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Funding Information: This work was supported by the Academy of Finland , providing funding for the study ‘Smart Energy Transition - Realising its potential for sustainable growth for Finland's second century (SET)’ [grant number 293405]. 1 1 Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Authors Energy systems are rapidly changing, and many promising low-carbon solutions are now available for different industries. For a society to efficiently implement these promising technologies, experts and policymakers from different fields must comprehensively understand the possibilities and barriers of these technologies. This paper investigates how experts in different fields perceive the transition by conducting two broad Delphi surveys regarding energy transition and greenhouse gas emission targets in the context of Finnish society. The focus of the research is Power-to-X technologies, the required actions and barriers for achieving emissions targets, and societal electrification. The results reveal that while it is possible to achieve the ambitious emissions targets, a variety of political and technological changes are required. It is also established that Finnish society will increase low-carbon electricity consumption in the near future. For instance, Power-to-Gas and Power-to-Fuel technologies are viewed possible technologies for achieving the targets.

The article presents the results of a study of the budget structure in terms of military spending, and also analyzes the impact of military spending on the economy of the state, namely the impact on indicators such as GDP and unemployment. An analysis was made of the dynamics of these indicators in the period from 2015 to the first half of 2022, and statistical data on the structure of the budget of the Russian Federation in the period from 2019 to 2022 were also given. В статье изложены результаты исследования структуры бюджета в части военных расходов, а также анализируются влияние военных расходов на экономику государства, а именно влияние на такие показатели как ВВП и уровень безработицы. Произведен анализ динамики данных показателей в период с 2015 года по первое полугодие 2022 года, а также были приведены статистические данные структуры бюджета РФ в период с 2019 год по 2022 год.

