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The recent inference of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the atmosphere of the hot (approximately 1,100 K), Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-39b from near-infrared JWST observations1-3 suggests that photochemistry is a key process in high-temperature exoplanet atmospheres4. This is because of the low (

Introduction Today, patients with inflammatory joint diseases participate in more physical activities, including sports and recreation. The tools currently used to assess quality of life and functioning in rheumatic diseases, available in Polish, do not address these problems. The Rheumatoid and Arthritis Outcome Score (RAOS) ques- tionnaire was developed but is not available in the Polish language. This tool is used to evaluate the functional limitations of physically active people who suffer from arthritis and associated lower limb disorders. The objective of this study is the translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the RAOS into Polish. Material and methods The process was carried out following the guidelines of the Evidence-Based Medicine Committee of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). The translation included forward and back translation, and synthesis of the transcripts. The RAOS was pre-tested in a target setting in 19 patients and final amendments were made to address concerns raised by the patients. Results The translation, adaptation, and pre-test of the Polish RAOS resulted in the final version of the scale, which can be found in Supplementary material 1. Conclusions During pre-testing, the scale demonstrated ease of understanding, with patient feedback leading to minor corrections that were incorporated into the questionnaire structure. Before widespread implementation, a crucial step involves validating the scale through rigorous psychometric tests, including assessments of the reliability, validity and stability of the Polish RAOS. The lack of validation of the translated Polish version limits the use of the RAOS in the research environment. To solve this problem, the validation process is planned to be carried out in the next stage.

Diabetic retinopathy, also defined as diabetic eye disease is one of the main causes of eye complications and blindless in the world therefore leads to irreversible vision disorder and vision loss. A pregnant women as a patient is always a real challenge for doctors of various specialties. During this period, numerous systemic changes occur, such as increased blood pressure in the third trimester, increased blood volume insulin resistance with worsening glycemic control and excessive coagulation. The above complication may be reflected in the image of the fundus of the eye. Pregnancy may induce retinal disease such as diabetic retinopathy. This review article presents the incidence, pathogenesis and risk factors associated with diabetic retinopathy during pregnancy. More over in the following paper discussed management of diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy and guidelines are recommended based on the achievable evidence.

Introduction: In today’s world, we know how important it is to keep healthy habits because many diseases begin with daily lifestyle choices. Dry eye disease is a disease of the ocular surface and there are many risk factors, that lead to developing this disorder. As the possible factors we can underline deficiency of vitamin D or Omega-3 fatty acids, lack of physical exercise, long screen time, or smoking tobacco. Aim of the study: This review seeks to highlight the issue of dry eye disease linked to everyday routines by examining clinical trial outcomes. Furthermore, it offers an analysis of potential strategies to prevent ocular alterations by critically evaluating the existing data. State of knowledge: The listed lifestyle choices cause a higher risk of developing dry eye disease and affect ocular health on many levels, leading to unpleasant feelings and affecting people’s lives. However, with some lifestyle changes, the risk of developing this disease can be decreased, and negative symptoms can be minimized. It is important to remember vitamin D, and Omega-3 supplementation, daily physical activity, minimalization of the time spent in front of the visual display terminals, and quitting smoking. Conclusions: Many daily habits are connected to developing dry eye disease, and it is very important to remember about the small daily changes, which can decrease the risk of the disease.

Episcleritis is an inflammatory condition affecting the episclera of the eye, which is the tissue between the sclera and conjunctiva. It manifests as unilateral or bilateral redness and discomfort. Despite its typically benign course, it may signal underlying systemic disorders, necessitating comprehensive evaluation and personalized management. While most cases are idiopathic, autoimmune diseases and infections may play contributory roles. Epidemiological studies reveal a predilection for young to middle-aged females, with episcleritis being less common in children. Diagnostically, characteristic features include sectoral redness and mild discomfort, distinguishing it from conjunctivitis and scleritis. Treatment primarily focuses on symptomatic relief, utilizing topical steroids, oral NSAIDs, and artificial tears. The prognosis is generally favourable, with spontaneous resolution within weeks; however, recurrent, or chronic cases may necessitate further evaluation for underlying systemic conditions. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, management strategies, prognosis of episcleritis, and clinical nuances, drawing upon recent literature from 1976 to the present. By consolidating contemporary knowledge, this review provides valuable insights for clinicians on how to treat this ocular condition effectively.

