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Coccidiosis, a parasitic disease caused by single or multiple Eimeria species, leads to significant economic losses in the poultry industry. The Eimeria life cycle includes schizogony, gametogony, and sporogony. To investigate the dynamics of gene expression and regulatory networks during the development of Eimeria acervulina, we employed time-course transcriptomics to rigorously compare the gene expression patterns between a precocious line (PL) and the wild type (WT) of E. acervulina. The results revealed that the PL enters into gametogony 12 h earlier than the WT, and both the PL and WT exhibited distinct clustering patterns during the development phase. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified genes specifically expressed at four distinct developmental stages, schizogony, gametogony, sporulated oocysts, and unsporulated oocysts, clarifying the key biological processes at each stage. This study used global transcriptome profiling to elucidate molecular variations throughout the E. acervulina life cycle, providing critical insights into molecular characterization and valuable resources for investigating other apicomplexan parasites of public health importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the years of Kosovo’s independence, the country has formed certain relations with neighbouring states and with Western Europe, but the significant simplification of the border crossing procedure with the Schengen area, which came into force on 1 January 2024, requires a review of the existing balances and the formation of up-to- date assessments of possible consequences. The study aims to predict the further development of Kosovo-EU relations in the context of migration processes. Statistical and retrospective analysis methods were used to study the key economic indicators of previous years regarding the prospects for the redistribution of labour resources. The study proves the positive development of the Kosovo economy by analysing such important economic indicators for previous years as gross domestic product, unemployment rate, net migration from Kosovo, average wages in the country, and the volume of remittances received by the economy from labour migrants working abroad. A dedicated study was conducted on Kosovo’s relations with its neighbouring countries – Albania, Serbia, Montenegro, and North Macedonia. In the context of labour migration processes, the experience of Kosovars working in these countries was assessed, and changes in labour market balances caused by visa liberalisation were predicted. Based on the data obtained and the conclusions drawn, a forecast was made regarding the economic and political consequences of visa-free travel for Kosovars: the prospect of working in the Schengen area will be used by those citizens of the Republic of Kosovo who are already working abroad, and there will be no significant outflow of the labour resources available in the country. The practical significance of the study lies in the modelling of further development of the labour market in Kosovo, which will be useful for managers of state-owned enterprises and large private employers in formulating their HR strategies

Yafei Zhou,1,2 Rui Zhou,1,2 Wenjun Huang,1,2 Jie Wang,1,2 Congshan Jiang,1,2 Anmao Li,1,2 Christopher LH Huang,3 Yanmin Zhang1,2,4 1Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine to Pediatric Diseases of Shaanxi Province, Affiliated Children’s Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China; 2Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Affiliate Children’s Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China; 3Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; 4Department of Cardiology, Xi’an Children’s Hospital, Affiliated Children’s Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Yanmin Zhang, Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine to Pediatric Diseases of Shaanxi Province, Affiliate Children’s Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 69 Xi Ju Yuan Xiang, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710000, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 029-87692527, Fax +86 029-87692000, Email ymzh628@126.comBackground and Objectives: Gene expression, morphology, and electrophysiological combination are essential for assessing the dynamic development of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived atrial- and ventricular-like cardiomyocytes (iPS-AM and iPS-VM, respectively).Methods: For iPS-AM/VM differentiation, we performed the small molecule-based temporal modulation of the retinoic acid and bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathways. We investigated the gene expression and morphology using immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and transmission electron microscopy as well as registered electrophysiological functions using a whole-cell patch clamp on days 20, 30, and 60 post-differentiations.Results: Pan-cardiomyocyte marker, including troponin T2 (TNNT2) and alpha-actinin-2 (ACTN2), expressions increased both in iPS-AMs and iPS-VMs. Similarly, the mRNA expression of both iPS-AM-specific markers, ie, natriuretic peptide A (NPPA), myosin light chain 7 (MYL7), and K+ channel Kir3.4 (KCNJ5), and iPS-VM-specific markers, ie, gap junction α-1 (GJA1), myosin light chain 2 (MYL2), and alpha-1-subunit of a voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel (CACNA1C), increased from 0 to 20 days, and then decreased from 30 to 60 days. Concerning morphology, cardiac troponin-T (cTnT) arrangement was progressively organized and developed from a disorderly myofibrillar distribution to an organized sarcomere pattern both in iPS-AMs and iPS-VMs. Mitochondrial numbers gradually increased and those of lipid droplets decreased during dynamic development. Regarding physiological function, the resting and action potential amplitudes remained statistically indifferent in both cell types, and the action potential duration was prolonged during the development.Conclusion: IPS-AMs/VMs displayed dynamic development concerning their gene expression, morphology, and electrophysiological function. The discoveries of this study could provide novel insights into heart development and encourage further research. Keywords: cardiomyocytes, induced pluripotent stem cells, dynamic development, gene expression, morphology, action potential

