Hilton's analysis of the CGU trees with the CITYGreen Software. Excerpting from page 19 of his final report (see notes): "For this project a baseline analysis was performed to establish current site conditions. Five additional analyses were performed to simulate the effects of Tree Growth over time and the initiation of a Tree Planting program. Analysis of the Tree Planting Baseline scenario assumed the planting of 16 mature trees (10 foot canopy diameter). The framework representing this methodology is illustrated in Table 5.1." A summary of the results in the spreadsheet are given in Table 5.2 of the final report. Additional reports containing pie graphs and bar graphs are presented in Appendix 1 of the final report and represent another means of displaying the data presented here.

Jim Meacham, Energy Consultant, CTG Energetics, Inc. (left), Anna N. Ahn, Associate Professor of Biology, Harvey Mudd College (right) in the audience at the Sustainability Presentations Day, Thursday, July 26, 2007, Beckman Auditorium, Harvey Mudd College. Partly visible in background: Candace Lebel, Library and Information Technology, Libraries of the Claremont Colleges.

Ryan Bogner, (Caltech '08), student member of the Caltech Sustainability Council, in the audience at the Sustainability Presentations Day, Beckman Auditorium, Harvey Mudd College. Next to Bogner, partially hidden by hands: Garrett Hazelton, Mellon Environmental Programs Coordinator, Joint Science Department of The Claremont Colleges. Partly visible in background (left to right): John D. (Jack) Sullivan, Professor Emeritus, Political Studies, Pitzer College, [unknown man]; Stephanie Graham, Director of College Relations, Harvey Mudd College; [unknown woman].

Lauryn Baranowski, (Harvey Mudd College '09) (left) and Annika Eberle (Harvey Mudd College '09) (right), student researchers for the "5-College Sustainability Audit," presenting "Where Do We Go Now? Conservation, Participation, and Final Recommendations," at Sustainability Presentations Day, Beckman Auditorium, Harvey Mudd College. Slide on screen: "Electricity Conservation."

Sam Brunswick, (Claremont McKenna '07, left) and Rose Haag, (Pomona '10, right), student researchers for the 5-College Sustainability Audit, delivering the first presentation, "An Introduction to Environmental Sustainability at the Claremont Colleges, "at Sustainability Presentations Day, Thursday, Beckman Auditorium, Harvey Mudd College.

Lauryn Baranowski, (Harvey Mudd College '09), student researcher for the 5-College Sustainability Audit (left), talking to Larry Burik, Director of Campus Facilities, Pitzer College (right) during the break at the Sustainability Presentations Day, Thursday, Beckman Auditorium, Harvey Mudd College.

Paul Steinberg, Assistant Professor of Political Science and Environmental Policy, Harvey Mudd College, and Director, Harvey Mudd College Center for Environmental Studies, in the audience at the Sustainability Presentations Day, Beckman Auditorium, Harvey Mudd College.

Luncheon for Sustainability Presentations Day, Aviation Room of Hoch-Shanahan Dining Commons, Harvey Mudd College. Front table, clockwise, starting from person nearest the camera: Trevin Murakami, (Harvey Mudd College '09); Dariya Draganova, (Harvey Mudd College '08); Corina Tom, (Harvey Mudd College '08); Eric Peterson, (Harvey Mudd College '09); Lauryn Baranowski, (Harvey Mudd College '09); Kelley Hodges, (Harvey Mudd College '09). Far right table, clockwise, starting from farthest right: John D. (Jack) Sullivan, Professor Emeritus, Political Studies, Pitzer College; Garrett Hazelton, Mellon Environmental Programs Coordinator, Joint Science Department of the Claremont Colleges; Theresa W. Lynn, Assistant Professor of Physics, Harvey Mudd College; Daniel C. Petersen, Professor of Physics, Harvey Mudd College; [unknown girl]; [unknown woman]; Warren Roberts, GIS Specialist, Libraries of the Claremont Colleges; Candace Lebel, Library and Information Technology, Libraries of the Claremont Colleges; [unknown man].

Herbie Huff, (Harvey Mudd College '07), student researcher for the "5-College Sustainability Audit," presenting. "The Triple Bottom Line! Water and Landscaping at the Claremont Colleges," at Sustainability Presentations Day, Beckman Auditorium, Harvey Mudd College. Slide on screen: "Waste Not, Want Not: Potential Savings at Harvey Mudd College."