Introduction: Tension-type headache (TTH) is a common neurological disorder characterized by bilateral head pain and muscle tension, affecting up to 78% of the population. Despite its prevalence, TTH has historically received less attention than migraines. However, recent years have seen increased interest in understanding its pathophysiology and treatment options. This review comprehensively analyzes TTH management, covering non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches to guide clinical practice and future research effectively. State of Knowledge: TTHs manifest as bilateral, pressing, encircling head pain, profoundly affecting individuals' quality of life. Recent years have witnessed increased interest in TTH understanding and treatment. Non-pharmacological interventions, including behavioral modifications, exercise, dietary adjustments, sleep hygiene, physical therapy, psychotherapy, and pharmacological treatments like over-the-counter medications, prophylactic drugs, psychedelics, and botulinum toxin A, have shown promise in alleviating symptoms. Conclusion: This review highlights the multifaceted management of TTH. Non-pharmacological interventions, including behavioral modifications and psychotherapy, offer symptom relief. Body awareness therapy, exercise, and psychotherapy benefit TTH symptoms and quality of life. Paracetamol, ibuprofen, and amitriptyline are standard treatments, with emerging options like psychedelics and botulinum toxin A. Personalizing treatment and understanding TTH mechanisms pose challenges. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for enhancing management and outcomes. More research is required to identify optimal treatments and long-term efficacy. Despite challenges, progress in TTH management brings hope for better patient care.

Introduction: Vitamin D is a steroid hormone that can modulate immune and inflammatory responses. Recent investigations have shed light on its potential role in the pathogenesis of many diseases affecting the eyes. Aim of the study: This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the existing findings on the relationship between vitamin D and ocular diseases. The intention is to present new perspectives that will contribute to a better understanding of the complicated nature of this aspect. Material and methods: This review included relevant papers from PubMed database using specified keywords. Analysis of the literature: The role of vitamin D in ocular and visual health has been observed in many studies. A deficiency of vitamin D may play a significant role in the development of many ocular diseases such as dry eye disease, myopia, diabetic retinopathy, keratoconus, and thyroid eye disease. Conclusions: Adequate vitamin D levels are significant for maintaining ocular health. Recognition of the pivotal role of vitamin D in ocular diseases opens new possibilities for potential therapeutic interventions. Ongoing research is needed to further investigate that aspect. Supplementation of vitamin D may prevent or modulate many diseases affecting the eyes.

Cancer-related pain represents a serious challenge in oncological care, often refractory to conventional analgesics and significantly impacting patients' quality of life. In recent years, medical marijuana (cannabis) has emerged as a potential adjunctive or alternative therapy for managing pain in oncological patients. This narrative review critically evaluates the existing literature on the efficacy, safety, and underlying mechanisms of action of medical marijuana in alleviating pain associated with cancer. Drawing upon a synthesis of preclinical and clinical studies, as well as meta-analyses and systematic reviews, this review provides insights into the scientific basis and clinical implications of utilizing medical marijuana in oncological pain management.

Post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) is a common complication following spinal procedures, particularly lumbar punctures and epidural anesthesia. This systematic review aims to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of various management strategies for PDPH. A comprehensive search was conducted across major databases for relevant articles published up to January 2024. The inclusion criteria comprised studies assessing interventions for post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) management in adult populations. Data extraction and quality evaluation were conducted independently by two reviewers. Analysis involved 34 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. The results indicate that conservative approaches, including bed rest, hydration, caffeine, and analgesics, continue to serve as the fundamental components of PDPH management. Additionally, epidural blood patch (EBP) emerged as the most effective intervention for refractory cases. However, further research is needed to optimize treatment protocols and explore emerging therapies.

Neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases remain a therapeutic challenge. Mental illnesses such as depression and bipolar affective disorder lead to disruption of the diurnal rhythm of melatonin secretion and disruption of the sleep-wake axis. The use of new melatonergic drugs has received special attention in recent years. Selective melatoninergic M1 and M2 receptor agonists (tasimelteon, ramelteon) show a more favorable metabolic profile, better regulation of circadian rhythms, and effects on total sleep time and sleep quality compared to the already well-studied melatonin. In addition, these drugs show no addictive potential. Agomelatine, through its action on M1 and M2 receptors, as well as serotonergic 5-HT2C and 5-HT2B receptors, exhibits antidepressant, normothymic, and neuroprotective effects, providing primary therapy or adjunctive treatment.