The present study investigated the developmental trajectories of written language of two Chinese EFL learners in terms of complexity over one semester and explored the relationship between syntactic complexity and lexical complexity under the framework of Complex Dynamic Systems Theory (CDST). The data were processed using dynamic analyses (min-max graphs, moving correlations and Change-point analysis) to visualize the developmental process and variability of each subsystem of complexity with 4 measures (mean length of T-unit, mean length of clause, clauses per T-unit and VocD) and interactions between different subsystems. The results showed, first, that different subsystems of written language complexity developed dynamically and nonlinearly with different degrees of variability, and varied in the two participants. Second, interactions existed between syntactic complexity and lexical complexity, which shaped as competitors for Jenny but as connected growers for Helen. The results further deepened the understanding of the development in learners' written complexity, providing significant implications for EFL writing teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three-dimensional hierarchical differentiation and treatment view of qi, blood, and essence level reflects the evolution of diseases from organ dysfunction to tissue structure damage and even organ failure. This view can better explain the dynamic process of disease occurrence and progression and has practical guiding significance in the differentiation and treatment of internal medicine diseases. Interstitial lung disease is a clinically refractory disease, with the initial invasion to qi, followed by damage to ying blood, and then depletion of lung essence. Because the flow of qi is not smooth, it first affects lung qi. Then it leads to blood stasis and obstruction along the lung collateral. The depletion of essence destroys and penetrates the form and substance of the lungs. Interstitial lung disease, as a chronic progressive disease, has evolved from qi level syndrome characterized by organ dysfunction to essence level syndrome characterized by organic structural damage. The dynamic development of pathology and location of interstitial lung disease runs through the three-dimensional hierarchical differentiation and treatment view of qi, blood and essence level. The occurrence and development of interstitial lung disease are related to the depletion of qi, blood, and essence. This article explores the dynamic development of interstitial lung disease pathogenesis from a shallow to a deep perspective based on the three-dimensional hierarchical differentiation and treatment view of qi, blood, and essence level, providing new ideas and references for the differentiation and treatment of interstitial lung disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal seams were buried extremely shallowly in the trench slope area, which is prone to inducing surface cracks, seriously threatening the surface environment and mine safety production. The development of surface mining cracks varies at different locations in the trench slope area. In this research, we aimed to study the dynamic characteristics and laws of surface crack widths at different mining locations in the trench slope area and reveal the evolution mechanism of surface crack widths. Taking the 125,203 working face in Anshan Coal Mine in Shaanxi Province, China, as the geological prototype, we analyzed the full-cycle dynamic change law and planar distribution law of the surface crack widths in the trench slope area by combining the unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing technology and field actual measurements and revealed the dynamic evolution mechanism of surface mining cracks in the trench area. The research results showed that the dynamic changes of surface crack widths varied at different locations of the slope. The surface crack width in the downslope area increased first and then stabilized with the advance of the working surface; the crack width at the bottom of the trench shows the dynamic change characteristic of increasing–decreasing–slightly increasing–stabilizing with the continuous advance of the working surface. The surface crack width in the upslope area showed the dynamic change of increasing–decreasing–stabilizing with the continuous advance of the working surface. Influenced by the surface morphology, the development mechanisms of surface mining cracks were different. The research results can provide practical guidance for selecting the best treatment time for surface cracks in different areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we described a dynamic model to simulate the development of insecticide resistance. The variables as insecticide use dosage, timing and frequency of insecticide uses, genetic mutagenicity of insect individuals, insecticide-resistant individuals' fitness, etc., were included in the model. Sensitivity analysis of the model indicated that the lower the fitness of the insecticide-resistant individuals is, the slower the increase of insecticide resistance will be. Simulation of the model showed that the greater the insect individuals' mutagenicity is, the more quickly the insecticide resistance will rise. The greater the insecticide use dosage is, the more quickly the insecticide resistance will increase. The higher the frequency of insecticide uses is, the greater the insecticide resistance will increase. The results showed that the insecticide dosage is more important than usage frequency in determining the development of insecticide resistance, which highlights the importance of joint use of reducing insecticide dosage and adopting IPM technologies. The model can be used to not only the dynamic simuation of development of insecticide resistance but also the assessment of IPM technologies in reducing insecticide resistance. For example, with a set of specific parametrical values, the simulation of the model demonstated that insecticide resistance will reduce 83.74% when the insecticide dosage is reduced from 180 to 20 by jointly using IPM technologies. Full codes of Matlab, R and BASIC programs for the model were given.

Coccidiosis, a parasitic disease caused by single or multiple Eimeria species, leads to significant economic losses in the poultry industry. The Eimeria life cycle includes schizogony, gametogony, and sporogony. To investigate the dynamics of gene expression and regulatory networks during the development of Eimeria acervulina, we employed time-course transcriptomics to rigorously compare the gene expression patterns between a precocious line (PL) and the wild type (WT) of E. acervulina. The results revealed that the PL enters into gametogony 12 h earlier than the WT, and both the PL and WT exhibited distinct clustering patterns during the development phase. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified genes specifically expressed at four distinct developmental stages, schizogony, gametogony, sporulated oocysts, and unsporulated oocysts, clarifying the key biological processes at each stage. This study used global transcriptome profiling to elucidate molecular variations throughout the E. acervulina life cycle, providing critical insights into molecular characterization and valuable resources for investigating other apicomplexan parasites of public health importance.

ABSTRACT Understanding the mechanisms of microbiome assembly during host development is crucial for successful modulation of the gut microbiome to improve host health and growth. However, results from previous microbial intervention studies to improve swine growth have largely been inconsistent due to the constantly changing nature of the gut microbiota and limited longitudinal sampling. Detailed characterization of the swine gut microbiota through meta-analysis allows us to understand the dynamics of microbial community succession, as well as the transient and natural variations between time points and animals. A total of 3,313 fecal microbial communities from over 349 pigs covering 60 time points (from birth to market age) from 14 publications were included in this meta-analysis. Despite differences in animal breeds and management, generalizable patterns of community assembly were identified. Alpha diversity continuously increased during early stages of animal growth and more slowly in the later stages. Beta regression analysis revealed that more microbial taxa were enriched, while fewer were excluded by the gut microbiota. The microbial community structure also changed significantly between days at early ages and became more similar as pigs aged, as revealed by dissimilarity and distance metrics. Dirichlet multinomial mixtures analysis supported gradient microbial clustering in longitudinal pig fecal samples, and we found that the early samples spread to more clusters than those from older pigs. Random forest regression identified 30 operational taxonomic units as potential microbial biomarkers for modeling swine gut microbiota development. External validation showed this model could be generalized to future microbiome studies conducted in suckling and weaning pigs and adds to the toolkit to quantify community succession. IMPORTANCE The swine gut microbiome undergoes an age-dependent assembly pattern with a developmental phase at early ages and a stabilization phase at later ages. Shorter time intervals and a wider range of data sources provided a clearer understanding of the gut microbiota colonization and succession and their associations with pig growth and development. The rapidly changing microbiota of suckling and weaning pigs implies potential time targets for growth and health regulation through gut microbiota manipulation. Since swine gut microbiota development is predictable, swine microbiota age can be calculated and compared between animal treatment groups rather than relying only on static time-matched comparisons.

