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Photobiomodulation (PBM) has attracted widespread attention in suppressing various pain and inflammation. Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) primarily occurs in adolescents and adult females, and the limited effectiveness and side effects of conventional treatments have highlighted the urgent need to develop and identify new adjunct therapeutic strategies. In this work, the results of pain and PGs demonstrated that 850 nm, 630 nm, and 460 nm all exhibited pain inhibition, decreased PGF 2α and upregulated PGE 2 , while 630 nm PBM has better effectiveness. Then to explore the underlying biological mechanisms of red light PBM on PD, we irradiated prostaglandin-F 2α induced HUSM cells and found that low-level irradiance can restore intracellular calcium ion, ROS, ATP, and MMP levels to normal levels. And, red light enhanced cell viability and promoted cell proliferation for normal HUSM cells. Therefore, this study proposes that red light PBM may be a promising approach for the future clinical treatment of PD., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

We aimed to compare low-level light therapy with oral contraceptive pills for pain relief and serum levels of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E 2 in patients with primary dysmenorrhoea. This was a randomised, active comparator-controlled, multicentre study. In total, 156 patients were randomised to receive either low-level light therapy with light-emitting diodes (LED) applying on two acupoints, namely, conception vessel 4 (CV4) and CV6 or conventional treatment with oral Marvelon, 30 µg of ethinyl estradiol and 150 µg of desogestrel (DSG/EE), for three consecutive menstrual cycles. The main outcome was the proportion of patients who achieved 33% or more decrease in pain scores measured using the visual analogue scale, which was deemed as efficient rate. Absolute changes in visual analogue scale scores, serum levels of nitric oxide (assessed by nitrites and nitrates reflecting nitric oxide metabolism) and prostaglandin E 2 (measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were the secondary outcomes. A total of 135 patients completed the study (73 in the light therapy group and 62 in the DSG/EE group). The efficient rate at the end of treatment was comparable between the groups (73.6% vs. 85.7%, χ 2  = 2.994, p = 0.084). A more significant reduction in pain scores was observed in the DSG/EE group (39.25% vs. 59.52%, p < 0.001). Serum levels of prostaglandin E 2 significantly decreased from baseline but did not differ between groups (- 109.57 ± 3.99 pg/mL vs. - 118.11 ± 12.93 pg/mL, p = 0.51). Nitric oxide concentration remained stable in both groups. Low-level light therapy with LED-based device applied on acupuncture points CV4 and CV6 demonstrated a similar level of dysmenorrhoea pain reduction to DSG/EE combined contraceptive. Both treatment modalities achieved clinically meaningful levels of pain reduction. Registration on ClinicalTrials.gov: TRN: NCT03953716, Date: April 04, 2019., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)

Most Korean women who experience menstrual pain have reported taking pain medicine and making use of complementary alternative therapies. However, because some interventions may cause side effects, more effective pain-relieving measures need to be identified. This study using a non-equivalent group design, evaluated the effects of near-infrared rays on dysmenorrhea among Korean women. The experimental group wore a near-infrared ray abdominal belt for the duration of one menstrual cycle until the end of the menstrual period, while the control group used hot packs. The level of menstrual pain, menstrual pain duration, and pain medicine use were measured. The menstrual pain, average menstrual pain duration, and use of analgesics were reduced in the near-infrared rays group. The results of this study indicate that the near-infrared ray LED belt was effective in reducing menstrual pain, menstrual pain duration compared to the use of analgesics in Korean women with dysmenorrhea. Therefore, near-infrared rays may be used to relieve menstrual pain and improve the quality of life of women with dysmenorrhea in Korea., (© 2017 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

The aim of this study will be to analyze the effects of microwave diathermy (MWD) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on primary dysmenorrhea. Eighty eight women, age range 18-44 years, with no previous pregnancy, no practice physical activities, a BMI of ≤29.9 kg/m 2 , a regular menstrual cycle and a diagnosis of primary dysmenorrhea, with menstrual pain ranging from mild to severe, will be selected. The participants will be randomized into four groups: MWD and TENS, MWD and placebo TENS, placebo MWD and TENS, and placebo MWD and placebo TENS. Pain will be measured using the visual numeric scale and the McGill Pain Questionnaire; the pressure pain threshold using a digital algometer and conditioned pain modulation using the cold pressor test. Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (RBR-5QKCK4. Registered on 16 March 2016).

