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Experiencing adversity in childhood and adolescence, including stressful life events (SLEs), may accelerate the pace of development, leading to adverse mental and physical health. However, most research on adverse early experiences and biological aging (BA) in youths relies on cross-sectional designs. In 171 youths followed for approximately 2 years, we examined if SLEs over follow-up predicted rate of change in two BA metrics: epigenetic age and Tanner stage. We also investigated if rate of change in BA was associated with changes in depressive symptoms over time. Youths aged 8-16 years at baseline self-reported Tanner stage and depressive symptoms at baseline and follow-up and provided saliva samples for DNA at both assessments. Horvath epigenetic age estimates were derived from DNA methylation data measured with the Illumina EPIC array. At follow-up, contextual threat interviews were administered to youths and caregivers to assess youths' experiences of past-year SLEs. Interviews were objectively coded by an independent rating team to generate a SLE impact score, reflecting the severity of all SLEs occurring over the prior year. Rate of change in BA metrics was operationalized as change in epigenetic age or Tanner stage as a function of time between assessments. Higher objective SLE impact scores over follow-up were related to a greater rate of change in epigenetic age (β = 0.21, p = .043). Additionally, among youths with lower-but not higher-Tanner stage at baseline, there was a positive association of SLE impact scores with rate of change in Tanner stage (Baseline Tanner Stage × SLE Impact Score interaction: β = - 0.21, p = .011). A greater rate of change in epigenetic age was also associated with higher depressive symptom levels at follow-up, adjusting for baseline symptoms (β = 0.15, p = .043). Associations with epigenetic age were similar, although slightly attenuated, when adjusting for epithelial (buccal) cell proportions. Whereas much research in youths has focused on severe experiences of early adversity, we demonstrate that more commonly experienced SLEs during adolescence may also contribute to accelerated BA. Further research is needed to understand the long-term consequences of changes in BA metrics for health.

Additional file 1: Fig. S1. R-script for DNA methylation pre-processing.

Additional file 5: Table S4. Gene ontology analysis of differentially expressed genes.

Additional file 2: Table S1. Clinical comparison between participants included for DNAm analysis and remaining DM-SSP participants.

Additional file 4: Table S3. Gene ontology analysis of differentially methylated loci.

Figure S4. Differentially methylated loci from HIV-seronegative individuals stratified by HOMA-IR into IR or IS. A. Workflow for processing DNA methylation data acquired from 450k microarray to generate the HIV-seronegative DML of IR. B. Unsupervised hierarchal clustering heatmap using Manhattan distance, complete linkage method displays DNA methylation (β value) of the 304 CpGs of the HIV-seronegative DML of IR, stratifies IS individuals (green) from IR individuals (purple). DNA methylation ranges from low (0, blue) to intermediate (.50, yellow), to high (1.0, red). C. Vendiagram is representative of the two datasets that culminate the DML of IR in HIV-infected individuals (left; DML of IR) and HIV-seronegative individuals (right; HIV-seronegative DML of IR). Shown are the CpG counts that are independent to each dataset and the CpGs that are overlapped in both datasets; below displays the number of genes harbored at the CpGs. D. Comparison of monocyte subset-specific DNA methylation correlation of HIV-seronegative IR and IS individuals. Correlation determined utilizing Spearmanâ s rho (r); significance determined using Mann-Whitney U test between IS and IR at P < 0.05. (PDF 9233 kb)

Figure S2. Independent confirmation of monocyte and monocyte subset composition by flow cytometry and DNA methylation analysis. A. Representative FACS analysis of gating strategy employed for determining monocyte subsets: M1(CD14++,CD16â ), M2 (CD14++CD16+), and M3 (CD14+CD16++) monocytes. B. Frequency (%) of monocyte subsets was determined by cellular FACS-based phenotyping of monocytes from IS and IR individuals for classical (M1), intermediate (M2), and non-classical monocytes (M3); significance at P < 0.05 by Mann-Whitney U test. N.S., non-significant. C. Linear regression analysis validates monocyte enrichment observed by flow cytometry using monocyte-specific DNA methylation data of FACS-sorted cells in comparison to our monocyte enrichment results from IS (blue) and IR (red) individuals as described in the methods section. D. Linear regression analysis of PBMC-specific DNA methylation profiles compared with monocytes enriched from IS (blue) and IR (red) individuals. Significance at P < 0.05. Spearmanâ s rho (r) was used to determine correlation coefficients. Eâ G. Correlation analysis of monocyte subset-specific DNA methylation profiles among IS and IR individuals. Spearman correlation coefficient values (r) were compared between each group for mean differences for indicated monocyte subsets (E: M1, F: M2, and G: M3); Significance at P < 0.05. (PDF 9233 kb)