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This paper presents a dynamic development of an ontology-based statistical information system supporting the collection, storage, processing, analysis, and the presentation of statistical knowledge at the national scale. To accomplish this, we propose a data mining technique to dynamically collect data relating to citizens from publicly available data sources; the collected data will then be structured, classified, categorized, and integrated into an ontology. Moreover, an intelligent platform is proposed in order to generate quantitative and qualitative statistical information based on the knowledge stored in the ontology. The main aims of our proposed system are to digitize administrative tasks and to provide reliable statistical information to governmental, economic, and social actors. The authorities will use the ontology-based statistical information system for strategic decision-making as it easily collects, produces, analyzes, and provides both quantitative and qualitative knowledge that will help to improve the administration and management of national political, social, and economic life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter (VWM) is a rare autosomal recessive leukoencephalopathy resulting from mutations in EIF2B1-5, which encode subunits of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B (eIF2B). Studies have found that eIF2B mutation has a certain influence on embryonic brain development. So far, the effect of the eIF2B mutations on the dynamic process of brain development is not fully understood yet. Aims: Three-dimensional brain organoid technology has promoted the study of human nervous system developmental diseases in recent years, providing a potential platform for elucidating the pathological mechanism of neurodevelopmental diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of eIF2B mutation on the differentiation and development of different nerve cells during dynamic brain development process using 3D brain organoids. Results: We constructed eIF2B mutant and wild-type brain organoid model with induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC). Compared with the wild type, the mutant brain organoids were significantly smaller, accompanied by increase in apoptosis, which might be resulted from overactivation of unfolded protein response (UPR). Neuronal development was delayed in early stage, but with normal superficial neuronal differentiation in later stage. eIF2B mutations resulted in immature astrocytes with increased expression of GFAPδ, nestin, and αB-crystallin, and there were increased oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, decreased mature oligodendrocytes, and sparse myelin in mutant cerebral organoids in the later stage. Conclusion: we constructed the first eIF2B mutant cerebral organoids to explore the dynamic brain development process, which provides a platform for further research on the specific pathogenesis of VWM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to optimize the modern methodology for improving the means and methods of speedstrength training of highly qualified swimmers. Material. The following research methods were used: theoretical analysis of scientific and methodical literature; pedagogical testing of strength and speed and power qualities; anthropometric measurements; determination of functional capabilities of swimmers in water and swimming technique; mathematical processing of the experimental data. The method of improving the means and methods of speed-power training of highly qualified swimmers is based on the study of the laws of adaptation of the body to competitive activity. Based on theoretical analysis of scientific and methodical literature the concept of methods of increasing speed and power qualities with the use of special equipment in water was developed and scientifically substantiated. In order to approve the author's method a pedagogical experiment consisting of: dynamics of speed and power qualities; dynamics of swimmers' functional abilities in water; stability of swimming technique in different speed modes was organized. Carrying out of the research was carried out in groups of the highest sports mastery and the youth swimming team of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Results. Improving speed and power qualities in swimmers of high qualification level was achieved by using in the preparatory phase 400 m free + 6 to 50 m exercises and 6 series of 75 m + 25 m with flippers; basic phase - 5 series of 125 m + 75 m + 2x25 m using flippers and shoulder blades and final phase - 8 series of 100 m + 50 m using flippers + shoulder blades. Conclusions. An important factor when using the technique of improving speed and power qualities is stability of swimming technique. The use of this technique in groups of initial training and sports improvement may not cause the expected effect and have a negative impact on improvement of swimming technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem conferences of medical libraries are events held annually in various libraries across the country. They facilitate a multi-dimensional debate related to library activities and collaboration, enable the resolution of current issues and help address challenges (such as the functioning of libraries amid the COVID-19 pandemic). They also provide an excellent opportunity for networking or discussing new initiatives. The aim of this article is to report on the 39th Problem Conference of Medical Libraries in Wrocław and to present the issues raised during the event – concerning not only Polish libraries, but also those operating in war affected Ukraine.

Abstract Background Diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young calves, resulting in considerable economic loss for dairy farms. To determine if some gut microbes might have resistance to dysbiotic process with calf diarrhea by dictating the microbial co-occurrence patterns from birth to post-weaning, we examined the dynamic development of the gut microbiota and diarrhea status using two animal trials, with the first trial having 14 Holstein dairy calves whose fecal samples were collected 18 times over 78 d from birth to 15 d post-weaning and the second trial having 43 Holstein dairy calves whose fecal samples were collected daily from 8 to 18 days of age corresponding to the first diarrhea peak of trial 1. Results Metataxonomic analysis of the fecal microbiota showed that the development of gut microbiota had three age periods with birth and weaning as the separatrices. Two diarrhea peaks were observed during the transition of the three age periods. Fusobacteriaceae was identified as a diarrhea-associated taxon both in the early stage and during weaning, and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 was another increased genus among diarrheic calves in the early stage. In the neonatal calves, Prevotella_2 (ASV4 and ASV26), Prevotella_9 (ASV43), and Alloprevotella (ASV14) were negatively associated with Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 (ASV48), the keystone taxa of the diarrhea-phase module. During weaning, unclassified Muribaculaceae (ASV28 and ASV44), UBA1819 (ASV151), Barnesiella (ASV497), and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 (ASV254) were identified being associated with non-diarrheic status, and they aggregated in the non-diarrhea module of co-occurrence patterns wherein unclassified Muribaculaceae (ASV28) and Barnesiella (ASV497) had a direct negative relationship with the members of the diarrhea module. Conclusions Taken together, our results suggest that the dynamic successions of calf gut microbiota and the interactions among some bacteria could influence calf diarrhea, and some species of Prevotella might be the core microbiota in both neonatal and weaning calves, while species of Muribaculaceae might be the core microbiota in weaning calves for preventing calf diarrhea. Some ASVs affiliated with Prevotella_2 (ASV4 and ASV26), Prevotella_9 (ASV43), Alloprevotella (AVS14), unclassified Muribaculaceae (ASV28 and ASV44), UBA1819 (ASV151), Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 (ASV254), and Barnesiella (ASV497) might be proper probiotics for preventing calf diarrhea whereas Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 (ASV48) might be the biomarker for diarrhea risk in specific commercial farms.