Conclusion of Sustainability Presentations Day, Thursday, July 26, 2007, Beckman Auditorium, Harvey Mudd College. Presenters Lauryn Baranowski, (Harvey Mudd College '09, left) and Annika Eberle (Harvey Mudd College '09, right), student researchers for the "5-College Sustainability Audit" for "Where Do We Go Now? Conservation, Participation, and Final Recommendations." Slide on screen: "Consortial Collaboration," At podium: Richard C. Haskell, Burton G. Bettingen Professor of Physics, Harvey Mudd College, and Team Coordinator for the 5-College Sustainability Audit. Visible in audience: Front row (left to right): Sam Brunswick, (Claremont McKenna College '07); Rose Haag, (Pomona College '10); Trevin Murakami, (Harvey Mudd College '09); Herbie Huff, (Harvey Mudd College '07); Claire O'Hanlon, (Harvey Mudd College '09); Eric Peterson, (Harvey Mudd College '09). Second row: Tom Shaffer, Plant Engineer, Harvey Mudd College; Richard W. (Rick) Hazlett, Professor of Geology and Stephen M. Pauley Chair in Environmental Analysis, Pomona College; Michael Blouin, (Pomona College Environmental Analysis '08); [unknown person]; Garrett Hazelton, Mellon Environmental Programs Coordinator, Joint Science Department of the Claremont Colleges; Kelley Hodges, (Harvey Mudd College '09). Third row: Caltech student; Miriam Feldblum, Dean of Students, Pomona College; Jim Meacham, Energy Consultant, CTG Energetics, Inc.; Nancy V. Hamlett, Visiting Professor of Biology, Pomona College; Daniel C. Petersen, Professor of Physics, Harvey Mudd College; Peter N. Saeta, Associate Professor of Physics, Harvey Mudd College; Barry Olsan, Director of Corporate Relations, Harvey Mudd College. Fourth row: Patricia D. Sparks, Professor of Physics, Harvey Mudd College; Patrick Little, J. Stanley and Mary W. Johnson Professor of Engineering Management, Harvey Mudd College; George Gorse, Professor of Art History and Chair, President's Advisory Committee on Sustainability, Pomona College; [person hidden behind George Gorse]; [unknown woman]; [person hidden behind unknown woman]; Timothy (Tim) Morrison Director of Facilities Department, Claremont University Consortium; Brian Ebersole, Science Librarian and Coordinator Sprague and Seeley G. Mudd Science Libraries, Libraries of the Claremont Colleges.

Front row: Richard C. Haskell (Physics Department, Harvey Mudd College), Burton G. Bettingen Professor of Physics, Harvey Mudd College, and Team Coordinator; Claire O'Hanlon, (Harvey Mudd College '09); Rose Haag, (Pomona College '10); Sam Brunswick, (Claremont McKenna College '07). Back row: Kelley Hodges, (Harvey Mudd College '09); Jens Gardner, CTG Energetics (Harvey Mudd College '07), Annika Eberle, (Harvey Mudd College '09); Corina Tom, (Harvey Mudd College '08); Lauryn Baranowski, (Harvey Mudd College '09); Eric Peterson, (Harvey Mudd College '09); Naomi Bagdonas, (Claremont McKenna College '09). Photographed on the roof of the Natural Resources Defense Council's Santa Monica Office.

Photovoltaic panels on the east side of the Richard C. Seaver Biology Building, Pomona College. The Seaver Biology Building has been awarded a silver certificate from the U.S. Green Building Council under its Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) criteria. The 2.5 kilowatt solar panel array is estimated to produce five megawatt hours of electricity per year.

"An Introduction to Environmental Sustainability at the Claremont Colleges," at Sustainability Presentations Day, Beckman Auditorium, Harvey Mudd College. Sam Brunswick, (Claremont McKenna College '07), student researcher for the 5-College Sustainability Audit, presenting. Slide on screen: "Yearly Cost of Electric."

Brian N. Hilton, Research Associate and Adjunct Faculty Member, School of information Systems and Technology, Claremont Graduate University, holding map of Claremont Graduate University showing building footprints during presentation of "Urban Ecosystem Analysis" at The Claremont Graduate University"", during Sustainability Presentations Day, Harvey Mudd College.

Michael Blouin, (Pomona College Environmental Analysis '08), student researcher, presenting "Greening the Offices of the Claremont Colleges," and audience. Slide on screen: "Potential Alternatives: Ink Cartridges."

Audience during the Welcome at the Sustainability Presentations Day, Thursday, July 26, 2007, Beckman Auditorium, Harvey Mudd College. Richard C. Haskell, Burton G. Bettingen Professor of Physics, Harvey Mudd College, Faculty, and Team Coordinator for the 5-College Sustainability Audit, speaking.

John D. (Jack) Sullivan, Professor Emeritus, Political Studies, Pitzer College, in the audience at the Sustainability Presentations Day, Beckman Auditorium, Harvey Mudd College. People in foreground: Timothy (Tim) Morrison Director of Facilities Department and Bridges Auditorium, Claremont University Consortium (left), Brian Worley, Director of Facilities & Campus Services, Claremont McKenna College (center) Garrett Hazelton, Mellon Environmental Programs Coordinator, Joint Science Department of the Claremont Colleges (right, back of head).

Luncheon for Sustainability Presentations Day, Aviation Room of Hoch-Shanahan Dining Commons, Harvey Mudd College. Front table, clockwise, starting from left: John D. (Jack) Sullivan, Professor Emeritus, Political Studies, Pitzer College; Garrett Hazelton, Mellon Environmental Programs Coordinator, Joint Science Department of the Claremont Colleges; Theresa W. Lynn, Assistant Professor of Physics, Harvey Mudd College; Daniel C. Petersen, Professor of Physics, Harvey Mudd College; [unknown girl]; [unknown woman]; Warren Roberts, GIS Specialist, Libraries of the Claremont Colleges; Candace Lebel, Library and Information Technology, Libraries of the Claremont Colleges; [unknown man].