Table S2. GO analysis of HIV-seronegative DML of IR. Table displays significant biological functions of the DMLs enriched at genes involved in immune responses, metabolic processes, and signaling pathways. Included in table are GO analysis P value calculated using the Fisher exact test (P < 0.05), the CpG probe ID, genomic position of the DML, the gene(s) harboring each CpG, the genomic location of the CpG in the context of a gene, the mean DNA methylation in both the HIV-seronegative IS and IR groups, the difference in methylation (Delta Value), and the P value calculated between the IS and IR groups as determined using the Mann-Whitney U test and taken at a significance of P < 0.05. (PDF 9233 kb)

Table S3. Clinical characteristics of HIV-seronegative individuals stratified by insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance. Table represents clinical data comparing the IS and IR groups of HIV-seronegative individuals. Data shown are median values [first quartile, third quartile]. P value determined between IS and IR groups using Mann-Whitney U test; significance at P < 0.05. (PDF 9233 kb)

The present study aimed at the identification and quantification of toxic compounds (nitrosamines and nitramines) resulting from the photochemical oxidation of the two amines (Amine-1 and Amine-2) for use in CO2 capture and the determination of their chemical production yields under various NOx mixing ratios in sunlit chamber experiments at the photo reactor facility EUPHORE in Valencia, Spain. Considering the uncertainties of the two applied nitramine measurement methods, the conversion yield of Amine-1-nitramine for low NOx conditions typical for Mongstad is estimated to range from 1.4% to 4.1%. The candidate for the first generation nitrosamine forming the photo-oxidation of Amine-1 (Amine-1-nitrosamine candidate) was identified by analysis of Thermosorb/N samples in the Amine-1 product yield experiments.

The main goal with this project was to test the potential and practicalness of the available non-target screening methods for identification of unknown or new emerging environmental pollutants. It was also desired to try to estimate the quantity of the identified compounds.

NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research has carried out a monitoring campaign around the Mongstad industrial area on behalf of CO2 Technology Centre Mongstad (TCM) to establish the current levels of air and precipitation quality prior to the start-up of the TCM, as well as using the collected data for a recommended permanent surveillance monitoring network in the area. The levels of NOX, particulate matter, formaldehyd and NH3 was at typical rural background level. Ethylamine, methylamine and dimethylamine was found above detection limits. Nitrosamines, nitramines and isocyanates were not found above detection limits. Two of the locations from the baseline study have been recommended

The gas phase photo-oxidation of 2-aminoethanol (MEA, NH2CH2CH2OH) has been studied in a series of experiments at the European Photochemical Reactor, EUPHORE, in Valencia (Spain). The results show that the branching in the OH initiated H-abstraction reaction with NH2CH2CH2OH is: 80 % from –CH2–, and

IVL har på uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket genomfört en screening av sötningsmedlet sukralos. Sukralos är en disackarid, som modifierats i tre positioner med klor. Ämnet är ca 600 gånger sötare än sackaros och används efter tillstånd i USA och Europaunionen, m.fl. länder som tillsats i livsmedel. Ämnet är lättlösligt i vatten och vid intag utsöndras minst 95 % i oförändrad form. Ingen ackumulering i organismen är känd och nedbrytning eller omvandling har endast påvisats i vattenmiljö under inverkan av mikroorganismer. Tre primära klorinnehållande omvandlingspordukter har påvisats. De studier i djurförsök som legat till grund för tillståndsgivningen har visat mycket små effekter. Det huvudsakliga syftet med denna översiktliga kartläggning var att bestämma koncentrationer av sukralos i några olika matriser i miljön, framförallt för att belysa viktiga transportvägar i vattenmiljön i Sverige. Totalt bestämdes sukralos i 57 prover. Studien visar att; • Sucralose detekteras i vattenrecipienter i Sverige som tar emot utgående vatten ifrån reningsverk. • Inkommande vatten till svenska avloppsreningsverk (2 ARV) innehåller 3 500-7 900 ng sukralos/l. • Reningsgraden m a p. sukralos är låg i reningsverk, maximalt uppmättes 10 % reningsgrad i de parade prover som analyserats (inkommande/utgående). • Sukralos detekterades i alla de 29 utgående reningsverksvattenproverna ifrån 25 olika reningsverk i landet; 1 800-10 800 ng/l, median 4 900 ng/l. • Det sker ingen ackumulation av sukralos i slam. Denna rapport utgör den första delen av en fördjupad screening av sukralos i den svenska miljön. I en fortsättande, kommande rapport kommer resultat ifrån undersökningar av sukralosupptag i akvatiska biotaprover att redovisas.

