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Antioxidant activities of the different extracts (n-heptane, chloroform, methanol) from the roots and aerial parts of Scorzonera veratrifolia by maceration method, as well as total phenolic and flavonoid content were examined first time in this study. The findings revealed that the methanol extract from S. veratrifolia aerial parts exhibited greater DPPH radical scavenging (IC50: 0.62±0.60 mg/mL) and iron (III) reduction capacity (1.56±0.03 mM Fe2+/mg extract). Furthermore, aerial parts methanol extract has the highest concentration of total phenolic (46.3±1.1 mgGAE/g extract) and flavonoid (0.013±0.002 mg QE/mg extract) compounds. Based on these findings, the main phenolic content of aerial parts methanol extract was analyzed by LC-ESI-QTOF/MS, as this extract was found to contain the strongest antioxidant as well as the highest amount of phenolics and flavonoids as compared to the others. Quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, liquiritin, quercetin hexoside, luteolin-7-O-rutinoside, and di-O-caffeoylquinic acid compounds were identified as major compounds in methanol extract. The findings showed that aerial parts of S. veratrifolia, rather than its roots, could be used as a source of antioxidants.

Background Micromeria fruticosa (L.) Druce ssp. brachycalyx P. H. Davis and Rhus coriaria L., which are Lamiaceae species, are used both as spices in food and medicinally. Lamiaceae species are known to contain high amounts of polyphenols. In this study, liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS/MS) was used for analysis of polyphenols in the plants. Under gradient elution with using 0.1% aqueous acetic acid solution and acetonitrile mobile phases, an Agilent Poroshell C18 reversed phase column was used for the simultaneous determination of 18 polyphenols, and separation was performed in 30 min. Pharmacokinetic properties of these polyphenols such as drug-like and toxicity were estimated using open-source software, pkCSM and SwissADME. Results These compounds were determined to represent different classes of polyphenols, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, coumarin and tannins. ADMET predictions of polyphenols indicated that these compounds are easily absorbed and do not have toxic effects. Conclusion While the Rhus coriaria L. includes anthocyanidins, tannins, phenolic acid and flavonoids, the Micromeria fruticosa (L.) Druce ssp. brachycalyx P. H. Davis has phenolic acid, coumarin and flavonoids, according to these results. In silico ADME/Tox predictions revealed that these bioactive components are to be drug-like and non-mutagenic. These data are supportive for future analysis that can lead to their therapeutic use of the plants, suggesting that this species may be used as a natural medicinal source in the future after detailed analysis tests. Graphical abstract

The present study aimed to prepare A. goniocephala chloroform extract and evaluate antioxidant and cytotoxic effects. Then, the nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized on the most efficient extracts and the biological activities of the free forms of the extracts were compared with the NPs forms. Antioxidant capacities of 14 extracts by column chromatography were found by FRAP, DPPH and CUPRAC methods. Again, the cytotoxic activities of all fractions were evaluated on MCF-7 and HT-29 cell lines using the XTT cell viability assay. Chitosan-tripolyphosphate (TPP) NPs were formed using the ionic gelation method of H and F extracts, which show the most active properties because of biological activities. The biological activities of the characterized NPs were also evaluated. The synthesized particle size of the NPs from two extracts obtained between 274.12 and 296.25 nm. The extract-encapsulation and loading-efficiency of the most active NPs were 77.6± 0.04% and 7.76± 0.01% for F extract and 10.2± 0.02% and 1.39± 0.07% for H extract, respectively. Anticancer activity of chitosan NPs gave better results compared to unencapsulated extracts. As a result, it was found that the A. goniocephala extract can be encapsulated in chitosan NPs and has an antioxidant and more anticancer effect than the free forms.