This paper presents a dynamic development of an ontology-based statistical information system supporting the collection, storage, processing, analysis, and the presentation of statistical knowledge at the national scale. To accomplish this, we propose a data mining technique to dynamically collect data relating to citizens from publicly available data sources; the collected data will then be structured, classified, categorized, and integrated into an ontology. Moreover, an intelligent platform is proposed in order to generate quantitative and qualitative statistical information based on the knowledge stored in the ontology. The main aims of our proposed system are to digitize administrative tasks and to provide reliable statistical information to governmental, economic, and social actors. The authorities will use the ontology-based statistical information system for strategic decision-making as it easily collects, produces, analyzes, and provides both quantitative and qualitative knowledge that will help to improve the administration and management of national political, social, and economic life.

Background: Diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young calves, resulting in considerable economic loss for dairy farms. To determine if some gut microbes might have resistance to dysbiotic process with calf diarrhea by dictating the microbial co-occurrence patterns from birth to post-weaning, we examined the dynamic development of the gut microbiota and diarrhea status using two animal trials, with the first trial having 14 Holstein dairy calves whose fecal samples were collected 18 times over 78 d from birth to 15 d post-weaning and the second trial having 43 Holstein dairy calves whose fecal samples were collected daily from 8 to 18 days of age corresponding to the first diarrhea peak of trial 1. Results: Metataxonomic analysis of the fecal microbiota showed that the development of gut microbiota had three age periods with birth and weaning as the separatrices. Two diarrhea peaks were observed during the transition of the three age periods. Fusobacteriaceae was identified as a diarrhea-associated taxon both in the early stage and during weaning, and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 was another increased genus among diarrheic calves in the early stage. In the neonatal calves, Prevotella_2 (ASV4 and ASV26), Prevotella_9 (ASV43), and Alloprevotella (ASV14) were negatively associated with Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 (ASV48), the keystone taxa of the diarrhea-phase module. During weaning, unclassified Muribaculaceae (ASV28 and ASV44), UBA1819 (ASV151), Barnesiella (ASV497), and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 (ASV254) were identified being associated with non-diarrheic status, and they aggregated in the non-diarrhea module of co-occurrence patterns wherein unclassified Muribaculaceae (ASV28) and Barnesiella (ASV497) had a direct negative relationship with the members of the diarrhea module. Conclusions: Taken together, our results suggest that the dynamic successions of calf gut microbiota and the interactions among some bacteria could influence calf diarrhea, and some species of Prevotella might be the core microbiota in both neonatal and weaning calves, while species of Muribaculaceae might be the core microbiota in weaning calves for preventing calf diarrhea. Some ASVs affiliated with Prevotella_2 (ASV4 and ASV26), Prevotella_9 (ASV43), Alloprevotella (AVS14), unclassified Muribaculaceae (ASV28 and ASV44), UBA1819 (ASV151), Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 (ASV254), and Barnesiella (ASV497) might be proper probiotics for preventing calf diarrhea whereas Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 (ASV48) might be the biomarker for diarrhea risk in specific commercial farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study analyzes the English diaries written by a young Chinese English as a foreign language (EFL) learner over a 1-year period in an attempt to determine the developmental process of Chinese EFL young learners’ written language in terms of syntactic complexity. This study aimed to use a wide range of metrics to explore densely collected data based on Dynamic Systems Theory. The longitudinal study data were analyzed through eight large-grained measures related to sentential, clausal, and phrasal features by using L2 Syntactic Complexity Analyzer, as well as fine-grained measures related to seven modifiers, an adjective placed before a noun, ordinal numerals are indicated (ADJA), cardinal numeral (CARD), predicative adjective, adverbial adjective (ADJP), adverbs (ADV), prepositional phrases (PREP), subordinate (SUB), and relative clause (REL), through manual annotations. The results show that, first, the developmental process was not linear but spiral in terms of large-grained measures. The sentential level varied, and the development process of the young learner is different from Chinese English learners studying in colleges. Second, the dynamic features of fine-grained measures are also prominent in the seven indicators. ADJA, PREP, and REL showed a steady increase, ADJP showed an obvious decline, while ADV and SUB first increased and then declined. Third, the correlation analysis revealed a competitive interaction within fine-grained measures and between large-grained and fine-grained measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The public system in Romania has undergone profound changes since the beginning of the reform process in 1990. The economy continues to be in a period of transition to a market economy, a transition that results in severe constraints on the activity of the entire public sector and, not lastly, on the central administrative system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria stiedae is a widespread and economically significant disease of rabbits. The lack of studies on the life-cycle development and host interactions of E. stiedae at the molecular level has hampered our understanding of its pathogenesis. Methods In this study, we present a comprehensive transcriptome landscape of E. stiedae to illustrate its dynamic development from unsporulated oocysts to sporulated oocysts, merozoites, and gametocytes, and to identify genes related to parasite-host interactions during parasitism using combined PacBio single-molecule real-time and Illumina RNA sequencing followed by bioinformatics analysis and qRT-PCR validation. Results In total, 12,582 non-redundant full-length transcripts were generated with an average length of 1808 bp from the life-cycle stages of E. stiedae. Pairwise comparisons between stages revealed 8775 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showing highly significant description changes, which compiled a snapshot of the mechanisms underlining asexual and sexual biology of E. stiedae including oocyst sporulation between unsporulated and sporulated oocysts; merozoite replication between sporulated oocysts and merozoites; and gametophyte development and gamete generation between merozoites and gametocytes. Further, 248 DEGs were grouped into nine series clusters and five groups by expression patterns, and showed that parasite–host interaction-related genes predominated in merozoites and gametocytes and were mostly involved in steroid biosynthesis and lipid metabolism and carboxylic acid. Additionally, co-expression analyses identified genes associated with development and host invasion in unsporulated and sporulated oocysts and immune interactions during gametocyte parasitism. Conclusions This is the first study, to our knowledge, to use the global transcriptome profiles to decipher molecular changes across the E. stiedae life cycle, and these results not only provide important information for the molecular characterization of E. stiedae, but also offer valuable resources to study other apicomplexan parasites with veterinary and public significance. Graphic Abstract