INTRODUCTION At the end of 2005, Professor V.G. Gorshkov, the author of the scientific concept of biotic regulation of the environment [Gorshkov, 1995], together with A.N. Makarieva, put forward the theory of the biotic pump of atmospheric moisture [Gorshkov, Makarieva, 2006; In memory of Viktor Georgievich Gorshkov, 2020], according to which virgin forests and swamps provide transport of moist air from the ocean to land. With this conclusion, the authors are trying to draw the attention of the scientific community and authorities to the catastrophic consequences of large-scale destruction of forest cover in many countries, including Russia. In the open letter dated 05.05.2006 (Forests as guarantors of the existence of Russian rivers and life on land (on the issue of adopting a new Forest Code)) [https://www.bioticregulation.ru/life/les2_r.php] they noted: Scientific evidence has been obtained that the existence of rivers and precipitation on land is determined by the activity of undisturbed natural forests. An undisturbed forest is a living pump using solar energy to pump atmospheric moisture evaporated from the surface of the ocean onto land. It is shown that droughts, fires, floods, as well as hurricanes and tornadoes on land are the consequences of forest cover disturbance and the termination of the forest moisture pump operation. The destruction of the forests leads to the complete desertification of continents." In this regard, the need to form a competent community of universal scientists and specialists from various branches of the economy, who are deeply versed in the theory of biotic regulation of the environment, is becoming increasingly acute. Appropriate environmental education should contribute to the formation and development of this community. PROBLEM STATEMENT. The low level of environmental education in forestry universities in Russia hinders the penetration and development of the environmental ideas in the field of forest policy, science and practice. In our opinion, the problem comes from the fact that natural science disciplines are poorly represented in the curricula of training in this area: theoretical physics, evolutionary biology, meteorology and climatology, the ecological cycle of knowledge (ecology, nature management, etc.), that is, all those academic disciplines that, according to V.G. Gorshkova (2006) "form views on life and the environment" and guide to solving the problem of forest conservation as guarantors of conservation of biological diversity and sustainable maintenance of the global climate. The purpose of our study was to provide comparative analysis of the content in the curricula of disciplines forming modern views on the environment. The objective of the study is to identify a potential direction for optimizing the content of curricula with disciplines of the environmental cycle of knowledge. MATERIALS AND METHODS OF STUDY When choosing universities for the survey, we used such an integral indicator as the rating for 2019. Experts have traditionally adopted the main criteria in compiling the rating: the quality of education, scientific activity, international relations, the demand for university students by employers. 496 universities participated in the rating (out of 2067 universities in the country). 52 universities of them provide training in accordance with the bachelor's degree program 35.03.01 Forestry. They annually graduate more than one thousand specialists in forestry and forestry management [https://vuzoteka.ru/universities//Лесное-дело-35-03-01]. The main source materials became the curricula of the surveyed universities in the program 35.03.01 Forestry, which provide a quantitative characteristic in hours of the share of the academic load in physics, biology, meteorology and ecology. We have selected universities included in the "TOP-10", as well as for representativeness, universities in the middle and lower positions. The data obtained during the survey allowed analyzing the information contained on the websites of the institutes of higher education and identifying the main problems on the way to the formation of modern views on the environment among future forest workers. STUDY RESULTS AND THEIR DISCUSSION Analyzing the table, it is difficult to disagree with the associate professor of the Ural State Forest Engineering University E.Yu. Serova [Serova, 2016, p. 23-24] that the quality of training of specialists in Russian forestry institutes of higher education raises certain questions from the fact that there is a lack of breadth of outlook on life, knowledge in related fields - forest biology, chemistry, economics, social sciences, etc. The forest education is most often very narrow, technical, aimed more at mastering the implementation of routine procedures that have been developed over decades than at critically comprehending and reworking these procedures from the standpoint of modern science and practice. The rapid development of related fields of science, primarily biology and chemistry, has very little effect on the theoretical foundations of Russian forestry and has very little effect on the standards of forest education. Considering the presence in the curricula of disciplines that form modern views on the environment (be reminded that they are necessary for understanding the role of natural forest ecosystems in the biotic management of the environment and understanding the processes of functioning of the biotic (forest) pump of atmospheric moisture, etc.), it is necessary to note the following methodological and methodical errors. 1) in 6 out of the 18 universities presented in the table, the physics was taught in a small amount - 108 hours for the entire period of study, in one - only 54 hours, and in another - it was not presented at all; 2) in 5 out of the 18 universities, the role of biology is "downplayed" (180 or less hours for the entire period of study); 3) in 10 out of 18 universities, meteorology and climatology were taught in an abridged version, and in another 5 universities, these disciplines, traditionally considered relevant for forest workers, were ignored when compiling the curricula; 4) in 6 out of 18 universities the role of environmental disciplines was clearly belittled, and in another one, the ecology as a discipline was not included in the curriculum; Only in 3 out of 18 universities (items 1, 2 and 4 in Table 1) we have not identified methodological and methodical errors hindering the formation of modern views on the role of the natural forests in the sustainable maintenance of the global climate. CONCLUSIONS To repair the current situation in the forest education, the curricula is needed to be essentially adjusted by increasing the role of disciplines that form the modern views on forests as "guarantors of the existence of Russian rivers and life on land." It is this idea that is being implemented by the leaders of the forest education: the National Research Tomsk State University, the Pacific State University and the Siberian State University of Science and Technology. In the curricula of these universities, a significant number of hours is devoted to the study of the disciplines of the natural science cycle (physics, biology, climatology and meteorology, ecology) reflecting the modern methodology of biotic regulation of the environment.

Today, wireless communication is one of the most promising areas in the field of communications. Modern radio communication systems and facilities operate in a complex electronic environment. The development of next-generation wireless networks depends on both transmitting and receiving equipment, which must provide the high data rates needed to maintain a reliable level of interference protection. The main factors influencing the quality of radio communication are natural and intentional interference in the radio wave propagation channel, multi-beam propagation, bandwidth limitation and the need for asynchronous access. One of the possible methods of partial solution of the above problems is the use of extended spectrum communication systems. The article investigates the effectiveness of different types of phase modulation used for Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum systems. An idealized channel with additive white Gaussian noise was chosen as the radio wave propagation channel. It has been observed that Binary phase shift keying radio systems achieve better Bit error rate values than other systems. The research was conducted in the environment of dynamic interdisciplinary modeling of complex technical systems - Simulink (the main tool for model-oriented design), whose main interface is a graphical tool for charting and a flexible set of libraries of functional blocks. The simulation results showed that for a given data rate and under the influence of AWGN on the propagation channel, DSSS-BPSK was more resistant to the negative effects of white noise. Future research will focus on evaluating the effectiveness of the SSS communication system in the event of different types of interference.