Background: The bulbs and aerial parts of Ornithogalum are used in Turkey both as food and to treat various ailments, and some of its medical applications are well known. However, the biological activities of Ornithogalum orthophyllum have not yet been investigated. The objective of this study was to examine the antioxidant, urease and cholinesterase enzyme inhibition, and cytotoxic activities of different extracts obtained from the bulb and aerial parts of the O. orthophyllum plant. In addition, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity properties of some phenolic compounds in plants were examined in silico. Methods: The antioxidant activity of the extracts obtained from the aerial parts of O. orthophyllum was investigated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2-azinobis- (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), ferric reducing antioxidant power, and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity methods. Urease and cholinesterase enzyme inhibition were determined by using the indophenol and Gilman methods, respectively. The cytotoxic activity of the extracts was measured using a test based on the luminometric readings of the adenosine triphosphate levels of the cells. pkCSM, a free online web server (http://structure.bioc.cam.ac.uk/pkcsm) was used to predict the properties of the compounds analyzed. Results: The methanol extract of the aerial parts of O. orthophyllum was observed to have strong antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition potential. The petroleum ether extract of the aerial parts showed the highest anti-urease activity. The chloroform extract of the aerial parts exhibited the highest cytotoxic effect against A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells. The absorption percentages of protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, and p-coumaric acid compounds from the small intestine were between 71.17% and 93.49%, which were quite high. All the compounds were predicted to be unable to penetrate the central nervous system due to their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Not all compounds analyzed were predicted to have mutagenic, hepatotoxic, or minnow toxicity effects. Conclusion: The extracts obtained from the aerial parts of O. orthophyllum have strong biological activity and contain compounds that arc well-absorbed and do not have mutagenic, hepatotoxic, or minnow toxicity effects, suggesting that they can be used as natural medicinal and nutritional sources in the future.

In this study, the anti-cholinesterase activities of different extracts of Achillea lycaonica, A. vermicularis and A. nobilis L. subsp. neilreichii (Kerner) Formanek species were examined and then trace elements (Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, and Pb) of the plants were analysed by ICP-MS. The pharmacokinetic properties of the phenolic compounds of these plants previously analyzed by us and the ADME-Tox (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) profiles of the trace elements we identified in this study were estimated. According to the data obtained, it was determined that all three plants showed high acetyl-cholinesterase inhibition activity. The concentration of trace elements was lower than that declared by WHO, except for the A. lycaonica. It was determined that V, Cr, Fe, Co, and As metals in A. lycaonica exceeded the limit values determined by WHO. According to ADMET estimates, it is thought that the toxic values of all three plants are not high, and therefore the use of A. nobilis and A. vermicularis plants does not pose any health risk but A lycaonica should be used carefully due to the heavy metals.

In Turkey, Helichrysum genus is represented by 26 taxa belonging to 20 species in Turkish flora of which 14 ones are endemic to Turkey. The aerial parts of Helichrysum plicatum subsp. plicatum are used kidney stones, kidney and stomach ailments. The extraction procedures and solvents are important step in processing of bioactive constituents from the plant materials. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-urease, anticholinesterase and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of Helichrysum plicatum subsp. plicatum different extracts. In addition, the phenolic characterization of the Soxhlet and maceration methanol extracts which showed significant antioxidant, anti-urease, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anticholinesterase activities were performed by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS/MS. In the present study, the Soxhlet methanol extract exhibited strong antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticholinesterase activities than other extracts. The maceration methanol extract showed the strongest anti-urease activity. The Soxhlet methanol and maceration methanol extracts showed in vivo anti-inflammatory activities very close to each other. As a result of this study, chlorogenic acid, dicaffeoylquinic acid, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, naringenin-O-hexoside and isoquercitrin compounds were analysed in plant. Therefore, it is thought that methanol extracts can be used as a natural source in the future for food and pharmaceutical industries.