Various soil erosion control techniques (SECTs) have been applied for decades. Yet, dynamic development of SECTs on a global scale has not been fully explored in the literature. We identified 779 publications to summarize spatial and temporal patterns of SECT development across the world. To achieve this goal, we asked (a) how many SECTs have been applied in the real world? (b) How do susceptible erosion areas use SECTs? And (c) what are the temporal patterns of SECT development? We found 183 sub-categories of SECTs, including 85 sub-categories of engineering techniques, 76 sub-categories of cropping techniques, and 22 sub-categories of biological techniques. In contrast, there is a great deal of interest in the evaluation of biological techniques and cropping techniques for soil erosion control. SECT research has evolved from an initial focus on a single SECT evaluation to a combination of SECTs evaluations (e.g. a combination of conservation tillage and mulch). Likewise, 64% of SECT cases were found in six countries with a different focal SECT among them: China and Spain targeted vegetation restoration, Brazil and the United States focused on conservation tillage, Ethiopia prioritized mixed SECTs, and India emphasized on check dam. Lastly, SECT application started from site erosion control (1930s–1980s), watershed management (1980s–2010s), to sustainable management (after 2010s). We identify the gaps between SECT application and research and a lack of an international platform for knowledge sharing, and propose that a combination of different SETCs in a balanced way is a reliable approach to obtaining the goal of sustainable soil management.

With the application of a large-mining-height working face of a mine in Shanxi as the test surface, segmented water injection, borehole television and microseismic monitoring were employed to detect the damage height of overlying rock and digitally analyse the inclination of cracks before and after mining and the relationship between the number of cracks and depth, including the number of cracks and width. A similar simulation test was conducted of the fracture evolution process. The results of this study indicated that the height of the caving zone in fully mechanized cave mining reached 40.2 m, and the height of the water-conducting fracture zone reached 126.5 m. Premining fractures were dominated by high angles and small widths. Upon gradual advancement of the coal mining face, the number of cracks linearly increased, and newly formed cracks mainly exhibited low angles and moderate widths. At the early stage of mining, the number and width of cracks gradually increased with increasing advancement of the working face location. Due to the presence of overlying strata, the mined-out area could be compacted, and the number of cracks could be reduced, thus forming the characteristics of repeated cracks. During working face advancement, upon overburden collapse, cracks could appear, thereby gradually increasing the number and width of cracks. In the area near the coal wall ahead of the working face, the number of cracks remained large due to supporting pressure occurrence, and the crack density in the overburden was distributed in a snake-like pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria stiedae is a widespread and economically significant disease of rabbits. The lack of studies on the life-cycle development and host interactions of E. stiedae at the molecular level has hampered our understanding of its pathogenesis. Methods: In this study, we present a comprehensive transcriptome landscape of E. stiedae to illustrate its dynamic development from unsporulated oocysts to sporulated oocysts, merozoites, and gametocytes, and to identify genes related to parasite-host interactions during parasitism using combined PacBio single-molecule real-time and Illumina RNA sequencing followed by bioinformatics analysis and qRT-PCR validation. Results: In total, 12,582 non-redundant full-length transcripts were generated with an average length of 1808 bp from the life-cycle stages of E. stiedae. Pairwise comparisons between stages revealed 8775 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showing highly significant description changes, which compiled a snapshot of the mechanisms underlining asexual and sexual biology of E. stiedae including oocyst sporulation between unsporulated and sporulated oocysts; merozoite replication between sporulated oocysts and merozoites; and gametophyte development and gamete generation between merozoites and gametocytes. Further, 248 DEGs were grouped into nine series clusters and five groups by expression patterns, and showed that parasite–host interaction-related genes predominated in merozoites and gametocytes and were mostly involved in steroid biosynthesis and lipid metabolism and carboxylic acid. Additionally, co-expression analyses identified genes associated with development and host invasion in unsporulated and sporulated oocysts and immune interactions during gametocyte parasitism. Conclusions: This is the first study, to our knowledge, to use the global transcriptome profiles to decipher molecular changes across the E. stiedae life cycle, and these results not only provide important information for the molecular characterization of E. stiedae, but also offer valuable resources to study other apicomplexan parasites with veterinary and public significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the development of interlanguage pragmatic markers (PMs) have attracted increasing interest recently. However, little research is available on the PM dynamic development in alignment with English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) classroom contexts. Given the lacuna, this article, based on the Complexity and the Alignment theories, investigates how PMs develop and how aligning with film-situated un/equal role relationships influences development. The study with eight data collection points tracks 28 EFL learners' PM production over around 1.5 year. Results revealed: (1) the employed PM functions fluctuated but developed from singular to multiple, with the interpersonal function use being regressive and the structural and the cognitive, progressive; (2) the PM development manifested a significant gain in aligning with the equal role relationships; and (3) different proficiency learners had dissimilar PM development. These findings corroborate the view of context-dependent dynamic development and provide strong evidence for aligning EFL learning with various role relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development change of adolescent physical and mental health has been concerned by educational psychologists. With the TYP database, G7-G9 students are preceded 4 times of panel data in 6 years in this study. HLM as well as longitude and multi-level perspectives are applied to test the change of adolescent physical and mental health with time. Moreover, the effects of self-life satisfaction, self-esteem, gender, experience in cram schools, parents' education expectation, class climate, and learning adaptability on the growth rate of adolescent physical and mental health are discussed. Meanwhile, the physical and mental health growth rate of G7 and G9 students, who cross the new and old systems of Grade 1-9 Curriculum, are compared. The analysis results reveal that adolescent physical and mental health presents the development trend of increase and then decrease and the development rate between G9 and G7 students is different. What is more, self-life satisfaction, self-esteem, and class climate show effects on the initial state and the development rate of adolescent physical and mental health. Besides, self-life satisfaction and self-esteem appears effects on growth curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the analysis of the hydrogeological data of the first mining area in Zhaoxian Coal Mine, by using the research methods of theoretical analysis, similar material test and numerical simulation, the separation layer of overburden strata and water in the mining process of extra-thick coal seam is predicted theoretically. The dynamic development characteristics of vertical and horizontal fractures are analyzed, and the development status of separation layer in the sequential mining of multiple working faces in extra-thick coal seam is discussed. The results show that there is a space for water to separate from the bed at 253.64 m away from the top of the No.3 coal seam; the vertical fracture height increases in two stages including linear growth and stepped growth in the process of the working face advance; the horizontal fracture alternately develops and closes from bottom to top, and the development height of the horizontal fracture is positively related to the advancing distance of the working face; the 0.02 m horizontal separation fissure appears under the Yijun formation caused by the mining of 1307 working face, and the opening of the separation fissure is further expanded or even increased sharply with the mining of 1305 and 1303 working faces in turn; the method of floor water inrush coefficient is introduced to evaluate the risk of separation water inrush in Zhaoxian Coal Mine.