Authors present a rare clinical case of successful treatment of a 5-year-old child with purulent-necrotic paraproctitis, which developed against the background of a primary immune deficiency state. Clinical case. A 5-year-old boy became acutely ill, against the background of diarrhea with hyperthermia. An area of hyperemia, edema, and tissue infiltration appeared in the perianal region. In anamnesis, with frequent respiratory infections and dysfunction of the intestinal tract in the form of diarrhea. He was admitted to the Regional Childrens Hospital on the 10th day of illness from the regional hospital, where antibiotic treatment was started. Upon admission, the condition was serious in the perianal region with an extensive wound necrotic tissues and a plaque of fibrin. To create favorable conditions for wound healing, a preventive sigmostomy operation was performed. Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found in the wound culture. Thus, courses of antibiotics treatment, infusion therapy, and surgical debridement of the perianal wound and its local treatment were performed. Upon immunological status examination, a primary immunodeficiency was revealed, for which drugs with immunoglobulin G were administered. As a result of the treatment, the wound healed by secondary intention, thus, an operation was performed to close the sigmostoma. The child was discharged in satisfactory condition under the supervision of an immunologist and a surgeon. Discussion. In this case, preventive sigmostomy is justified; however, authors limit themselves to surgical intervention on the perineum in other cases. Pseudomonas aeruginosa shows its pathogenicity in patients with impaired immunity. Therefore, courses of antibiotics, infusion therapy, and immunomodulatory therapy along with surgical treatment, favorable result were achieved. Conclusion. Children with purulent-necrotic paraproctitis, which developed against the background of a primary immune deficiency should be hospitalized as early as possible in a specialized hospital.

The results of theoretical and experimental comparison of the signal-conversion efficiency by diodes based on superlattices with a small number of periods (N-like current–voltage characteristic) and promising frequency-multiplier diodes (varactors) (parabolic capacitance–voltage characteristic) are presented.

The paper focuses on the use of high-speed penetrators in future study of the surface layer of various cosmic bodies, e.g. planets, asteroids, comets. In choosing the design parameters of penetrators, the penetration depth can be predicted according to empirical dependencies, which result from processing experimental data on the penetration of non-deformable impactors into various geomaterials. Such dependences obtained and used by both Russian and foreign researchers were comparatively analyzed. For a research module-penetrator with a diameter of 150 mm and a mass of 50 kg, we estimated the depth of its penetration into geomaterials with contrasting strength properties and its overload at initial interaction velocities of 100–1000 m/s. Findings of the research show that for the selected parameters of the penetrator and its speed of 1000 m/s, the penetration depth can range from several meters in the case of medium-hard rock to several tens of meters in the case of loose soil. Relying on some empirical dependences analyzed, we recorded the scale effect during penetration, which implies that the ratio of the penetration depths of geometrically similar impactors with a constant mass-diameter cube relation exceeds the coefficient of geometric similarity.

This article is devoted to the study of the relationship between materials and ergodesign with various attributes. Examples of experimental research demonstrating the possibilities of using materials, along with other design and ergonomics tools, are given. The article describes the history of the development of Russian design and ergonomics as stages of the creation of the theory and methodology of ergodesign. The trends of formation and new developments in this area are considered. It is concluded that the creation of new objects of the subject world and systems cannot be carried out without integrated design activities with the introduction of the achievements of ergodesign, which is an innovative technology of integrated design. The article also responds to the problem, because of which the concept of ergodesign was adopted, namely the rapid development of technology without taking into account the needs and characteristics of a person. The urgency of the research is due to the rapid development of technologies that impose new requirements on various design products. This also applies to materials that are the basis of any material form, and from the point of view of innovative design, they must have unique properties, ensuring high-quality human activity at a new higher level.