Introduction: Capparis species (Capparaceae), also called caper, grow naturally in various regions of the world. Caper is a plant with medicinal and aromatic properties. Flower buds, root bark, and fruits of the plant areused in folk medicine due to their analgesic, wound healing,cell regeneration, tonic, and diuretic effects. Objective: The aim of this research was to evaluate in vitro (anti-urease, antioxidant, anticholinesterase) and in vivo (anti-inflammatory) biological activities of caper (C. ovatavar.canescens). In addition, we aimed to identify its major phenolic compounds using high performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and confirmate them using quadrupole time-of-flight liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-LC/MS). Also, we quantified the concentrations of several trace and major elements in plant samples using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Methods: The antioxidant, anti-urease and anticholinesterase activities of different plant extracts were evaluated using DPPH, FRAP, ABTS/TEAC, Indophenol and Ellman tests. The identification of phenolic compounds and trace element contents was performed using HPLC and Q-TOF-LC/MS and ICP-MS. Results: Soxhlet methanol extract exhibited the strongest anti-urease, antioxidant (ABTS/TEAC) and anticholinesterase activity. Soxhlet and maceration methanol extracts demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effect in the altered edema size after the second hour of carrageenan injection. The active phenolic compounds in Soxhlet methanol extract were identified as rutin, quercetin-hexoside-hexoside, quercetin-3-O-hexoside and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside. In addition, the average concentrations of vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, copper, nickel, arsenic, selenium, zinc and lead were within the permissible limits defined by WHO for medicinal plants. However, it was found that the concentrations of cadmium and iron were higher than the maximum permissible limits. Conclusion: Our results suggest that although caper has a strong biological activity, it should be consumed carefully due to the excess amount of cadmium and iron elements it contains. Resumen Introducción: Las especies de Capparis (Capparaceae), también llamadas alcaparras, crecen naturalmente en varias regiones del mundo. La alcaparra es una planta con propiedades medicinales y aromáticas. Los botones florales, la corteza de la raíz y los frutos de la planta se usan en la medicina popular debido a sus efectos analgésicos, cicatrizantes, de regeneración celular, tónicos y diuréticos. Objetivo: El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar las actividades biológicas in vitro (anti-ureasa, antioxidante, anticolinesterasa) e in vivo (antiinflamatorio) de la alcaparra (C. ovata var. canescens). Además, nuestro objetivo fue identificar sus principales compuestos fenólicos mediante cromatografía líquida de alto rendimiento con un detector de matriz de fotodiodos (HPLC-DAD) y confirmarlos mediante cromatografía líquida con espectrometría de masas en tándem (Q-TOF-LC/MS). Además, cuantificamos las concentraciones de varios elementos traza y elementos mayores en muestras de la planta utilizando espectrometría de masas con plasma acoplado inductivamente (ICP-MS). Métodos: Se evaluaron las actividades antioxidantes, anti-ureasa y anticolinesterasa de diferentes extractos de la planta usando las pruebas DPPH, FRAP, ABTS/TEAC, Indofenol y Ellman. La identificación de los compuestos fenólicos y el contenido de los elementos traza se realizó mediante HPLC y Q-TOF-LC/MS e ICP-MS. Resultados: El extracto de metanol Soxhlet exhibió la mayor actividad anti-ureasa, antioxidante (ABTS/TEAC) y anticolinesterasa. Los extractos de metanol Soxhlet y por maceración demostraron un efecto antiinflamatorio significativo en el tamaño alterado del edema después de la segunda hora de la inyección de carragenano. Los compuestos fenólicos activos en el extracto de metanol Soxhlet se identificaron como rutina, quercetina-hexósido-hexósido, quercetina-3-O-hexósido y kaempferol-3-O-rutinósido. Además, las concentraciones promedio de vanadio, cromo, manganeso, cobalto, cobre, níquel, arsénico, selenio, zinc y plomo estaban dentro de los límites permisibles definidos por la OMS para las plantas medicinales. Sin embargo, se encontró que las concentraciones de cadmio y hierro fueron más altas que los límites máximos permitidos. Conclusión: Nuestros resultados sugieren que, aunque la alcaparra tiene una fuerte actividad biológica, debe consumirse con cuidado debido al exceso de cadmio y hierro que contiene.

Thymus species are used as food and spices in several Mediterranean and other countries as well as for medical purposes on account of their biological properties. The extraction procedures and solvents are an important step in processing bioactive constituents from the plant materials. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant, anticholinesterase, antimicrobial, anti-urease and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of Thymus praecox subsp. skorpilii var. skorpilii using a variety of extracts. In addition, the phenolic characterization of the fraction methanol extract, which showed the highest phenolic contents and the strongest antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity were performed by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS/MS techniques. In the present study, the fraction methanol and direct methanol extracts exhibited strong DPPH, ABTS, and ferric reducing activity and strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis strains. The fraction chloroform and fraction petroleum ether extracts showed the strongest anti-urease activity and also, the petroleum ether extract exhibited strong antibacterial activity against the Staphylococcus aureus strain. The fraction methanol and direct methanol extracts showed in vivo anti-inflammatory activity very similar to each other. As a result of this study, chlorogenic acid, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, 3-O-feruloylquinic acid, quercetin-3-O-hexoside, and apigenin-7-O-glucuronide compounds were analyzed for the first time in the methanol extract of the plant. This latter study revealed the effects of the extraction methods and phenolic compounds on its biological properties.

