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The aim of this study was to estimate the economic cost of Brucella abortus in Turkey. According to present literatures, the mean prevalence of infection has been estimated as 6.21%. The positivity rate of B. abortus in aborted cows has been found to be 21.16%. The financial costs were estimated in US$ according to 2020 prices. The production cost of brucellosis was estimated in US$ as 1.464 per a cow. In this study, the percentage of production losses caused by brucellosis per cow were determined as 32.65% abortion, 10.77% prolonged calving interval, 9.7% milk loss, 29.88% replacement of culled cow and 17.01% costs for treatment, respectively. The annual production losses were estimated as US$208 million of the B. abortus for Turkey. The annual economic costs have been estimated as US$301 million for prevention and control of the B. abortus. In general studies that have been conducted so far on Brucellosis are focused on the prevalence and the diagnosis of the disease in Turkey. In this study, we attempted to determine the economic costs due to B. abortus and attempted to attract attention on the economic impacts of the disease. As a result, B. abortus in Turkey results in major economic costs to the livestock industry with significant impact on dairy cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bee venom with an antimicrobial effect is a powerful natural product. One of the most important areas where new antimicrobials are needed is in the prevention and control of multi-drug resistant pathogens. Today, antibacterial products used to treat multi-drug resistant pathogen infections in hospitals and healthcare facilities are insufficient to prevent colonisation and spread, and new products are needed. The aim of the study is to investigate the antibacterial effect of the bee venom (BV), a natural substance, on the species of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis, Carbapenem resistant Escherichia coli, Carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. As a result of this study, it was found that MIC90 and MBC90 values ranged from 6.25 μg/mL - 12.5 μg/mL and numbers of bacteria decreased by 4-6 logs within 1-24 h for multi-drug resistant pathogens. In particular, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis isolate decreased 6 log cfu/mL at 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL concentrations in the first hour. The effective bacterial inhibition rate of bee venom suggests that it could be a potential antibacterial agent for multi-drug resistant pathogens.Contribution: The treatment options of antibiotic-resistant pathogens are a major problem in both veterinary and human medicine fields. We have detected a high antibacterial effect against these agents in this bee venom study, which is a natural product. Apitherapy is a fashionable treatment method all over the world and is used in many areas of health. Bee venom is also a product that can be used as a drug or disinfectant raw material and can fill the natural product gap that can be used against resistant bacteria.

This study aimed to investigate the differences in oxidative stress index (OSI) and kisspeptin levels in clinically asymptomatic dogs with cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) compared to healthy and pregnant dogs, and to determine the usability of the obtained results in the diagnosis of asymptomatic CEH. The study comprised three groups; a healthy (n = 8), a pregnant (n = 10) and a CEH (n = 10). All dogs in the three groups were included in the study at the 30 ± 3th day after estrus, and blood samples were collected for analysis of kisspeptin, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), progesterone (P4), estradiol (E2) and some biochemical parameters (TSH; thyroid stimulating hormone, ALT; alanine aminotransferase, AST; aspartate aminotransferase, ALP; alkaline phosphatase, LDH; lactate dehydrogenase, CRE; creatine and BUN; blood urea nitrogen). In addition, OSI value was calculated. P4 and ALT and BUN levels were significantly lower and higher in CEH group than the pregnant group, respectively (p < .05). While kisspeptin and TAS levels were significantly lower in CEH group compared to the healthy and pregnant groups (p < .01), OSI level increased dramatically. In conclusion, it was confirmed that CEH clearly affected kisspeptin and OSI levels, and it is thought that these parameters may be an alternative diagnostic tool for the detection of CEH after further studies., (© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The aim of this study was to estimate the total cost of Neospora caninum infection in cows in Turkey. According to present literature, the mean seroprevalence of infection was estimated as 14.7%. The seropositivity rate of N. caninum in aborted cows was found to be 18%. The financial costs were estimated in US$ at 2019 prices. The total cost of N. caninum infection was estimated at US$710 (438-1043) per a dairy cow and the annual economic costs were estimated at US$40.5 (24.6-60.3) million for Turkey. In this study, the distribution of economic costs caused by neosporosis per cow was determined to be 67.3% for abortion, 16.8% prolonged calving interval, 4.6% milk loss, 3.5% additional artificial insemination, and 7.7% veterinary and diagnostic costs, respectively. All studies that have been conducted so far on Neosporosis are focused on the prevalence and the diagnosis of the disease in Turkey. In this study, we firstly determined the economic costs due to N. caninum infections and try to attract attention on the economic impacts of the disease. As a result, awareness among breeders regarding the epidemiology, control, and eradication of neosporosis should be raised through training activities; coordination between the relevant institutions and organizations should be ensured; emergency action plans should be prepared; and further spread of the disease should be prevented.

The objective of the present was to determine the effect of long-term release GnRH agonists "deslorelin" on suppression and restoration of testicular and accessory sex glands functions, and expression of HSP in testes of adult male rats. A group of twenty-eight male rats and fifty-six female rats were kept for eleven months. The male rats were subdivided into treatment (n = 18; deslorelin, an analogue of GnRH, 4.7 mg, S.C; six months) and control (n = 10; untreated), and the adult female rats were introduced with either treatment or control male rats at the 2nd, 6th and 11th months post implant insertion. At 6th month of deslorelin implants insertion, six male rats from treatment and five rats from control group were sacrificed. The remaining (twelve treatment and five control) male rats were sacrificed at 11 months. The testicular dimension were measured monthly in both treatment and control rats. The blood samples were collected for testosterone and HSP70 antibody, whereas, the testes and accessory glands were isolated for histological examination at each sacrificial time. The results showed that testicular dimension were significantly lesser in treatment group until 9 months post treatment. HSP70 protein expression was negligible at 6 months in treatment group but its intensity increased in spermatids 11 months of treatment similar to control group. Significantly lower testosterone concentrations with poor semen quality, and smaller litter size were observed in treatment group. The histological picture of accessory sex glands and seminiferous tubules shown a variable integrity in treatment group than control at 6 months implant insertion. In conclusion, the subcutaneous application of 4.7 mg of the GnRH-analogue deslorelin represents a practicable, like in the female rats, method to suppress testicular, accessory sex glands functions, testicular HSP expression and fertility in male rats. Moreover, the suppressive effects of deslorelin, continued until 11th months after removal of the implant., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)