Withania somnifera, commonly known as ashwagandha, has gained popularity in recent years among individuals interested in healthy lifestyles, natural medicine, and sports. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding the effects of ashwagandha supplementation on various aspects of physical performance, particularly in the context of resistance training. Studies have shown that ashwagandha can positively impact muscle strength, with significant increase of muscle force and power output. Additionally, it has demonstrated potential in modulating body composition, with reduction of body fat percentage noted in certain populations. However, results of studies on ashwagandha’s effect on muscle size remain inconclusive and may depend on various factors such as training status and individual responses. In terms of endurance, ashwagandha supplementation has been associated with improvement in maximal oxygen uptake, indicating enhanced aerobic capacity and delayed exhaustion during endurance activities. Furthermore, ashwagandha was shown to aid muscle recovery by reducing exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammatory response, potentially accelerating the muscle regeneration process. Ashwagandha may also influence hormone levels, such as testosterone and cortisol, with potential implications for muscle growth and recovery. However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying these effects. Overall, ashwagandha supplementation appears to hold promise for enhancing physical performance and overall well-being. Further research is needed to elucidate optimal dosages, long-term safety, and potential interactions with other supplements or medications.

This study aimed to translate and psychometrically validate the Neck Outcome Score (NOOS) in the Polish population according to the recommendations of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons Participants completed online version of the NOOS, Neck Disability Index (NDI), and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain assessment (23 November 2021–9 April 2022). The questionnaires were completed by 57 women and 32 men with cervical spine ailments. A retest was performed after 48 h. The analysis confirmed the high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha of 0.95) of the Polish NOOS. No floor/ceiling effects were observed. The Polish NOOS showed a significant Spearman’s coefficient correlation with NDI (0.87; p < 0.001) and VAS (0.79; p < 0.001). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the test–retest was found to be high (0.97). The Polish NOOS can be used for clinical and research purposes as an equivalent to the original version.

Many medical conditions affect the skeletal system and constitute independent risk factors for fractures. The action of thyroid hormones is necessary to maintain adequate development, mineralization, and bone strength. Untreated hyperthyroidism can lead to a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD), osteoporosis, and pathological fractures. In hypothyroidism, the changes in the quality of bone structure lead to an increase in the frequency of fractures. Excessive body weight negatively impacts fracture risk, increases the risk of osteoarthritis and accelerates the development of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are associated with an increased risk of bone fractures despite different etiopathogenesis due to the duration of the disease and the pro-inflammatory state, the incorporation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) into the bone matrix, and microvascular disorders. This study summarizes the current literature on the influence of thyroid dysfunction, obesity, and diabetes on the skeletal system.

We present a comprehensive analysis of the Hubble Space Telescope observations of the atmosphere of WASP-121 b, an ultra-hot Jupiter. After reducing the transit, eclipse, and phase-curve observations with a uniform methodology and addressing the biases from instrument systematics, sophisticated atmospheric retrievals are used to extract robust constraints on the thermal structure, chemistry, and cloud properties of the atmosphere. Our analysis shows that the observations are consistent with a strong thermal inversion beginning at ∼10 ^4 Pa on the dayside, solar to subsolar metallicity Z (i.e., $-0.77\lt \mathrm{log}({\text{}}Z)\lt 0.05$ ), and supersolar C/O ratio (i.e., 0.59 < C/O < 0.87). More importantly, utilizing the high signal-to-noise ratio and repeated observations of the planet, we identify the following unambiguous time-varying signals in the data: (i) a shift of the putative hotspot offset between the two phase curves and (ii) varying spectral signatures in the transits and eclipses. By simulating the global dynamics of WASP-121 b's atmosphere at high resolution, we show that the identified signals are consistent with quasiperiodic weather patterns, hence atmospheric variability, with signatures at the level probed by the observations (∼5% to ∼10%) that change on a timescale of ∼5 planet days; in the simulations, the weather patterns arise from the formation and movement of storms and fronts, causing hot (as well as cold) patches of atmosphere to deform, separate, and mix in time.