The article is aimed at solving the current problems of development of JSC «Ukrzaliznytsia» together with forming approaches to the intensification of the economic behavior management in the current economic environment. The carried out research has identified that in the context of the economic crisis and the high level of influence of internal and external factors on the activities of enterprises, the process of forming and making effective managerial decisions becomes difficult. Therefore, the management of enterprises faces the task of using accurate and timely information about the status of the enterprise to form new approaches to intensification of the economic behavior management in order to form prospects for its development. In the conditions of neo-industrial modernization, where the vector orientation of the knowledge economy is actively developing, the most significant competitive advantages of enterprises arise on the basis of intellectual resources. The economic entities, which are constituents of JSC «Ukrzaliznytsia», have been allocated by the activity directions, the dynamics of the volumes of goods and passengers transported by rail transport for 1996-2019 have been analyzed, which indicates a significant decrease in these indicators over recent years, due to a decrease in the level of competitiveness of the railway compared to road transport. The vectors of development of the intensification of the management of economic behavior of JSC «Ukrzaliznytsia» for the effective implementation of the National Transport Strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030 have been proposed.

This study aims to examine the effect of matrix water on the expansion of mushroom shape, thereby determining the efficient water application of Agaricus bisporus in a greenhouse. A matrix water stress test of Abisporus bisporus during the whole growth period was conducted in the greenhouse in Henan University of Science and Technology of China in August 2020. The “Aoji No. 1” variety was taken as experimental material. An environmental control system was developed to adjust the temperature, air humidity, and CO2 concentration in the greenhouse. Four groups of matrix moistures were set at the saturated water holding rate of 80%-90% (full water treatment, T1), 70%-80% (light stress, T2), 60%-70% (moderate stress, T3), and 50%-60% (severe stress, T4). A sensor of soil moisture RS485 was selected to monitor the water content of substrate soil. The key parameters were determined, including the development morphological index, single mushroom quality, regional mushroom quality, yield, and water use efficiency of Agaricus bisporus during the fruiting period. The results showed that: 1) The thickness of mushroom cover and the stalk diameter were evidently reduced with the increase of soil water stress. There was no significant influence of soil water stress on the height of mushrooms. The maximum thickness of mushroom cover and stalk diameter decreased by 24.6% and 24.9% under severe stress of soil water. The harvest time was delayed by 16.5 h, when the size of mushroom cover was used as the index of fruiting, compared with full water treatment (P < 0.05). 2) The gradual, rapid, and slow growth stages were included in the development of cover thickness, stalk diameter, and mushroom height. Soil water stress reduced the peak of growth rate for the thickness of mushroom cover. The peak growth rate of mushroom stalk and cover were gradually advanced, whereas, the rapid growth time was prolonged significantly with the aggravation of soil water stress. Compared with full water treatment, the rapid growth time for the thickness of mushroom cover under light stress, moderate stress, and severe stress delayed by 4.3, 5.4, and 10.6 h, respectively, whereas, the rapid growth time of stalk diameter delayed by 10, 4.2, and 7.6 h, respectively, (P<0.05). 3) The overall quality, yield, and water use efficiency of Agaricus bisporus reduced with the increase of soil water stress. The number of diseased spots and malformed mushrooms increased sharply under moderate and severe water stress, resulting in the decrease of high-quality mushroom yield. The yield of Agaricus bisporus under the mild, moderate, and severe soil water stress decreased by 5.5%, 26.3%, and 39.1%, respectively, (P < 0.05), compared with full water treatment. Water use efficiency and the number of Agaricus bisporus reached the highest under the mild water stress, increasing by 3%, and 4.81%, respectively, compared with full water treatment (P < 0.05). Fruiting- and high-quality mushroom ratio under the mild water stress were slightly lower than those of full water treatment. 4) The soil water stress during the whole growth period of Agaricus bisporus led to the changes of fruiting body and texture of monomer, as well as the reduction of yield and high-quality ratio. Appropriate soil water stress prolonged the period of rapid growth stage without affecting the quality of Agaricus bisporus. Mild water stress can be carried out in the gradual growth stage (0~40 h), and slow growth stage (100~140 h) of mushroom to increase water use efficiency. The sufficient water content of the substrate should be maintained during the rapid development period (40h~100h). Water deficit treatment should not be carried out to improve the development rate and quality of Agaricus bisporus. This finding can offer an efficient application of water control in fungi substrate suitable for the precise management of water in Agaricus bisporus production. e of water control of fungi substrate and provides a theoretical basis for the precise management of water in agaricus bisporus [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: The swine gut microbiome undergoes an age-dependent assembly pattern with a developmental phase at early ages and a stabilization phase at later ages. Shorter time intervals and a wider range of data sources provided a clearer understanding of the gut microbiota colonization and succession and their associations with pig growth and development. The rapidly changing microbiota of suckling and weaning pigs implies potential time targets for growth and health regulation through gut microbiota manipulation. Since swine gut microbiota development is predictable, swine microbiota age can be calculated and compared between animal treatment groups rather than relying only on static time-matched comparisons., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the energy sector is significant. Energy symbiosis (ES) is an innovative solution that helps reduce those emissions and lessens their role in worsening climate change. ES can enable the uptake of renewable energy sources at the industrial level, reduce reliance on fossil fuel, and help conserve materials. Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems are ideal ES solutions for recovering wasted heat as they are compatible with different heat sources and offer high flexibility and compatibility. This study uses parametric optimization and performance analysis to examine the dynamic development of symbiotic networks with ORC facilities. The multi-objective mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model developed here maximizes energy recovery amounts in the network and minimizes the costs of establishing the required infrastructure. The MILP model can determine, for each period, the number of financial resources, the active connections between nodes (facilities), the amount of energy flowing through symbiosis, the opening/closing times of ORC facilities, and the ORC locations and capacities. The model has been tested in a case study using two scenarios: dynamic development of ES excluding and involving the ORC. The results show that integrating the ORC increases energy recovery by 18% while reducing the total network cost by about 7%. • A mathematical programming model for a dynamic symbiosis network is developed. • Energy transfer through pipelines and recovery using ORC systems is examined. • The model considers direct and inverse energy cascading to reduce energy usage. • Investing in ORC systems is a cost-effective choice for short planning timelines. • Recovery policy is affected by demand fluctuations and network partner proximity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant height (PH) and the number of nodes on the main stem (NN) serve as major plant architecture traits affecting soybean seed yield. Although many quantitative trait loci for the two traits have been reported, their genetic controls at different developmental stages in soybeans remain unclear. Here, 368 soybean breeding lines were genotyped using 62,423 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and phenotyped for the two traits at three different developmental stages over two locations in order to identify their quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) using compressed mixed linear model (CMLM) and multi-locus random-SNP-effect mixed linear model (mrMLM) approaches. As a result, 11 and 13 QTNs were found by CMLM to be associated with PH and NN, respectively. Among these QTNs, 8, 3, and 4 for PH and 6, 6, and 8 for NN were found at the three stages, and 3 and 6 were repeatedly detected for PH and NN. In addition, 34 and 30 QTNs were found by mrMLM to be associated with PH and NN, respectively. Among these QTNs, 11, 13, and 16 for PH and 11, 15, and 8 for NN were found at the three stages. A majority of these QTNs overlapped with the previously reported loci. Moreover, one QTN within the known E2 locus for flowering time was detected for the two traits at all three stages, and another that overlapped with the Dt1 locus for stem growth habit was also identified for the two traits at the mature stage. This may explain the highly significant correlation between the two traits. Our findings provide evidence for mixed major plus polygenes inheritance for dynamic traits and an extended understanding of their genetic architecture for molecular dissection and breeding utilization in soybeans.