The Dnieper river is one of the largest rivers in Europe. It is the fourth largest river in terms of basin area and length after the Volga, Danube and Ural, and the second largest of the rivers that flow into the Black sea, after the Danube. From the point of view of territorial distribution of water resources, the Dnieper basin can be divided into two zones. The first zone includes the Russian and Belarusian parts of the basin, which is a zone of river flow formation. It is characterized by an insufficiently high level of water resources use. The second zone, which is a part of the Ukrainian part of the river basin, is characterized by a small inflow of water from tributaries and a high level of water resources use. Rivers, watercourses of which run through the territory of two or more states, are called as transboundary. Different sections of the same river are used by different states, and the use of water resources and catchment area in the upper reaches of the river will affect the quantitative and qualitative parameters of water downstream. This means that the unified environmental system is divided by a state border and is managed in each individual state at its discretion. This affects the river and surrounding areas. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the problem of transboundary water bodies became very relevant for Russia. Neighboring countries have faced a number of environmental problems in border territories and transboundary river basins, where environmental problems have persisted and often worsened, but the institutional framework for their effective solution has been lost

Objective:to present a case of successful treatment of rare severe lung lesions in a child.Methods:the article analyzes the result of the treatment of lung histiocytosis in a child aged 4 years. The clinical manifestation of the disease began with an increase in the parotid lymph nodes, otitis, pneumonia, and rapidly progressive respiratory failure. On the roentgenogram, bulle transformation of both lungs was noted. The severity of the disease was complicated by bilateral pneumothorax, the formation of bronchopleural fistulas. Histiocytosis of the lungs from Langerhans cells (GCR) was determined morphologically when examining tissue taken at thoracoscopy. Endoscopically, the lung was without signs of inflammation, with multiple subpleural air cavities. The child underwent chemotherapy (vinblastine, prednisone), repeated drainage of the pleural cavity with recurrent intense pneumothorax. For health reasons, a longitudinal sternotomy was performed, total decortication of the costal pleura on both sides (mechanical pleurodesis), which contributed to subsequent fixation of the lung to the chest wall and prevention of recurrent total stressed pneumothorax. Twice developed limited pneumothorax was stopped by drainage and chemical pleurodesis.Results:Against the background of ongoing complex therapy (drainage of the pleural cavity, mechanical and chemical pleurodesis, chemo- and antibacterial therapy), the condition improved (clinically and radiographically). The child was discharged on day 152 of treatment. On the control MSCT of the lungs, eight months after discharge, there are minimal signs of bullous transformation, and the symptoms of pneumosclerosis of both lungs are moderate. There are no manifestations of pulmonary hypertension.Conclusion:verification of the diagnosis of pulmonary GLC is very difficult. The complex treatment requires the participation of a wide range of doctors, including a pediatric surgeon.

The article describes a case of successful treatment of a child not elder than 1 year old with a gangrene in the right upper lobe of the lung against the background of its cystic adenomatoid malformation. The disease manifested as pneumonia. The diagnosis was confirmed following multispiral computed tomography. The first stage of surgery was drainage of the pleural cavity. Thoracotomy and upper lobe lobectomy were done after a child’s condition had stabilized. Gangrene in the cystic and adenomatoid piece of the lobe was confirmed macroscopically and histologically.