Achillea species are widely distributed medicinal plant throughout the world and have been used since ancient time. There are many reports about the traditional use and highly bioactive compounds of these plants. Therefore, it is fundamental to study in detail the chemical composition and biological activities of Achillea species. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine for the first time the effects of methods/solvents on biological activities (antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-urease) of Achillea nobilis L. subsp. neilreichii (Kerner) Formanek 15 extracts obtained from different extraction methods/solvents and then to analysis the phenolic contents of the active extracts. The phenolic contents in ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts, which showed strongest phenolic contents and antioxidant activity were analysed separately by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and were confirmed by liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry using targeted mass spectra techniques with accurate mass. The active phenolic compounds were identified as dicaffeoylquinic acid, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, orientin, vitexin, luteolin, quercetin-methyl-ether, isorhamnetin-glucoside in ethyl acetate extract; chlorogenic acid luteolin-7-O-glucoside, quercetin-methyl-ether, luteolin, orientin, vitexin, dicaffeoylquinic acid, apigenin-6,8-di-C-glucoside, luteolin hexoside hexoside in ethanol extract. As a result of this study, dicaffeoylquinic acid, isorhamnetin-glucoside, chlorogenic acid, and apigenin-6,8-di-C-glucoside compounds were analysed for the first time in Achillea nobilis L. subsp. neilreichii (Kerner) Formanek. Therefore, it is thought that ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts can be used as a natural source in the future for food and pharmaceutical industry.

The purpose of this study was to comparatively evaluate for the first time the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiurease effects of A. lycaonica extracts obtained using three extraction methods an...

The aim of this study was to evaluate for the first time phenolic compounds amount, antioxidant and anti-urease effects of ethanol extract from Geranium purpureum aerial parts. Also the phenolic compounds in the ethanol extract were analysed by HPLC-DAD and confirmed by liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry using targeted MS/MS techniques with accurate mass measurement. The phenolic compounds were identified as caffeic acid derivative, quinic acid, galloyl-hexoside, malic acid, gallic acid, methyl gallate hexoside, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, dicaffeoyl quinic acid and quercetin. In the present study, the results of all three antioxidant assays showed that the ethanol extract had higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity than ascorbic acid and BHT. In addition, according to the results obtained, ethanol extract showed moderate metal chelating and anti-urease activity. Therefore, ethanol extract can be used in both medicine and food industry as a natural antioxidant and anti-urease agents in the future.

Background and Aims: An HPLC method with photodiode array detector on a chiral column was proposed for enantioselective determination of chlorpheniramine (CLP) enantiomers in dosage forms. Methods: The enantioselective determination was achieved on amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) column, using n-hexane-(propan-2-ol)-diethylamine (97.5:2.5:0.025, v/v/v) mobile phase. The peaks were detected at 258 nm. Diphenhydramine was used as an internal standard (IS). A new sample preparation procedure was developed to avoid the interference of the other ingredients present in the formulations. Results: Limit of quantification of the proposed method was 0.88 and 1.31 μg/mL for S-(+)-CLP and R-(-)-CLP, respectively. Conclusion: The method is linear, sensitive, specific and can be used for the enantioselective assay of CLP enantiomers in pharmaceutical formulations.

