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Breast cancer is a disease encompassing a spectrum of molecular subtypes and clinical presentations, each with distinct prognostic implications and treatment responses. Breast cancer has traditionally been considered an immunologically "cold" tumor, unresponsive to immunotherapy. However, clinical trials in recent years have found immunotherapy to be an efficacious therapeutic option for select patients. Breast cancer is categorized into different subtypes ranging from the most common positive hormone receptor (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative type, to less frequent HER2- positive breast cancer and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), highlighting the necessity for tailored treatment strategies aimed at maximizing patient outcomes. Despite notable progress in early detection and new therapeutic modalities, breast cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death in the USA. Moreover, in recent decades, breast cancer incidence rates have been increasing, especially in women younger than the age of 50. This has prompted the exploration of new therapeutic approaches to address this trend, offering new therapeutic prospects for breast cancer patients. Immunotherapy is a class of therapeutic agents that has revolutionized the treatment landscape of many cancers, namely melanoma, lung cancer, and gastroesophageal cancers, amongst others. Though belatedly, immunotherapy has entered the treatment armamentarium of breast cancer, with the approval of pembrolizumab in combination with chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in the neoadjuvant and advanced settings, thereby paving the path for further research and integration of immune checkpoint inhibitors in other subtypes of breast cancer. Trials exploring various combination therapies to harness the power of immunotherapy in symbiosis with various chemotherapeutic agents are ongoing in hopes of improving response rates and prolonging survival for breast cancer patients. Biomarkers and precise patient selection for the utilization of immunotherapy remain cardinal and are currently under investigation, with some biomarkers showing promise, such as Program Death Lignat-1 (PDL-1) Combined Positive Score, Tumor Mutation Burden (TMB), and Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs). This review will present the current landscape of immunotherapy, particularly checkpoint inhibitors, in different types of breast cancer.

Background: Minimally invasive liver surgery of postero-superior segments (S4a, S7, S8) remains a challenge. The caudal view, an increased distance between trocars and the operative field, and the liver fulcrum limiting the view, contribute to the difficulty [1, 2]. We and other groups have previously reported the use of intercostal trocars to access subdiaphragmatic tumors (transdiaphragmatic approach) [3-5], only few reports on a laparoscopic total transthoracic approach, none (to our knowledge) dynamic manuscripts of a total transthoracic robotic approach, and none (to our knowledge) that use preoperative port site and anatomic modelling exist. Further, we developed a total transthoracic (thoracoscopic) approach to avoid a hostile abdomen, while bringing viewing axis and instruments close to the target [6-10]. In this context, this report details the advantages of a laparoscopic vs. robotic transthoracic approach. According to institutional protocol, reports of individual cases in print or video format do not require institutional review board approval., Patient: A 68-year-old male on peritoneal dialysis with left colon adenocarcinoma and a single synchronous liver metastasis in S6-7 close to the root of the right hepatic vein underwent a laparoscopic transdiaphragmatic metastasectomy. Two years later, the patient developed a recurrent 1.5 cm liver metastasis in S7, which lend itself to a robotic transthoracic approach., Technique: Following 3-D modelling and virtual port placement planning, the first metastasectomy was performed laparoscopically using a transdiaphragmatic approach. The recurrence was managed transthoracically due to more apical, subdiaphragmatic location. For this operation, a robotic approach was optimal as robotic wrist articulation facilitates manipulation via the limited intercostal space. This was particularly helpful during the diaphragmatic reconstruction., Conclusions: Total transthoracic liver surgery is certainly an advanced procedure requiring superior MIS liver skills. Recommendations for starting with a total transthoracic approach are not unlike from starting a standard, none-transthoracic liver surgery. Early on in the experience we recommend advanced liver MIS skills, and single, small, subdiaphragmatic tumors away from major vessels. Nonetheless, when these recommendations are followed a total transthoracic approach may be safer and result in less access trauma, than traversing a hostile abdomen to reach the posterior-superior liver. Both laparoscopic and robotic transthoracic approaches can facilitate the resection of subdiaphragmatic tumors, especially in patients with hostile abdomens. While the laparoscopic approach has advantages due to a broader spectrum of available surgical tools (flexible tip camera, parenchymal dissection, and energy devices), the robotic wrist articulation facilitates manipulation via the restricted intercostal space., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