Plant height (PH) and the number of nodes on the main stem (NN) serve as major plant architecture traits affecting soybean seed yield. Although many quantitative trait loci for the two traits have been reported, their genetic controls at different developmental stages in soybeans remain unclear. Here, 368 soybean breeding lines were genotyped using 62,423 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and phenotyped for the two traits at three different developmental stages over two locations in order to identify their quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) using compressed mixed linear model (CMLM) and multi-locus random-SNP-effect mixed linear model (mrMLM) approaches. As a result, 11 and 13 QTNs were found by CMLM to be associated with PH and NN, respectively. Among these QTNs, 8, 3, and 4 for PH and 6, 6, and 8 for NN were found at the three stages, and 3 and 6 were repeatedly detected for PH and NN. In addition, 34 and 30 QTNs were found by mrMLM to be associated with PH and NN, respectively. Among these QTNs, 11, 13, and 16 for PH and 11, 15, and 8 for NN were found at the three stages. A majority of these QTNs overlapped with the previously reported loci. Moreover, one QTN within the known E2 locus for flowering time was detected for the two traits at all three stages, and another that overlapped with the Dt1 locus for stem growth habit was also identified for the two traits at the mature stage. This may explain the highly significant correlation between the two traits. Our findings provide evidence for mixed major plus polygenes inheritance for dynamic traits and an extended understanding of their genetic architecture for molecular dissection and breeding utilization in soybeans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As shown by a growing body of research, language is a dynamic system and language development is a dynamic process characterized by variability (intra-individual changes) and variation (inter-individual differences). This implies that the development of linguistic complexity is an individually owned process and we should not assume a priori that generalization beyond the individual is possible. Therefore, if we want to explore common patterns in learners, it is best to trace development in individual cases. This paper explores which linguistic complexity measures most convincingly characterize development at advanced L2 stages. Study 1 is a single case study that explores which linguistic complexity measures capture overall development best for this individual and average word length and finite verb ratio are found to correlate strongly with both development over time and text ratings. Study 2 traces these two measures and dependent clauses in two other, similar learners. The three learners were indeed somewhat similar in the development of the two general measures, but not in the development of dependent clauses. A Hidden Markov Modeling analysis also showed that the learners developed in different stages, confirming the dynamic hypothesis of individually owned trajectories.