Objective We aimed to compare minimal flow sevoflurane and desflurane anaesthesia in terms of hemodynamic parameters, body temperature, anaesthetic gas consumption and cost. Methods 120 patients with ASA I-II (>18yo) who underwent elective surgery for longer than 60 min after general anaesthesia were randomized into two groups. The Drager Perseus® A500 workstation was used. Pre-oxygenation was performed for 3 min with 6 L min-1 to 100% oxygen. Fractional inspirium oxygen concentration (FiO2) was reduced to 40%, fresh gas flow was 4 L min-1 after intubation. Sevoflurane or desflurane was started at 1.5 minimal alveolar concentration (MAC). When the MAC value reached 0.9, fresh gas flow was reduced to 0.5 L min-1, FiO2 was increased to 68%. At the end of the surgery, the vaporizer was switched off, the fresh gas flow was increased (4 L min-1, FiO2 100%). When the train-of-four (TOF) ratio was 100%, extubation was carried out. Results There were no differences in patient characteristics and initial hemodynamic parameters of the groups. There were statistically significant differences between the times to reach 0.9 MAC, extubation and eye opening; anaesthetic, O2 and air consumption in both groups. Conclusion With minimal flow, the time to reach target MAC, time to extubation and eye opening were significantly faster for desflurane and anaesthetic, oxygen and air consumption in desflurane anaesthesia were less than sevoflurane. Thus, we can say that desflurane has faster anaesthetic induction and recovery time with lower anaesthetic consumption than sevoflurane.

The aim of the study was to reveal how the problem solving processes in middle grades (5th, 6th, and 7th) were influenced by compare type of word problems' expression using consistent and inconsistent language. The study group was consisted of 297 students in 5th, 6th, and 7th grades in public schools in Trabzon. In this research, data collection tools were a test made of eight comparison word problems and clinical interviews conducted with nine students. Data showed that students in all levels were found to be more successful in solving consistent language problems than inconsistent language problems. Students’ wrong answers related to inconsistent language problems were usually about inappropriate use of four operations. Consequently, students were focusing on keywords and these keywords determined students’ problems solving procedure

The aim of this study is determining academic self-efficacy beliefs of students pursuing graduate study and revealing their needs and shortcomings from the graduate education. Case study method was used and data were collected by a form developed by the researchers from 92 students receiving masters and Ph.D.’s in different programs. As a result of data analysis, it was determined that 35% of participants were sufficient in understanding the studies written in English while 29% of them were competent in benefitting these articles. Besides, 71% of participants stated that they were sufficient in preparing assignments, presentations, projects; 66% of them were in obtaining and reviewing the literature, 57% of them were in using the databases. While the ratio of participants feeling themselves sufficient in determining thesis subject was 28%, this ratio was 35% in writing thesis or proposal. Finally, while 38% of participants stressed that they were sufficient in analysing, understanding and interpreting the results of the qualitative findings while this ratio was 37% for quantitative data. At the end of the study, implications for graduate students and higher education institutions are discussed.

This study aims to examine the effect of instructional materials developed on the basis of 4 stage constructivist model on the success of 6 th grade students in the subject of decimal fractions. For this purpose, a worksheet on decimal fractions, a conceptual change text and an anology map were developed. These instructional materials were administered to 62 students selected from two different 6 th grade classes in a primary school in Trabzon in 2008-2009 school year. Semi-experimental method was used in this study. At the end of the study, it was seen that the instructional materials developed increased students’ success.

Central venous catheters are used for delivering medications and parenteral nutrition, measuring hemodynamic variations, and providing long-term intravenous access. In our clinic, during liver transection using a living-liver donor, peripherally inserted central venous catheters are generally preferred because they involve a less invasive technique with a lower risk of complications. In this report, we present the case of a 36-year-old male liver donor into whom we peripherally inserted a central venous catheter from his left basilic vein. After transecting the hepatic vein, the surgeon found foreign material inside the venous lumen, which turned out to be the distal segment of the catheter.