In recent years, several studies have examined the effect of parents and friends on cyberbullying victims. Less is known about their combined effect on cyber perpetrators, especially among Jewish and Arab teens in Israel. We collected data from a representative sample of 350 Jewish and Arab adolescents (aged 15-16) and their parents. We repeated the interviews twice within a year. The survey included measurements of three parental practices: support, monitoring, and protectiveness, as reported by parents at the first time of data collection. We measured the adolescents' engagement in sensation-seeking and cyberbullying as perpetrators and perceptions about peers' involvement in these behaviors. Path-analysis models revealed that the perception of peers' involvement in cyberbullying perpetration was positively linked with involvement in such behavior among Jewish and Arab teens. Contrary to our expectations, no parental practice had a direct effect on cyberbullying perpetration among teens in either ethnic group. The study presents important and unique findings. The results indicate that youngsters involved in cyberbullying are strongly influenced by their peers. The prevalence of this pattern in both the Jewish and the Arab populations indicates its universal nature. On a practical level, it may be suggested that bullying behaviors may be mitigated by taking measures in formal and informal education. Another aspect of the results is the decline in parental influence on adolescents' cyberbullying behaviors, especially among Arab teens. This may be an indicator of cultural changes taking place in the Arab population in Israel alongside widening of the generation gap., Competing Interests: Conflict of InterestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2022, Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

Introduction: The yield of adding plasma-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) to tissue NGS for the detection of actionable aberrations (AAs) has been reported; however, additional studies are needed to determine utility in the clinical setting. In this retrospective data review, we present our real world data on the utilization of liquid biopsies in the routine management of NCSLC patients, in a community setting., Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of 279 consecutive patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the community setting, who had liquid biopsies performed between the years 2014 and 2019 as part of routine clinical management., Results: Over a period of 5 years, 337 liquid biopsy samples, taken from 279 patients were sent for plasma NGS testing. The median age at diagnosis was 73 years (range 36-93 y, SD 10.4 y), 141, (51%) were men and 138 (49%) were women. The majority were White or Caucasian (80% versus 8% Black or African American versus 12% Multiracial or unknown race) and had a history of smoking (79%). Excluding synonymous mutations and variants of unknown significance, 254 AAs were detected in 106 patients. Commonly detected AAs were EGFR ( n = 127, 50%), KRAS ( n = 61, 24%), BRAF ( n = 24, 9.5%), and MET ( n = 23, 9%). Tissue NGS detected AAs in 45 patients, with EGFR ( n = 28, 57%) and KRAS ( n = 10, 20%) being the most common AAs. Concordance agreement between plasma and tissue NGS modalities was detected in 39 of 45, 87% patients and was demonstrated most commonly in EGFR ( n = 25) and KRAS ( n = 11). In 44 of 106 (42%) of patients, for whom tissue NGS was not performed, additional precision treatment was guided by the AA detected through liquid biopsy., Conclusions: Integration of liquid biopsy into the routine management of patients with non-small cell lung cancer demonstrated AA detection in 44 additional patients, which comprise a 42% increase in AA detection rate, when tissue NGS was not performed., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: Dr. Estelamari Rodriguez serves on the speaker's bureau for Genentech and advisory board for Astra Zeneca. The other authors have no conflict of interest to declare., (© Innovative Healthcare Institute.)

Objectives: Family factors may play a role in adolescents' weight-control behaviours (WCB), and economic determinants strongly affect adolescents' health in terms of unhealthy weight-control behaviours (UWCB). This study examines the nexus of socioeconomic status, perceived family wealth, and number of employed parents and Israeli adolescents' WCB and asks whether family-related variables mediate WCB., Methods: Data from the 2014 Israeli Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children study are analysed using structural equation modelling., Results: High family affluence and high perceived family wealth are negatively associated with UWCB. Having two employed parents related to lower levels of UWCB. Family-related variables such as family communication and support and parental monitoring mitigate UWCB. Family meals have a significantly positive effect on healthy weight-control behaviour (HWCB) and a significantly negative impact on unhealthy weight-control activities., Conclusions: The findings suggest that economic factors such as socioeconomic status and number of employed parents should be taken into account in long-term weight-control practice. The combination of WCB and family meals is the most effective method for adolescents' healthy weight-control behaviour.

For many years tissue biopsy has been the primary procedure to establish cancer diagnosis and determine further treatment and prognosis. However, this method has multiple drawbacks, including, to mention some, being an invasive procedure carrying significant risk for fragile patients and allowing only for a "snapshot" of the tumor biology in time. The process of liquid biopsy allows for a minimally invasive procedure that provides molecular information about underlying cancer by analyzing circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) via next-generation sequencing technology and circulating tumor cells. This paper focuses on describing the basis of ctDNA and its current utilities., (©The Author(s) 2020. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Metastatic disease to the pancreas is a rare entity from all malignant pancreatic masses. Its diagnosis is very challenging, but with the introduction of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-fine needle aspiration (FNA), now there is a feasible way to make an accurate histopathological and definitive diagnosis. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective review of 11 patients with metastasis to the pancreas diagnosed with EUS-FNA in a tertiary referral center over a period of 3 years. We describe our institutional experience in diagnosing metastatic disease to the pancreas through EUS-FNA. Results: Between January 2015 and June 2018, 115 patients were diagnosed with pancreatic malignancy by EUS-FNA and only 11 (10%) with metastatic disease to the pancreas. Most common primary malignancy was renal cell carcinoma, followed by colon carcinoma, squamous/small cell carcinoma of the lung, and urothelial carcinoma. Five of 11 patients presented as a solitary pancreatic mass on initial imaging without any evidence of primary or metastatic disease elsewhere. Conclusions: In our experience, metastatic disease to the pancreas can represent up to 10% of solid pancreatic masses, which is lower compared to the reported incidence in previous literature. Our findings reveal that early identification and diagnosis help patient management and limit surgical morbidity and mortality.