IVL has performed a 'screening study' of sucralose on commission from the Swedish EPA, reported in two consecutive parts. Sucralose is a chlorine containing derivative of sucrose, manufactured by selectively substituting three hydroxyls with chlorine. The substance is used as a sweetener in food products; on a weight basis it tastes ca. 600 times sweeter than the parent compound. The objectives of the study were to determine the concentrations of sucralose in media in the Swedish environment such as biota, wastewater effluents and to highlight important transport pathways. In total 84 samples were analysed. This report constitutes part 2 of the study. IVL has performed a 'screening study' of sucralose on commission from the Swedish EPA, reported in two consecutive parts. Sucralose is a chlorine containing derivative of sucrose, manufactured by selectively substituting three hydroxyls with chlorine. The substance is used as a sweetener in food products; on a weight basis it tastes ca. 600 times sweeter than the parent compound. The objectives of the study were to determine the concentrations of sucralose in media in the Swedish environment such as biota, wastewater effluents and to highlight important transport pathways. In total 84 samples were analysed. This report constitutes part 2 of the study.

Amines are important chemicals that are being used in a vast number of chemical processes. As an assignment from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, a screening study of a selected number of amines has been performed. The overall objective of the screening was to determine the concentrations of amines in a variety of media in the Swedish environment. Amines are important chemicals that are being used in a vast number of chemical processes. As an assignment from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, a screening study of a selected number of amines has been performed. The overall objective of the screening was to determine the concentrations of amines in a variety of media in the Swedish environment.

A first introductory workshop was held to establish the knowledge of emissions of amines to air and the effects on the environment. This report is a synthesis of this meeting. The level of knowledge of the fate and effect of theemissions is low. The technology for CO2 capture by the use of amines is being developed, and different candidates and combination of candidates are being investigated. The information that came forward was that the amines when emitted would enter into the chemical reactions in the atmosphere and have the potential of being chemically transformed into substances such as nitrosamines that is carcinogenic. There are many other substances that may be formed, but the rate of formation is not known, and more work is needed to answer crucial questions.

På uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket har IVL under 2006/2007 utfört en screening av läkemedel. I denna screening ingick såväl mätningar inom ett nationellt program som analys av prover som samlats in regionalt via länsstyrelserna. Målsättningen med screeningen var att bestämma förekomst av utvalda läkemedelssubstanser i olika matriser i den svenska miljön, att identifiera viktiga transportvägar samt att få en uppfattning om pågående emissioner till den svenska miljön. Läkemedel sprids framförallt via användning på sjukhus eller i hemmen samt från dess upplagring som avfall på deponier. Screeningen fokuserade därmed på reningsverk och deponier. Betydelsen av diffus spridning i urban miljö undersöktes ytterligare via provtagning av vatten, sediment och biota i centrala Stockholm. Bakgrundsnivåer av ämnena bestämdes i vatten och sedimentprover från lokaler där den humana påverkan ansågs vara marginell. För att få en uppfattning om detekterade koncentrationer kommer ifrån hushållsanvändning via avloppsströmmar analyserades även koffein, en vanligt förekommande substans i vatten från reningsverk.... På uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket har IVL under 2006/2007 utfört en screening av läkemedel. I denna screening ingick såväl mätningar inom ett nationellt program som analys av prover som samlats in regionalt via länsstyrelserna. Målsättningen med screeningen var att bestämma förekomst av utvalda läkemedelssubstanser i olika matriser i den svenska miljön, att identifiera viktiga transportvägar samt att få en uppfattning om pågående emissioner till den svenska miljön. Läkemedel sprids framförallt via användning på sjukhus eller i hemmen samt från dess upplagring som avfall på deponier. Screeningen fokuserade därmed på reningsverk och deponier. Betydelsen av diffus spridning i urban miljö undersöktes ytterligare via provtagning av vatten, sediment och biota i centrala Stockholm. Bakgrundsnivåer av ämnena bestämdes i vatten och sedimentprover från lokaler där den humana påverkan ansågs vara marginell. För att få en uppfattning om detekterade koncentrationer kommer ifrån hushållsanvändning via avloppsströmmar analyserades även koffein, en vanligt förekommande substans i vatten från reningsverk....