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of low-level light therapy in women with primary dysmenorrhea., Method: A multicenter prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial including patients 18-35 years of age with primary dysmenorrhea was undertaken at two university hospitals in South Korea between October 2011 and September 2012. Patients were randomized using a computer-generated sequence to receive low-level light therapy using the Color DNA-WSF device or to receive placebo treatment with a dummy device. The severity of menstrual pain, assessed using a visual analog scale, was the primary outcome and was evaluated at baseline and during every menstrual cycle for 3 months following treatment. Patients who received more than one application of treatment (with a Color DNA-WSF or placebo device) were included in analyses. Patients and investigators were masked to the treatment assignments., Results: Overall, 44 patients were assigned to each group. At the final study visit, the reduction in scores using a visual analog scale was significantly greater in patients who received low-level light therapy (n=41; 4.34±2.22) than among those in the control group (n=38; 1.79±1.73; P<0.001 when adjusted for age) No serious adverse events occurred., Conclusion: Low-level light therapy could be an effective, safe treatment modality for women with primary dysmenorrhea. Clinical Trials.gov: NCT02026206., (Copyright © 2015 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To determine the efficacy and safety of a sericite which emits far infrared rays in the management of primary dysmenorrhea., Design: A multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial., Setting: One hundred four patients with primary dysmenorrhea were randomized to wear a sericite or placebo belt during sleep for 3 menstrual cycles, and followed for 2 menstrual cycles. Hot packs were used to heat the ceramics and ensure slight pain relief in both groups., Main Outcome Measures: The main outcome measures were the severity of dysmenorrhea assessed by a 10-point visual analog scale (VAS) and the number of patients who took analgesics at each menstrual cycle. Safety was evaluated by physical examination and self-reporting of adverse events., Results: The baseline VAS scores were 7.27±0.19 in the experimental group and 7.38±0.19 in the control group. The severity of dysmenorrhea gradually decreased during the treatment period in both groups, with major improvements observed in the third treatment cycle (4.96±0.30 in the experimental group and 5.69±0.30 in the control group, p=0.087). During the follow-up period, the decreased VAS score was maintained in the experimental group, whereas the VAS score gradually returned to baseline in the control group, which resulted in significant difference between the groups (5.08±0.31 vs. 6.47±0.31 at cycle 5, difference -1.39 [95% CI, -2.25 to -0.53], p=0.0017). The number of patients who took analgesics decreased in both groups, but the differences were not statistically significant. No serious adverse events related to wearing the sericite belt occurred., Conclusions: Our data suggest that a far infrared-emitting sericite belt with a hot pack might be used as an effective and safe non-pharmacologic treatment option for women with primary dysmenorrhea, with a prolonged effect after treatment., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

There was necessary to study that the magnetic application is effective to menstrual pain based on rogers theory about energy exchange. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of magnetic application in primary dysmenorrhea and so this study provide the basic information about nursing intervention of pain relief. The data was gathered from 23 student nurses at S University during the period of June 1. 1992 to October 5. 1992. This study was designed with control group pretest-posttest design to examine the effectiveness of magnetic application in primary dysmenorrhea. The subjects were experiencing self-reported dysmenorrhea above 5 scores measured by GRS during menstruation. The subjects were assigned randomly to one of two groups: 1) an experimental group (n = 11) that applied magnet (800-1299 gauss) or 2) a control group (n = 12) that applied nonmagnet. Both groups' pain level was assessed using the GRS (Graphic Rating Scale) which was developed by Scott and Huskisson (1976), and the ALPRSR (Adjective Labor Pain Rating Scale Rank) and ALPRSS (Adjective Labor Pain Rating Scale Score) which was developed by Park and Hur (1984). The pain level of experimental group was measured first 9 a.m. after beginning of dysmenorrhea, Md (3 hours after applied magnet) and 3 p.m. (3 hours after detached magnet). The pain level of control group was measured first 9 a.m. after beginning of dysmenorrhea, MD (3 hours after applied nonmagnet) and 3 p.m. (3 hours after detached nonmagnet). The both group applied magnet or nonmagnet on the suprapubic area, the bilateral lumbar 3 and above 4FB of the medial malleolus of tibial bilaterally. The research data was analyzed by SPSS/PC+. The results of this study were as follows: 1) 3 hours after applying magnet or nonmagnet (MD), The GRS mean rank was significant difference statistically (p = 0.0001). 2) 3 hours after applying magnet or nonmagnet (MD), the ALPRSR mean rank was significant difference statistically (p = 0.0106). 3) 3 hours after applying magnet or nonmagnet (MD), The ALPRSS mean rank was significant difference statistically (p = 0.0086). 4) 3 hours after detached magnet or nonmagnet (3 p.m.), the GRS mean rank was significant difference statistically (p = 0.0070). 5) 3 hours after detached magnet or nonmagnet (3 p.m.), the ALPRSR mean rank was significant difference statistically (p = 0.0317). 6) 3 hours after detached magnet or nonmagnet (3 p.m.), The ALPRSS mean rank was significant difference statistically (p = 0.0374).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)