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The Covid-19 pandemic revealed that the socioeconomic challenges in developing countries intersect within and beyond the dynamics of caste, class, space, and most importantly, gender. The recent outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic compelled the entire human population to survive on the brink of uncertainty. The subsequent lockdown witnessed an upsurge in domestic abuse cases across the globe, making us realize how the four walls of the familial space turned into a hotbed of the 'shadow pandemic' resulting from the socioeconomic disparities and individual frustration during difficult times. India also witnessed a sudden surge in domestic violence cases, often called a shadow pandemic. While some got reported, many went without being documented in any forum. In this regard, this research is a case study of Bihar (India), which encountered a higher rate of domestic violence during the pandemic than other states such as Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Himanchal Pradesh. This empirical study examines the economic, psychological, and social factors responsible for the surge in domestic abuse in Bihar during the Covid-19 pandemic. Keywords: Covid-19, Domestic Violence, Women, Shadow Pandemic, Introduction The Covid-19 pandemic unveiled the social and economic inequalities in our globally expanding and developing environment. The engine of growth either slowed down or derailed from the track of [...]

The design of a new ion mobility mass spectrometer (IMMS) is presented. This new design features an ambient-pressure resistive glass ion mobility drift tube (RGIMS) coupled to a high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS) by an enhanced interface that includes two segmented quadrupoles. The interface design demonstrates an increase in sensitivity while maintaining high resolving power typically achieved for ambient-pressure IMS drift tubes. Performance of the prototype instrument was evaluated and the analytical figures of merit for standard solutions as well as complex samples such as human blood were determined. For a 3 [micro]M solution of caffeine, the peak was collected in 36 s and gave a response of 10 counts/s. The detection limit (defined as 1 count/s) was calculated to be 300 nM concentration of caffeine from the response rate from the 36 s run. Controlled fragmentation of caffeine was achieved through adjustment of voltages applied on the interface lenses. Over 300 tentative metabolites were detected in human blood along with 80 isomers/isobars with ion counts > 5. Isotope ratios from extracted mass spectra of selected mobility peaks were used to identify selected metabolite compounds. High separation power for both IMS (resolving power, [t.sub.d]/[DELTA][t.sub.w1/2], was 85) and MS (mass resolving power, m/[DELTA]m, maximum was 7000 with a mass accuracy between 2 and 10 ppm) was measured. Developed software for data acquisition, control and display allowed flexibility in instrument control, data evaluation and visualization. 10.1021/ac1017259

Ambient pressure ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry (IMMS) has recently emerged as a rapid and efficient analytical technique for applications to metabolomics. Ah important application of metabolomics is to monitor metabolome shifts caused by stress due to toxin exposure, nutritional changes, or disease. The research presented in this paper uses IMMS to monitor metabolic changes in rat lymph fluid caused by dietary stresses over time. Extracts of metabolites found in the lymph fluid collected from dietary stressed rats were subjected to analysis by electrospray (ESI) IMMS operated both in positive and negative ion detection mode. Metabolites detected were tentatively identified based on their mass to charge ratio (m/z). In one sample, 1180 reproducible tentative metabolite ions were detected in negative mode and 1900 reproducible tentative metobolite ions detected in positive mode. Only biologically reproducible ions, defined as metabolite ions that were measured in different rats under the same treatment, were analyzed to reduce the complexity of the data. A metabolite peak list including m/z, mobility, and intensity generated for each metabolome was used to perform principle component analysis (PCA). Dynamic changes in metabolomes were investigated using principle components PC1 and PC2 that described 62% of the variation of the system in positive mode and 81% of the variation of the system in negative mode. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for PC 1 and PC2 and means were statistically evaluated. Profiles of intensifies were compared for tentative metabolite ions detected at different times before and after the rats were fed to identify the metabolites that were changing the most. Mobility-mass correlation curves (MMCC) were investigated for the different classes of compounds.

The effects of above-ambient pressure on ion mobility on resolving power, resolution, and ion current were investigated using a small, stand-alone ion mobility spectrometer (IMS). This work demonstrates the first example of ion mobility spectrometry at pressures above ambient. Ion mobility spectra of chemical warfare agent (CWA) stimulant dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and several other standard compounds are shown for super-ambient conditions. The IMS was operated at pressures from 700 to 4560 Torr. An optimal resolving power was obtained at a specific voltage as a function of pressure, with higher optimal resolving powers obtained at higher voltages, as predicted from standard IMS theory. At high pressures, however, resolving power did not increase as much as theory predicted, presumably due to ion clustering. Nevertheless, an increase in pressure was found to improve resolution in IMS. One example where high pressure improved resolution was the separation of cyclohexylamine ([K.sub.0] = 1.83) and 2-hexanone ([K.sub.0] = 1.86) (where [K.sub.0] is the reduced mobility value). The product ions of these two compounds could not be separated at ambient pressure but could be nearly baseline separated when the pressure of the buffer gas was raised to 2280 Torr. Total ion current was also examined at pressures from ambient up to 4560 Torr. Total ion current, when investigated with pressure, was found to reach a maximum, initially rising with increased pressure.