A 65-year-old Hispanic female presented with a one-year history of anorexia, nausea, early satiety, epigastric discomfort, and a 20 kg weight loss. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated heterogeneous liver parenchyma. Upper endoscopy revealed large, fungating, infiltrative mass at the lesser gastric curvature incisura, highly suspicious of gastric tumor; however, initial biopsy of the gastric mass was equivocal and an exploratory laparoscopy was performed. Repeated intraoperative biopsies of the gastric mass and of liver parenchyma demonstrated diffuse hyalinized stroma consistent with amyloid deposition, and a bone marrow biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of primary light chain (AL) amyloidosis., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Kathrin Dvir et al.)

Epstein-Barr virus infection is most commonly asymptomatic in the acute setting, where the end result of infection is the adoption of a viral latency phenotype. The virus can reactivate later in life leading to the abnormal proliferation of the infected B, T, or NK cells. Hereby, we report a 71-year-old female with seronegative rheumatoid arthritis who presented with massive splenomegaly, pancytopenia, and positivization of antibodies against double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) after initiation of the anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) golimumab. The diagnosis of EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD) was demonstrated by elevation of the plasmatic EBV viral load. Withdrawal of the anti-TNF and treatment with the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab were able to revert the clinical abnormalities. EBV-associated LPDs are described after initiation of other anti-TNF agents, such as infliximab, but no reports of golimumab-associated EBV LPD are found in the literature. The mechanisms for this occurrence are not clear, but these are known to involve expression of a panel of viral proteins specific to the viral latency phenotypes., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Anthony J. Febres-Aldana et al.)

Thyroid nodules are palpable on up to 7% of asymptomatic patients. Cancer is present in 8% to 16% of those patients with previously identified thyroid nodules. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer, accounting for approximately 85% of thyroid cancers. Although most appear as solid nodules on ultrasound imaging, a subset of 2.5% to 6% has cystic components. The presence of cystic changes within thyroid nodules decreases the accuracy of fine needle aspiration (FNA) in the diagnosis of thyroid cancer, given the difficulty of obtaining appropriate cellular content. This becomes a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. We present a case of a 31-year-old female with a 1-month history of palpitations, fatigue, and night sweats, who underwent evaluation, and was diagnosed with subclinical hyperthyroidism. She presented 4 years later with compressive symptoms leading to repeat FNA, showing Bethesda III-atypia of undetermined significance and negative molecular testing. Thyroid lobectomy revealed PTC with cystic changes. This case is a reminder that patients with hyperfunctioning thyroid nodule should have closer follow-up. It poses the diagnostic dilemma of how much is good enough in the evaluation and management of a thyroid nodule. Early detection and action should be the standard of care.

A 68-year-old Caucasian man presented with gross hematuria and oral mucosal bleeding. The patient was known to have an anterior mediastinal mass, highly suspicious for thymoma, which was incidentally identified on imaging, 8 years prior. The patient then declined treatment and was lost to follow-up. On presentation, imaging re-demonstrated the anterior mediastinal mass and the patient was found to have profound pancytopenia. Bone marrow biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of aplastic anemia (AA). Despite optimal treatment, the patient expired on day 9 of admission. In this case we report an unusual presentation of thymoma-related AA (TR-AA), a rare complication of thymoma, presenting years after initial diagnosis in a patient with long standing thymoma that was left untreated as per the patient's wishes. To our best knowledge, this is the first published report where TR-AA presented 8 years after initial diagnosis in a patient with unresected and untreated thymoma., Competing Interests: None to declare., (Copyright 2019, Dvir et al.)

Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma (PCNSL) is an uncommon extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma often presenting as a single brain lesion within the CNS. On histopathological evaluation of PCNSL a positive CD10, which is frequently observed in systemic diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, is present in approximately 10% of PCNSL. We describe a case of CD10-positive PCNSL presenting with multiple posterior fossa enhancing lesions in an immunocompetent older woman with a history of breast cancer successfully treated by the RTOG 0227 protocol consisting of pre-irradiation chemotherapy with high-dose methotrexate, rituximab, and temozolomide for 6 cycles, followed by low-dose whole-brain radiation and post-irradiation temozolomide.