Abstract Background In March 2020 lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic forced Polish Medical Universities to implement e-learning. The aim of the study was to evaluate the perception of e-learning by students of Medical Universities in Poland. Material and methods Survey was performed nationwide via the Internet from 30th November 2020 to 10th February 2021. Six hundred fifteen (615) medical students completed the survey. The study questionnaire included questions concerning sociodemographic data, perception of lecturers’ effectiveness, assessment of stationary and online classes, changes in learning habits and restrictions on education, and advantages and disadvantages of e-learning. Results The respondents reported that 96.1% of lectures, 85.5% of seminars, and 40.0% of clinical classes were implemented by e-learning. The lectures conducted by e-learning were assessed as good and very good by 78.4% and seminars by 51.2% of respondents. While the clinical classes conducted by e-learning were assessed as bad and very bad by 62.9% of respondents. The most frequently indicated limitations of e-learning were the quality of the content and available materials (26.9%), restrictions in direct contact with the lecturer (19.6%), Internet connection (16.8%), and home conditions (13.8%). Only 4% of the students had to buy or retrofit computer equipment. Any other limitations were indicated by 9.7% of the respondents. Conclusions Students were highly accepting of lectures and seminars conducted in the form of e-learning, but not laboratory and clinical classes. The main problems in e-learning are the quality of the classes conducted and the Internet connection. The students expect e-learning classes to be conducted in real-time, with direct, face-to-face contact with the lecturer.

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is one of the most frequent orthopedic procedures worldwide and its surgical volume is constantly growing. To address the patients’ restricted access to healthcare resources and limited one-on-one contact with the surgeon during the COVID-19 pandemic, we created a reliable source of information for patients undergoing THA. The use of mHealth is increasing with access to modern technology in Poland. Information related to health issues is the second most common web search performed by older adults. Our project aimed to create the first Polish mobile application for THA patients: Endopedia. Endopedia was developed for the Android platform based on a survey performed among patients and a collection of frequently asked questions on patients’ internet forums. The content was adapted to the elderly and visually impaired requirements. mHealth solutions should not replace one-on-one conversation, but they can provide substantial support for patients in conditions of limited information.

Withania somnifera, commonly known as ashwagandha, has gained popularity in recent years among individuals interested in healthy lifestyles, natural medicine, and sports. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding the effects of ashwagandha supplementation on various aspects of physical performance, particularly in the context of resistance training. Studies have shown that ashwagandha can positively impact muscle strength, with significant increase of muscle force and power output. Additionally, it has demonstrated potential in modulating body composition, with reduction of body fat percentage noted in certain populations. However, results of studies on ashwagandha's effect on muscle size remain inconclusive and may depend on various factors such as training status and individual responses. In terms of endurance, ashwagandha supplementation has been associated with improvement in maximal oxygen uptake, indicating enhanced aerobic capacity and delayed exhaustion during endurance activities. Furthermore, ashwagandha was shown to aid muscle recovery by reducing exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammatory response, potentially accelerating the muscle regeneration process. Ashwagandha may also influence hormone levels, such as testosterone and cortisol, with potential implications for muscle growth and recovery. However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying these effects. Overall, ashwagandha supplementation appears to hold promise for enhancing physical performance and overall well-being. Further research is needed to elucidate optimal dosages, long-term safety, and potential interactions with other supplements or medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dementia, or major neurocognitive disorder, is one of the most common causes of disability and dependency in older adults with far-reaching social, physical, and economic impacts. In the absence of adequate treatment, much research has been directed towards prevention. Physical exercise has been shown to increase cerebral blood flow, amplify production of neurotrophic factors, and enhance brain volume. Whether these changes on a structural and cellular level result in cognitive preservation is less clear. This systematic review synthesizes findings from seventeen randomized controlled trials that examine the effects of physical activity on global cognition, memory, and executive function in older adults. Cognitive benefits of exercise are strongest for those who are cognitively intact or with mild cognitive impairment. In studies with long-term follow up, cognitive gains tended to decay after cessation of physical intervention suggesting that sustained physical exercise may be required to preserve cognitive function in older adults prior to onset of dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]