The aim of the article. The aim of the article is to identify the characteristics of decision-making in innovation, analysis of foreign experience such decisions and the possibility of using this experience in domestic practice. The results of the analysis. At present it is impossible to imagine any area of our life without innovation. But according to statistics, 10 launched of 8 new products fail. The majority of the causes of the failure of marketed goods are due to shortcomings in the field of marketing. Decision-making in the innovation area has its own characteristics associated primarily with a high degree of risk and uncertainty, as well as creative, intuitive and non-standard nature of these decisions. The analysis found that among academics, there are many approaches to the formation stages of decision-making. But all these approaches boil down to one thing – the problem solving is required. This article conclusions that in innovation is better to use an approach that includes the following decisions: market research market needs; analysis and selection of innovation; assessment of the results of research to the real state of things; analysis of the causes of non-compliance and the development of proposals for changes in adverse situations; analysis of the ranking of innovative design; technical and economic evaluation of the chosen solution; selection of a specific decision. The article analyzes the experience of developed countries to adopt management decisions as an example of innovative financing sector. Based on this analysis, one can conclude that Ukraine should pursue support domestic producers innovation and improve mechanisms state financial support for research and development, taking into account the experience in these matters countries more effectively implement and use innovations. Conclusions and directions of futher researches. The urgency of developing and implementing management decisions in the sphere of innovations is related to unresolved issues relating primarily current economic situation in Ukraine. Timely application of sound management decisions in innovation will enable entities to respond to the situation in its internal and external environments, quickly adapt to the different changes and gain significant competitive advantage. Availability of qualified innovative managers help organizations reduces costs; minimize risks and errors while promoting innovative technologies, the development of products and services, new business ideas. In terms of restructuring actualized the need for creation of new mechanisms for decision-making in innovation management based on the innovative capacity and innovation in the enterprise environment. Ukraine, as a country that is not yet fully adapted to today's market changes, it is imperative to consider and learn from the experience of developed countries, while adjusting to fit their characteristics (financial security, economic status, priority sector). To improve the practical application of various types and models of management decisions in the innovation sphere in Ukraine should first establish legislation that should allow developing and learning from the experience of developed countries.

A well developed macropore network is advantageous in terms of transport processes regarding gas and water, as well as nutrient acquisition and root growth of crops. X-ray computed tomography provides a non-destructive method to visualize and quantify three-dimensional pore networks. Geometrical and morphological parameters of the complex pore system such as connectivity, tortuosity, porosity and pore surface area would be very useful for modeling and simulation of transport and exchange processes by providing quantitative data on relevant soil structural features and their modification by soil management. The scope of this study was to analyze and quantify the development of soil structure in the subsoil depending on three different precrop species (alfalfa A, chicory C and fescue F), at three depths (45, 60 and 75 cm) and cultivation periods (1, 2 and 3 years). Furthermore, morphological (air-filled porosity θa, pore surface area) and geometrical (pore diameter, connectivity, continuity, tortuosity τ) parameters were gathered with X-ray CT and image analysis. From an experimental field trial (Germany) with a Haplic Luvisol as soil type samples were taken and investigated. Air-capacity (θa) was measured in the laboratory for the same cylinders and compared to the results derived by image analysis. Air-capacity was highest for alfalfa (3 years, 75 cm). Tortuosity (τ) ranged between 1.3 and 4.38, while alfalfa (3 years) showed the highest value, which indicated structural development due to crack formation by enhanced root water uptake. Thus, an increase in accessible surface may improve water and nutrient supply for plants, whereas the high τ values may assume that oxygen supply is limited. It was found that the interaction of gas-diffusivity and the calculated parameters should be further investigated in terms of limitations to plant growth.

Introduction: Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter (VWM) is a rare autosomal recessive leukoencephalopathy resulting from mutations in EIF2B1-5, which encode subunits of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B (eIF2B). Studies have found that eIF2B mutation has a certain influence on embryonic brain development. So far, the effect of the eIF2B mutations on the dynamic process of brain development is not fully understood yet., Aims: Three-dimensional brain organoid technology has promoted the study of human nervous system developmental diseases in recent years, providing a potential platform for elucidating the pathological mechanism of neurodevelopmental diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of eIF2B mutation on the differentiation and development of different nerve cells during dynamic brain development process using 3D brain organoids., Results: We constructed eIF2B mutant and wild-type brain organoid model with induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC). Compared with the wild type, the mutant brain organoids were significantly smaller, accompanied by increase in apoptosis, which might be resulted from overactivation of unfolded protein response (UPR). Neuronal development was delayed in early stage, but with normal superficial neuronal differentiation in later stage. eIF2B mutations resulted in immature astrocytes with increased expression of GFAPδ, nestin, and αB-crystallin, and there were increased oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, decreased mature oligodendrocytes, and sparse myelin in mutant cerebral organoids in the later stage., Conclusion: we constructed the first eIF2B mutant cerebral organoids to explore the dynamic brain development process, which provides a platform for further research on the specific pathogenesis of VWM., (© 2023 The Authors. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The study investigated the development of lexical diversity and syntactic complexity, two key indicators of writing quality, in Chinese second language (L2) writing. The Guiraud Index and T-unit length were used to measure lexical and syntactic growth through a cross-sectional design. Seven hundred and sixty-five narrative essays were collected from grade 3-6 students in Singapore's primary schools. Statistical analyses showed a general upward trend in lexical and syntactic development over the 4 years. In line with a dynamic account, the lexical and syntactic components grew in a non-linear and non-parallel manner with both progress and regress during the process. Furthermore, a trade-off was found between more varied word use and longer sentences in the data, though it faded with grade level. While L2 subsystems tended to compete with each other at earlier stages of language learning, their interactions changed over time. Moreover, variations were observed not only across grade levels but also between learner groups at the same stage of learning. By extending a dynamic approach to writing development at early stages of Chinese learning, the study informs theory regarding the dynamics of L2 growth and has significant implications for the teaching of Chinese writing in the Singapore context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper reports on the development of complexity and accuracy in English as a Second Language (ESL) academic writing. Although research into complexity and accuracy development in second language (L2) writing has been well established, few studies have assumed the multidimensionality of these two constructs (Norris & Ortega, 2009) or endeavoured to make long-term observations on the course of their development (Vyatkina, 2012). Given that recent research in the field of Second Language Acquisition has moved towards a more holistic perspective on language learning and development (Larsen-Freeman, 2011, 2012), there is a need to consider the potential dynamics of the longitudinal development of these constructs in L2 writing. This study addresses this issue by exploring the dynamic unfolding of complexity and accuracy development in the academic writing of an advanced L2 learner during her postgraduate study in Australia. The results suggested that both complexity and accuracy displayed the characteristics of a dynamic system and their development was highly variable, non-linear, and idiosyncratic. Their interaction, too, was dynamic and changed over time. The findings in this study confirm and substantiate the Dynamic Systems Theory (DST) proposition of L2 developmental dynamics, including the development of L2 academic writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]