The aim of the study was to reveal how the problem solving processes in middle grades (5th, 6th, and 7th) were influenced by compare type of word problems' expression using consistent and inconsistent language. The study group was consisted of 297 students in 5th, 6th, and 7th grades in public schools in Trabzon. In this research, data collection tools were a test made of eight comparison word problems and clinical interviews conducted with nine students. Data showed that students in all levels were found to be more successful in solving consistent language problems than inconsistent language problems. Students’ wrong answers related to inconsistent language problems were usually about inappropriate use of four operations. Consequently, students were focusing on keywords and these keywords determined students’ problems solving procedure, Bu çalışmanın amacı, karşılaştırma türünden aritmetik sözel problemlerin genel ifade ediliş şeklinin (tutarlı, tutarsız) 5., 6. ve 7. sınıf öğrencilerinin problemi çözme sürecini nasıl etkilediğini ortaya koymaktır. Trabzon il merkezinde rastgele seçilen üç okuldaki toplam 297 5., 6. ve 7. sınıf öğrenci bu araştırmanın çalışma grubunu oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada veriler karşılaştırma türünden sekiz aritmetik sözel problemlerden oluşan bir test ve dokuz öğrenci ile yapılan klinik mülakatlardan elde edilmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlar tüm sınıf seviyesinde öğrencilerin tutarlı dil problemlerini çözmede daha başarılı olduğunu göstermiştir. Tutarsız dil problemleri ile ilgili öğrenci yanlışları genellikle uygun olmayan işlem seçimi etrafında toplanmıştır. Sonuç olarak öğrencilerin anahtar kelimelere odaklandıkları ve bu doğrultuda çözümlerini planladıkları söylenebilir.

One of the theories in didactical research is Guy Brousseau’s (1998) Theory of Didactical Situations in Mathematics (TDSM) that investigates how learning occurs. TDSM, which intends to understand, interpret and improve teaching and learning activities, defines three different learning situations. One of these situations is adidactical situation emphasizing learning of students as a result of their interaction with a Milieu. The aim of this study is to compare student achievement in adidactical situation designed as individual work with those designed as group work. To this end, an adidactical situation was designed to form the area formulas for parallelogram and trapezoid. The study was conducted with 60 students of 7th grade. Data was gathered by academic achievement test, observation and semi-structured interviews. Mixed methods research design was utilized. Descriptive analysis was used for the analysis of the qualitative data, and Mann Whitney U - Test was used for the analysis of the quantitative data. Results of the study shows that the students working individually in adidactical situations are more successful than the students working in group in adidactical situations. Keywords: Theory of didactical situations in mathematics, adidactical situations, individual work, group work, Öğrenmenin nasıl gerçekleştiğini inceleyen ve didaktik araştırma alanında yer alan kuramlardan biri de Guy Brousseau’nun (1998) Matematik Öğrenme Ortamları Kuramıdır. Eğitim-öğretim etkinliklerini anlamayı ve yorumlamayı amaçlayan bu kuramda üç farklı öğrenme ortamı tanımlanmıştır. Bu ortamlardan biri öğrencinin Milieu (Bağlam) ile etkileşimi neticesinde öğrendiğini vurgulayan Adidaktik Öğrenme Ortamları'dır (AÖO). Bu çalışmanın amacı, bireysel çalışma ve grup çalışması temel alınarak tasarlanan AÖO’nın öğrenci başarı üzerine etkisini incelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda paralelkenar ve yamuğun alan bağıntılarını oluşturmaya yönelik iki AÖO tasarlanmıştır. Çalışma 60 yedinci sınıf öğrencisi ile yürütülmüştür. Veriler akademik başarı testi, gözlem ve yarı-yapılandırılmış sorulardan oluşan görüşmelerden yararlanılarak elde edilmiştir. Çalışma karma araştırma yöntemi ile yürütülmüş olup, nitel veriler betimsel analiz, nicel veriler ise Mann Whitney U-Testi ile analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçları AÖO’nda bireysel çalışan öğrencilerin, grup çalışması yapan öğrencilere nazaran daha başarılı olduğunu göstermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Matematik öğrenme ortamları kuramı, adidaktik öğrenme ortamı, bireysel çalışma, grup çalışması

In this study rapid, simple, accurate and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of formoterol fumarate dihydrate in bulk and dosage forms. The method is based on the formation of yellow coloured ion pair complex due to the reaction of formoterol fumarate dihydrate (FF) and methyl orange (MO) at pH 4. Ion pair complex has a maximum absorption at 428 nm in chloroform and a linear calibration over the range of 4-20 µg/mL. The slope of the calibration curve was 0.0433, limit of detection was 0.22 µg/mL and limit of quantification was 0.66 µg/mL. The proposed method has been applied to the assay of formoterol fumarate dihydrate commercially available capsules. There was no significiant difference between the results obtained by proposed and reference methods in view of accuracy and reproducibility. No interference was observed from common excipients. Key Words: Formoterol Fumarate dihydrate, spectrophotometry, ion pair complex, methyl orange