Aim. To develop reference intervals for white blood cell subpopulations in peripheral blood using Cytomics FC500 flow cytometer and CytoDiff™ reagent (Beckman Coulter). Materials & Methods. The trial included the analysis of blood samples of healthy donors (n = 315) using Cytomics FC500 flow cytometer and CytoDiff™ reagent cocktail composed of 6 antibodies in 5 colors (CD36-FITC, CD2-PE, CD294-PE, CD19-ECD, CD16-Cy5, CD45-Cy7) and enabling to count 17 cell populations. Results. The data obtained by means of multicolor flow cytofluorometry included the reference values of white blood cell populations in peripheral blood. In 1 first-time donor a lymphoproliferative disease was detected. It was subsequently confirmed by immunophenotyping; B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia was diagnosed. Conclusion. Multicolor flow cytofluorometry using CytoDif-f™ is considered to be a new step toward an improved WBC differential evaluation aimed mainly at reducing the volume of blood smear analysis using light microscopy at large laboratories, enhancing objectivity, precision and reproducibility of results. WBC differential extended with the count of lymphocyte and monocyte subpopulations can be regarded as modern donor blood screening to detect changes in the pattern of lymphocyte subpopulations as grounds for further examination of donors.

Background. Funnel chest has a relatively high prevalence in the Russian population. Given the high percentage of the unsatisfactory results of thoracoplasty, further research for the development of new treatment methods is needed. Aim. To improve the treatment results for funnel chest in children. Materials and methods. We analyzed the treatment results of 230 children with funnel chest after thoracoplasty. We used 2 surgical techniques: classic thoracoplasty by Nuss (114 children) and its modified version by the authors (116 children). The modified technique included two-sided thoracoscopy, partial resection of the deformed rib cartilages, and endoscopic longitudinal transection of the sternal cortical plate, resulting in subcutaneous emphysema along the sternum. Results. The comparison of the 2 surgical techniques showed no significant difference in terms of duration and invasiveness of the procedure. Recurrent episodes of funnel chest were observed in children who had undergone thoracoplasty before 7 years of age, regardless of the technique used. Conclusion. This study revealed that the author’s modified thoracoplasty method was more effective in children > 14 years of age with rigid funnel chest because it allowed the surgeon to decrease the thoracic pressure on the plate and the plate itself on the ribs, facilitating the repositioning of the sternum and preventing the deformation and development of pressure sores on the ribs.

The publications in which elemental composition of the compounds were assessed on the basis of the dependence η = f ( Z ) using the information on the contrast or brightness levels from their SEM images made in the BSE mode were considered here. In one of the publication, the same results were obtained on a specimen in the form of the thin section of the mineral using the SEM with an EDX analyzer, which proved the potential of the BSE imaging mode. At the same time, it was noted that brightness difference in the images obtained using conventional scintillation or silicon detectors does not follow the η distribution due to the fact that a detector efficiency increases with increasing primary electron energy. It has been demonstrated in a number of studies, that it is feasible in SC mode to perform measurements of η with acceptable accuracy. In those studies, an electronic amplification path with wired connection through the sealed vacuum port was used to transfer the video signal from the SEM object chamber to an external monitor. In one of the works, a capability of transmitting the video signal through the optocoupler (light-emitting diode-photodiode) was demonstrated, although in that case the PM of the E-T detector was not in use. The results of measurements of the absorbed currents for various specimens are presented, indicating the feasibility of practical implementation of a wireless optically coupled multi-purpose SC/BSE detector, including the EBIC mode. Its compact preamplifier with an off-line power supply can be placed on the carousel of the positioning table.

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers are now widely used for navigation and speed measurements. The majority of manufacturers of chipsets and receivers claim that their products are accurate to about 0.1 km/h in measuring speed. Therefore, it is a metrological challenge to test GNSS receivers in real world environments as test vehicles are generally not capable to provide such accuracy. The datasheets for GNSS receivers, however, provide no information about specific conditions when the claimed speed accuracy might be achieved. Limited practical research activities with traceable to national standards test vehicles were conducted to reveal the practical speed accuracy parameters of GNSS receivers in different conditions. This research firstly aims to design and implement an electronic system for a test vehicle which would generate speed records with high accuracy and traceability to national standards. High accuracy of the test vehicle and synchronization of its speed records with Universal Coordinated Time allowed conducting subsequent testing of GNSS receivers of different complexities for speed. Test results demonstrate that different GNSS receivers have different speed accuracy parameters both statistically and in regards to generation of outliers. GNSS environmental factors should be taken into consideration when relying on individual speed measurements.