The utility of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has been steadily growing, and it cuts across diverse areas in physical and biological sciences. The development of ion sources, particularly in the context of IMS, is described. IMS ion sources operate efficiently in ambient environment and yield ions for a wide range of complex molecules including biological materials. While significant progress has been made in this area through the development of a variety of ion sources, further research to address several key issues, namely, ionization processes, reaction chemistry, and overall system miniaturization for field deployment of IMS, is the primary focus of current activities. Aside from reviewing the present state of the art of ion sources for IMS, this paper has discussed the wide range of applications and current trends of research in the field. Index Terms--Applications, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), ion sources.

This article introduces the concept of chiral ion mobility spectrometry (CIMS) and presents examples demonstrating the gas-phase separation of enantiomers of a wide range of racemates including pharmaceuticals, amino acids, and carbohydrates. CIMS is similar to traditional ion mobility spectrometry, where gas-phase ions, when subjected to a potential gradient, are separated at atmospheric pressure due to differences in their shapes and sizes. In addition to size and shape, CIMS separates ions based on their stereospecific interaction with a chiral gas. In order to achieve chiral discrimination by CIMS, an asymmetric environment was provided by doping the drift gas with a volatile chiral reagent. In this study (S)-(+)-2-butanol was used as a chiral modifier to demonstrate enantiomeric separations of atenolol, serine, methionine, threonine, methyl [alpha]-glucopyranoside, glucose, penicillamine, valinol, phenylalanine, and tryptophan from their respective racemic mixtures.

This paper looks into the foundational conceptions of modern linguistics that caused its emergence and continued to support its functional growth to its present form. Providing substantial textual evidence, the paper intends to establish a strong historical and thematic relationship between classical Indian and modern Western approaches to the study of language. Scholars of linguistics would largely agree with the contention that the theses propounded by linguists like Ferdinand de Saussure, Leonard Bloomfield, and Noam Chomsky were very much tied to their study of Sanskrit grammar and its philosophy. To delineate the Pāṇinian tradition of grammar, the paper briefly analyzes and introduces Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī which is considered to be the first systematically documented grammatical work of any language bringing its impact over the existing methods of language study to light. It further discusses the linguistic conceptions that appeared in other major works of Pāṇinian tradition, namely, Kātyāyana's Vārttika, Patanjali's Mahābhāṣya, and Bhartṛ hari’s Vākyapadī ya. The paper substantiates its claim through the comparative discussion of the similarities between the concepts such as Saussure’s linguistic signs and Bhartṛ hari’s Sphoṭ a theory, Saussure’s idea of indivisibility and Bhartṛ hari’s idea of akhandavākyasphoṭa (monistic approach),‘the concept of Psychological entities in both, Derrida’s Différance and and Bhartṛ hari’s Ś abdatattva, Chomsky’s Innate Structure and Bhartṛ hari’s Pratibhā, etc. Supporting its claim with textual testimonies, the paper argues that the Pāṇinian tradition of grammar informed the core of modern linguistics and associated critical theories like (post) structuralism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to lay out a critical analysis of eco-aesthetical wisdom of pan-Indian society through the lens of ancient seers whose insights for environment and ecology were shaped in the form of the teachings of Vedas and Upaniads. With the passage of time, the bond between humans and non-humans has largely weakened, and humans have increased exploiting the natural resources without caring for their regeneration. Consequent nature bred hostility is emerging as a bigger crisis in front of the 21st Century world that may sooner turn to be, if not taken seriously, an existential crisis for the whole human race. The Upaniads enlighten us not only with the knowledge of maintaining the relationship between human beings and physical environment but also among various inhabitants of ecology. Therefore, as Deep Ecology proposes, there should be a shift from human at the centre (anthropocentricism) to ecology at the centre (ecocentrism) which very much was existing in Indian society. So, this paper attempts to deal with the global ecological crisis co-opting with the ecological/environmental ideas and attitude of the classical Indian treatises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the being of inquisition through "Prasna Upanisad" and "Kena Upanisad" and some certain concepts by philosopher Henri Bergson. Topics covered include principles of the Indian tradition of knowledge in the "Upanisads," dialogic inquisition in the "Upanisad," Bergsonian notion of solutions to problems, according to Gilles Deleuze in "Bergsonism," and significance of question as an instrument in the processing of knowledge be it in "Upanisads" or Bergson's concepts.

The article focuses on the aspects of the comparative linguistico-philosophical foundations of grammar or language through the translations of writer Bhartrhari. Topics mentions include the philosophy of language considering its ability to suggest function and structure, the analysis of the continuity of the language content and the capacity to associate and increase universality of associations and features, and the role of grammar in strengthening the components of language.

The article focuses on the explanation of structuralist movement by psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan with Bhartåhari and Saussurean propositions. Topics discussed include his views on language functioning such as context of psychology on the basis of consciousness and unconsciousness state, an impact of psychology on him and several entrancing facts for psychoanalyst such as philological issues.