"The Triple Bottom Line! Water and Landscaping at the Claremont Colleges," at Sustainability Presentations Day, Beckman Auditorium, Harvey Mudd College. Trevin Murakami, (Harvey Mudd College '09, left), Corina Tom, (Harvey Mudd College '08, center), and Herbie Huff, (Harvey Mudd College '07, right), student researchers for the "5-College Sustainability Audit," presenting. Slide on screen: "Water for Everyday: Conservation Potential."

Brian Worley, Director of Facilities & Campus Services, Claremont McKenna College (left), Garrett Hazelton, Mellon Environmental Programs Coordinator, Joint Science Department of the Claremont Colleges (right) in the audience at the Sustainability Presentations Day, Thursday, July 26, 2007, Beckman Auditorium, Harvey Mudd College. Background: Stephanie Graham, Director of College Relations, Harvey Mudd College.

Richard W. (Rick) Hazlett, Professor of Geology and Stephen M. Pauley Chair in Environmental Analysis, Pomona College, and Faculty advisor for "Greening the Claremont Colleges' Office Supply Stream" (left) talking to George Gorse, Professor of Art History and Chair, President's Advisory Committee on Sustainability, Pomona College, talking during the break at the Sustainability Presentations Day, Beckman Auditorium, Harvey Mudd College.

Niel Errickson, Director of Facilities, Scripps College (left) and Timothy (Tim) Morrison, Director of Facilities Department and Bridges Auditorium, Claremont University Consortium (right) talking during the break at the Sustainability Presentations Day, Thursday, July 26, 2007, Beckman Auditorium, Harvey Mudd College.

During summer of 2007, a GIS- based Urban Ecosystem Analysis of the Claremont Graduate University campus was conducted. This research was part of a larger initiative supported by the Council of Presidents to assess the environmental impact of the Claremont Colleges Campuses and to implement new ideas and approaches for advancing environmental sustainability. The analysis conducted for this project enumerates the benefits of the existing urban ecosystem and outlines the expected benefits of augmenting this system. Specifically, this project investigated the benefits of increasing the urban tree canopy through the planting and preservation of appropriate tree species, which can provide measurable benefits in economic, environmental, energy saving, and social terms.

An Urban Ecosystem Analysis (UEA) of the Claremont Graduate University (CGU) campus to subsequently serve as a pilot study for future Urban Ecosystem Analyses of all Claremont Colleges Campuses.

Richard C. Haskell, Burton G. Bettingen Professor of Physics, Harvey Mudd College, and Team Coordinator for the 5-College Sustainability Audit, delivering the Welcome at the Sustainability Presentations Day, Thursday, July 26, 2007, Beckman Auditorium, Harvey Mudd College.

PowerPoint from the presentation given by Mike Blouin (Pomona '08) on July 26, 2007. This was the seventh presentation out of eight taking place during the Sustainability Presentations Day at Harvey Mudd College.

TABLE OF CONTENTS: Executive summary Part I: Current State of Affairs of Office Product Purchasing at the 5Cs Part II: Environment Impacts Part III: Policy Improvements Part IV: Specific Green Alternatives Part V: The Bright Green Office Appendix: Model Information for Office Supply Purchasers.

Alan Jones, Vice President for Academic Affairs and Dean of Faculty at Pitzer College, calls for proposals from The Claremont Colleges community on behalf of the Council of Presidents and the Academic Deans Council of the Claremont Colleges. Over the next three years, faculty- student-staff research teams are to develop and implement new ideas and approaches for advancing the environmental sustainability of the Claremont campuses. The teams are to submit proposals following the guidelines delineated in the RFP.

Pomona College students Rose Haag (Pomona College '10) and Sam Brunswick (Claremont McKenna College '07) present an introduction to the concept of sustainability and give a brief overview and discussion of some of the environmental issues facing The Claremont Colleges. This presentation was the first presentation out of eight at the Beckman Auditorium on the Harvey Mudd College Campus.

Claire O'Hanlon (Harvey Mudd College '09), Eric Peterson (Harvey Mudd College '09), and Lauryn Baranowski (Harvey Mudd College '09) present "It's Not Easy Being Green" and discuss some of the environmental problems with the buildings at The Claremont Colleges. This presentation was the second presentation out of eight at the Beckman Auditorium on the Harvey Mudd College Campus.

A sustainability research team, consisting of 15 students and 10 faculty from across the Claremont Colleges, presented the findings of their campus sustainability audits during Sustainability Presentations Day in Beckman Auditorium on the Harvey Mudd College Campus.

Claremont Graduate University professor Brian Hilton presents "Urban Ecosystem Analysis." This presentation was the fifth presentation out of eight at the Beckman Auditorium on the Harvey Mudd College Campus.